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Awasthi AK. Informal sector's challenging issue towards sustainable electronic waste. Waste Manag Res 2024; 42:189-190. [PMID: 38233365 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231225693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
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2
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Awasthi AK. Circular economy of the WEEE: A potential waste resource. Waste Manag Res 2023; 41:1601-1602. [PMID: 37795934 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231202199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
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Awasthi AK. Zero Waste: A potential strategy for sustainable waste management. Waste Manag Res 2023; 41:1061-1062. [PMID: 37148219 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231170264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Awasthi AK. Informal sector: A complex link to transform solid waste management in a circular economy system. Waste Manag Res 2022; 40:1569-1570. [PMID: 36218227 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221131523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Kumar Awasthi A, Yuan Z, Kumar Awasthi M, Li M, Mishra S, Kumar Pandey A. Bioprocess potential of Eco-friendly fungal isolates converting organic waste to bioresource. Bioresour Technol 2022; 346:126586. [PMID: 34929330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to present indigenous fungal diversity in the soil sample collected from solid waste disposal site. The synthesis of cellulase enzymes via in laboratory scale study has been performed using indigenous fungus isolates. Additionally; its impact has been evaluated on the basis of the bioconversion of organic waste treated employing screened potential cellulase producer fungi which is further used for primary and secondary screening of cellulolytic. The findings advised that, a total of 27 fungal isolates belonging to twenty-four genera were reported as most potential fungal strains. The findings indicates a highest exo-β-glucanase (C1) enzymatic action was observed by fungal strains T. harzianum, T. viride , A. niger. These isolates are promising and could be suitable candidate for biodegradation of organic waste due to its's well established extraordinary ability. Therefore, these fungal isolates are suggested for more in depth research in order to use for recycling of organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | | | - Mengyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Saket Mishra
- Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
- Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India; Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Usmani Z, Sharma M, Awasthi AK, Sharma GD, Cysneiros D, Nayak SC, Thakur VK, Naidu R, Pandey A, Gupta VK. Minimizing hazardous impact of food waste in a circular economy - Advances in resource recovery through green strategies. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:126154. [PMID: 34492935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in food waste and its management have increasingly started to focus on treating it as a reusable resource. The hazardous impact of food waste such as the release of greenhouse gases, deterioration of water quality and contamination of land areas are a major threat posed by food waste. Under the circular economy principles, food waste can be used as a sustainable supply of high-value energy, fuel, and nutrients through green techniques such as anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, composting, enzymatic treatment, ultrasonic, hydrothermal carbonization. Recent advances made in anaerobic co-digestion are helping in tackling dual or even multiple waste streams at once with better product yields. Integrated approaches that employ pre-processing the food waste to remove obstacles such as volatile fractions, oils and other inhibitory components from the feedstock to enhance their bioconversion to reduce sugars. Research efforts are also progressing in optimizing the operational parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH and residence time to enhance further the output of products such as methane, hydrogen and other platform chemicals such as lactic acid, succinic acid and formic acid. This review brings together some of the recent progress made in the green strategies towards food waste valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya 793101, India; Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, India
| | | | | | | | - S Chandra Nayak
- DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Faculty of Science, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Usmani Z, Sharma M, Awasthi AK, Sivakumar N, Lukk T, Pecoraro L, Thakur VK, Roberts D, Newbold J, Gupta VK. Bioprocessing of waste biomass for sustainable product development and minimizing environmental impact. Bioresour Technol 2021; 322:124548. [PMID: 33380376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing concerns around the generation of biomass waste have triggered conversation around sustainable utilization of these seemingly waste materials as feedstock towards energy generation and production of chemicals and other value-added products. Thus, biotechniques such as utilization of microbes and enzymes derived thereof have become important avenues for green pretreatment and conversion of biomass wastes. Although the products of these bioconversions are greener at an overall level, their consumption and utilization still impact the environment. Hence it is important to understand the overall impact from cradle to grave through lifecycle assessment (LCA) techniques and find avenues of process optimization and better utilization of all the materials and products involved. Another factor to consider is overall cost optimization to make the process economically feasible, profitable and increase industrial adoption. This review brings forward these critical aspects to provide better understanding for the advancement of bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Usmani
- Laboratory of Lignin Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh 173101, India
| | | | - Nallusamy Sivakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 36, PC 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Tiit Lukk
- Laboratory of Lignin Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Dave Roberts
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - John Newbold
- Dairy Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Dumfries, UK
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Centre for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Chen Y, Awasthi AK, Wei F, Tan Q, Li J. Single-use plastics: Production, usage, disposal, and adverse impacts. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141772. [PMID: 32892042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-use plastics (SUPs), invented for the modern "throwaway society," are intended to be used only once. They are being increasingly produced and used globally, most notably as packaging or consumables, such as SUP shopping bags or disposable tableware. We discuss how most SUPs are landfilled or incinerated, which causes pollution, consumes valuable land, and squanders limited natural resources. Only relatively small amounts are currently recycled, a hindrance to the concept of a circular economy. Moreover, SUP litter aggregation in the natural environment is a major concern. This article briefly reviews SUP contamination in various environmental media including soil, rivers, lakes and oceans around the world. In the face of mounting evidence regarding the threat posed to plant growth, soil invertebrates and other land animals, (sea) birds, and marine ecosystems, there is a growing push to minimize SUPs. Regulatory tools and voluntary actions to reduce SUP usage have been put forward, with some suggestions for minimizing SUP waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | | | - Fan Wei
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific, Beijing 100084, China.
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Agamuthu P, Awasthi AK. Improving electronic waste processing by the informal sector to enhance sustainability. Waste Manag Res 2020; 38:921-922. [PMID: 32933453 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20954331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Awasthi AK, Hasan M, Mishra YK, Pandey AK, Tiwary BN, Kuhad RC, Gupta VK, Thakur VK. Environmentally sound system for E-waste: Biotechnological perspectives. Current Research in Biotechnology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Abstract
Waste printed circuit board (PCB) is attracting serious concerns because the recycling of its valuable metallic portion is made difficult by the existence of hazardous substances. The objective of the present study was to develop a simplified approach for copper bioleaching from waste PCB. In this context, we intended mechano-microbial systems symbolized as SET-I (spore suspension + potato dextrose broth medium + waste PCB powder), SET-II (pre-cultured until the logarithmic phase, without waste PCB powder), and SET-III (fungal metabolites produced at stationary phase). The results of bioleaching studies showed that the developed method achieved the highest copper leaching of 85% by the SET-III approach. This study provides an insight for bioleaching copper from waste PCB. Furthermore, this approach can be established as an ecofriendly method for copper bioleaching by using an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- 1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- 1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Global electronic waste management is emerging as a critical issue, especially in developing countries. Collective societal effort and scientific innovation are required along with interdisciplinary approaches to the development of sustainable technologies for recycling precious metals. Bioprospecting of electronic waste is a promising approach to provide economic, environmental, and public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Awasthi AK, Wang M, Awasthi MK, Wang Z, Li J. Environmental pollution and human body burden from improper recycling of e-waste in China: A short-review. Environ Pollut 2018; 243:1310-1316. [PMID: 30268981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BRIEF BACKGROUND E-waste generation has become a serious environmental challenge worldwide. The global quantity of e-waste was estimated 44.7 million metric tons (Mt) in 2016. The improper recycling of e-waste is still a challenging issue in developing countries. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this a review article to present comprehensive information of recent studied on environment pollution and effect on human health in China. METHOD The search engines consulted, period of publications reviewed 2015-2018. For search study, we used different key words: 'improper recycling', 'primitive recycling,' 'backyard recycling,' 'e-waste,' 'WEEE', and the studies related to improper recycling of e-waste. RESULTS According to reports, the e-waste recycled by unorganized sectors in China. These unorganized sector workers daily go for work, such as e-waste collection from consumer house and manual dismantling of e-waste by using simple method, at unauthorized workshop. These backyard workshop are reported in small clusters in or around city e.g., Qingyuan village; Taizhou, Longtang Town, Guiyu, nearby Nanyang River and Beigang River in China. DISCUSSION The earlier reported studies directed the heavy metals effect (causing effects both acute and chronic effects; respiratory irritation, reproductive problem, cardiovascular and urinary infection/disease) on human health. According the reports, the improper recycling of e-waste which need to be address for the environment protection and prevention of public health risk. However, if e-waste exposure is not avoided very well, the associated contamination will be continuing, and simultaneously needful to increase the awareness for proper e-waste management in China. CONCLUSIONS In order to solve the e-waste problem in China, more detail research is needed. Furthermore, for environment protection and health safety, the proper e-waste dismantling techniques, environmentally sound management, and the regular monitoring are very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Zhishi Wang
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Abstract
Environmental deterioration and health risk due to improper e-waste management has become a serious issue in India. The major portion of e-waste reaches an unorganized e-waste recycling sector and is then treated by using crude methods. This review article presents a brief highlight on e-waste management status, legislation, and technology uses in India. The present e-waste management needs to be more focused on environmentally sound management, by more active support from all the participants involved in the e-waste flow chain in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- 1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- 1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, China
| | - Zhishi Wang
- 3 Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, China
| | | | - Jinhui Li
- 1 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety (Ministry of Education of China), Tsinghua University, China
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Awasthi AK, Li J. Assessing resident awareness on e-waste management in Bangalore, India: a preliminary case study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:11163-11172. [PMID: 29502260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of e-waste has increased significantly in India, and the informal recycling of e-waste has adverse effects on environment and public health. In this article, the E-waste management is evaluated in accordance from the resident's awareness perspective in Bangalore city, India. The survey data revealed that about 58% male and 42% female responded and 35% of the participants belong to age range between 18 and 25 years. About 60% of respondent's education level was either graduate or post graduate, 27% high school to higher school, 10% higher educated (> post graduate), and 3% primary to middle. Only 30% of the respondents were confident with e-waste rules and regulation, while 39% of the respondents were of very little information. Indian e-waste management has been improving for the last few years and it continues to develop. Therefore, the findings can be valuable for better understanding the resident's awareness for e-waste management and also need to promote the environmentally sound management of e-waste in Bangalore, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Sarsaiya S, Awasthi SK, Awasthi MK, Awasthi AK, Mishra S, Chen J. The dynamic of cellulase activity of fungi inhabiting organic municipal solid waste. Bioresour Technol 2018; 251:411-415. [PMID: 29268952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study dealt with to identified and screened out potential cellulase producing fungal strains. All the indigenous fungal strains were developed on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mandel media at 30 °C for 3-4 days to examine their congo red cellulase activity. It was found from the primary screening test result that only four isolates Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum were shown large zone formation that meant they have great potential cellulase activity. Among these, Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger strains were showed highest enzymatic activity during the secondary screening, while Trichoderma viride generated the highest protein (89.51 μg/ml). Furthermore, these potential fungal strains will be useful for the organic municipal solid waste degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Department of Biotechnology, Amicable Knowledge Solution University, Satna, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur, India; Present address: State Key Joint Laboratory of Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Saket Mishra
- Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jishuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Institute of Bioresources Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
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Awasthi AK, Cucchiella F, D'Adamo I, Li J, Rosa P, Terzi S, Wei G, Zeng X. Modelling the correlations of e-waste quantity with economic increase. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:46-53. [PMID: 28898811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE or e-waste) is regarded as one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world and is becoming an emerging issue owing to adverse consequences on the natural environment and the human health. This research article reveals the presence of a strong linear correlation among global e-waste generation and Gross Domestic Product. The obtained results indicate that the best fit for data can be reached by comparing e-waste collected volumes and GDP PPS. More in detail, an increase of 1000 GDP PPS means an additional 0.27kg of e-waste collected and 0.22kg of e-waste reused/recycled. Furthermore, for each additional citizen, there will be an increase of 7.7kg of e-waste collected and 6.2kg of e-waste reused/recycled. The better collection of e-waste acts an important role concerning the circular economy, and it can be an advantageous approach. Therefore, e-waste could be considered as an opportunity for recycling or recovery of valuable metals (e.g., copper, gold, silver, and palladium), given their significant content in precious metals than in mineral ores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Federica Cucchiella
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Idiano D'Adamo
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L'Aquila, Via G. Gronchi 18, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jinhui Li
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Terzi
- Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guoyin Wei
- Department of Ecology, Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066102, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Awasthi AK, Pandey AK, Khan J. Municipal solid waste leachate impact on metabolic activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:17250-17254. [PMID: 28653197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains contaminants that could possibly leach out and pollute the soil, water sources. In this investigation, the MSW leachate toxicity was evaluated using wheat seedling plant bioassay. The eco-toxicity activities of leachate at several time intervals were explored, and the toxicity of these leachates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (Chl a and Chl b) levels were determined. The findings showed that leachate can affect the metabolic activity of the wheat plant. Therefore, in order to protect the environment, the polluted leachate should be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India.
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Veerangna Awanti Bai P.G. College, Chhatarpur, (M.P.), India.
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India
- Madhya Pradesh Private University Regulatory Commission, Bhopal, (M.P.), India
| | - Jamaluddin Khan
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India
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Awasthi AK, Zlamparet GI, Zeng X, Li J. Evaluating waste printed circuit boards recycling: Opportunities and challenges, a mini review. Waste Manag Res 2017; 35:346-356. [PMID: 28097947 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16682607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid generation of waste printed circuit boards has become a very serious issue worldwide. Numerous techniques have been developed in the last decade to resolve the pollution from waste printed circuit boards, and also recover valuable metals from the waste printed circuit boards stream on a large-scale. However, these techniques have their own certain specific drawbacks that need to be rectified properly. In this review article, these recycling technologies are evaluated based on a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Furthermore, it is warranted that, the substantial research is required to improve the current technologies for waste printed circuit boards recycling in the outlook of large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gabriel Ionut Zlamparet
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Awasthi AK, Pandey AK, Khan J. A preliminary report of indigenous fungal isolates from contaminated municipal solid waste site in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:8880-8888. [PMID: 28204952 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) containing harmful substances is a major concern in waste management and can cause adverse effects on diversity of fungi in soil. The main objective was to evaluate the fungal diversity inhabiting in the soil nearby MSW disposal site. The fungal strains were isolated in potato dextrose agar (PDA), media at temperatures 28 ± 1 °C by using standard serial dilution pour plate method, and appeared fungal colonies identified based on morphological characteristics. The overall most fungal diversity was found in soil sample collected from S5, followed by S4, S3, S1, and least in S2 site. A total of 24 fungal isolates recovered from the different MSW sites and Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Curvularia sp. genus has isolated from all the samples. In addition, the metal tolerance index performed because it needs to classify the fungus for their best use as potential agent for environmental protection. The metal tolerance outcomes revealed that both metals (cadmium and chromium) has appeared as the highest growth inhibitor for most strains and even fungal colonies did not propagate very well on the surface of media. Therefore, these findings suggest that the pre-adapted indigenous fungal isolates have proven remarkable tolerance ability to both metals. Furthermore, these highly metal-tolerant fungal strains are recommended for detail research or can use in pilot-scale bioremediation application to treat contaminated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India.
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Veerangna Awanti Bai P.G. College, Chhatarpur, (M.P.), India.
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India
- Madhya Pradesh Private University Regulatory Commission, Bhopal, (M.P.), India
| | - Jamaluddin Khan
- Mycological Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, (M.P.), India
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Response to "Letter to the editor re: Awasthi et al., 2016 (Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(12): 11509-11532)". Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:25512-25514. [PMID: 27796977 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Integrated bioleaching of copper metal from waste printed circuit board-a comprehensive review of approaches and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:21141-21156. [PMID: 27678000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) is the most rapidly growing waste stream in the world, and the majority of the residues are openly disposed of in developing countries. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) make up the major portion of e-waste, and their informal recycling can cause environmental pollution and health risks. Furthermore, the conventional disposal and recycling techniques-mechanical treatments used to recover valuable metals, including copper-are not sustainable in the long term. Chemical leaching is rapid and efficient but causes secondary pollution. Bioleaching is a promising approach, eco-friendly and economically feasible, but it is slower process. This review considers the recycling potential of microbes and suggests an integrated bioleaching approach for Cu extraction and recovery from WPCBs. The proposed recycling system should be more effective, efficient and both technically and economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Ghosh SK, Debnath B, Baidya R, De D, Li J, Ghosh SK, Zheng L, Awasthi AK, Liubarskaia MA, Ogola JS, Tavares AN. Waste electrical and electronic equipment management and Basel Convention compliance in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations. Waste Manag Res 2016; 34:693-707. [PMID: 27422616 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x16652956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations account for one-quarter of the world's land area, having more than 40% of the world's population, and only one-quarter of the world gross national income. Hence the study and review of waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems in BRICS nations is of relevance. It has been observed from the literature that there are studies available comparing two or three country's waste electrical and electronic equipment status, while the study encompassing the BRICS nations considering in a single framework is scant. The purpose of this study is to analyse the existing waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems and status of compliance to Basel convention in the BRICS nations, noting possible lessons from matured systems, such as those in the European Union EU) and USA. The study introduced a novel framework for a waste electrical and electronic equipment management system that may be adopted in BRICS nations and revealed that BRICS countries have many similar types of challenges. The study also identified some significant gaps with respect to the management systems and trans-boundary movement of waste electrical and electronic equipment, which may attract researchers for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Debnath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul Baidya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Debashree De
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Jinhui Li
- BCRCAP, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lixia Zheng
- Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific, Beijing, China
| | - Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maria A Liubarskaia
- Department of City Management, Saint-Petersburg State University of Economic, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jason S Ogola
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Venda, South Africa
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:11509-32. [PMID: 26880523 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Informal recycling of waste (including e-waste) is an emerging source of environmental pollution in India. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals, among other substances, are a major health concern for workers engaged in waste disposal and processing, and for residents living near these facilities, and are also a detriment to the natural environment. The main objective of this review article was to evaluate the status of these impacts. The review found that, huge quantity of e-waste/waste generated, only a small amount is treated formally; the remainder is processed through the informal sector. We also evaluated the exposure pathways, both direct and indirect, and the human body load markers (e.g., serum, blood, breast milk, urine, and hair), and assessed the evidence for the association between these markers and e-waste exposure. Our results indicated that the open dumping and informal e-waste recycling systems should be replaced by the best available technology and environmental practices, with proper monitoring and regular awareness programs for workers and residents. Further and more detailed investigation in this area is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Environmental pollution of electronic waste recycling in India: A critical review. Environ Pollut 2016; 211:259-70. [PMID: 26774773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the production of electrical and electronic products has meant an equally rapid growth in the amount of electronic waste (e-waste), much of which is illegally imported to India, for disposal presenting a serious environmental challenge. The environmental impact during e-waste recycling was investigated and metal as well as other pollutants [e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] were found in excessive levels in soil, water and other habitats. The most e-waste is dealt with as general or crudely often by open burning, acid baths, with recovery of only a few materials of value. As resulted of these process; dioxins, furans, and heavy metals are released and harmful to the surrounding environment, engaged workers, and also residents inhabiting near the sites. The informal e-waste sectors are growing rapidly in the developing countries over than in the developed countries because of cheapest labor cost and week legislations systems. It has been confirmed that contaminates are moving through the food chain via root plant translocation system, to the human body thereby threatening human health. We have suggested some possible solution toward in which plants and microbes combine to remediate highly contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianlai Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J. Comparative Examining and Analysis of E-waste Recycling in Typical Developing and Developed Countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ansari F, Awasthi AK, Kumar P. Physico-chemical change in vertical soil horizon characteristics of distillery affected soil. J Environ Sci Eng 2013; 55:427-432. [PMID: 25906588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effect of treated distillery effluent on the physico-chemical characteristics of vertical soil horizon was studied to observe the impact of effluent on soil of nearby area where distillery canal flows. The studies were also carried out with respect to the unaffected region to compare the soil characteristics. The results showed that in distillery affected soil pH, bulk density and alkalinity increased with depth whereas water holding capacity, chloride, organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium decreased with depth compared to unaffected soil horizon. Preliminary study revealed that although most of the parameters were high in distillery affected soil horizon which might promote growth of plants but increase in pH and other toxic substances with depth could cause ground water pollution through constant and continuous leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ansari
- School of Environmental Biology, A.P.S. University, Rewa, M.P., India.
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Goel KA, Awasthi AK, Tyagi SK. Comparative haematological studies in some fresh water Indian fishes. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 2009; 46:202-6. [PMID: 7331559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1981.tb01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Jain A, Awasthi AK, Kumar M. Etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of nosocomial blood stream infections in neonatal intensive care unit. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008; 25:299-300. [PMID: 17901659 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.34783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Srivastava PP, Kar PK, Awasthi AK, Urs SR. Identification and association of ISSR markers for thermal stress in polyvoltine silkworm Bombyx mori. Genetika 2007; 43:1038-1045. [PMID: 17958302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of genetic resources is an essential prerequisite for their effective utilization. In India, the tropical climate prevails in most of the sericultural belts, where temperature goes beyond the ambient during summer, adversely affecting the silkworm rearing. Although polyvoltine silkworms are poor in silk content, they are mostly tolerant to tropical conditions and diseases. With an aim to identify potential silkworm races/breeds specific to thermo-tolerance for their effective utilization in breeding programme, 15 selected polyvoltine silkworm races were studied for their thermo-tolerance behaviour. Their genomic DNA samples were analyzed for ISSR-PCR using 15 selected primers. The UPGMA analysis based on Nei and Li algorithm has clustered the 15 silkworm races into five groups and one isolate. ALSCAL-multidimensional scaling has not only supported the information generated by the dendrogram, but it has made the genetic distance among races more clear and substantiating their status in terms of thermal stress where pupation rate was taken as indicator. Further, discriminant function analysis (DFA) was done with three groups of silkworms classified for thermal stress viz. susceptible, moderately tolerant and tolerant. The canonical correlation value was estimated to be 0.987 (Wilk's lambda = 0.004; chi2 = 36.044, p < 0.05). DFA clearly discriminated the above three groups. Beta statistics with t value and its significance for the markers identified through stepwise multiple regression analysis (MRA) revealed a total of five bands (807(1300), 808(3000), 808(4000), 834(4000), and 834(3000)) showing correlation with pupation rate after thermal treatment. Out of them, marker 8083000 showed maximum and highly significant correlation (r = 0.757, p < 0.001, t = 4.182) with pupation rate among the silkworm races. The identified putative markers are being used to develop DNA marker to be used in evolving thermo-tolerant silkworm breeds using marker assisted selection programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Srivastava
- Seribiotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Carmelram Post, Kodathi, Bangalore 560 035, Karnataka, India.
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Jain A, Awasthi AK, Kumar M. Etiological and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Nosocomial Blood Stream Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Extracts from rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Essential oil, petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed inhibitory activity against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial cultures, including a strain of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and fungal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bisht
- Department of Microbiology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical, Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun, India.
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Abstract
A 67-year-old man was admitted with a 1-week history of shortness of breath. He was a heavy smoker with alcohol consumption exceeding 40 units per week. On examination he was apyrexial and had signs of a right-sided pleural effusion. His liver was enlarged 3 cm below the costal margin. There was no ascites or splenomegaly. His jugular venous pressure was normal and there was no pedal oedema. On his initial investigations, he had normal urea and electrolytes and normal liver function tests except for a low albumin level of 28 g/litre. The chest X-ray confirmed a large right-sided pleural effusion. The pleural fluid had a low protein/albumin content (pleural fluid albumin 8 g/litre), but in view of the history of heavy smoking, large pleural effusion and hepatomegaly, a diagnosis of possible bronchogenic carcinoma with liver metastasis was made. The computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest failed to reveal a cause for the pleural effusion. The pleural fluid cytology, bronchoscopy and echocardiogram were normal. An ultrasound of the abdomen showed an irregular liver with possible single metastasis and minimal free fluid in the abdominal cavity. He had a chest drain inserted which continued to drain more than 3 litres of fluid daily for 5 days. A thoracoscopy and pleural biopsy were normal. He had two attempts at pleurodesis with talc and tetracycline both of which failed to stop fluid from reaccumulating. He then had a tunnelled pleural drain inserted. This still continued to drain large amounts of fluid for the next 8 days. Therefore a parietal pleurectomy was carried out. A repeat ultrasound at this stage showed no ascites but an irregular liver suggestive of cirrhosis and a possible malignant lesion within the liver. He had a modestly raised alpha-fetoprotein level of 65 ng/ml (normal range 0–10 ng/ml). He was referred to the authors and a diagnosis of hepatic hydrothorax was made. He was treated with salt restriction and spironolactone. He responded well to treatment and stopped reaccumulating fluid. A biphasic CT of the abdomen and hepatic angiography confirmed the diagnosis of multifocal hepatoma. His liver biopsy was consistent with cirrhosis secondary to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Awasthi
- Hepatology Department, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth PL6 8DH
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Abstract
India is one of the countries where sericulture is being practiced traditionally. Due to the higher economic return and the greater employment potential, attempts are being made to increase the productivity by developing high yielding mulberry varieties. At the present, Mysore local, Bomaypiasbari, Kanva-2, Bilidevalaya, Kajli, S1, BC(2)59, C776, RFS-175, S-36 and Victory-1 are being cultivated extensively in different parts of India for rearing the silkworm Bombyx mori L. Using 17 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 11 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers the genetic relationships among these varieties were analyzed. The RAPD and ISSR primers revealed more than 75% polymorphism among the varieties. The genetic similarity estimated from RAPD markers varied from 0.645, between Kajli and Victory-1 to 0.887, between Kanva-2 and Bilidevalaya. Similarly, the genetic similarity estimated from the ISSR markers ranged from 0.600, between Kajli and Victory-1, to 0.873 between Kanva-2 and BC(2)59. The dendrogram constructed from these markers grouped the varieties into three major groups comprising the low yielding, medium yielding and high yielding. The low genetic similarity between the group of varieties originating from the eastern regions with that of the southern region encourages formation of extensive breeding programs between these groups as to transfer the high yield potential of the southern varieties to the low yielding but highly adaptive eastern varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayan
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, CSB Campus, Carmelram, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
Species identification in mulberry (Morus) continues to be a point of great debate among scientists despite the number of criteria such as floral characters, wood, and leaf anatomical and biochemical characters used to identify the species within this genus. However, no consensus system of classification has emerged. Hence, an investigation was undertaken with inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to find out the possibility of using these DNA markers to confirm the identity of genotypes in a particular species. Fifteen ISSR and 15 RAPD primers generated 86% and 78% polymorphism, respectively, among 19 mulberry genotypes. The polymorphism among the species varied from 50% to 57% in ISSR markers and 31% to 53% in RAPD markers. Similarity coefficients were higher among the genotypes of M. latifolia, M. bombycis and M. alba. Cluster analyses separated genotypes of M. laevigata and M. indica from those of the other species. Population structure analysis of these species further showed high genetic differentiation coefficients (GST), high heterozygosity between two species (DST), and total heterozygosity among populations (Ht) coupled with considerably low gene flow (Nm) when M. laevigata was paired with other species. Based on these parameters and the result of cluster analysis it is concluded that M. laevigata can be considered as a separate species of mulberry, whereas the other four species may be grouped together and treated as subspecies.Key words: Morus species, genetic marker, ISSR, RAPD, DNA polymorphism, genetic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayan
- Seri-Biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Katiyar SS, Awasthi AK, Kumar A. Reverse micelles as a versatile medium for the study of lactate dehydrogenase in vitro. Biochem Int 1988; 17:1165-70. [PMID: 3245846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase has been solubilized in cationic reverse micelles of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and isooctane-chloroform (1:1, V/V). The activity of the enzyme was notably affected by the change in water pool, pH, and concentration of the surfactant. Lactate dehydrogenase showed its full activity in this reverse micellar system in non-aqueous solvent under specific conditions at a Wo value of 30.55, pH 7.0, and 100 mM CTAB in comparison to the activity measured in aqueous system under optimum conditions. These results indicate that even the large and complex enzymes (M.W. hundred thousand and four subunits) can be solubilized in apolar solvents where they may retain their conformational integrity and oligomericity, i.e., optimum subunit-subunit interaction with maintenance of full activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Katiyar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
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Sharma ML, Goel KA, Awasthi AK, Tyagi SK. Haematological and biochemical characteristics of Heteropneustes fossilis under the stress of Congo Red (diphenyl disazo binaphthionic acid). Toxicol Lett 1982; 14:237-41. [PMID: 7167984 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(82)90057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the sublethal concentration (0.012%) of Congo Red on Heteropneustes fossilis were studied after 30 days exposure. The RBC count haemoglobin (Hb)% and PCV decreased significantly. The total WBC count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC showed a significant increase. Serum calcium, serum cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly elevated, whereas serum phosphorus was significantly reduced. The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase (AlPase), acid phosphatase (AcPase). RNase, GOT, GPT and amylase were also significantly elevated. The possible reasons for these changes are discussed.
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