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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Toms N, Eckermann S, Olds TS, Zhang Z, Parrish AM, Kervin L, Downie S, Salmon J, Bannerman C, Needham T, Marshall E, Kaufman J, Brown L, Wille J, Wood G, Lubans DR, Biddle SJH, Pill S, Hargreaves A, Jonas N, Schranz N, Campbell P, Ingram K, Dean H, Verrender A, Ellis Y, Chong KH, Dumuid D, Katzmarzyk PT, Draper CE, Lewthwaite H, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines. The Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34991606 PMCID: PMC8734238 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background In 2018, the Australian Government updated the Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Young People. A requirement of this update was the incorporation of a 24-hour approach to movement, recognising the importance of adequate sleep. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the updated Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were developed and the outcomes from this process. Methods The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach was used to develop the guidelines. A Leadership Group was formed, who identified existing credible guidelines. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth best met the criteria established by the Leadership Group. These guidelines were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and recommendations from the Canadian Guidelines. We conducted updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews. A Guideline Development Group reviewed, separately and in combination, the evidence for each behaviour. A choice was then made to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. We then conducted an online survey (n=237) along with three focus groups (n=11 in total) and 13 key informant interviews. Stakeholders used these to provide feedback on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Guideline Development Group agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, maintain the wording of the guidelines, preamble, and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-hours), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used to develop movement behaviour guidelines. The judgments of the Australian Guideline Development Group did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian Guidelines were adopted with only very minor alterations. This allowed the Australian Guidelines to be developed in a shorter time frame and at a lower cost. We recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines that was developed using the GRADE approach is available with all supporting materials. Other countries may consider this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Toms
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lisa Kervin
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sandra Downie
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jordy Kaufman
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Layne Brown
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Janecke Wille
- Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia (FECCA), Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Wood
- Australian Sports Commission, Leederville, Western Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Shane Pill
- The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER), Wayville, Australia and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Natalie Jonas
- Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), SA, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Schranz
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Active Healthy Kids Australia, Adelaide, Australia and National Heart Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Perry Campbell
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Ingram
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Dean
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Verrender
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Dalecki A, Verrender A, Loughran SP, Croft RJ. The Effect of GSM Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Waking Electroencephalogram: Methodological Influences. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:317-328. [PMID: 33847008 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although there is consistent evidence that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) increases the spontaneous resting alpha spectral power of the electroencephalogram (EEG), the reliability of this evidence is uncertain as some studies have also failed to observe this effect. The present study aimed to determine whether the effect of RF-EMF exposure on EEG alpha power depends on whether EEG is derived from eyes open or closed conditions and assessed earlier (<5-min) versus later (>25-min) in the exposure interval. Thirty-six adults participated in three experimental sessions, each involving one exposure: "Sham," "Low," and "High" RF-EMF corresponding to peak spatial specific absorption rates averaged over 10 g of 0, 1, and 2 W/kg, respectively. Resting EEG was recorded at baseline (no exposure), during, and after exposure. Alpha power increase was found to be greater for the eyes open than eyes closed EEG during both the High (P = 0.04) and Low (P = 0.04) RF-EMF exposures. There was also a trend toward it being larger at the end, versus the start of the "High" 30-min exposure (P < 0.01; eyes open condition). This suggests that the use of eyes closed conditions, and insufficient RF-EMF exposure durations, are likely explanations for the failure of some studies to detect an RF-EMF exposure-related increase in alpha power, as such methodological choices decrease signal-to-noise ratios and increase type II error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dalecki
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Verrender
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Freudenstein F, Croft RJ, Wiedemann PM, Verrender A, Böhmert C, Loughran SP. Framing effects in risk communication messages - Hazard identification vs. risk assessment. Environ Res 2020; 190:109934. [PMID: 32755556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The way in which risk communication messages are framed can influence recipients' risk perceptions. Despite this, there is a limited understanding of how framing is responsible for influencing risk perception. One particularly important element may be whether a risk communication message is framed as a completed 'risk assessment' (specifying a magnitude of risk to the public as a function of the exposure level), or as a 'hazard identification' (a statement regarding whether an environmental agent could in principle cause detrimental health effects in humans, without addressing whether such effects may occur in practice). The current study aimed to investigate for the first time whether framing a risk communication message regarding 'mobile phones and health' as a hazard identification or as a risk assessment affects the reader's risk perception. Using an online survey, participants were separated into three groups and shown either an original press release from the International Agency for Research on Cancer regarding mobile phones and cancer (Group 1), or the press release with additional text modules intended to frame the press release as either a risk assessment (Group 2) or a hazard identification (Group 3). The experimental manipulation was successful in that framing the message as a hazard identification reduced the number of people that believed the press release was a risk assessment, whereas framing it as a risk assessment was not able to increase the number of people who thought that it was a risk assessment. However, no differences in risk perception were found between the groups. In an attempt to ascertain the reason for this lack of framing effect on the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields risk perception measures, it was found that pre-existing interpretations of risk and hazard strongly predicted risk perception, regardless of experimental group. Participants who believed that the International Agency for Research on Cancer conducted a hazard identification perceived lower risks and were less convinced that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from mobile phones increases cancer risks. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of understanding the distinction between a hazard identification and a risk assessment, and suggest that radiofrequency electromagnetic field risk communication needs to develop means for empowering the public to differentiate between hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Freudenstein
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, VIC, Australia; Department of Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
| | - R J Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - P M Wiedemann
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - A Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - C Böhmert
- Department of Science Communication Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - S P Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, VIC, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Loughran SP, Verrender A, Dalecki A, Burdon CA, Tagami K, Park J, Taylor NAS, Croft RJ. Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure and the Resting EEG: Exploring the Thermal Mechanism Hypothesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16091505. [PMID: 31035391 PMCID: PMC6539668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is now strong evidence that radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure influences the human electroencephalogram (EEG). While effects on the alpha band of the resting EEG have been repeatedly shown, the mechanisms underlying that effect have not been established. The current study used well-controlled methods to assess the RF-EMF exposure effect on the EEG and determine whether that effect might be thermally mediated. Thirty-six healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced provocation study. A water-perfusion suit (34 °C) was worn throughout the study to negate environmental influences and stabilize skin temperature. Participants attended the laboratory on four occasions, the first being a calibration session and the three subsequent ones being exposure sessions. During each exposure session, EEG and skin temperature (8 sites) were recorded continuously during a baseline phase, and then during a 30 min exposure to a 920 MHz GSM-like signal (Sham, Low RF-EMF (1 W/kg) and High RF-EMF (2 W/kg)). Consistent with previous research, alpha EEG activity increased during the High exposure condition compared to the Sham condition. As a measure of thermoregulatory activation, finger temperature was found to be higher during both exposure conditions compared to the Sham condition, indicating for the first time that the effect on the EEG is accompanied by thermoregulatory changes and suggesting that the effect of RF-EMF on the EEG is consistent with a thermal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
- Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy (PRESEE), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Anna Dalecki
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
- Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy (PRESEE), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Catriona A Burdon
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Kyoko Tagami
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Joonhee Park
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research (ACEBR), Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia.
- Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy (PRESEE), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia.
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Verrender A, Loughran SP, Dalecki A, Freudenstein F, Croft RJ. Can explicit suggestions about the harmfulness of EMF exposure exacerbate a nocebo response in healthy controls? Environ Res 2018; 166:409-417. [PMID: 29936289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While there has been consistent evidence that symptoms reported by individuals who suffer from Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) are not caused by EMF and are more closely associated with a nocebo effect, whether this response is specific to IEI-EMF sufferers and what triggers it, remains unclear. The present experiment tested whether perceived EMF exposure could elicit symptoms in healthy participants, and whether viewing an 'alarmist' video could exacerbate a nocebo response. Participants were randomly assigned to watch either an alarmist (N = 22) or control video (N = 22) before completing a series of sham and active radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure provocation trials (2 open-label, followed by 12 randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trials). Pre- and post-video state anxiety and risk perception, as well as belief of exposure and symptom ratings during the open-label and double-blind provocation trials, were assessed. Symptoms were higher in the open-label RF-ON than RF-OFF trial (p < .001). No difference in either symptoms (p = .183) or belief of exposure (p = .144) was observed in the double-blind trials. Participants who viewed the alarmist video had a significant increase in symptoms (p = .041), state anxiety (p < .01) and risk perception (p < .001) relative to the control group. These results reveal the crucial role of awareness and belief in the presentation of symptoms during perceived exposure to EMF, showing that healthy participants exhibit a nocebo response, and that alarmist media reports emphasizing adverse effects of EMF also contribute to a nocebo response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Anna Dalecki
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Frederik Freudenstein
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Dalecki A, Loughran SP, Verrender A, Burdon CA, Taylor NA, Croft RJ. Does acute radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure affect visual event-related potentials in healthy adults? Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:901-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Boehmert C, Verrender A, Pauli M, Wiedemann P. Does precautionary information about electromagnetic fields trigger nocebo responses? An experimental risk communication study. Environ Health 2018; 17:36. [PMID: 29650009 PMCID: PMC5898020 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regarding electromagnetic fields from mobile communication technologies, empirical studies have shown that precautionary information given to lay recipients increases their risk perceptions, i.e. the belief that electromagnetic fields are dangerous. Taking this finding one step further, the current study investigates whether precautionary information also leads to higher symptom perceptions in an alleged exposure situation. Building on existing research on nocebo responses to sham electromagnetic fields, an interaction of the precautionary information with personality characteristics was hypothesised. METHODS An experimental design with sham exposure to an electromagnetic field of a WLAN device was deployed. The final sample is constituted by N = 137 participants. Participants received either only basic information about the safety of current WLAN exposure limits or in addition also precautionary information (e.g. 'prefer wired connections if wireless technology can be relinquished'). Subsequently, symptoms and other variables were assessed before and after sham exposure to a WLAN electromagnetic field. RESULTS Results are not in favour of the hypothesised effects. There was neither a main effect of precautionary information, nor were there any of the hypothesised interaction effects of precautionary information and personality characteristics on perceived symptoms under sham exposure. Exploratory analyses highlight the role of prior risk perception as a predictor of nocebo responses, and of symptom expectations as a mediator between these two variables. CONCLUSIONS As the statistical power to detect even small effects was relatively high, we interpret this as a robust indication that precautionary information does not lead to increased nocebo responses by itself. The implications for health authorities´ communication with the public are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boehmert
- Department of Science Communication, Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Englerstraße 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Mario Pauli
- Institute of Radio Frequency Engineering and Electronics (IHE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 5, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Hesketh KD, Santos R, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Grant D, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Hinkley T, Trost SG, McHugh C, Eckermann S, Thorpe K, Waters K, Olds TS, Mackey T, Livingstone R, Christian H, Carr H, Verrender A, Pereira JR, Zhang Z, Downing KL, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines - The Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the early years (Birth to 5 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:869. [PMID: 29219094 PMCID: PMC5773882 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2017, the Australian Government funded the update of the National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0–5 years, with the intention that they be an integration of movement behaviours across the 24-h period. The benefit for Australia was that it could leverage research in Canada in the development of their 24-h guidelines for the early years. Concurrently, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group published a model to produce guidelines based on adoption, adaption and/or de novo development using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework. Referred to as the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, it allows guideline developers to follow a structured and transparent process in a more efficient manner, potentially avoiding the need to unnecessarily repeat costly tasks such as conducting systematic reviews. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process and outcomes for adapting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years to develop the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework. Methods The development process was guided by the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panel were formed and existing credible guidelines identified. The draft Canadian 24-h integrated movement guidelines for the early years best met the criteria established by the Panel. These were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and draft recommendations from the Canadian Draft Guidelines. Updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews were conducted and the Consensus Panel reviewed the evidence for each behaviour separately and made a decision to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. An online survey was then conducted (n = 302) along with five focus groups (n = 30) and five key informant interviews (n = 5) to obtain feedback from stakeholders on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Consensus Panel agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, keep the wording of the guidelines, preamble and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for infants (<1 year), toddlers (1–2 years) and preschoolers (3–5 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used. Following this approach, the judgments of the Australian Consensus Panel did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian recommendations were adopted with very minor alterations. This allowed the Guidelines to be developed much faster and at lower cost. As such, we would recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines, with all supporting materials and developed using a transparent process, is available. Other countries may consider using this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kylie D Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rute Santos
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - David Grant
- Population Health and Sport Division, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Waters
- Children's Hospital Westmead and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda Livingstone
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- School of Population and Global Health and Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Adam Verrender
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - João R Pereira
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Early Start, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Katherine L Downing
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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9
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Verrender A, Loughran SP, Anderson V, Hillert L, Rubin GJ, Oftedal G, Croft RJ. IEI-EMF provocation case studies: A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 39:132-143. [PMID: 29125197 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) is controversial. While the majority of studies have indicated that there is no relationship between EMF exposure and symptoms reported by IEI-EMF sufferers, concerns about methodological issues have been raised. Addressing these concerns, the present experiment was designed as a series of individual case studies to determine whether there is a relationship between radiofrequency-electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure and an IEI-EMF individual's self-reported symptoms. Three participants aged 44-64 were tested during a series of sham and active exposure trials (2 open-label trials; 12 randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trials), where symptom severity and exposure detection were scored using 100 mm visual analogue scales. The RF-EMF exposure was a 902-928 MHz spread spectrum digitally modulated signal with an average radiated power output of 1 W (0.3 W/m2 incident power density at the participant). In the double-blind trials, no significant difference in symptom severity or exposure detection was found for any of the participants between the two conditions. Belief of exposure strongly predicted symptom severity score for all participants. Despite accounting for several possible limitations, the present experiment failed to show a relationship between RF-EMF exposure and an IEI-EMF individual's symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:132-143, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vitas Anderson
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Two Fields Consulting, St Kilda, Australia
| | - Lena Hillert
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G James Rubin
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnhild Oftedal
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,Department of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rodney J Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research.,School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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10
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Verrender A, Loughran SP, Dalecki A, McKenzie R, Croft RJ. Pulse modulated radiofrequency exposure influences cognitive performance. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:603-10. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1213454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Verrender
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Health Initiatives, School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Sarah P. Loughran
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Health Initiatives, School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anna Dalecki
- Centre for Health Initiatives, School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ray McKenzie
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Croft
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Health Initiatives, School of Psychology, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy, Wollongong, Australia
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