Opto-electronic and thermophysical characteristics of A2TlAgF6 (A = Rb, Cs) for green technology applications

Lead-free double perovskites are unique materials for transport and optoelectronic applications that use clean resources to generate energy. Using first-principle computations, this study thoroughly investigates the structural, thermoelectric, and optical attributes of A2TlAgF6 (A = Rb, Cs). Tolerance factor and formation energy estimates are used to verify that these materials exist in the cubic phase. Elastic constants with high melting temperature values are ductile when evaluated for mechanical stability using the Born stability criterion. The optical absorption band is adjusted from 2 to 4 eV via band gaps of 1.88 and 1.99 eV, as indicated by band structures. Analysis of optical properties reveals perfect absorption in the visible spectrum, whole polarization, and low optical loss. Furthermore, thermoelectric properties are assessed at 300, 500, and 700 K in the range of -0.5 to 3 eV for chemical potential (μ). The materials exhibit significant improvements in the Figure of Merit scale due to their elevated electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and extremely low thermal conductivity values.

Lead-free alternative cation (Ethylammonium) in organometallic perovskites for thermoelectric applications

CONTEXT

Hybrid halide perovskites are gaining prominence as a promising option in the advancement of photovoltaic devices. Ethylammonium-based hybrid halide perovskites have demonstrated impressive characteristics, such as a reduced band gap, enhanced stability, and non-toxic properties. In this study, we have explored the structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric characteristics of Ethylammonium tin chloride. We have found that Ethylammonium tin chloride (EASnCl3) is a direct wide band gap semiconductor. Additionally, we conducted calculations for various optical parameters, including the dielectric function, absorption coefficient, and refractive index, across a photon energy spectrum ranging from 0 to 7 eV. The research highlights the exceptional qualities of EASnCl3, which exhibits a high absorption coefficient and an elevated Seeback coefficient, among other favorable attributes. These findings position it as a promising material for cost-effective photovoltaic device applications, addressing concerns related to environmental stability.

METHODS

Fundamental properties based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method, this computation was performed using the WIEN2k simulation code. We utilized the exchange-correlation potentials PBE-GGA and KTB-mBJ to compute the optimized structure, density of states, and band structure of the material. In order to calculate the thermoelectric properties of the material, the Boltztrap simulation tool has been used. There are several critical absorbance parameters, including the Seeback coefficient, figure of merit, power factor, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, concerning their carrier concentration and chemical potential, that have been taken into consideration.

Study of mechanical, optical, and thermoelectric characteristics of Ba2 XMoO6 (X = Zn, Cd) double perovskite for energy harvesting

The double perovskites are become the emerging aspirant to fulfill the demand of energy. Therefore, the optoelectronic, elastic and transport characteristics of Ba2 XMoO6 (X = Zn, Cd) are addressed systemically. The elastic constants show the mechanical stability. The nature of Ba2 ZnMoO6 is brittle and Ba2 CdMoO6 is ductile with large values of Debye temperature covalent bonding. The electronic band structures exhibit band gaps of 2.81 and 2.98 eV, which increase their importance for optoelectronic applications. The absorption of light energy, optical loss, refractive index, polarization of light energy are addressed in the energy range zero to 14 eV. Furthermore, thermoelectric characteristics are computed against chemical potentials at 300, 600, and 900 K. The chemical potential decides the p-type nature, with holes as majority carriers. The increasing temperature increases the power factor and figure of merit. Therefore, the optoelectronic and thermoelectric characteristics reveals the importance of studied DPs for energy applications.

Modeling and simulation of multifaceted properties of X2NaIO6 (X = Ca and Sr) double perovskite oxides for advanced technological applications

CONTEXT

In this study, the authors have investigated the structural, optoelectronic, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic properties of Ca2NaIO6 and Sr2NaIO6 double perovskite oxides. Both materials exhibit semiconductor behavior with direct band gaps (Eg) of 0.353 eV and 0.263 eV, respectively. Optical parameters like absorption coefficient α(ω), reflectivity R(ω), dielectric constants, and refractive index have been calculated. The most notable absorption peaks are identified at 5.52 eV (equal to 108.33 × 104 cm-1) in the case of Ca2NaIO6 and at 11.16 eV (equivalent to 118.17 × 104 cm-1) for Sr2NaIO6. These findings suggest a promising outlook for applications in optoelectronics. Moreover, their commendably low thermal conductivity and a high figure of merit, particularly at low temperatures (100 K), indicate their effectiveness as thermoelectric materials. This analysis underscores that these materials hold potential as suitable candidates for n-type doping, making them well-suited for use in thermoelectric devices. Studying thermal properties, including thermal expansion, bulk modulus, acoustic Debye temperature, entropy, and heat capacity, contributes to understanding the materials' thermodynamic stability. The titled materials are dynamically stable. The analysis of these double perovskite materials highlights their potential across various technological applications due to their advantageous structural, electronic, optical, and transport properties, offering new possibilities in material science and technology development.

METHODS

The study utilized the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method in conjunction with density functional theory within the WIEN2k simulation code. This approach is widely recognized as one of the most dependable methods for evaluating the photovoltaic characteristics of semiconducting perovskites. The thermoelectric properties were ascertained using the rigid band approach and the constant scattering time approximation, both implemented in the BoltzTraP computational code.

Electronic structure, theoretical power conversion efficiency, and thermoelectric properties of bismuth-based alkaline earth antiperovskites

CONTEXT

This research paper investigates the properties and potential applications of antiperovskite materials. Antiperovskites are a class of materials with a unique crystal structure, where the central atom is surrounded by a cage of anions. We review recent research on antiperovskite-based materials for energy storage, photovoltaics, catalysis, and sensors. We discovered that these materials display direct band gap semiconductors, strong absorption in the visible (VIS), ultra-violet (UV), and near infrared regions (NIR) based on their fundamental features, which is the most admirable quality that may be found in many optoelectronic devices. Both mechanical and thermodynamic stability have been confirmed for these materials. We discovered that these materials exhibit high figures of merit through the calculation of transport properties, which makes them a promising candidate for thermoelectric devices. It is anticipated that the proposed material BiPMg3, which has a theoretical efficiency of 11.5%, will make a suitable photovoltaic absorber. This paper highlights the potential of these materials for future technological advancements.

METHODS

Herein, we have used most authentic techniques to compute fundamental physical properties of these antiperovskites. Full-potential linear augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method has been used to investigate electronic, magnetic, optical properties, and make antiperovskites attractive for a variety of applications. In light of its implementation, we have checked the theoretical power conversion efficiency by first principles spectroscopic screening methodology, and inspect the fundamental physical parameters of antiperovskites, focusing on their potential as functional materials for energy and information technologies.

Progress in theoretical study of lead-free halide double perovskite Na2AgSbX6 (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) thermoelectric materials

CONTEXT

Herein, we have studied progressively novel metal lead-free halide double perovskite renewable energy materials. Due to their potential use in electronic devices, researchers have investigated these materials with a lot of interest. From the electronic structure, we have found that these are the indirect band gap semiconductors within the range between 1.273 and 3.986 eV. Optical parameters such as dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and absorption coefficient have also been investigated, which have shown that these materials have potential use in photovoltaics. We have checked stability issues by thermodynamic parameters and phonon spectra. We have found them thermally stable; however, the phonon spectra show their dynamical instability and except for Na₂AgSbF₆ and Na₂AgSbI₆, the remaining compounds are weak in mechanical stability. For another futuristic purpose, thermoelectric parameters such as Seebeck coefficient, power factor, and figure of merit have also been calculated, which again verifies that these materials may be very useful in thermoelectric devices. Most of the parameters have been computed for the first time.

METHODS

We have performed this computational work using WIEN2k simulation code, which is based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) technique. It is one of the most reliable techniques to calculate the photovoltaic properties of semiconducting perovskites. The interaction between ion-core and valence electrons was dealt with within the PAW technique as implemented in Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP).

Silicon photonics interfaced with microelectronics for integrated photonic quantum technologies: a new era in advanced quantum computers and quantum communications?

Silicon photonics is rapidly evolving as an advanced chip framework for implementing quantum technologies. With the help of silicon photonics, general-purpose programmable networks with hundreds of discrete components have been developed. These networks can compute quantum states generated on-chip as well as more extraordinary functions like quantum transmission and random number generation. In particular, the interfacing of silicon photonics with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) microelectronics enables us to build miniaturized quantum devices for next-generation sensing, communication, and generating randomness for assembling quantum computers. In this review, we assess the significance of silicon photonics and its interfacing with microelectronics for achieving the technology milestones in the next generation of quantum computers and quantum communication. To this end, especially, we have provided an overview of the mechanism of a homodyne detector and the latest state-of-the-art of measuring squeezed light along with its integration on a photonic chip. Finally, we present an outlook on future studies that are considered beneficial for the wide implementation of silicon photonics for distinct data-driven applications with maximum throughput.

Nowotny-Juza phase KBeX (X = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) half-Heusler compounds: applicability in photovoltaics and thermoelectric generators

In the present research, we have considered KBeX (X = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) half-Heusler compounds to study their inherent properties and have used FP-LAPW + lo scheme with density functional theory based WIEN2k package. The structural and band structural parameters have been explained, and various optical, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic parameters of half-Heuslers have also been analyzed in detail. The trend followed by the lattice constant of these materials approves the reliability of this investigation. The band structures show all the materials are direct band gap semiconductors except KBeN. Here, we have noticed that absorption is highest, and optical conductivity is also highest, confirming the theoretical concept and thus the accuracy of the projected outcomes. All materials (except KBeBi) show a figure of merit near unity in both p- and n-regions, and a small decay is observed with increasing temperature, which affirms their potential as thermoelectric candidates in both p- and n-regions at room temperature. Since conventional resources are limited in nature and their vanishing rate is more than their reproduction rate, hence to fulfil the high energy demand, it has become necessary to search for renewable energy resources. Herein, the values of optical and thermoelectric parameters confirm the photovoltaic and thermoelectric applications of these materials.

Calculation of electronic and optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite for application in solar cell

Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite materials, i.e., ABX3 (A = methylammonium, B = Pb, X = Cl, Br, I) have been proved to be outstanding for solar energy conversion. They provide a solution to renewable energy problems with good efficiency and cost-effective technology. Here, we report the initial calculations done by solving Kohn-Sham equations by the use of density function theory. The electronic structural and band gap of CH3NH3PbI3 material are obtained by using different exchange-correlation potential (PBE, PBE-sol, GGA). Further, solar cell devices with CH3NH3PbI3 as absorption layer and CdS/TiO2/ZnTe as buffer layer have been modeled; device physics is discussed and performance of solar cell structure is analyzed in terms of short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, efficiency, fill factor, and quantum efficiency. The maximum efficiency of CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell is found to be 19.6% with TiO2 buffer layer, whereas efficiency with ZnTe buffer layer is also comparable which is 19.5%. Further the effect of layer thickness and temperature are analyzed for maximum efficiency.

Synthesis and anti-tubercular activity of conformationally-constrained and bisquinoline analogs of TMC207

Conformationally-constrained and bisquinoline analogs of TMC207 as antitubercular agents.

Correlation between ionic charge and ground-state properties in rocksalt and zinc blende structured solids

In this paper we have evaluated the ground-state properties (i.e., bulk modulus and cohesive energy) of rocksalt and zinc blende structured solids. We have presented two expressions relating the bulk modulus B (GPa) for the alkali halides, alkaline-earth chalcogenides, transition metal nitrides, rare-earth {divalent (R(2+)X) and trivalent (R(3+)X) } monochalcogenides, group IV, III-V and II-VI semiconductors and the cohesive energy E(coh) (kcal mol(-1)) for the alkali halides and alkaline-earth chalcogenides with the product of ionic charges (Z(1)Z(2)) and nearest-neighbour distance d (Å). The bulk moduli and cohesive energy of rocksalt and zinc blende type structure compounds exhibit a linear relationship when plotted on a log-log scale against the nearest-neighbour distance d (Å), but fall on different straight lines according to the ionic charge product of the compounds. We have applied the modified relation on rocksalt and zinc blende structured solids and found a better agreement with experimental data as compared to the values evaluated by earlier researchers. The results for bulk modulus differ from experimental values by the following amounts: BaO-0%, LiCl-0%, LaS-0%, SmSe-0%, ZnS-0%, CdS-0%, GaP-0%, InP-0%, MgO-0.61%, CaO-0.89%, SmS-1.7%, YbSe-1.6%, UP-1.9%, EuSe-1.9%; and the results for cohesive energy differ from experimental values by the following amounts: LiCl-0.49%, KF-0.51%, RbF-0.54%, SrO-1.2%, NaCl-1.6%, NaF-1.8%, MgSe-1.9%.

Evaluation of dimethylaminosulfonates of alkane diols as a novel group of anticancer agents

A series of title compounds has been synthesized and evaluated by the cytotoxicity assays conducted in vitro in seven human tumor cell lines, initially in MT-4 and H-9, followed by U-937, PM-1, MCF-7, Hep-3B, and K-562. These compounds were simultaneously compared with the existing clinical drug, busulfan and also with an experimental drug, hepsulfam. IC(50) values of these agents in T-cell lymphoma and leukemic cell lines indicate that two of these agents hexsulfamyl and octsulfamyl (compounds 3 and 4) were significantly more potent than busulfan and were comparable in antileukemic activity with hepsulfam. In order to determine the effect of these agents on normal proliferating cells, the toxicity of 3 and 4 was also determined in vitro against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and against murine bone marrow progenitor cells. PBMC assay data indicate that these agents were generally less toxic than hepsulfam. The results of the colony forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) and granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (CFU-GM) assays, however, indicate that these agents were more toxic than hepsulfam to erythroid progenitor cells than to granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. The toxicity of octsulfamyl was further assessed in vivo in normal Swiss mice by measuring drug-induced changes in hematological parameters, femoral bone marrow cellularity and splenic cellularity as well as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity on day 7 and 14 following drug treatment at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight from days 1 to 5. The results indicate that the compound did not adversely affect hematopoiesis. Marginal bone marrow suppression was observed on day 7, which gradually tends to reach normalcy on day 14. The other parameters were within normal limit.

Protein-A activates membrane bound multicomponent enzyme complex, NADPH oxidase in human neutrophils

Protein-A, 42KD cell wall glycoprotein of S. aureus Cowan I enhance mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell counts in vivo and possesses antitoxic, antitumor, properties. In order to explain the mechanism of its function, the respiratory burst phenomenon in cell and cell free system was studied using lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence technique. A dose dependent increase in protein A-mediated generation of superoxide radical was observed in resting and PMA stimulated neutrophils. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was used to confirm the production of superoxide radicals (O2-). To understand the mechanism of protein-A induced O2- generation; NADPH oxidase activity was measured in cell free system using NADPH as a substrate. A significant increase in NADPH oxidase activity was observed in the membrane and post-nuclear supernatant fraction of activated human neutrophils. Cytosolic fraction showed slight enzyme activation. Protein A (SpA)-induced NADPH oxidase activation in the membrane fraction was observed even in the absence of the substrate NADPH. These data indicate that protein A attenuate the NADPH oxidase system to produce O2- radicals.

Glutathione reduces the toxicity associated with antitumor therapy of ascites fluid adsorbed over Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I in tumor bearing mice

It has been well documented in the literature that the removal of circulatory immune complexes (CICs) from the host circulation leads to the immunopotentiation as well as generation of antitumor responses in a variety of tumors in rats, cats, dogs and human patients. CICs are the major immunosuppressive factors in tumor bearing host. Protein A (PA) has been extensively used for the removal of these CICs from the sera/plasma of tumor bearers, because PA has the ability to bind with the Fc portion of mammalian immunoglobulins. Previously, we reported for the first time a potent antitumor response by the inoculation of cell free Ehrlich's ascites fluid adsorbed in vitro over PA containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) in Ehrlich's ascites tumor model. However, there was toxicity associated with this form of therapy in terms of early death of treated animals and the depletion of hepatic glutathione pool as well as phase I biotransformation enzyme and increase in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. In the present investigation, tumor bearing animals were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) on alternate days for 15 days with adsorbed ascites fluid (ad-ASF) (0.1 ml) and glutathione (GSH) (250 mg/kg body weight) separately. We found that GSH supplementation increases mean survival time of GSH and ad-ASF treated mice up to 37.2 days in comparison with 19.9 days for only ad-ASF treated animals, while percent increase in body weight was found to be not affected by the GSH substitution, which remains significantly lower (P < 0.01) in comparison to the tumor control animals. GSH supplementation causes a significant decrease (P < 0.05) of glutathione-S-transferase and restoration of aniline hydroxylase activity (P < 0.05) and aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity. We have also observed that GSH supplementation does not alter the tumor cell viability and tumor cell counts in ad-ASF treated animals in comparison to only ad-ASF treated animals, which indicates that GSH supplementation does not alter the antitumor effect of the therapy. Treatment of Ehrlich's ascites tumor bearing mice with ad-ASF and glutathione increased their survival, but did not reduce the mortality of animals because of tumor.

Ehrlich's ascites fluid adsorbed over protein A containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I produces inhibition of tumor growth

Our earlier studies have shown that removal of various blocking factors from the sera of tumor-bearing animals and humans by adsorption over heat-attenuated and formalin-fixed-Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) containing Protein A (PA) causes antitumor immune response. It was also shown that this procedure caused regression of a wide variety of established animal and human tumors. In the present investigation, the therapeutic potential of inoculation of ascites fluid adsorbed in vitro over non-viable SAC containing PA has been demonstrated in Ehrlich' s ascites tumor (EAT) in mouse. The antitumor effect was evident by a significant decrease in body weight (p<0.001) as well as significant reduction in viability of ascites tumor cells (p<0.001) in peritoneal cavity. However, some of the responding animals died earlier than controls, this may be due to the toxicity associated with therapy. The toxic effects were evident in decreased contents of glutathione, and increased activity of glutathione-S-transferase, decreased activity of microsomal enzymes and also in an early death of some of tumor regressed animals. The probable causes of toxicity of the therapy and prospects of reversing these toxic effects are discussed.

Antitumour activity of protein A in a mouse skin model of two-stage carcinogenesis

Protein A (PA) is an immunostimulating glycoprotein (mol. wt. 43,000 kDa) obtained from Staphylococcus aureus cowan I. The antitumour property of PA is well documented in the literature in various transplantable tumours of rats and mice. In the present set of investigations, the antitumour property of PA was tested in Swiss albino mice in a two-stage initiation-promotion mouse skin carcinogenesis model. The animals were initiated topically with a single subcarcinogenic dose (52 microgram) of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). PA was administered intraperitoneally (1 microgram/animal), twice weekly for 2 weeks. Promotion was performed by twice weekly applications of 12-O- tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a dose of 5 microgram/animal for 32 weeks. The result showed that the treatment schedule can effectively check the onset of tumorigenesis, the cumulative number of tumours and the average number of tumours per mouse. In the PA administered group, 30% of the animals remained tumour free until the termination of the experiments (i.e. 32 weeks of promotion). Thus the present study proves that protein A can effectively inhibit DMBA initiated and TPA promoted mouse skin carcinogenesis.

Aflatoxin induces depletion of activities of phase I biotransformation enzymes in growing rats

Aflatoxins are suspected human carcinogens and are also known to possess diverse toxicological activities. In the present communication an attempt has been made to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes in growing rats. The weanling rats were exposed to 60, 300 or 600 micrograms AFB1/kg body weight, per os, on alternate days for 4 weeks, in 0.2 ml corn oil. A significant depression in the activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), aniline hydroxylase (AH) and aminopyrene-N-demethylase (AND) was observed at 300 micrograms and 600 micrograms doses of AFB1. However, no significant change was recorded in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and total sulphydryl (SH) content upon AFB1 exposure in weanling rats. Thus, AFB1 appears to have more pronounced effect on the phase I, rather than phase II, biotransformation enzyme system in weanling rats. The depression of drug metabolizing enzymes together with suppression of immunity by AFB1, as reported earlier by us, may increase the susceptibility of the host to toxic chemicals, drugs and infectious agents, particularly during the post-natal period.

Mechanism of enhanced phagocytic response in protein a treated rat macrophages

Protein A of S. aureus Cowan I has been shown to stimulate macrophage mediated phagocytosis. The present study was undertaken to understand the mechanism involved in the enhancement of phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages by protein A. The lucigenin and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) of rat peritoneal macrophages, after incubation with various concentrations of protein A, flow-cytometric studies using DCFH-DA as a fluorescent compound and phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) by rat peritoneal macrophages were studied. A significant increase in lucigenin dependent CL due to formation of superoxide anions (O2-.) and in luminol dependent CL due to formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed in protein A treated macrophages. A significant increase in intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was also observed along with an increase in phagocytosis of SRBCs by protein A treated macrophages. The present findings indicate that protein A helps to increase phagocytosis and triggers respiratory burst of macrophages. Thus, both increased phagocytic response and respiratory burst of macrophages in protein A treated animals may be contributing to the antitumor property of protein A reported earlier.

Protection against 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced tumour initiation by protein A in mouse skin

Protein A is an immunostimulating glycoprotein obtained from Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I. Its antitumour activity is proven in various tumour models. Its ability to provide protection against tumour initiation by the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) has been investigated in the present study using a mouse skin model of two-stage carcinogenesis. Protein A was administered intraperitoneally (1 microgram/animal 20 g body wt.) twice a week for 2 weeks, prior to initiation by DMBA. The promotion was performed by twice weekly applications of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (3 or 5 micrograms/animal in 100 microliters acetone). Protein A provided significant protection to animals from DMBA-induced tumour initiation as was observed by the decrease in cumulative number of tumours, percent of animals developing tumours, number of tumours per animal and rate of tumour growth. Our data indicate that protein A has anticarcinogenic properties.

Induction of immune rejection of tumors by protein A in mice bearing transplantable solid tissue Dalton's lymphoma tumors

In a transplantable solid tissue Dalton's lymphoma tumor model in mice we have studied the mode of antitumor action of protein A, a well known biological response modifier. Protein A (15 ug) was administered intravenously in normal and solid tissue Dalton's lymphoma tumor bearing mice on day 3 and 7 after tumor inoculation. Incidence of mortality was more in untreated tumor bearing group than that in PA treated tumor bearers. There was a significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in tumor diameter in PA treated group compared to untreated group. Protein A treatment significantly enhanced the delayed type hypersensitivity (p less than 0.01), T-cell number in spleens (p less than 0.001) and lymph nodes (p less than 0.05) as well as phagocytosis (p less than 0.001) of opsonized SRBC by peritoneal macrophages of tumor bearing animals. Apart from the nonspecific immunopotentiation, Protein A also activates natural Killer (NK) cell activity and also splenic lymphocytes mediated killing of autologous tumor targets in a significant (p less than 0.001) manner. These results suggest that PA treatment activates cellular arc of the immune system in general, and macrophage, T cells and NK cells specifically. In the present communication, we have attempted to provide the information that these immune activations appear to be related to antitumor response induced by Protein A.

Protein A protects mice from depletion of biotransformation enzymes and mortality induced by Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin

Changes in hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase enzyme levels (aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase, glutathione S-transferase), glutathione content, total sulphydryl content, and plasma enzyme levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were studied in male Swiss albino mice exposed to Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin (50-150 micrograms per mouse, LC50 141.82 micrograms). Animals exposed to the same dose of endotoxin but pretreated with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (5 micrograms/per mouse) protected the animals from both mortality and depletion of biotransformation enzymes.