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Bodin L, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Bignami M, Hoogenboom L(R, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Schrenk D, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Focks A, Gregorc A, Metzler M, Sgolastra F, Tosi S, Horvath Z, Ippolito A, Rortais A, Steinkellner H, Szentes C, Sand S. Evaluation of the risks for animal health related to the presence of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in feed for honey bees. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07227. [PMID: 35475165 PMCID: PMC9019825 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission has asked the EFSA to evaluate the risk for animal health related to the presence of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in honey bee feed. HMF is a degradation product of particular sugars and can be present in bee feed. HMF is of low acute toxicity in bees but causes increased mortality upon chronic exposure. A benchmark dose lower limit 10% (BMDL10) of 1.16 μg HMF per bee per day has been calculated from mortalities observed in a 20‐day study and established as a Reference Point covering also mortality in larvae, drones and queens for which no or insufficient toxicity data were available. Winter bees have a much longer lifespan than summer bees and HMF shows clear time reinforced toxicity (TRT) characteristics. Therefore, additional Reference Point intervals of 0.21–3.1, 0.091–1.1 and 0.019–0.35 µg HMF/bee per day were calculated based on extrapolation to exposure durations of 50, 90 and 180 days, respectively. A total of 219 analytical data of HMF concentrations in bee feed from EU Member States and 88 from Industry were available. Exposure estimates of worker bees and larvae ranged between 0.1 and 0.48, and between 0.1 and 0.51 μg HMF/per day, respectively. They were well below the BMDL10 of 1.16 μg HMF/bee per day, and thus, no concern was identified. However, when accounting for TRT, the probability that exposures were below established reference point intervals was assessed to be extremely unlikely to almost certain depending on exposure duration. A concern for bee health was identified when bees are exposed to HMF contaminated bee feed for several months.
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2
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Astuto MC, Di Nicola MR, Tarazona JV, Rortais A, Devos Y, Liem AKD, Kass GEN, Bastaki M, Schoonjans R, Maggiore A, Charles S, Ratier A, Lopes C, Gestin O, Robinson T, Williams A, Kramer N, Carnesecchi E, Dorne JLCM. In Silico Methods for Environmental Risk Assessment: Principles, Tiered Approaches, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2425:589-636. [PMID: 35188648 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1960-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This chapter aims to introduce the reader to the basic principles of environmental risk assessment of chemicals and highlights the usefulness of tiered approaches within weight of evidence approaches in relation to problem formulation i.e., data availability, time and resource availability. In silico models are then introduced and include quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, which support filling data gaps when no chemical property or ecotoxicological data are available. In addition, biologically-based models can be applied in more data rich situations and these include generic or species-specific models such as toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models, dynamic energy budget models, physiologically based models, and models for ecosystem hazard assessment i.e. species sensitivity distributions and ultimately for landscape assessment i.e. landscape-based modeling approaches. Throughout this chapter, particular attention is given to provide practical examples supporting the application of such in silico models in real-world settings. Future perspectives are discussed to address environmental risk assessment in a more holistic manner particularly for relevant complex questions, such as the risk assessment of multiple stressors and the development of harmonized approaches to ultimately quantify the relative contribution and impact of single chemicals, multiple chemicals and multiple stressors on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - Yann Devos
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antony Williams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nynke Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Carnesecchi
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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El Agrebi N, Svečnjak L, Horvatinec J, Renault V, Rortais A, Cravedi JP, Saegerman C. Adulteration of beeswax: A first nationwide survey from Belgium. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252806. [PMID: 34499645 PMCID: PMC8428765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beeswax is intended for use in the beekeeping sector but also in the agro-food, pharmaceutical or cosmetics sectors. The adulteration of beeswax is an emerging issue that was reported lately at several occasions in the scientific literature. This issue tends to become more frequent and global, but its exact extent is not accurately defined. The present study aims to assess the current situation in Belgium through a nationwide survey. Randomized beeswax samples originating from Belgian beekeepers (N = 98) and commercial suppliers (N = 9) were analysed with a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory (FTIR-ATR spectroscopy) for adulteration. The survey revealed a frequency of 9.2% and 33.3% of adulteration in beekeepers beeswax samples (9 samples out of 98: 2 with paraffin and 7 with stearin/stearic acid) and commercial beeswax samples (3 samples out of 9: all adulterated with stearin/stearic acid), respectively. The analysed samples were adulterated with various percentages of paraffin (12 to 78.8%) and stearin/stearic acid (1.2 to 20.8%). This survey indicates that in the beekeepers samples, beeswax adulteration was more frequent in comb foundation and crude beeswax than in comb wax. With the example of this nationwide survey conducted in Belgium, this study shows the emergence of the issue and the urgent need for action to safeguard the health of both honey bees health and humans, in particular with the setting of a proper regulation legal framework and a specific routine analytical testing of commercial beeswax to ensure beeswax quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie El Agrebi
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lidija Svečnjak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail: (CS); (LS)
| | - Jelena Horvatinec
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife Management and Special Zoology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Véronique Renault
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnes Rortais
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- UMR1331 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CS); (LS)
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4
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hernández‐Jerez A, Bennekou SH, Koutsoumanis K, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen SS, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano V, Turck D, Younes M, Arnold G, Dorne J, Maggiore A, Pagani S, Szentes C, Terry S, Tosi S, Vrbos D, Zamariola G, Rortais A. A systems-based approach to the environmental risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06607. [PMID: 34025804 PMCID: PMC8135085 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Parliament requested EFSA to develop a holistic risk assessment of multiple stressors in honey bees. To this end, a systems-based approach that is composed of two core components: a monitoring system and a modelling system are put forward with honey bees taken as a showcase. Key developments in the current scientific opinion (including systematic data collection from sentinel beehives and an agent-based simulation) have the potential to substantially contribute to future development of environmental risk assessments of multiple stressors at larger spatial and temporal scales. For the monitoring, sentinel hives would be placed across representative climatic zones and landscapes in the EU and connected to a platform for data storage and analysis. Data on bee health status, chemical residues and the immediate or broader landscape around the hives would be collected in a harmonised and standardised manner, and would be used to inform stakeholders, and the modelling system, ApisRAM, which simulates as accurately as possible a honey bee colony. ApisRAM would be calibrated and continuously updated with incoming monitoring data and emerging scientific knowledge from research. It will be a supportive tool for beekeeping, farming, research, risk assessment and risk management, and it will benefit the wider society. A societal outlook on the proposed approach is included and this was conducted with targeted social science research with 64 beekeepers from eight EU Member States and with members of the EU Bee Partnership. Gaps and opportunities are identified to further implement the approach. Conclusions and recommendations are made on a way forward, both for the application of the approach and its use in a broader context.
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Svečnjak L, Nunes FM, Matas RG, Cravedi JP, Christodoulidou A, Rortais A, Saegerman C. Validation of analytical methods for the detection of beeswax adulteration with a focus on paraffin. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Carnesecchi E, Svendsen C, Lasagni S, Grech A, Quignot N, Amzal B, Toma C, Tosi S, Rortais A, Cortinas-Abrahantes J, Capri E, Kramer N, Benfenati E, Spurgeon D, Guillot G, Dorne JLCM. Investigating combined toxicity of binary mixtures in bees: Meta-analysis of laboratory tests, modelling, mechanistic basis and implications for risk assessment. Environ Int 2019; 133:105256. [PMID: 31683157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bees are exposed to a wide range of multiple chemicals "chemical mixtures" from anthropogenic (e.g. plant protection products or veterinary products) or natural origin (e.g. mycotoxins, plant toxins). Quantifying the relative impact of multiple chemicals on bee health compared with other environmental stressors (e.g. varroa, viruses, and nutrition) has been identified as a priority to support the development of holistic risk assessment methods. Here, extensive literature searches and data collection of available laboratory studies on combined toxicity data for binary mixtures of pesticides and non-chemical stressors has been performed for honey bees (Apis mellifera), wild bees (Bombus spp.) and solitary bee species (Osmia spp.). From 957 screened publications, 14 publications provided 218 binary mixture toxicity data mostly for acute mortality (lethal dose: LD50) after contact exposure (61%), with fewer studies reporting chronic oral toxicity (20%) and acute oral LC50 values (19%). From the data collection, available dose response data for 92 binary mixtures were modelled using a Toxic Unit (TU) approach and the MIXTOX modelling tool to test assumptions of combined toxicity i.e. concentration addition (CA), and interactions (i.e. synergism, antagonism). The magnitude of interactions was quantified as the Model Deviation Ratio (MDR). The CA model applied to 17% of cases while synergism and antagonism were observed for 72% (MDR > 1.25) and 11% (MDR < 0.83) respectively. Most synergistic effects (55%) were observed as interactions between sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (SBI) fungicides and insecticide/acaricide. The mechanisms behind such synergistic effects of binary mixtures in bees are known to involve direct cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition, resulting in an increase in internal dose and toxicity of the binary mixture. Moreover, bees are known to have the lowest number of CYP copies and other detoxification enzymes in the insect kingdom. In the light of these findings, occurrence of these binary mixtures in relevant crops (frequency and concentrations) would need to be investigated. Addressing this exposure dimension remains critical to characterise the likelihood and plausibility of such interactions to occur under field realistic conditions. Finally, data gaps and further work for the development of risk assessment methods to assess multiple stressors in bees including chemicals and non-chemical stressors in bees are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Carnesecchi
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Tosi
- Epidemiology Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Honeybee Health, University Paris Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Jose Cortinas-Abrahantes
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Ettore Capri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per una filiera agro-alimentare Sostenibile (DiSTAS), Piacenza, Italy
| | - Nynke Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - David Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Gilles Guillot
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Lou Christian Michel Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Parma, Italy; School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Brock T, Bigler F, Frampton G, Hogstrand C, Luttik R, Martin-Laurent F, Topping CJ, van der Werf W, Rortais A. Ecological Recovery and Resilience in Environmental Risk Assessments at the European Food Safety Authority. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018; 14:586-591. [PMID: 30489025 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual framework was developed by a working group of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to guide risk assessors and risk managers on when and how to integrate ecological recovery and resilience assessments into environmental risk assessments (ERA). In this commentary we advocate that a systems approach is required to integrate the diversity of ecosystem services (ES) providing units, environmental factors, scales, and stressor-related responses necessary to address the context dependency of recovery and resilience in agricultural landscapes. A future challenge in the resilience assessment remains to identify the relevant bundles of ecosystem services provided by different types of agroecosystem that need to be assessed in concert. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:586-591. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Brock
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Bigler
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Würenlos, Switzerland
| | - Geoff Frampton
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Southampton Health Technology Assessments Centre (SHTAC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Luttik
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Independent Consultant, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France
| | - Christopher John Topping
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Rortais
- Working group on the overarching elements of environmental risk assessment (recovery) of the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
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8
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Robinson A, Hesketh H, Lahive E, Horton AA, Svendsen C, Rortais A, Dorne JL, Baas J, Heard MS, Spurgeon DJ. Comparing bee species responses to chemical mixtures: Common response patterns? PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640811 PMCID: PMC5480836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinators in agricultural landscapes can be exposed to mixtures of pesticides and environmental pollutants. Existing mixture toxicity modelling approaches, such as the models of concentration addition and independent action and the mechanistic DEBtox framework have been previously shown as valuable tools for understanding and ultimately predicting joint toxicity. Here we apply these mixture models to investigate the potential to interpret the effects of semi-chronic binary mixture exposure for three bee species: Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis within potentiation and mixture toxicity experiments. In the potentiation studies, the effect of the insecticide dimethoate with added propiconazole fungicide and neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin with added tau-fluvalinate pyrethroid acaricide showed no difference in toxicity compared to the single chemical alone. Clothianidin toxicity showed a small scale, but temporally conserved increase in exposure conducted in the presence of propiconazole, particularly for B. terrestris and O. bicornis, the latter showing a near three-fold increase in clothianidin toxicity in the presence of propiconazole. In the mixture toxicity studies, the dominant response patterns were of additivity, however, binary mixtures of clothianidin and dimethoate in A. mellifera, B. terrestris and male O. bicornis there was evidence of a predominant antagonistic interaction. Given the ubiquitous nature of exposures to multiple chemicals, there is an urgent need to consider mixture effects in pollinator risk assessments. Our analyses suggest that current models, particularly those that utilise time-series data, such as DEBtox, can be used to identify additivity as the dominant response pattern and also those examples of interactions, even when small-scale, that may need to be taken into account during risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Robinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Hesketh
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Lahive
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Alice A. Horton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jan Baas
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S. Heard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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9
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Heard MS, Baas J, Dorne JL, Lahive E, Robinson AG, Rortais A, Spurgeon DJ, Svendsen C, Hesketh H. Comparative toxicity of pesticides and environmental contaminants in bees: Are honey bees a useful proxy for wild bee species? Sci Total Environ 2017; 578:357-365. [PMID: 27847190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Threats to wild and managed insect pollinators in Europe are cause for both ecological and socio-economic concern. Multiple anthropogenic pressures may be exacerbating pollinator declines. One key pressure is exposure to chemicals including pesticides and other contaminants. Historically the honey bee (Apis mellifera spp.) has been used as an 'indicator' species for 'standard' ecotoxicological testing but it has been suggested that it is not always a good proxy for other types of eusocial and solitary bees because of species differences in autecology and sensitivity to various stressors. We developed a common toxicity test system to conduct acute and chronic exposures of up to 240h of similar doses of seven chemicals, targeting different metabolic pathways, on three bee species (Apis mellifera spp., Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis). We compared the relative sensitivity between species in terms of potency between the chemicals and the influence of exposure time on toxicity. While there were significant interspecific differences that varied through time, overall the magnitude of these differences (in terms of treatment effect ratios) was generally comparable (<2 fold) although there were some large divergences from this pattern. Our results suggest that A. mellifera spp. could be used as a proxy for other bee species provided a reasonable assessment factor is used to cover interspecific variation. Perhaps more importantly our results show significant and large time dependency of toxicity across all three tested species that greatly exceeds species differences (>25 fold within test). These are rarely considered in standard regulatory testing but may have severe environmental consequences, especially when coupled with the likelihood of differential species exposures in the wild. These insights indicate that further work is required to understand how differences in toxicokinetics vary between species and mixtures of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Heard
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Jan Baas
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43100 Parma PR, Italy
| | - Elma Lahive
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Alexander G Robinson
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Agnes Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43100 Parma PR, Italy
| | - David J Spurgeon
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Claus Svendsen
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Helen Hesketh
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
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10
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Hesketh H, Lahive E, Horton AA, Robinson AG, Svendsen C, Rortais A, Dorne JL, Baas J, Spurgeon DJ, Heard MS. Extending standard testing period in honeybees to predict lifespan impacts of pesticides and heavy metals using dynamic energy budget modelling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37655. [PMID: 27995934 PMCID: PMC5171639 DOI: 10.1038/srep37655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern over reported honeybee (Apis mellifera spp.) losses has highlighted chemical exposure as a risk. Current laboratory oral toxicity tests in A. mellifera spp. use short-term, maximum 96 hour, exposures which may not necessarily account for chronic and cumulative toxicity. Here, we use extended 240 hour (10 day) exposures to examine seven agrochemicals and trace environmental pollutant toxicities for adult honeybees. Data were used to parameterise a dynamic energy budget model (DEBtox) to further examine potential survival effects up to 30 day and 90 day summer and winter worker lifespans. Honeybees were most sensitive to insecticides (clothianidin > dimethoate ≫ tau-fluvalinate), then trace metals/metalloids (cadmium, arsenic), followed by the fungicide propiconazole and herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). LC50s calculated from DEBtox parameters indicated a 27 fold change comparing exposure from 48 to 720 hours (summer worker lifespan) for cadmium, as the most time-dependent chemical as driven by slow toxicokinetics. Clothianidin and dimethoate exhibited more rapid toxicokinetics with 48 to 720 hour LC50s changes of <4 fold. As effects from long-term exposure may exceed those measured in short-term tests, future regulatory tests should extend to 96 hours as standard, with extension to 240 hour exposures further improving realism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hesketh
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - E Lahive
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A A Horton
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A G Robinson
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - C Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma PR, Italy
| | - J-L Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma PR, Italy
| | - J Baas
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M S Heard
- Centre for Ecology &Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
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11
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Battilani P, Toscano P, Van der Fels-Klerx HJ, Moretti A, Camardo Leggieri M, Brera C, Rortais A, Goumperis T, Robinson T. Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24328. [PMID: 27066906 PMCID: PMC4828719 DOI: 10.1038/srep24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has been reported as a driver for emerging food and feed safety issues worldwide and its expected impact on the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is of great concern. Aflatoxins have the highest acute and chronic toxicity of all mycotoxins; hence, the maximal concentration in agricultural food and feed products and their commodities is regulated worldwide. The possible change in patterns of aflatoxin occurrence in crops due to climate change is a matter of concern that may require anticipatory actions. The aim of this study was to predict aflatoxin contamination in maize and wheat crops, within the next 100 years, under a +2 °C and +5 °C climate change scenario, applying a modelling approach. Europe was virtually covered by a net, 50 × 50 km grids, identifying 2254 meshes with a central point each. Climate data were generated for each point, linked to predictive models and predictions were run consequently. Aflatoxin B1 is predicted to become a food safety issue in maize in Europe, especially in the +2 °C scenario, the most probable scenario of climate change expected for the next years. These results represent a supporting tool to reinforce aflatoxin management and to prevent human and animal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Battilani
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P Toscano
- National Research Council - Institute of Biometeorology (CNR-IBIMET), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - H J Van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Department of Toxicology, Bio-assays &Novel Foods, Akkermaalsbos 2, NL-6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Productions, CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - M Camardo Leggieri
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Department of Sustainable Crop Production, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Department, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - A Rortais
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Goumperis
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Robinson
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
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12
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Hammen VC, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R, Budrys E, Christensen TR, Fronzek S, Grabaum R, Jaksic P, Klotz S, Kramarz P, Kröel-Dulay G, Kühn I, Mirtl M, Moora M, Petanidou T, Pino J, Potts SG, Rortais A, Schulze CH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Stout J, Szentgyörgyi H, Vighi M, Vujic A, Westphal C, Wolf T, Zavala G, Zobel M, Settele J, Kunin WE. Establishment of a cross-European field site network in the ALARM project for assessing large-scale changes in biodiversity. Environ Monit Assess 2010; 164:337-348. [PMID: 19365607 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The field site network (FSN) plays a central role in conducting joint research within all Assessing Large-scale Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods (ALARM) modules and provides a mechanism for integrating research on different topics in ALARM on the same site for measuring multiple impacts on biodiversity. The network covers most European climates and biogeographic regions, from Mediterranean through central European and boreal to subarctic. The project links databases with the European-wide field site network FSN, including geographic information system (GIS)-based information to characterise the test location for ALARM researchers for joint on-site research. Maps are provided in a standardised way and merged with other site-specific information. The application of GIS for these field sites and the information management promotes the use of the FSN for research and to disseminate the results. We conclude that ALARM FSN sites together with other research sites in Europe jointly could be used as a future backbone for research proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Hammen
- Department of Community Ecology, Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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13
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Halm MP, Rortais A, Arnold G, Taséi JN, Rault S. New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and imidacloprid (Gaucho). Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:2448-54. [PMID: 16646488 DOI: 10.1021/es051392i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The procedure to assess the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees follows the European Directives and depends on the determination of the Hazard Quotient (HQ), though this parameter is not adapted to these molecules. This paper describes a new approach to assess more specifically the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees with the example of imidacloprid (Gaucho). This approach is based on the new and existing chemical substances Directive in which levels of exposure (PEC, Predicted Exposure Concentration) and toxicity (PNEC, Predicted No Effect Concentration) are compared. PECs are determined for different categories of honey bees in relation to the amounts of contaminated pollen and nectar they might consume. PNECs are calculated from data on acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities of imidacloprid to honey bees, to which selected assessment factors are applied. Results highlight a risk for all categories of honey bees, in particular for hive bees. These data are discussed in the light of field observations made on honey bee mortalities and disappearances. New perspectives are given to better determine the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Halm
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche du Médicament de Normandie, 5 rue Vaubenard, 14032 Caen, France.
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