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Dee S, Brands L, Nerem J, Schelkopf A, Spronk G, Kikuti M, Corzo C, Havas K. Improvements in swine herd biosecurity reduce the incidence risk of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in breeding herds in the Midwestern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:520-525. [PMID: 38183764 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.08.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a significant disease of swine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether application of a comprehensive, science-based approach to breeding herd biosecurity, known as next-generation biosecurity (NGB), could reduce PRRS incidence risk across a large commercial production company. ANIMALS Pigs (381,404 sows across 76 breeding herds). METHODS From 2009 to 2020, the annual incidence risk of PRRS in sow farms managed by the same company averaged 33%, ranging from 20% to 50%. To measure the effect of NGB on PRRS incidence risk, a retrospective cohort study was conducted from July 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023, across breeding herds managed by the same company. During the analysis, 2 groups of herds emerged: those that implemented protocols for all phases of NGB (NGB COMPLETE), and those that implemented all described protocols of biosecurity except for air filtration (NGB INCOMPLETE). RESULTS During the 2-year assessment period, 56 breeding herds were classified as NGB COMPLETE, while 20 herds were NGB INCOMPLETE. The PRRS incidence risk in NGB COMPLETE herds was 8.9% as compared to 40.0% in NGB INCOMPLETE herds. From disease year 1 (July 1, 2021, to June 30, 2022) and disease year 2 (July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023), system-wide PRRS incidence risk was 8.6% and 9.2%, respectively. The association between NGB status and PRRS incidence risk for the 2-year period was statistically significant at a P value of .006. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of the present report provided evidence that improvements in biosecurity result in lower PRRS incidence risk under large-scale commercial swine production conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Brands
- 2Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN
| | - Joel Nerem
- 2Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN
| | | | | | - Mariana Kikuti
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Cesar Corzo
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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Sanhueza JM, Schwartz M, Corzo CA, Kikuti M, Yeske P, Leuwerke B, Schelkopf A, Williams T, Feuerbach S, Johnson C, Toohill E, Tapia-Escarate D, Yang M, Schroeder D, Vilalta C. Assessing the role of sow parity on PRRSv detection by RT-qPCR through weekly processing fluids monitoring in breeding herds. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105854. [PMID: 36758300 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of processing fluids to monitor the breeding herd's porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) status has gained industry acceptance. However, little is known about PRRS virus RT-qPCR detection dynamics in processing fluids and factors that may contribute to maintain PRRS virus in the herd after an outbreak. This study aimed to describe weekly RT-qPCR processing fluid results in breeding herds after an outbreak and to evaluate the proportion of RT-qPCR positive results among parity groups. Processing tissues of 15 first parity (P1), 15 second parity (P2), and 15 third parity or higher (P3+) litters (parity groups) were collected weekly for between 19 and 46 weeks in nine breeding herds. Processing fluids were aggregated, and RT-qPCR tested by parity group weekly. Additionally, a subset of 743 processing fluid samples of litters that formed 50 parity groups, as previously described, were RT-qPCR tested individually at the litter level. The agreement between RT-qPCR results of processing fluid samples of parity groups (15 litters) and results based on individual litter testing was assessed using overall percent of agreement, Kappa statistic, and McNemar test. The association between RT-qPCR results and the parity group was evaluated using a generalized estimating equations model, after accounting for the effects of sampling week, breeding herd PRRS control strategy (i.e., open to replacements v/s closed) and herd. An autoregressive correlation structure was used to account for the repeated samplings within a herd in time. The overall agreement was 98 %, and Kappa statistic 0.955 (McNemar p = 1.0). Sensitivity of parity group processing fluid samples was estimated at 100 % (95 % CI 89-100 %), while specificity was estimated at 94 % (95 % CI 71-100 %). Although P1 aggregated litters had on average a higher proportion of RT-qPCR positive results from outbreak week 25 onwards, the proportion was not significantly different to the one observed for P2 and P3+ aggregated litters (p > 0.13). Additionally, herds that interrupted gilt entry had lower odds of PRRS RT-qPCR positivity than herds that continued entering gilts (OR = 0.35, 95 % CI 0.16-0.78). PRRS virus persistence in processing fluids was not affected by the sow parity effect in most of the breeding herds studied. No evidence of disagreement between RT-qPCR results of an aggregated sample of 15 litters and those of individual litters was observed. This level of litter aggregation testing strategy may be of particular use at the last stages of an elimination program under low PRRS virus prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Sanhueza
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.
| | | | - Cesar A Corzo
- Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mariana Kikuti
- Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul Yeske
- Swine Vet Center, Saint Peter, MN, United States of America
| | - Brad Leuwerke
- Swine Vet Center, Saint Peter, MN, United States of America
| | - Adam Schelkopf
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States of America
| | - Todd Williams
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States of America
| | - Steven Feuerbach
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States of America
| | - Clayton Johnson
- Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd., Carthage, IL, United States of America
| | - Elise Toohill
- Carthage Veterinary Service, Ltd., Carthage, IL, United States of America
| | - Daniela Tapia-Escarate
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile
| | - My Yang
- Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Declan Schroeder
- Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carles Vilalta
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Chamba Pardo FO, Schelkopf A, Allerson M, Morrison R, Culhane M, Perez A, Torremorell M. Breed-to-wean farm factors associated with influenza A virus infection in piglets at weaning. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:33-40. [PMID: 30466656 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breed-to-wean pig farms play an important role in spreading influenza A virus (IAV) because suckling piglets maintain, diversify and transmit IAV at weaning to other farms. Understanding the nature and extent of which farm factors drive IAV infection in piglets is a prerequisite to reduce the burden of influenza in swine. We evaluated the association between IAV infection in piglets at weaning and farm factors including farm features, herd management practices and gilt- and piglet-specific management procedures performed at the farm. Voluntarily enrolled breed-to-wean farms (n = 83) agreed to share IAV diagnostic testing and farm data from July 2011 through March 2017 including data obtained via the administration of a survey. There were 23% IAV RT-PCR positive samples of the 12,814 samples submitted for IAV testing within 2989 diagnostic submissions with 30% positive submissions. Among all the factors evaluated (n = 24), and considering the season-adjusted multivariable analysis, only sow IAV vaccination and gilt IAV status at entry significantly reduced (p-value<0.05) IAV infections in piglets at weaning. Results from this study indicate that veterinarians and producers could manage these identified factors to reduce the burden of influenza in piglets prior to wean and perhaps, reduce the spread of IAV to other farms and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Orlando Chamba Pardo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 335 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Adam Schelkopf
- Health Department, Pipestone Veterinary Services, 1300 South Highway 75, PO Box 188, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA.
| | - Matthew Allerson
- Health and Research Department, Holden Farms Inc., 457 375th street, Dennison, MN 55018, USA.
| | - Robert Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 335 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Marie Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 335 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 335 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, 335 AS/VM, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Dee S, Clement T, Schelkopf A, Nerem J, Knudsen D, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson E. An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:176. [PMID: 25091641 PMCID: PMC4363994 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its initial detection in May 2013, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has spread rapidly throughout the US swine industry. Initially, contaminated feed was proposed as a risk factor for PEDV; however, data were not available to support this theory. Here we provide proof of concept of this risk by describing a novel means for recovering PEDV-contaminated complete feed material from commercial swine sites and conducting an in vivo experiment to prove its infectivity. Results For on-farm detection of PEDV RNA in feed, paint rollers were used to collect material from at-risk feed bins from 3 clinically affected breeding herds. This material was tested by PCR and determined to be positive for PEDV-RNA (Ct = 19.50-22.20 range). To test infectivity, this material was pooled (Ct = 20.65) and a Treatment group of 3-week old PEDV-naïve piglets were allowed to consume it via natural feeding behavior. For the purpose of a Positive control, piglets were allowed to ingest feed spiked with stock PEDV (Ct = 18.23) while the negative control group received PEDV-free feed. Clinical signs of PEDV infection (vomiting and diarrhea) and viral shedding were observed in both the Positive control and Treatment group’ post-consumption with virus and microscopic lesions detected in intestinal samples No evidence of infection was observed in the Negative controls. Conclusions These data provide proof of concept that contaminated complete feed can serve as a vehicle for PEDV infection of naïve pigs using natural feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA.
| | - Travis Clement
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - Adam Schelkopf
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA.
| | - Joel Nerem
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, USA.
| | - David Knudsen
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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Schelkopf A, Nerem J, Cowles B, Amodie D, Swalla R, Dee S. Reproductive, productivity, and mortality outcomes in late-gestation gilts and their litters following simulation of inadvertent exposure to a modified-live vaccine strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Vaccine 2014; 32:4639-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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