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Sittiju P, Wudtiwai B, Chongchai A, Hajitou A, Kongtawelert P, Pothacharoen P, Suwan K. Bacteriophage-based particles carrying the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene for targeted delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanoscale 2024; 16:6603-6617. [PMID: 38470366 PMCID: PMC10977282 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05660k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The TRAIL (Tumour Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand) is a promising candidate for cancer treatment due to its unique ability to selectively induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. This selectivity arises from the preferential binding of the TRAIL to death receptors on cancer cells, triggering a cascade of events that lead to their demise. However, significant limitations in using the TRAIL for cancer treatment are the administration of the TRAIL protein that can potentially lead to tissue toxicity (off-target) and the short half-life of the TRAIL in the body which may necessitate frequent and sustained administration; these can pose logistical challenges for long-term treatment regimens. We have devised a novel approach for surmounting these limitations by introducing the TRAIL gene directly into cancer cells, enabling them to produce the TRAIL locally and subsequently trigger apoptosis. A novel gene delivery system such as a bacteriophage-based particle TPA (transmorphic phage/AAV) was utilized to address these limitations. TPA is a hybrid M13 filamentous bacteriophage particle encapsulating a therapeutic gene cassette with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). The particle also showed a tumour targeting ligand, CDCRGDCFC (RGD4C), on its capsid (RGD4C.TPA) to target the particle to cancer cells. RGD4C selectively binds to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins overexpressed on the surface of most of the cancer cells but is barely present on normal cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was chosen as a model because it has one of the lowest survival rates among cancers. We demonstrated that human HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG2) express αvβ5 integrin receptors on their surface. These HCC cells also express death receptors and TRAIL-binding receptors. We showed that the targeted TPA particle carrying the transmembrane TRAIL gene (RGD4C.TPA-tmTRAIL) selectively and efficiently delivered the tmTRAIL gene to HCC cells resulting in the production of tmTRAIL from transduced cells and subsequently induced apoptotic death of HCC cells. This tumour-targeted particle can be an excellent candidate for the targeted gene therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaralawan Sittiju
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Benjawan Wudtiwai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Asavarut P, Waramit S, Suwan K, Marais GJK, Chongchai A, Benjathummarak S, Al‐Bahrani M, Vila‐Gomez P, Williams M, Kongtawelert P, Yata T, Hajitou A. Systemically targeted cancer immunotherapy and gene delivery using transmorphic particles. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15418. [PMID: 35758207 PMCID: PMC9358398 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a powerful tool for cancer treatment, but the pleiotropic nature of cytokines and immunological agents strongly limits clinical translation and safety. To address this unmet need, we designed and characterised a systemically targeted cytokine gene delivery system through transmorphic encapsidation of human recombinant adeno-associated virus DNA using coat proteins from a tumour-targeted bacteriophage (phage). We show that Transmorphic Phage/AAV (TPA) particles provide superior delivery of transgenes over current phage-derived vectors through greater diffusion across the extracellular space and improved intracellular trafficking. We used TPA to target the delivery of cytokine-encoding transgenes for interleukin-12 (IL12), and novel isoforms of IL15 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α ) for tumour immunotherapy. Our results demonstrate selective and efficient gene delivery and immunotherapy against solid tumours in vivo, without harming healthy organs. Our transmorphic particle system provides a promising modality for safe and effective gene delivery, and cancer immunotherapies through cross-species complementation of two commonly used viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paladd Asavarut
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gert J K Marais
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research, Faculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Mariam Al‐Bahrani
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paula Vila‐Gomez
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai UniversityChiang MaiThailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Cancer Phagotherapy, Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Chongchai A, Waramit S, Wongwichai T, Kampangtip J, Phitak T, Kongtawelert P, Hajitou A, Suwan K, Pothacharoen P. Targeting Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes with Ligand Directed Bacteriophage-Based Particles. Viruses 2021; 13:2343. [PMID: 34960616 PMCID: PMC8706358 DOI: 10.3390/v13122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of articular cartilage. There is currently no treatment to reverse the onset of OA. Thus, we developed a targeted delivery strategy to transfer genes into primary human chondrocytes as a proof-of-concept study. We displayed a chondrocyte-affinity peptide (CAP) on the pIII minor coat protein of the M13 filamentous bacteriophage (phage)-based particle carrying a mammalian transgene cassette under cytomegalovirus CMV promoter and inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) cis elements of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV-2). Primary human articular chondrocytes (HACs) were used as an in vitro model, and the selectivity and binding properties of the CAP ligand in relation to the pathogenic conditions of HACs were characterized. We found that the CAP ligand is highly selective toward pathogenic HACs. Furthermore, the stability, cytotoxicity, and gene delivery efficacy of the CAP-displaying phage (CAP.Phage) were evaluated. We found that the phage particle is stable under a wide range of temperatures and pH values, while showing no cytotoxicity to HACs. Importantly, the CAP.Phage particle, carrying a secreted luciferase (Lucia) reporter gene, efficiently and selectively delivered transgene expression to HACs. In summary, it was found that the CAP ligand preferably binds to pathogenic chondrocytes, and the CAP.Phage particle successfully targets and delivers transgene to HACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cancer Phagotherapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Cancer Phagotherapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tunchanok Wongwichai
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jirawan Kampangtip
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanyaluck Phitak
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Cancer Phagotherapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Cancer Phagotherapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Chongchai A, Waramit S, Suwan K, Al-Bahrani M, Udomruk S, Phitak T, Kongtawelert P, Pothacharoen P, Hajitou A. Bacteriophage-mediated therapy of chondrosarcoma by selective delivery of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21487. [PMID: 33811705 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002539r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-forming bone tumor, well known for intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We have designed a targeted chondrosarcoma gene therapy using a bacteriophage (phage) particle to deliver therapeutic genes. Phage has no tropism for mammalian cells, allowing engineered phage to be targeted to specific cell surface receptors in cancer. We modified the phage capsid to display the RGD4C ligand on the pIII minor coat proteins to specifically bind to αvβ3 or αvβ5 integrin receptors. The endosomal escape peptide, H5WYG, was also displayed on recombinant pVIII major coat proteins to enhance gene delivery. Finally, a human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) therapeutic transgene expression cassette was incorporated into the phage genome. First, we found that human chondrosarcoma cells (SW1353) have high expression of αvβ3, αvβ5 integrin receptors, and both TNFα receptors. Targeted particle encoding a luciferase reporter gene efficiently and selectively mediated gene delivery to these cells. When SW1353 cells were treated with the targeted particle encoding a TNFα transgene, significant cell killing was evident and was associated with high expression of TNFα and apoptosis-related genes. In vivo, mice with established human chondrosarcoma showed suppression of tumors upon repetitive intravenous administrations of the targeted phage. These data show that our phage-based particle is a promising, selective, and efficient tool for targeted chondrosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mariam Al-Bahrani
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sasimol Udomruk
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thanyaluck Phitak
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Suwan K, Yata T, Waramit S, Przystal JM, Stoneham CA, Bentayebi K, Asavarut P, Chongchai A, Pothachareon P, Lee KY, Topanurak S, Smith TL, Gelovani JG, Sidman RL, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Hajitou A. Next-generation of targeted AAVP vectors for systemic transgene delivery against cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18571-18577. [PMID: 31375630 PMCID: PMC6744886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906653116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage (phage) have attractive advantages as delivery systems compared with mammalian viruses, but have been considered poor vectors because they lack evolved strategies to confront and overcome mammalian cell barriers to infective agents. We reasoned that improved efficacy of delivery might be achieved through structural modification of the viral capsid to avoid pre- and postinternalization barriers to mammalian cell transduction. We generated multifunctional hybrid adeno-associated virus/phage (AAVP) particles to enable simultaneous display of targeting ligands on the phage's minor pIII proteins and also degradation-resistance motifs on the very numerous pVIII coat proteins. This genetic strategy of directed evolution bestows a next-generation of AAVP particles that feature resistance to fibrinogen adsorption or neutralizing antibodies and ability to escape endolysosomal degradation. This results in superior gene transfer efficacy in vitro and also in preclinical mouse models of rodent and human solid tumors. Thus, the unique functions of our next-generation AAVP particles enable improved targeted gene delivery to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keittisak Suwan
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna M Przystal
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaoutar Bentayebi
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Paladd Asavarut
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothachareon
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Koon-Yang Lee
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Supachai Topanurak
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tracey L Smith
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Juri G Gelovani
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Richard L Sidman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103;
- Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103;
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom;
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Przystal JM, Waramit S, Pranjol MZI, Yan W, Chu G, Chongchai A, Samarth G, Olaciregui NG, Tabatabai G, Carcaboso AM, Aboagye EO, Suwan K, Hajitou A. Efficacy of systemic temozolomide-activated phage-targeted gene therapy in human glioblastoma. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e8492. [PMID: 30808679 PMCID: PMC6460351 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary intracranial malignant neoplasm in adults and most resistant to treatment. Integration of gene therapy and chemotherapy, chemovirotherapy, has the potential to improve treatment. We have introduced an intravenous bacteriophage (phage) vector for dual targeting of therapeutic genes to glioblastoma. It is a hybrid AAV/phage, AAVP, designed to deliver a recombinant adeno-associated virus genome (rAAV) by the capsid of M13 phage. In this vector, dual tumor targeting is first achieved by phage capsid display of the RGD4C ligand that binds the αvβ3 integrin receptor. Second, genes are expressed from a tumor-activated and temozolomide (TMZ)-induced promoter of the glucose-regulated protein, Grp78 Here, we investigated systemic combination therapy using TMZ and targeted suicide gene therapy by the RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78 Firstly, in vitro we showed that TMZ increases endogenous Grp78 gene expression and boosts transgene expression from the RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78 in human GBM cells. Next, RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78 targets intracranial tumors in mice following intravenous administration. Finally, combination of TMZ and RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78 targeted gene therapy exerts a synergistic effect to suppress growth of orthotopic glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Magdalena Przystal
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sajee Waramit
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Grace Chu
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Centre for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Gargi Samarth
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nagore Gene Olaciregui
- Institute de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angel Montero Carcaboso
- Institute de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Ofori Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Phage Therapy Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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