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Varman SD, Jones RA, Kelly B, Hammersley ML, Parrish AM, Stanley R, Cliff DP. The effect of experiential learning interventions on physical activity outcomes in children: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294987. [PMID: 38033028 PMCID: PMC10688861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review examined the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions for improving children's physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. It also aimed to identify intervention characteristics that resulted in the greatest impact. METHODS Four databases: Education Research Complete, Scopus, Web of Science and PsychINFO were searched from database inception to January 2023. Eligible studies: (1) included children 0-12 years; (2) assessed the effect of physical activity outcomes on children's physical activity knowledge, attitudes or behaviour and (3) were randomised controlled trials conducted in any setting. Study risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Intervention approaches were categorised, and effect sizes were compared across studies for each outcome. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the review: ten in school age and two in below five years. For behavioural outcomes, six of eight studies showed medium to large effects (effects size (ES) range: 0.3-0.9), two of the three studies that assessed attitudinal outcomes displayed medium effects (ES range: 0.4-0.5) and both studies that assessed knowledge outcomes displayed medium to large effects (ES range: 0.4-1.3). The two experiential learning interventions among children < 5 years demonstrated small to medium effects on behaviour change (ES range: 0.2-0.5). Effective interventions combined enjoyable practical activities (fitness activities, games and challenges), with behaviour change techniques (goal setting, and self-monitoring), were underpinned by a behaviour change theory, and were often of short duration (< 4 months) but intense (several sessions/week). Moderate to high statistical heterogeneity was observed for behaviour outcomes and risk of bias across studies was generally high. CONCLUSIONS This review provides some evidence supporting the effectiveness of experiential learning interventions in improving physical activity outcomes in school-aged children. Additional evidence is needed in children <5 years old. Future experiential learning interventions need to strengthen the evidence with rigorous methodological quality and clear reporting of the experiential learning components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumantla D. Varman
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Jones
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan L. Hammersley
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Stanley
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Early Start, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Parrish AM, Chong KH, Cliff D. Sociodemographic moderators of longitudinal changes in active play between childhood and adolescence in Australia. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1483-1489. [PMID: 37925674 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2278932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) participation is prone to decline during childhood and adolescence. In Australia, this decline has been shown to particularly occur in active play. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic moderators of change in active play between 10-11y and 12-13y among Australian youth. The data were sourced from Waves 6-7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 3567). Active play participation was measured using one-day time-use diaries (TUDs) completed by youth. Potential sociodemographic moderators were tested using multilevel mixed modelling, adjusted for pubertal development, body mass index z-score and TUD contextual variables (school attendance and season). Active play declined more among girls (β= -7.6 min/day, 95% CI = -13.3, -1.8), those who spoke English at home (β= -12.3 min/day, 95% CI = -22.0, -2.7) and marginally among those in regional/remote areas (β= -6.3 min/day, 95% CI = -12.8, +0.1). A widening gap in active play by sex was observed, while differences by language spoken at home and geographical remoteness weakened or became marginal over time. Interventions to promote active play could target girls in the transition to adolescence. Future studies could investigate whether active play declines earlier than 10-11y among youth who speak languages other than English at home and those living in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Parrish AM, Okely AD, Salmon J, Trost S, Hammersley M, Murdoch A. Making 'being less sedentary feel normal' -investigating ways to reduce adolescent sedentary behaviour at school: a qualitative study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:85. [PMID: 37434190 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents spend over 50% of a 24-hour period and 63% of the school day sedentary. Few comprehensive qualitative studies have explored teachers' and students' perceptions of potential strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour (SB) in the secondary school setting. This project aimed to elicit students' and teachers' perspectives of feasible and acceptable ways to encourage adolescents to "sit less and stand or move more" during the school day. METHODS Students, teachers, and executives from four schools in the Illawarra and surrounding areas (New South Wales) Australia, were invited to participate. Focus group implementation used a participatory research design ('problem and solution tree'). Participants were interviewed in three groups, younger adolescents, older adolescents and teachers/executives. Firstly the 'problem' (high rates of SB) was explained, participants were then asked to identify contributing school related factors, and to suggest feasible ideas to reduce SB during the school day. RESULTS Fifty-five students (24 from Years 7/8 aged 12-14 years and 31 from Years 9/10 aged 14-16 years), and 31 teachers consented to participate. Thematic analysis elicited five main 'problems': lesson structure, non-conducive classroom environment/structure, non-conducive break-time environment, curricular pressures and school-related factors increasing sedentary behaviour outside of school. Suggested 'solutions' included: changes to classroom layout/furniture, pedagogical changes, hands-on learning, outdoor lessons, more comfortable uniforms, more breaks during class time, compulsory physical activity, and outdoor equipment. CONCLUSIONS The proposed solutions to reduce adolescent SB during the school day have potential to be feasibly implemented in the school setting, even with limited funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Okely
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stewart Trost
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Megan Hammersley
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anisse Murdoch
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Dumuid D, Chong KH, Parrish AM, Cliff D. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of domain-specific physical activity composition with health-related quality of life in childhood and adolescence in Australia. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:67. [PMID: 37277854 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health benefits have been linked with physical activity (PA), as well as some domains of PA among youth (e.g. organized PA and active transport). However, less is known about whether some PA domains are more beneficial than others. There is also a lack of evidence about whether health outcomes are related to the composition of PA (i.e. the share of PA spent in different domains). This study aimed to identify: (1) how the absolute durations of organized PA, non-organized PA, active transport and active chores/work at 10-11y are individually associated with physical, psychosocial and total health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 10-11y and 12-13y; and (2) how the domain-specific composition of PA at 10-11y is associated with HRQOL at 10-11y and 12-13y. METHODS Data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used in cross-sectional (n ≥ 2730) and longitudinal analyses (n ≥ 2376). Measurement included the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™) for HRQOL domains and one-day time-use diaries (TUDs) for PA domains. Robust linear regression models were used, controlling for age, sex, pubertal status, socioeconomic position, body mass index and TUD context (season and school attendance). Compositional models additionally adjusted for total PA duration and longitudinal models controlled for baseline PedsQL™ scores. RESULTS Non-compositional models indicated that the duration of organized PA, and to a lesser extent non-organized PA, were positively but weakly associated with some HRQOL outcomes at 10-11y. These trends were not reflected in longitudinal models, although a 30-min increase in non-organized PA per day did predict marginally better psychosocial HRQOL at 12-13y (+ 0.17%; 95%CI = + 0.03%, + 0.32%). Compositional models revealed that a 30-min increase in organized PA relative to other domains was positively but weakly associated with physical (+ 0.32%; 95%CI = + 0.01%, + 0.63%), psychosocial (+ 0.41%; 95%CI = + 0.11%, + 0.72%) and total HRQOL (+ 0.39%; 95%CI = + 0.12%, + 0.66%) at 10-11y. However, the overall PA composition at 10-11y was not related to HRQOL at 12-13y. CONCLUSIONS Non-compositional and compositional models generally concurred on the direction of cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships (and lack thereof) between PA domains and HRQOL outcomes. The strongest associations were cross-sectional between organized PA and HRQOL at 10-11y. However, all associations between PA domains and HRQOL outcomes were weak and may not be clinically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Cnr North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Alotaibi MS, Hosseinzadeh H. Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Physical and Mental Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Young Adults of Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16583. [PMID: 36554468 PMCID: PMC9778917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Smartphones have made our lives easier and have become indispensable for everyday life; however, their uncontrolled and excessive use can trigger "smartphone addiction" (SA). SA is a rising public health issue, particularly among young people around the world. There is a dearth of empirical research about SA and its impacts on young adults, particularly in developing countries such as Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study is an attempt to fill this gap. The data were collected from 440 eligible young adults in Bangladesh using an online survey between July 2021 and February 2022. Study results revealed that 61.4% of the young adults were addicted to their smartphone. Logistic regression analysis showed that being male, aged ≤25, unemployed and living with a large family size (≥8) were the significant sociodemographic predictors of SA. Smartphone-addicted participants were more likely to be less physically active, suffer from insomnia, be overweight or obese and use their phones while driving, walking and eating. In addition, the SA group were more likely to have physical and mental well-being problems. This study brings to light significant implications for policy makers and indicates a need for an SA community awareness programme which aims to reduce SA at the societal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mohammad Saud Alotaibi
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Department of Social Work, College of Social Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Parrish AM, Batterham M, Cliff DP. Changes in subdomains of non-organized physical activity between childhood and adolescence in Australia: a longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:73. [PMID: 35752838 PMCID: PMC9233835 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-022-01311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) participation among youth tends to be insufficient and is prone to decline with age. In Australia, this decline has been shown to particularly occur in the domain of non-organized PA (e.g. active play and informal sport) between childhood and adolescence. However, information about changes in more specific groupings of activities within non-organized PA (i.e. subdomains) is needed, as this could support more targeted intervention strategies. This study aimed to investigate changes in the duration of specific subdomains of non-organized PA between late childhood (10-11 years) and early adolescence (12-13 years) in Australia, as well as whether these changes are moderated by sex. METHODS Data were sourced from Waves 6 and 7 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 3614). Youth time-use diaries (24-h) were used to measure the duration of eight subdomains of non-organized PA at both waves (athletics/gymnastics, ball sports, cycling/motor/roller sports, fitness/gym/exercise, martial arts/dancing, water/ice/snow sports, active play and other outdoor/nature PA). Multilevel mixed modelling was used to explore longitudinal changes between waves and the potential moderation effect of sex. RESULTS Active play declined the most of all subdomains (β = -20.5 min/day; 95% CI = -23.4, -17.6, p < 0.001). A smaller decline was observed in the subdomain of non-organized ball sports (β = -4.1 min/day; 95% CI = -5.9, -2.3, p < 0.001). Other subdomains remained stable or had only very small changes in participation. The decline in active play was moderated by sex, with a steeper decline among girls. No other notable moderation effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Future studies may seek to explore and test the acceptability of PA promotion strategies to encourage active play participation, such as 'reframing' childhood play activities to be appropriate for adolescents. Such studies might particularly seek the perspectives of girls in the transition to adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Statistical Consulting Centre, National Institute for Applied Statistical Research Australia, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Alanazi YA, Parrish AM, Okely AD. 24-Hour movement behaviours and COVID-19 among children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A repeat cross-sectional study. Sports Medicine and Health Science 2022; 4:177-182. [PMID: 36090920 PMCID: PMC9453691 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how children's 24-hour (24-h) movement behaviours were affected by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Previous research examined 24-h movement behaviours in Saudi Arabia seven months after the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. This repeat cross-sectional study examined changes in 24-h movement behaviours 12 months after the WHO declaration. The Time 2 survey repeated five months (1 March – 15 May 2021) after Time 1 survey (1 October – 11 November 2020). The survey was distributed to parents of children aged 6–12 years across Saudi Arabia via an online survey. Children were classified as meeting 24-h movement guidelines if they reported uninterrupted sleep for 9–11 h per night, ≤ 2 h of recreational sedentary screen time (RST) per day and ≥ 60 min of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) per day. A total of 1 045 parents from all regions of Saudi Arabia responded (42.4%). Only 1.8% of children met all components of the guidelines, compared to 3.4% in Time 1. In the present study, girls spent more days per week in MVPA ≥ 60 min duration than boys (3.0 vs 2.6; p = 0.025), while boys had spent more days per week engaged in activities that strengthened muscle and bone than girls (3.0 vs 2.8; p = 0.019). Healthy levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep further declined in Saudi children five months after the Time 1 survey. These challenges require urgent intervention to ensure children's movement behaviours improve as Saudi Arabia moves out of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Pham BN, Emori RB, Ha T, Parrish AM, Okely AD. Estimating Child Mortality at the Sub-national Level in Papua New Guinea: Evidence From the Integrated Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Front Public Health 2022; 9:723252. [PMID: 35155330 PMCID: PMC8830799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.723252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Child mortality is an important indication of an effective public health system. Data sources available for the estimation of child mortality in Papua New Guinea (PNG) are limited. Objective The objective of this study was to provide child mortality estimates at the sub-national level in PNG using new data from the integrated Health and Demographic Surveillance System (iHDSS). Method Using direct estimation and indirect estimation methods, household vital statistics and maternal birth history data were analysed to estimate three key child health indicators: Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) for the period 2014–2017. Differentials of estimates were evaluated by comparing the mean relative differences between the two methods. Results The direct estimations showed U5MR of 93, IMR of 51 and NMR of 34 per 1000 live births for all the sites in the period 2014–2017. The indirect estimations reported an U5MR of 105 and IMR of 67 per 1000 live births for all the sites in 2014. The mean relative differences in U5MR and IMR estimates between the two methods were 3 and 24 percentage points, respectively. U5MR estimates varied across the surveillance sites, with the highest level observed in Hela Province (136), and followed by Eastern Highlands (122), Madang (105), and Central (42). Discussion The indirect estimations showed higher estimates for U5MR and IMR than the direct estimations. The differentials between IMR estimates were larger than between U5MR estimates, implying the U5MR estimates are more reliable than IMR estimates. The variations in child mortality estimates between provinces highlight the impact of contextual factors on child mortality. The high U5MR estimates were likely associated with inequality in socioeconomic development, limited access to healthcare services, and a result of the measles outbreaks that occurred in the highlands region from 2014-2017. Conclusion The iHDSS has provided reliable data for the direct and indirect estimations of child mortality at the sub-national level. This data source is complementary to the existing national data sources for monitoring and reporting child mortality in PNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Nguyen Pham
- Population Health and Demography Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
- *Correspondence: Bang Nguyen Pham ;
| | - Rebecca Bogarobu Emori
- Population Health and Demography Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Tam Ha
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Early Start and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Okely AD, Ghersi D, Loughran SP, Cliff DP, Shilton T, Jones RA, Stanley RM, Sherring J, Toms N, Eckermann S, Olds TS, Zhang Z, Parrish AM, Kervin L, Downie S, Salmon J, Bannerman C, Needham T, Marshall E, Kaufman J, Brown L, Wille J, Wood G, Lubans DR, Biddle SJH, Pill S, Hargreaves A, Jonas N, Schranz N, Campbell P, Ingram K, Dean H, Verrender A, Ellis Y, Chong KH, Dumuid D, Katzmarzyk PT, Draper CE, Lewthwaite H, Tremblay MS. A collaborative approach to adopting/adapting guidelines. The Australian 24-hour movement guidelines for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years): An integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 34991606 PMCID: PMC8734238 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background In 2018, the Australian Government updated the Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Young People. A requirement of this update was the incorporation of a 24-hour approach to movement, recognising the importance of adequate sleep. The purpose of this paper was to describe how the updated Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Young People (5 to 17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep were developed and the outcomes from this process. Methods The GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach was used to develop the guidelines. A Leadership Group was formed, who identified existing credible guidelines. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth best met the criteria established by the Leadership Group. These guidelines were evaluated based on the evidence in the GRADE tables, summaries of findings tables and recommendations from the Canadian Guidelines. We conducted updates to each of the Canadian systematic reviews. A Guideline Development Group reviewed, separately and in combination, the evidence for each behaviour. A choice was then made to adopt or adapt the Canadian recommendations for each behaviour or create de novo recommendations. We then conducted an online survey (n=237) along with three focus groups (n=11 in total) and 13 key informant interviews. Stakeholders used these to provide feedback on the draft guidelines. Results Based on the evidence from the Canadian systematic reviews and the updated systematic reviews in Australia, the Guideline Development Group agreed to adopt the Canadian recommendations and, apart from some minor changes to the wording of good practice statements, maintain the wording of the guidelines, preamble, and title of the Canadian Guidelines. The Australian Guidelines provide evidence-informed recommendations for a healthy day (24-hours), integrating physical activity, sedentary behaviour (including limits to screen time), and sleep for children (5-12 years) and young people (13-17 years). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is only the second time the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach has been used to develop movement behaviour guidelines. The judgments of the Australian Guideline Development Group did not differ sufficiently to change the directions and strength of the recommendations and as such, the Canadian Guidelines were adopted with only very minor alterations. This allowed the Australian Guidelines to be developed in a shorter time frame and at a lower cost. We recommend the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach, especially if a credible set of guidelines that was developed using the GRADE approach is available with all supporting materials. Other countries may consider this approach when developing and/or revising national movement guidelines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01236-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Davina Ghersi
- Research Policy and Translation, National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.,National Health & Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Loughran
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Trevor Shilton
- National Heart Foundation (WA), 334 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Stanley
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Julie Sherring
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Toms
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Eckermann
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Timothy S Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Lisa Kervin
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sandra Downie
- Preventive Programs, Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jordy Kaufman
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Layne Brown
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Janecke Wille
- Federation of Ethnic Communities Council of Australia (FECCA), Canberra, Australia
| | - Greg Wood
- Australian Sports Commission, Leederville, Western Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Shane Pill
- The Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (ACHPER), Wayville, Australia and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Natalie Jonas
- Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), SA, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natasha Schranz
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Active Healthy Kids Australia, Adelaide, Australia and National Heart Foundation, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Perry Campbell
- Australian Children's Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Ingram
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Hayley Dean
- NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA), Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Verrender
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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10
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Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Zaman SB, Alotaibi MS, Hosseinzadeh H. Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182212257. [PMID: 34832011 PMCID: PMC8622754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphones play a critical role in increasing human-machine interactions, with many advantages. However, the growing popularity of smartphone use has led to smartphone overuse and addiction. This review aims to systematically investigate the impact of smartphone addiction on health outcomes. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to carry out the systematic review. Five electronic databases including Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus were searched to identify eligible studies. Eligible studies were screened against predetermined inclusion criteria and data were extracted according to the review questions. This review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181404). The quality of the articles was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. RESULTS A total of 27 of 2550 articles met the inclusion criteria. All of the studies were cross-sectional and focused on physical, mental, and neurological health outcomes. The majority of the studies focused on mental health outcomes and consistent associations were observed between smartphone addiction and several mental health outcomes. Anxiety and depression were commonly found to mediate mental health problems. A wide range of physical health sequelae was also associated with smartphone addiction. Furthermore, there was an association between smartphone addiction and neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there are consistent associations between smartphone addiction and physical and mental health, especially mental health. Social awareness campaigns about smartphone addiction and its impact on physical and mental health are needed. Further studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are warranted to validate the impacts of smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (Z.A.R.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (Z.A.R.); (M.S.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.-M.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Mohammad Saud Alotaibi
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (Z.A.R.); (M.S.A.)
- Department of Social Work, College of Social Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (Z.A.R.); (M.S.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.-M.P.); (H.H.)
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11
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Chong KH, Parrish AM, Cliff DP, Dumuid D, Okely AD. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between 24-Hour Movement Behaviours, Recreational Screen Use and Psychosocial Health Outcomes in Children: A Compositional Data Analysis Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18115995. [PMID: 34204928 PMCID: PMC8199728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether the time-use composition of 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA)) and recreational screen use are independently associated with psychosocial health. This study examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between 24-h movement behaviour composition, recreational screen use and psychosocial health outcomes in children. Measures completed at baseline (n = 127; 11.7 years) and follow-up (n = 88; 12.8 years) included accelerometer-based 24-h movement behaviours, self-reported recreational screen use and psychosocial health (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Scale). Linear mixed models were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the 24-h movement behaviour composition and recreational screen use levels with psychosocial health outcomes. Overall, the movement behaviour composition (p < 0.05) and recreational screen use levels (p < 0.01) were both cross-sectionally but not longitudinally associated with psychosocial health outcomes. Relative to other behaviours, sleep was negatively associated, while light-intensity PA was positively associated with internalising problems and total difficulties scores. ST was positively associated with internalising problems. High levels of recreational screen use (>2 h/day) were associated with greater externalising problems, total difficulties scores and psychological distress. These findings reinforce the importance of achieving a balance between different types of movement behaviours over a 24-h period for psychosocial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.-M.P.); (D.P.C.); (A.D.O.)
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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12
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Chong KH, Parrish AM, Cliff DP, Dumuid D, Okely AD. Changes in 24-hour movement behaviours during the transition from primary to secondary school among Australian children. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1276-1286. [PMID: 33719925 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1903562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concurrent changes in all components of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB) (sleep, sedentary behaviour [SB] and physical activity [PA]) and compliance with the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines over the primary to the secondary school transition period. The analytical sample included 83 children (60.2% girls) who provided valid accelerometer-measured 24-h MB data during their final year of primary school (T1) and first year of secondary school (T2). Self-reported participation in domain-specific SB and PA, socio-demographic characteristics and weight status were also assessed. Change in 24-h MB composition from T1 to T2 was analysed using a compositional multivariate linear model for repeated measures. The difference in the proportion of meeting the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines was assessed using a McNemar-Bowker test. An unfavourable change was observed in the 24-h MB composition (p < .0001), with increased time spent in SB (+58 min/day) and decreased time in sleep (-13 min/day), Iight-intensity PA (-13 min/day) and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (-14 min/day). Domain-specific SB results indicated an increase in recreational screen time (+45 min/day) and out-of-school educational activities (+25 min/day). No significant changes were observed for domain-specific PA. The proportion of children meeting the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines also declined (20.5% vs. 3.6%; p < .0001). Change in 24-h MB was larger on weekdays than weekends (p < .0001); but this was not moderated by socio-demographic characteristics or weight status. These findings suggest that an integrated intervention approach targeting weekdays may be beneficial to promote adherence to healthy 24-h MB during the primary to the secondary school transition period. HighlightsThis study investigated how the 24-hour movement behaviour composition (i.e., time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity) changes and its impact on children's compliance with the 24-hour integrated movement guidelines during the primary to secondary school transition period.There was an unfavourable change in the accelerometer-measured 24-hour movement behaviour composition, with increased time spent in sedentary behaviour and decreased time in sleep, light-intensity physical activity and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. The change in weekday composition was significantly more prominent than change on weekends.The observed increase in sedentary behaviour may be attributed in part to an increase in recreational screen time and out-of-school educational activities in secondary schools.These behavioural changes were reflected in decreased compliance rates with the individual and integrated 24-hour movement guidelines, with the largest decline observed in the sleep guideline.Our findings highlight the need for an integrated intervention approach to support children to develop and/or maintain healthy movement behaviour habits throughout the school transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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13
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Ellis YG, Ucci M, Okely AD, Parrish AM. School Flexible Learning Spaces, Student Movement Behavior and Educational Outcomes among Adolescents: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. J Sch Health 2021; 91:133-145. [PMID: 33368271 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve sustainability, we must consider scalable improvements in student movement behavior in the classroom setting, educational priorities. Flexible learning spaces that employ student-centered pedagogy and contain a range of furniture and layout options, implemented to improve educational outcomes, may enable unintended health benefits. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the effects of flexible learning spaces on adolescent student movement behaviors and educational outcomes. METHODS We searched 5 databases, retrieving 5 quantitative and one qualitative article meeting the review criteria. RESULTS Students in flexible learning spaces spent less time sitting, and more time standing and moving. Students were also more engaged, on-task, and collaborated and interacted more. Academic results for English, Mathematics and Humanities for those in flexible learning spaces were higher than peers in traditional classrooms. CONCLUSION Evidence from the reviewed studies suggests that there may be beneficial outcomes across some movement behaviors as well as learning outcomes in classrooms that employ student-centered pedagogy and use a built environment that facilitates autonomy and choice around where and how to learn. These learning environments present an opportunity for an interdisciplinary approach to address sedentary behavior in classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Yvonne G Ellis
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marcella Ucci
- Bartlett School of Environment, Energy and Resources, University College London Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, London, UK
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Parrish AM, Chong KH, Moriarty AL, Batterham M, Ridgers ND. Interventions to Change School Recess Activity Levels in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:2145-2173. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Kemp BJ, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Parrish AM. Socio-ecological predictors of non-organized physical activity participation and decline between childhood and adolescence. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:120-130. [PMID: 32795168 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1808296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) tends to decline during late childhood and adolescence. In Australia, this decline has been shown to particularly occur non-organized PA (e.g., active play, informal sport). This study aimed to explore predictors of non-organized PA at 13y; and decline between 11y and 13y. Data were sourced from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Non-organized PA was measured using time-use diaries. Analyses included Cragg hurdle and binary logistic regressions. The likelihood of non-organized PA at 13y was predicted by PA enjoyment (OR = 1.36, p = 0.007), number of siblings (OR = 1.11, p < 0.001), sex (females) (OR = 0.66, p < 0.001) and home computer use at 11y (OR = 0.98, p = 0.002) (n = 3,193). Females also engaged in less non-organized PA at 13y (β = -77.77, p = 0.048) (n = 3,193). Significant predictors of decline in non-organized PA were socioeconomic position (OR = 0.92, p = 0.047) and sugary drink consumption at 11y (OR = 1.06, p = 0.033) (n = 3,222). Strategies to promote non-organized PA may include targeting females and those of lower socioeconomic position, and focusing on types of PA that may replace the perceived benefits of computer use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong , Australia.,National Institute for Applied Statistical Research Australia, University of Wollongong , Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong , Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong , Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Australia
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Parrish AM, Tremblay MS, Carson S, Veldman SLC, Cliff D, Vella S, Chong KH, Nacher M, Del Pozo Cruz B, Ellis Y, Aubert S, Spaven B, Sameeha MJ, Zhang Z, Okely AD. Correction to: Comparing and assessing physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents: a systematic literature review and analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:89. [PMID: 32646438 PMCID: PMC7346394 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia. .,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephanie Carson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sanne L C Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart Vella
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Maria Nacher
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Motivation and Behavior Program, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia
| | - Salome Aubert
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Billie Spaven
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia
| | - Mohd Jamil Sameeha
- Nutritional Science Programme, Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Parrish AM, Tremblay MS, Carson S, Veldman SLC, Cliff D, Vella S, Chong KH, Nacher M, Del Pozo Cruz B, Ellis Y, Aubert S, Spaven B, Sameeha MJ, Zhang Z, Okely AD. Comparing and assessing physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents: a systematic literature review and analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:16. [PMID: 32041635 PMCID: PMC7011603 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of declining physical activity and increased sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents globally prompted the development of national and international physical activity guidelines. This research aims to systematically identify and compare national and international physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents and appraise the quality of the guidelines to promote best practice in guideline development. Methods This systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Only national, or international physical activity and/or sedentary behaviour guidelines were included in the review. Included guidelines targeted children and adolescents aged between 5 and 18 years. A grey literature search was undertaken incorporating electronic databases, custom Google search engines, targeted websites and international expert consultation. Guideline quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II Instrument (AGREE II). Results The search resulted in 50 national or international guidelines being identified. Twenty-five countries had a national guideline and there were three international guidelines (European Union, Nordic countries (used by Iceland, Norway and Sweden), World Health Organization (WHO)). Nineteen countries and the European Union adopted the WHO guidelines. Guidelines varied in relation to date of release (2008 to 2019), targeted age group, and guideline wording regarding: type, amount, duration, intensity, frequency and total amount of physical activity. Twenty-two countries included sedentary behaviour within the guidelines and three included sleep. Total scores for all domains of the AGREE II assessment for each guideline indicated considerable variability in guideline quality ranging from 25.8 to 95.3%, with similar variability in the six individual domains. Rigorous guideline development is essential to ensure appropriate guidance for population level initiatives. Conclusions This review revealed considerable variability between national/international physical activity guideline quality, development and recommendations, highlighting the need for rigorous and transparent guideline development methodologies to ensure appropriate guidance for population-based approaches. Where countries do not have the resources to ensure this level of quality, the adoption or adolopment (framework to review and update guidelines) of the WHO guidelines or guidelines of similar quality is recommended. Trial registration Review registration: PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017072558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia. .,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stephanie Carson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sanne L C Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Stewart Vella
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Maria Nacher
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Motivation and Behavior Program, Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yvonne Ellis
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia
| | - Salome Aubert
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Billie Spaven
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia
| | - Mohd Jamil Sameeha
- Nutritional Science Programme, Centre for Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2521, Australia.,Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Parrish AM, Cliff DP. 'Social screens' and 'the mainstream': longitudinal competitors of non-organized physical activity in the transition from childhood to adolescence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31937315 PMCID: PMC7050814 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity (PA) tends to decline during late childhood and adolescence. In Australia, this decline has been shown to occur particularly in non-organized PA (e.g. active play and informal sport). Using a social marketing approach, segments of youth may be identified and targeted based on their profile of alternative activities that compete with non-organized PA during the transition to adolescence. The objectives of this study were to identify and describe segments of youth whose participation in non-organized PA declined between 11 and 13 years, based on changes in other potential competing activities during this period. Methods Data were sourced from Waves 4 and 5 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Participation in non-organized PA and thirteen alternative activities (e.g. video games, homework, sleep) were measured using 24-h time-use diaries. Analyses were limited to participants whose non-organized PA had declined between 11 and 13 years (n = 1043). Two-stage cluster analysis was conducted and segments were described using chi-square and t-tests. Results Among the analytic sample, average non-organized PA participation declined by 87 min/day between 11y and 13y (p < 0.001). Two segments were identified (κ = 0.66). The ‘Social Screens’ segment (n = 143) had large increases in texting, emailing and social media use (+ 56 min/day, p < 0.001) and other internet use (+ 32 min/day, p < 0.001). Conversely, ‘the Mainstream’ segment (n = 900) had smaller increases in a wider range of activities, including other PA (organized PA, active transport, active chores/work) (+ 16.0 min/day, p < 0.001), homework/study (+ 9.5 min/day, p < 0.001) and electronic gaming (+ 6.7 min/day, p < 0.05). ‘Social Screens’ were more likely to attend public school, live in urban areas and have more advanced pubertal development (girls only). ‘The Mainstream’ were more likely to participate in PA and out-of-school activities. Conclusions The ‘Social Screens’ segment had a much larger increase in texting, emailing, social media and other internet use, and lower participation in overall PA and out-of-school activities, compared with ‘the Mainstream’. Future research may trial PA promotion strategies to replace benefits that this segment may seek in competing activities (e.g. social PA apps).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Lancaster SJ, Okely AD, Parrish AM. Flexible learning spaces facilitate interaction, collaboration and behavioural engagement in secondary school. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223607. [PMID: 31584994 PMCID: PMC6777793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, many schools are replacing traditional classrooms with innovative flexible learning spaces to improve academic outcomes. Little is known about the effect on classroom behaviour. Students from nine secondary schools (n = 60, M age = 13.2±1.0y) were observed via momentary time sampling for a 30 minute period, in both a traditionally furnished and arranged classroom and a flexible learning space containing a variety of furniture options to accommodate different pedagogical approaches and learning styles. The teaching approaches in both conditions were documented. In traditional classrooms the approach was predominantly teacher-led and in the flexible learning space it was student-centred. Students in flexible learning spaces spent significantly more time in large group settings (d = 0.61, p = 0.001), collaborating (d = 1.33, p = 0.001), interacting with peers (d = 0.88, p = 0.001) and actively engaged (d = 0.50, p = 0.001) than students in traditional classrooms. Students also spent significantly less class time being taught in a whole class setting (d = -0.65, p = 0.001), engaged in teacher-led instruction (d = -0.75, p = 0.001), working individually (d = -0.79, p = 0.001), verbally off-task (d = -0.44, p = 0.016), and using technology (d = -0.26, p = 0.022) than in traditional classrooms. The results suggest that the varied, adaptable nature of flexible learning spaces coupled with the use of student-centred pedagogies, facilitated a higher proportion of class time interacting, collaborating and engaging with the lesson content. This may translate into beneficial learning outcomes in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E. Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Lancaster
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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20
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Kariippanon KE, Cliff DP, Okely AD, Parrish AM. Flexible learning spaces reduce sedentary time in adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:918-923. [PMID: 30898513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many schools internationally are replacing traditional classrooms (TC) with innovative flexible learning spaces (FLS) to improve academic outcomes. Via a stealth approach, there may be additional unintended health benefits if students reduce their total and prolonged sitting. The aim of this study was to compare student sitting patterns between TC and FLS. DESIGN School-based cross-over trial. METHODS Students at nine secondary schools (n=191, M age=13.2±1.0years) wore activPAL accelerometers in both a traditionally furnished and arranged classroom (TC), and a FLS containing a variety of furniture and layout options, utilizing student-centered pedagogies, for the duration of one double classroom lesson (M=76min). The lesson content and teacher were consistent across both conditions. Data were analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS In FLS, students spent less class time sitting (mean=18%; 95% CI: -20.8, -15.0), and accumulated more breaks in sitting (2.1; 95% CI: 0.8, 3.5 per 60min), more bouts of intermittent (≤9min) sitting (2.2; 95% CI: 0.8, 3.6 per 60min), and fewer bouts of prolonged (≤30min) sitting (-0.2; 95% CI: -0.3, -0.1 per 60min), than in TC. Students also spent more class time standing (15%; 95% CI: 12.7, 18.0) and stepping (3%; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.1) in FLS than TC. CONCLUSION The results suggest that, by stealth, elements of FLS including a variety of furniture and resources, and greater use of student-centered pedagogies, facilitate improvements in adolescents' sedentary profiles during class time. This may translate into beneficial health impacts over a longer period given the health benefits of reducing total and breaking up prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Kemp BJ, Cliff DP, Chong KH, Parrish AM. Longitudinal changes in domains of physical activity during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:695-701. [PMID: 30630743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) participation is prone to decline during adolescence. An understanding of the domains of PA that are susceptible to decline may support a more targeted approach to PA and health promotion. The aim of this study was to review longitudinal trends in participation in four PA domains during childhood and adolescence: organized PA, non-organized PA, active transport and active chores. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS 5517 research articles were sourced from five electronic databases (covering January 1997-April 2018). Eligibility criteria included repeated measurements of at least one PA domain among the same participants (5-18years of age). RESULTS 23 studies were included, cumulatively reporting data from 27,231 participants. Few studies had a low risk of bias (n=6). Most studies of active transport reported an increase in participation during childhood, no change in the transition to adolescence, and no change or decline during adolescence. Most studies of organized PA reported an increase during childhood, an increasing or stable pattern in the transition to adolescence, and no change or decline during adolescence. Non-organized PA participation tended to remain stable among adolescent girls and decline among adolescent boys. Active chores increased during the transition to adolescence and then stabilized. CONCLUSIONS Potential strategies for PA promotion among youth may include targeting non-organized PA among adolescent boys or organized PA among late adolescent boys and girls. However, there is a continuing need for high-quality, longitudinal studies of participation in PA domains, particularly non-organized PA and active chores. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017076888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron J Kemp
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Parrish AM, Trost SG, Howard SJ, Batterham M, Cliff D, Salmon J, Okely AD. Evaluation of an intervention to reduce adolescent sitting time during the school day: The 'Stand Up for Health' randomised controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1244-1249. [PMID: 29891406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents spend large proportions of the school day sitting; potentially increasing their health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy of a school-based intervention to reduce adolescent sitting time during the school day. DESIGN Two-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial. METHODS Adolescents (13-16 years) were recruited from four private high schools in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were pair-matched and randomised to treatment or control. Research assistants were blinded to intervention aims and treatment allocation. Intervention initiatives included classroom and outdoor environmental measures to break up and reduce the proportion of adolescent school time spent sitting. Teacher and students surveys assessed intervention feasibility, acceptability and potential efficacy. Proportional sitting time was the primary outcome, measured by activPAL monitors, worn for one week during the school day. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, body fatness, working memory and non-verbal reasoning. Data were analysed using a general linear model for continuous variables and adjusted for clustering. RESULTS While teachers and students supported the program, process evaluation results indicate aspects of the intervention were not implemented with fidelity. Eighty-eight adolescents (Mage=14.7±0.7, 50% male) participated in the trial. Eighty-six had valid data for all variables (43 controls, 43 intervention). There was no significant intervention effect on the primary outcome. There was a significant effect on working memory (adjusted difference ±SD=-0.42±1.37; p=0.048 (Cohen's d)=0.31). CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to limited research in this area, providing guidance for future interventions in the high school environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12614001001684).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at QLD Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Steven J Howard
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Dylan Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Penning A, Okely AD, Trost SG, Salmon J, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Howard S, Parrish AM. Acute effects of reducing sitting time in adolescents: a randomized cross-over study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:657. [PMID: 28810853 PMCID: PMC5558656 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of sitting among adolescents are high, especially during the school day. The acute cognitive and health consequences associated with prolonged sitting are poorly understood in adolescents. This randomized crossover design study examined the acute effects of a simulated school day with reduced sitting or usual sitting on adolescents' cognitive function and cardiometabolic biomarkers. METHODS Eighteen healthy school aged adolescents were recruited from the community to the study (11 males; 7 females; mean age [SD] = 13.5 ± 0.9 years). Two protocols were developed to simulate an adolescent school day, the amount of time spent sitting was manipulated reflecting: a 'typical' day (65% of the time spent sitting with two sitting bouts sitting >20 min) and a 'reduced sitting' day (adolescents sat for 50% less time with no bouts of sitting >20 mins). The order that participants were exposed to each condition was randomized (via random number generator). Participants were not fully blinded as they could observe the difference between conditions. Energy intake and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were standardized for both conditions and monitored for 48 h post-condition for compensatory effects. Cognitive (working memory) and cardiometabolic outcomes (lipids, glucose, insulin, IL-6, apo-A1, apo-B, blood pressure,) were assessed pre and post for both conditions, BMI and body fat were assessed on the morning of the intervention. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Standardised effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS Compared with the typical school day, the reduced sitting day demonstrated significant positive effects for apoB/apoA-1 ratio (adjusted difference ± SD) -0.02 ± 0.03; P = 0.03; effect size [Cohen's d] = -0.67. Findings for total cholesterol -0.19 ± 0.27; P = 0.28; d = -0.71; HDL cholesterol -0.23 ± 0.50; P = 0.12 d = -0.66; and total cholesterol/HDL ratio 0.25 ± 0.53; P = 0.25; d = 0.51 and for cognition 0.64 ± 0.15; P = 0.15; d = 0.54 were non-significant. There were no compensatory changes in participant energy expenditure or energy intake for 48 h post intervention. CONCLUSION Reducing school day sitting time in adolescents' resulted in significant improvements in apoB/apoA-1 ratio with medium effect sizes for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL ratio. Cognitive function results showed the equivalent of a 6 month improvement in effective mental-attentional capacity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered as a clinical trial with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12614001064695 ) on the 3rd of October 2014 - registered retrospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisse Penning
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Anthony D. Okely
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Stewart G. Trost
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at Queensland Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Dylan P. Cliff
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Marijka Batterham
- Mathematics and Applied Statistics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Steven Howard
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
- Early Start Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2521 Australia
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Sadegholvad S, Yeatman H, Parrish AM, Worsley A. Professionals' Recommended Strategies to Improve Australian Adolescents' Knowledge of Nutrition and Food Systems. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080844. [PMID: 28783108 PMCID: PMC5579637 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Education and policy measures within schools are valuable strategies to promote health. This study explored views of experienced food-related educators, researchers and policy-makers regarding their recommended strategies to improve Australian adolescents’ knowledge of nutrition and food systems (N&FS). Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one experienced food-related experts from across Australia. Interviews were conducted either by telephone or face-to-face. Recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Results: Five central themes and five sub-themes were identified from food professionals’ suggestions for best strategies to improve adolescents’ knowledge of N&FS. The central themes included: (1) specific improvements in schools’ core curricula; (2) pre-service and in-service training of school teachers about N&FS; (3) training students to develop a critical mind about N&FS issues; (4) multidisciplinary collaborations to improve school-based N&FS education; and (5) a supportive N&FS education environment for students. Conclusion and implication: These findings provide a guide for curriculum developers, educational policy developers, and food educators to incorporate the suggested N&FS strategies into Australian education programs in order to improve Australian adolescents’ knowledge and skills of N&FS issues. The results of this investigation also may assist the development of international N&FS curricula guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sadegholvad
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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Sadegholvad S, Yeatman H, Parrish AM, Worsley A. Experts' views regarding Australian school-leavers' knowledge of nutrition and food systems. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 41:502-507. [PMID: 28749568 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore Australian experts' views regarding strengths and gaps in school-leavers' knowledge of nutrition and food systems ( N&FS) and factors that influence that knowledge. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 highly experienced food-related experts in Australia. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using Attride-Stirling's thematic network framework. RESULTS Two global themes and several organising themes were identified. The first global theme, 'structural curriculum-based problems', emerged from three organising themes of: inconsistencies in provided food education programs at schools in Australia; insufficient coverage of food-related skills and food systems topics in school curricula; and the lack of trained school teachers. The second global theme, 'insufficient levels of school-leavers knowledge of N&FS ', was generated from four organising themes, which together described Australian school-leavers' poor knowledge of N&FS more broadly and knowledge translation problem for everyday practices. CONCLUSION Study findings identified key problems relating to current school-based N&FS education programs in Australia and reported knowledge gaps in relation to N&FS among Australian school-leavers. IMPLICATIONS These findings provide important guidance for N&FS curriculum development, to clearly articulate broadly-based N&FS knowledge acquisition in curriculum policy and education documents for Australian schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sadegholvad
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria
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Sadegholvad S, Yeatman H, Omidvar N, Parrish AM, Worsley A. Best Strategies to Improve School-leavers' Knowledge of Nutrition and Food Systems: Views from Experts in Iran. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:119. [PMID: 27857832 PMCID: PMC5093892 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The research to date does not present an articulated approach to ensure nutrition and food systems education is systematically implemented within schools. This paper aimed to investigate food experts’ views of the best strategies to improve school-leavers’ knowledge of nutrition and food systems. Methods: In this qualitative study, 28 Iranian food and nutrition experts from four major provinces (Tehran, Fars, Isfahan, and Gilan) were selected and agreed to be interviewed. Required data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face, or telephone interviews and were analyzed thematically using NVivo. Results: The experts’ suggested strategies to improve Iranian school-leavers’ knowledge of nutrition and food systems fell into three key themes: Policy, education processes, and supportive environments. Together they formed an overarching theme of a multileveled system approach for transferring knowledge. Conclusions: Development of a scaffolded education program could assist curriculum developers and policy makers to assess and update current nutrition and food systems education programs in schools. Insights gained about education initiatives in one country such as Iran can provide an important impetus to support nutrition and food system education more widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Sadegholvad
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather Yeatman
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nasrin Omidvar
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hammersley ML, Cann VR, Parrish AM, Jones RA, Holloway DJ. Evaluation of the effects of a telephone-delivered health behaviour change program on weight and physical activity. Nutr Diet 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Hammersley
- Faculty of Social Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Veronica R. Cann
- Faculty of Social Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Social Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Rachel A. Jones
- Faculty of Social Sciences; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Ridgers ND, Salmon J, Parrish AM, Stanley RM, Okely AD. Physical activity during school recess: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2012; 43:320-8. [PMID: 22898126 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Interest has increased in examining the physical activity levels of young people during school recess. Identifying correlates of their recess physical activity behaviors is timely, and would inform school-based physical activity programming and intervention development. The review examined the correlates of children's and adolescent's physical activity during school recess periods. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search of six electronic databases, reference lists, and personal archives identified 53 studies (47 focused on children) published between January 1990 and April 2011 that met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed in 2011. Correlates were categorized using the social-ecological framework. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Forty-four variables were identified across the four levels of the social-ecological framework, although few correlates were studied repeatedly at each level. Positive associations were found of overall facility provision, unfixed equipment, and perceived encouragement with recess physical activity. Results revealed that boys were more active than girls. CONCLUSIONS Providing access to school facilities, providing unfixed equipment, and identifying ways to promote encouragement for physical activity have the potential to inform strategies to increase physical activity levels during recess periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D Ridgers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Parrish AM, Yeatman H, Iverson D, Russell K. Using interviews and peer pairs to better understand how school environments affect young children's playground physical activity levels: a qualitative study. Health Educ Res 2012; 27:269-280. [PMID: 21712499 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
School break times provide a daily opportunity for children to be active; however, research indicates this time is underutilized. Reasons for low children's playground activity levels have primarily focused on physical barriers. This research aimed to contribute to physical environmental findings affecting children's playground physical activity levels by identifying additional variables through the interview process. Thirteen public schools were included in the sample (total 2946 children). Physical activity and environmental data were collected over 3 days. Environmental variables were manually assessed at each of the 13 schools. Observational data were used to determine which three schools were the most and least active. The principal, three teachers and 20 students in Grades 4-6 from these six schools (four lower and two average socioeconomic status) were invited to participate in the interview process. Student interviews involved the paired interview technique. The main themes generated from the school interviews included the effect of non-fixed equipment (including balls), playground markings, playground aesthetics, activity preference, clothing, the amount of break time available for play, teacher playground involvement, gender, bullying, school policies, student confidence in break-time activity and fundamental movement skills. The effect of bullying on playground physical activity levels was concerning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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Parrish AM, Iverson D, Russell K, Yeatman H. The development of a unique physical activity self-report for young children: challenges and lessons learned. Res Sports Med 2010; 18:71-83. [PMID: 20391248 DOI: 10.1080/15438620903423874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The number of overweight and obese children in the Western world is alarming. Efforts to impact this problem at an individual level have had little effect. Interventions that focus on the whole population may prove more successful. This study reports the development of a unique self-report picture questionnaire designed to assess playground physical activity preferences in young children (4-9 years, N = 1,881) at 14 regional Australian primary schools. Children's picture preferences were compared with observational data using the Children's Activity Scanning tool (CAST2). Results indicate that 62% to 89% of children preferred activities that were moderate or highly active; however, CAST2 data indicated that children spent only 50% to 70% of play time being active. The findings confirm that young children are able to indicate their preferences for physical activity. Important considerations in future attempts to develop a measure of physical activity in young children are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maree Parrish
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Russell
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics
| | | | - Don Iverson
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, and the Director of the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Byrd
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Auburn University School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, AL, USA
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