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da Silva de Barros AO, Ricci-Junior E, Alencar LMR, Fechine PBA, Andrade Neto DM, Bouskela E, Santos-Oliveira R. High doses of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nHAP) impairs microcirculation in vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113601. [PMID: 37939551 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles has surrounded the population by their use in electronics, medicine and cosmetics. The exposure to nanoparticles coming from different sources is uncountable as the amount of nanoparticles in which a person is exposed daily. In this direction and considering that microcirculation is the main and most affected system by nanoparticles in the first moment, responsible to transport and deal with nanoparticles internally, we evaluated a massive exposure (1 g/Kg) of a well-known nanoparticle (hydroxyapatite) and the impact on the microvessels. The results showed a massive destruction of venules, arterioles, and capillaries when nHAPs were administered topically. However, systemic administration of high doses of nHAP did not affect microcirculation but altered biochemical parameters of blood samples from treated animals. The data demonstrated that even well documented nanoparticles at high doses might affect the whole-body homeostasis. Finally, the results raise the necessity for further investigation of the effect of nanoparticles in microcirculation and the impact in the whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico, Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (FF/UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Campus Bacanga, Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Pierre Basilio Almeida Fechine
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará-UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Davino Machado Andrade Neto
- Grupo de Química de Materiais Avançados (GQMat), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará-UFC, Campus do Pici, CP 12100, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60451-970, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Ceará, Campus Camocim, 62400-000 Camocim, CE, Brazil
| | - Eliete Bouskela
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas e Experimentais em Biologia Vascular (BioVasc), Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil; State University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23070200, Brazil.
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Pugliese Pereira B, Antoine C, de Barros AODS, Pacífico LDC, Pijeira MSO, Rossi AM, Ricci-Junior E, Alencar LMR, Santos-Oliveira R. Evaluating Hydroxyapatite, Gold Nanoparticles, and Graphene-Copper as Bimodal Agents for X-ray and Computed Tomography. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020238. [PMID: 36829732 PMCID: PMC9952155 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A global need exists for new and more effective contrast agents for computed tomography and traditional X-ray modalities. Among the few options available nowadays, limitations imposed by industrial production, performance, and efficacy restrict the use and reduce the potential of both imaging techniques. The use of nanomaterials as new contrast agents for X-ray and computed tomography is an innovative and viable way to increase the options and enhance performance. In this study, we evaluated eight nanomaterials: hydroxyapatite doped with zinc (Zn-HA 10%); hydroxyapatite doped with strontium (Sr-HA 10%); hydroxyapatite without thermal treatment (HA 282 STT); thermally treated hydroxyapatite (HA 212 500 °C and HA 01.256 CTT 1000 °C); hydroxyapatite microspheres (HA microspheres); gold nanoparticles (AuNP); and graphene oxide doped with copper (Cu-GO). The results showed that for both imaging modalities; HA microspheres were the best option, followed by hydroxyapatite thermally treated at 1000 °C. The nanomaterials with the worst results were hydroxyapatite doped with zinc (Zn-HA 10%), and hydroxyapatite doped with strontium (Sr-HA 10%). Our data demonstrated the potential of using nanomaterials, especially HA microspheres, and hydroxyapatite with thermal treatment (HA 01.256 CTT 1000 °C) as contrast agents for X-ray and computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pugliese Pereira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia Antoine
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Castro Pacífico
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcântara Gomes State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550013, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martha Sahylí Ortega Pijeira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Malta Rossi
- Department of Condensed Matter, Applied Physics and Nanoscience, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics, Rio de Janeiro 22290180, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Martins VGFC, Alencar LMR, Souza PFN, Lorentino CMA, Frota HF, dos Santos ALS, Gemini-Piperni S, Morandi V, Rodrigues VG, Pereira JX, Ricci-Junior E, de Barros AODS, Santos-Oliveira R. Wound dressing using graphene quantum dots: a proof of concept. J Pharm Investig 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-023-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Magne TM, da Silva de Barros AO, de Almeida Fechine PB, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Junior E, Santos-Oliveira R. Lycopene as a Multifunctional Platform for the Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43450-022-00250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Oliveira da Silva de Barros A, Ricci-Junior E, Xavier Pereira J, Pikula K, Golokhvast K, Christian Manahães A, Filho Noronha Souza P, Magalhães Rebelo Alencar L, Bouskela E, Santos-Oliveira R. High Doses of Graphene Quantum Dots Impacts on Microcirculation System: An Observational Study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 176:180-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Souza BNRF, Ribeiro ERFR, da Silva de Barros AO, Pijeira MSO, Kenup-Hernandes HO, Ricci-Junior E, Diniz Filho JFS, dos Santos CC, Alencar LMR, Attia MF, Gemini-Piperni S, Santos-Oliveira R. Nanomicelles of Radium Dichloride [ 223Ra]RaCl 2 Co-Loaded with Radioactive Gold [ 198Au]Au Nanoparticles for Targeted Alpha-Beta Radionuclide Therapy of Osteosarcoma. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071405. [PMID: 35406278 PMCID: PMC9002948 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha and beta particulate radiation are used for non-treated neoplasia, due to their ability to reach and remain in tumor sites. Radium-223 (223Ra), an alpha emitter, promotes localized cytotoxic effects, while radioactive gold (198Au), beta-type energy, reduces radiation in the surrounding tissues. Nanotechnology, including several radioactive nanoparticles, can be safely and effectively used in cancer treatment. In this context, this study aims to analyze the antitumoral effects of [223Ra]Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with radioactive gold nanoparticles ([198Au]AuNPs). For this, we synthesize and characterize nanomicelles, as well as analyze some parameters, such as particle size, radioactivity emission, dynamic light scattering, and microscopic atomic force. [223Ra]Ra nanomicelles co-loaded with [198Au]AuNPs, with simultaneous alpha and beta emission, showed no instability, a mean particle size of 296 nm, and a PDI of 0.201 (±0.096). Furthermore, nanomicelles were tested in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. We observed a significant increase in tumor cell death using combined alpha and beta therapy in the same formulation, compared with these components used alone. Together, these results show, for the first time, an efficient association between alpha and beta therapies, which could become a promising tool in the control of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Nayane Rosário Fernandes Souza
- Argonauta Nuclear Reactor Center, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil; (B.N.R.F.S.); (E.R.F.R.R.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.); (M.S.O.P.)
| | - Elisabete Regina Fernandes Ramos Ribeiro
- Argonauta Nuclear Reactor Center, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil; (B.N.R.F.S.); (E.R.F.R.R.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.); (M.S.O.P.)
| | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Argonauta Nuclear Reactor Center, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil; (B.N.R.F.S.); (E.R.F.R.R.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.); (M.S.O.P.)
| | - Martha Sahylí Ortega Pijeira
- Argonauta Nuclear Reactor Center, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil; (B.N.R.F.S.); (E.R.F.R.R.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.); (M.S.O.P.)
| | - Hericka Oliveira Kenup-Hernandes
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- DEFARMED Laboratory, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-900, Brazil;
| | - Joel Félix Silva Diniz Filho
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.F.S.D.F.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.R.A.)
| | - Clenilton Costa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.F.S.D.F.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.R.A.)
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.F.S.D.F.); (C.C.d.S.); (L.M.R.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Attia
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil;
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Argonauta Nuclear Reactor Center, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rio de Janeiro 21941-906, Brazil; (B.N.R.F.S.); (E.R.F.R.R.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.); (M.S.O.P.)
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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da Silva de Barros AO, Portilho FL, Dos Santos Matos AP, Ricci-Junior E, Alencar LMR, Dos Santos CC, Paumgartten FJR, Iram SH, Mazier D, Franetich JF, Alexis F, Santos-Oliveira R. Preliminary studies on drug delivery of polymeric primaquine microparticles using the liver high uptake effect based on size of particles to improve malaria treatment. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 128:112275. [PMID: 34474834 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the most common parasitic disease around the world, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions. This parasitic disease can have a rapid and severe evolution. It is transmitted by female anopheline mosquitoes. There is no reliable vaccine or diagnostic test against malaria; instead, Artesunate is used for the treatment of severe malaria and Artemisinin is used for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. However, these treatments are not efficient against severe malaria and improvements are needed. Primaquine (PQ) is one of the most widely used antimalarial drugs. It is the only available drug to date for combating the relapsing form of malaria. Nevertheless, it has severe side effects. Particle drug-delivery systems present the ability to enhance the therapeutic properties of drugs and decrease their side effects. Here, we report the development of Polymeric Primaquine Microparticles (PPM) labeled with 99mTc for therapeutic strategy against malaria infection. The amount of primaquine encapsulated into the PPM was 79.54%. PPM presented a mean size of 929.47 ± 37.72 nm, with a PDI of 0.228 ± 0.05 showing a homogeneous size for the microparticles and a monodispersive behavior. Furthermore, the biodistribution test showed that primaquine microparticles have a high liver accumulation. In vivo experiments using mice show that the PPM treatments resulted in partial efficacy and protection against the development of the parasite compared to free Primaquine. These results suggest that microparticles drug delivery systems of primaquine could be a possible approach for malaria prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nano-radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | - Filipe Leal Portilho
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nano-radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, School of Pharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil
| | | | - Clenilton Costa Dos Santos
- Federal University of Maranhão, Laboratory of Biophysics and Nanosystems, São Luis do Maranhão 65080805, Brazil
| | | | - Surtaj H Iram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, INSERM U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Paris 75005, France
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nano-radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil; Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil.
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Xuan S, de Barros AODS, Nunes RC, Ricci-Junior E, da Silva AX, Sahid M, Alencar LMR, Dos Santos CC, Morandi V, Alexis F, Iram SH, Santos-Oliveira R. Radioactive gold nanocluster (198-AuNCs) showed inhibitory effects on cancer cells lines. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2021; 48:1214-1221. [PMID: 32940067 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2020.1821698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global epidemic disease responsible for over ten millions death worldwide. The early diagnosis and the precise treatment with reduced adverse reactions are the main goal worldwide. In this study, we produced, characterized and evaluated (in vitro) in three different cancer cell lines (protaste, breast and melanoma) a radioactive gold nanocluster (R-AuNC) (198Au25(Capt)18). The pharmacokinetics as the influence in the ABC transporter (MRP1 Efflux Transporter Protein) was also evaluated. The results showed that R-AuNC (198Au25(Capt)18) are capable to kill the cancer cells lines of protaste, breast and melanoma. The pharmacokinetics showed a fast clearance and great volume of distribution, confirming the use of R-AuNC as nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Finally, the ABC transporter assay corroborated that the R-AuNC (198Au25(Capt)18) has no risk of being pumped out of cells by this efflux transporter. The results validate the use of gold nanoparticles as therapeutic nanomedicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Xuan
- Department of Mammary and Thyroid Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ademir Xavier da Silva
- Programa de Engenharia Nuclear - COPPE (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Ilha do fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Sahid
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority, National Institutes of Safety and Security, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Veronica Morandi
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Biology of Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis (LabAngio), IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Surtaj H Iram
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Freire TM, Sant'Anna C, Yoshihara N, Hu R, Qu J, Alencar LMR, Oliveira da Silva de Barros A, Helal-Neto E, Fernandes LR, Simoes RL, Barja-Fidalgo C, Fechine PBA, Santos-Oliveira R. Biomedical application of graphitic carbon nitrides: tissue deposition in vivo, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability in tumor cells. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:435301. [PMID: 34271563 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The urgency for new materials in oncology is immediate. In this study we have developed the g-C3N4, a graphitic-like structure formed by periodically linked tris-s-triazine units. The g-C3N4has been synthesized by a simple and fast thermal process. XRD has shown the formation of the crystalline sheet with a compacted structure. The graphite-like structure and the functional groups have been shown by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. TEM image and AFM revealed the porous composed of five or six C-N layers stacked. DRS and Photoluminescence analyses confirmed the structure with band gap of 2.87 eV and emission band at 448 nm in different wavelengths excitation conditions. The biological results showed inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines and non-toxic effect in normal cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work demonstrating the cytotoxic effects of 2D g-C3N4in a cancer cell line, without any external or synergistic influence. The biodistribution/tissue accumulation showed that g-C3N4present a tendency to accumulation on the lung in the first 2 h, but after 24 h the profile of the biodistribution change and it is found mainly in the liver. Thus, 2D-g-C3N4showed great potential for the treatment of several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Melo Freire
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil
| | - Celso Sant'Anna
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Life Science, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 24250020, Brazil
| | - Natalia Yoshihara
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Life Science, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 24250020, Brazil
| | - Rui Hu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Junle Qu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Laila Ribeiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biology of Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis (LabAngio), Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20550- 900, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Simoes
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil
| | - Pierre B A Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
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Haixia X, de Barros AODS, e Mello FDVC, Sozzi-Guo F, Müller C, Gemini-Piperni S, Alencar LMR, Maia FF, Freire VN, de Menezes FD, Aran V, Devalle S, Moura-Neto V, Ricci-Junior E, Bouskela E, Pikula K, Golokhvast K, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene: Insights on Biological, Radiochemical and Ecotoxicological Aspects. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:131-148. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, including graphene quantum dots, its oxide and unoxidized forms (pure graphene) have several properties, like fluorescence, electrical conductivity, theoretical surface area, low toxicity, and high biocompatibility. In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity (in silico
analysis using the functional density theory-FDT), cytotoxicity (human glioblastoma cell line), in vivo pharmacokinetics, in vivo impact on microcirculation and cell internalization assay. It was also radiolabeled with lutetium 177 (177Lu), a beta emitter radioisotope to explore
its therapeutic use as nanodrug. Finally, the impact of its disposal in the environment was analyzed using ecotoxicological evaluation. FDT analysis demonstrated that graphene can construct covalent and non-covalent bonds with different nucleobases, and graphene oxide is responsible for generation
of reactive oxygen species (ROS), corroborating its genotoxicity. On the other hand, non-cytotoxic effect on glioblastoma cells could be demonstrated. The pharmacokinetics analysis showed high plasmatic concentration and clearance. Topical application of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg of graphene nanoparticles
on the hamster skinfold preparation did not show inflammatory effect. The cell internalization assay showed that 1-hour post contact with cells, graphene can cross the plasmatic membrane and accumulate in the cytoplasm. Radio labeling with 177Lu is possible and its use as therapeutic nanosystem
is viable. Finally, the ecotoxicity analysis showed that A. silina exposed to graphene showed pronounced uptake and absorption in the nauplii gut and formation of ROS. The data obtained showed that although being formed exclusively of carbon and carbon-oxygen, graphene and graphene
oxide respectively generate somewhat contradictory results and more studies should be performed to certify the safety use of this nanoplatform.
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Rodrigues JAO, Oliveira Neto JGD, da Silva de Barros AO, Ayala AP, Santos-Oliveira R, de Menezes AS, de Sousa FF. Copper(II):phenanthroline complexes with l-asparagine and l-methionine: Synthesis, crystal structure and in-vitro cytotoxic effects on prostate, breast and melanoma cancer cells. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Helal-Neto E, de Barros AODS, Saldanha-Gama R, Brandão-Costa R, Alencar LMR, dos Santos CC, Martínez-Máñez R, Ricci-Junior E, Alexis F, Morandi V, Barja-Fidalgo C, Santos-Oliveira R. Molecular and Cellular Risk Assessment of Healthy Human Cells and Cancer Human Cells Exposed to Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010230. [PMID: 31905708 PMCID: PMC6981945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanodrugs have in recent years been a subject of great debate. In 2017 alone, almost 50 nanodrugs were approved for clinical use worldwide. Despite the advantages related to nanodrugs/nanomedicine, there is still a lack of information regarding the biological safety, as the real behavior of these nanodrugs in the body. In order to better understand these aspects, in this study, we evaluated the effect of polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) and magnetic core mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMSN), of 1000 nm and 50 nm, respectively, on human cells. In this direction we evaluated the cell cycle, cytochemistry, proliferation and tubulogenesis on tumor cells lines: from melanoma (MV3), breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-213), glioma (U373MG), prostate (PC3), gastric (AGS) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and non-tumor cell lines: from human melanocyte (NGM), fibroblast (FGH) and endothelial (HUVEC), respectively. The data showed that an acute exposure to both, polymeric nanoparticles or MMSN, did not show any relevant toxic effects on neither tumor cells nor non-tumor cells, suggesting that although nanodrugs may present unrevealed aspects, under acute exposition to human cells they are harmless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Helal-Neto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil; (E.H.-N.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.)
| | | | - Roberta Saldanha-Gama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil; (R.S.-G.); (R.B.-C.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Renata Brandão-Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil; (R.S.-G.); (R.B.-C.); (C.B.-F.)
| | | | - Clenilton Costa dos Santos
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis do Maranhão 65080-805, Brazil; (L.M.R.A.); (C.C.d.S.)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, ES 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21941-901, Brazil;
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Verônica Morandi
- Laboratory of Biology of Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis (LabAngio), Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20550-900, Brazil;
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil; (R.S.-G.); (R.B.-C.); (C.B.-F.)
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil; (E.H.-N.); (A.O.d.S.d.B.)
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 23070-200, Brazil
- Correspondence: or
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Braga TL, Pinto SR, Dos Reis SRR, Portilho FL, da Silva de Barros AO, Bernardes ES, Dos Santos SN, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Junior E, Santos-Oliveira R. Octreotide Nanoparticles Showed Affinity for In Vivo MIA Paca-2 Inducted Pancreas Ductal Adenocarcinoma Mimicking Pancreatic Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma). Pharm Res 2019; 36:143. [PMID: 31385111 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic Polypeptide-secreting tumor of the distal pancreas (PPoma) is a rare, difficult and indolent type of cancer with a survival rate of 5-year in only 10% of all cases. The PPoma is classified as a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) not functioning that overexpresses SSTR 2 (somatostatin receptor subtype 2). Thus, in order to improve the diagnosis of this type of tumor, we developed nanoparticulate drug carriers based on poly-lactic acid (PLA) polymer loaded with octreotide and radiolabeled with Technetium-99 m (99mTc). METHODS PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles were developed by double-emulsion technique. These nanoparticles were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and radiolabeled with 99mTc by the direct via forming 99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles. The safety of these nanosystems was evaluated by the MTT cell toxicity assay and their in vivo biodistribution was evaluated in xenografted inducted animals. RESULTS The results showed that a 189 nm sized nanoparticle were formed with a PDI of 0,097, corroborating the monodispersive behavior. These nanoparticles were successfully radiolabeled with 99mTc showing uptake by the inducted tumor. The MTT assay corroborated the safety of the nanosystem for the cells. CONCLUSION The results support the use of this nanosystem (99mTc-PLA/PVA octreotide nanoparticles) as imaging agent for PPoma. Graphical Abstract Polypeptide-Secreting Tumor of the Distal Pancreas (PPoma) Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Ligiéro Braga
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Leal Portilho
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nano-radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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de Menezes FD, Dos Reis SRR, Pinto SR, Portilho FL, do Vale Chaves E Mello F, Helal-Neto E, da Silva de Barros AO, Alencar LMR, de Menezes AS, Dos Santos CC, Saraiva-Souza A, Perini JA, Machado DE, Felzenswalb I, Araujo-Lima CF, Sukhanova A, Nabiev I, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene quantum dots unraveling: Green synthesis, characterization, radiolabeling with 99mTc, in vivo behavior and mutagenicity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 102:405-414. [PMID: 31147011 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is one of the crystalline forms of carbon, along with diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, and is considered as a revolutionary and innovating product. The use of a graphene-based nanolabels is one of the latest and most prominent application of graphene, especially in the field of diagnosis and, recently, in loco radiotherapy when coupled with radioisotopes. However, its biological behavior and mutagenicity in different cell or animal models, as well as the in vivo functional activities, are still unrevealed. In this study we have developed by a green route of synthesizing graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and characterized them. We have also developed a methodology for direct radiolabeling of GQDs with radioisotopes.Finally; we have evaluated in vivo biological behavior of GQDs using two different mice models and tested in vitro mutagenicity of GQDs. The results have shown that GQDs were formed with a size range of 160-280 nm, which was confirmed by DRX and Raman spectroscopy analysis, corroborating that the green synthesis is an alternative, environmentally friendly way to produce graphene. The radiolabeling test has shown that stable radiolabeled GQDs can be produced with a high yield (>90%). The in vivo test has demonstrated a ubiquitous behavior when administered to healthy animals, with a high uptake by liver (>26%) and small intestine (>25%). Otherwise, in an inflammation/VEGF hyperexpression animal model (endometriosis), a very peculiar behavior of GQDs was observed, with a high uptake by kidneys (over 85%). The mutagenicity test has demonstrated A:T to G:C substitutions suggesting that GQDs exhibits mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Rhaissa Rezende Dos Reis
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Leal Portilho
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco do Vale Chaves E Mello
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Magalhães Rebêlo Alencar
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Alan Silva de Menezes
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Clenilton Costa Dos Santos
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Physics, Avenida dos Portugueses 500, Vila Bacanga, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Aldilene Saraiva-Souza
- Federal University of Piaui, Department of Physics, Bairro Ininga, CEP: 64.049-550 Teresina, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Jamila Alessandra Perini
- Research Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, CEP 23070-200 Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Escorsim Machado
- Research Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zona Oeste State University, Avenida Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, CEP 23070-200 Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenswalb
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 87 Fundos, 4 ° Andar, CEP 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Araujo-Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Biometry, Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 87 Fundos, 4 ° Andar, CEP 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alyona Sukhanova
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN-EA4682), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France; Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), KashirskoyeShosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Nabiev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN-EA4682), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq Jay, 51096 Reims, France; Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), KashirskoyeShosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rua Helio de Almeida 75, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-614 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Radiopharmacy and Nanoradiopharmaceuticals, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Portilho FL, Pinto SR, de Barros AODS, Helal-Neto E, Dos Santos SN, Bernardes ES, Ilem-Ozdemir D, Asikoglu M, Alencar LMR, Dos Santos CC, Ricci-Junior E, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Santos-Oliveira R. In loco retention effect of magnetic core mesoporous silica nanoparticles doped with trastuzumab as intralesional nanodrug for breast cancer. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018; 46:S725-S733. [PMID: 30449175 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1508030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is women's most common type of cancer, with a global rate of over 522,000 deaths per year. One of the main problems related to breast cancer relies in the early detection, as the specialized treatment. In this direction was developed, characterized and tested in vivo a smart delivery system, based on radiolabelled magnetic core mesoporous silica doped with trastuzumab as intralesional nanodrug for breast cancer imaging and possible therapy. The results showed that nanoparticles had a size of 58.9 ± 8.1 nm, with specific surface area of 872 m2/g and pore volume of 0.85 cm3/g with a pore diameter of 3.15 nm. The magnetic core mesoporous silica was efficiently labelled with 99mTc (97.5% ±0.8) and doped >98%. The cytotoxicity assay, demonstrated they are safe to use. The data were corroborated with the IC50 result of: 829.6 µg ± 43.2. The biodistribution showed an uptake by the tumour of 7.5% (systemic via) and 97.37% (intralesional) with less than 3% of these nanoparticles absorbed by healthy tissues. In a period 6-h post-injection, no barrier delimited by the tumour was crossed, corroborating the use as intralesional nanodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Leal Portilho
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals , Zona Oeste State University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Suyene Rocha Pinto
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals , Zona Oeste State University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals , Zona Oeste State University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals , Zona Oeste State University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Sofia Nascimento Dos Santos
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,c Centro de Radiofarmacia , Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Emerson Soares Bernardes
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,c Centro de Radiofarmacia , Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Derya Ilem-Ozdemir
- d Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova/Izmir , Turkey
| | - Makbule Asikoglu
- d Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ege University , Bornova/Izmir , Turkey
| | | | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- f Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) , Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- g Departamento de Química , Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,h CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- g Departamento de Química , Universidad Politécnica de Valencia , Valencia , Spain.,h CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- a Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission , Nuclear Engineering Institute , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,b Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals , Zona Oeste State University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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