1
|
Tsaxra JB, Abolnik C, Kelly TR, Chengula AA, Mushi JR, Msoffe PLM, Muhairwa AP, Phiri T, Jude R, Chouicha N, Mollel EL, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus obtained from Mawenzi live bird market in Morogoro, Tanzania in 2020-2021. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3265-3273. [PMID: 37907827 PMCID: PMC10689586 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is among the most important poultry diseases worldwide. It is the major threat to poultry production in Africa and causes major economic losses for both local and commercial chickens. To date, half of ND class II genotypes have been reported in Africa (I, IV, V, VI, VII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII, and XXI). The information on the circulating NDV genotypes is still scarce despite the endemic nature of ND in most countries on the African continent.A total of 659 oro-cloacal swabs were collected from local chickens in Mawenzi live bird market located in Morogoro, Tanzania, between June 2020 and May 2021. Newcastle disease virus was detected by using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and conventional PCR followed by sequencing of PCR products. The prevalence of NDV in the surveilled live bird markets was 23.5%. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of sub-genotype VII.2. The detected sub-genotype VII.2 has phylogenetic links to Zambian NDV strains implying a Southeast dissemination of the virus, considering that it was first detected in Mozambique. This study underscores the need of active NDV surveillance to determine the distribution of this NDV genotype in the country and monitor its spread and contribution to the emergence of new ND viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Tsaxra
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA.
- Livestock Training Agency, Mabuki Campus, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Terra R Kelly
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- EpiEcos, Flagstaff, AZ, 86004, USA
| | - Augustino A Chengula
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - James R Mushi
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L M Msoffe
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Thandeka Phiri
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jude
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nadira Chouicha
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Esther L Mollel
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- USAID Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry Project, Davis, CA, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi S, Shao D, Yang L, Liang Q, Han W, Xue Q, Qu L, Leng L, Li Y, Zhao X, Dong P, Walugembe M, Kayang BB, Muhairwa AP, Zhou H, Tong H. Whole Genome Analyses Reveal Novel Genes Associated with Chicken Adaptation to Tropical and Frigid Environments. J Adv Res 2022; 47:13-25. [PMID: 35907630 PMCID: PMC10173185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Investigating the genetic footprints of historical temperature selection can get insights to the local adaptation and feasible influences of climate change on long-term population dynamics. OBJECT Chicken is a significative species to study genetic adaptation on account of its similar domestication track related to human activity with the most diversified varieties. Yet, few studies have demonstrated the genetic signatures of its adaptation to naturally tropical and frigid environments. METHOD Here, we generated whole genome resequencing of 119 domesticated chickens in China including the following breeds which are in order of breeding environmental temperature from more tropical to more frigid: Wenchang chicken (WCC), green-shell chicken (GSC), Tibetan chicken (TBC), and Lindian chicken (LDC). RESULTS Our results showed WCC branched off earlier than LDC with an evident genetic admixture between WCC and LDC, suggesting their closer genetic relationship. Further comparative genomic analyses solute carrier family 33 member 1 (SLC33A1) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) genes exhibited stronger signatures for positive selection in the genome of the more tropical WCC. Furthermore, genotype data from about 3,000 African local ecotypes confirmed that allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these 2 genes appeared strongly associated with tropical environment adaptation. In addition, the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (NDUFS4) gene exhibited a strong signature for positive selection in the LDC genome, and SNPs with marked allele frequency differences indicated a significant relationship with frigid environment adaptation. CONCLUSION Our findings partially clarify how selection footprints from environmental temperature stress can lead to advantageous genomic adaptions to tropical and frigid environments in poultry and provide a valuable resource for selective breeding of chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shourong Shi
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Lingyun Yang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 10089, China
| | - Qiqi Liang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 10089, China
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Qian Xue
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Liang Qu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China
| | - Li Leng
- College of Animal Science and technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150038, China
| | - Yishu Li
- Tropical Crop Germplasm Research Institute, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhao
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Rural and Science and Technology Bureau, Xiangcheng County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, 626000, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Rural and Science and Technology Bureau, Xiangcheng County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, 626000, China
| | - Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Boniface B Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 233, Ghana
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Haibing Tong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225125, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mgaya FX, Matee MI, Muhairwa AP, Hoza AS. Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli in Raw Meat and Cloaca Swabs in Poultry Processed in Slaughter Slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040343. [PMID: 33804812 PMCID: PMC8063811 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2020, in five large poultry slaughter slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Purposive sampling was used to select broilers and spent layers, from which meat and cloaca swabs were collected to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Identification of isolates was done using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per CLSI (2018) guidelines. EBSL (CTX-M, TEM, SHV) and plasmid mediated quinolone (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) were screened using PCR. Out of 384 samples, 212 (55.2%) were positive for E. coli, of which 147 (69.3%) were resistant to multiple drugs (MDR). Highest resistance was detected to tetracycline (91.9%), followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (80.5%), ampicillin (70.9%), ciprofloxacin (40.2%) and 25% cefotaxime, gentamycin (10.8%) and imipenem (8.6%) (95% CI, p < 0.01). Out of the E. coli-positive samples, ten (10/212) (4.7%) were ESBL producing E. coli, of which CTX-M was detected in two isolates and quinolones resistant gene (qnrS) in eight, while TEM, SHV, qnrA, qnrB and aac(6′)-lb-cr were not detected. The high level of resistance and multidrug resistance imply these antibiotics are ineffective, add unnecessary cost to poultry farmers and certainly facilitate emergence and spread of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fauster X. Mgaya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 65001, Tanzania;
| | - Amandus P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania;
| | - Abubakar S. Hoza
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mushi JR, Chiwanga GH, Amuzu-Aweh EN, Walugembe M, Max RA, Lamont SJ, Kelly TR, Mollel EL, Msoffe PL, Dekkers J, Gallardo R, Zhou H, Muhairwa AP. Phenotypic variability and population structure analysis of Tanzanian free-range local chickens. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:360. [PMID: 32993651 PMCID: PMC7523039 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free-range local chickens (FRLC) farming is an important activity in Tanzania, however, they have not been well-characterized. This study aimed to phenotypically characterize three Tanzanian FRLCs and to determine their population structure. A total of 389 mature breeder chickens (324 females and 65 males) from three popular Tanzanian FRLC ecotypes (Kuchi, Morogoro-medium and Ching'wekwe) were used for the phenotypic characterization. Progenies of these chickens were utilized to assess population structure. The ecotypes were collected from four geographical zones across Tanzania: Lake, Central, Northern and Coastal zones. Body weights and linear measurements were obtained from the mature breeders, including body, neck, shanks, wingspan, chest girth, and shank girth. Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the chickens. Correlations between the linear measurements and differences among the means of measured linear traits between ecotypes and between sexes were assessed. A total of 1399 progeny chicks were genotyped using a chicken 600 K high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel for determination of population structure. RESULTS The means for most traits were significantly higher in Kuchi relative to Ching'wekwe and Morogoro-medium. However, shank length and shank girth were similar between Kuchi and Morogoro-medium females. All traits were correlated with the exception of shank girth in Morogoro-medium. Admixture analyses revealed that Morogoro-medium and Ching'wekwe clustered together as one population, separate from Kuchi. CONCLUSIONS Phenotypic traits could be used to characterize FRLCs, however, there were variations in traits among individuals within ecotypes; therefore, complementary genomic methods should be considered to improve the characterization for selective breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Mushi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gaspar H Chiwanga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Robert A Max
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Terra R Kelly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Esther L Mollel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jack Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sebhatu TT, Kazwala R, A Mosier D, J Kipanyula M, P Muhairwa A, L Schmidt P, Hamilton K. Student and Institutional Achievements during an OIE Veterinary Education Twinning Project Collaboration between Sokoine University of Agriculture and Kansas State University. J Vet Med Educ 2020; 47:30-38. [PMID: 32530800 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This collaborative partnership aimed to enhance the quality of veterinary education at both Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (Tanzania), and Kansas State University (KSU), College of Veterinary Medicine (United States), by facilitating exchange of knowledge, experience, and ideas. One project objective was to integrate the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Guidelines on Veterinary Education Core Curriculum into the SUA education program so veterinary graduates would be equipped with the minimum competencies needed to support their National Veterinary Services (OIE Day 1 Competencies). Curriculum mapping revealed that partners addressed different OIE Day 1 Competencies to varying degrees and they had complementary strengths and weaknesses. The partners' practical and educational experiences were also complementary, providing each opportunities to learn from the other and a solid basis for long-term mutually beneficial collaboration. Through structured exchanges, the collaboration allowed SUA and KSU students and faculty to broaden their perspectives by exposing them to veterinary medicine, culture, ecosystems, teaching environments, and farming systems in each other's country. Visiting faculties and students from both universities were exposed to different livestock systems, varying dynamics at the human-livestock-wildlife interface, different teaching systems, and a veterinary profession with a different culture and focus than that in their own country. Students and faculty learned about the relative social and economic importance of different types of animal production in each country and their influence on veterinary education priorities. Partnership outcomes include a continuing professional development course at SUA for private and public sector veterinarians and a clinical club to expose students at both colleges to a broader range of clinical cases and knowledge.
Collapse
|
6
|
Komba EVG, Kipanyula MJ, Muhairwa AP, Kazwala RR, Nzalawahe J, Makungu MJ, Sebhatu TT, Mosier DA, Hamilton K, Mur L, Schmidt PL. Evaluation of the Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (BVM) Curriculum at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania: Mapping to OIE Veterinary Graduate 'Day 1 Competencies'. J Vet Med Educ 2020; 47:20-29. [PMID: 33074078 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) provides the requirements needed for graduating veterinary professionals to be competent in the delivery of animal health services. However, significant differences in veterinary curricula across countries-attributable to differing animal health priorities and predominant types of veterinary practice-provide a challenge for veterinary schools to address these competencies adequately. As part of the OIE's veterinary education establishment Twinning Project activities, the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (CVMBS) of Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Tanzania undertook a curriculum mapping and gap analysis to assess the extent to which the veterinary curriculum addresses OIE's 'Day 1 Competencies' for graduating veterinarians. Results of the analysis indicated that all the OIE's Day 1 Competencies (general, specific, and advanced) are addressed to some degree by the courses present in the curriculum. However, gaps in the depth and breadth of instruction were found for a number of competencies in all three categories. These findings indicate a need for addressing the gaps in the next curriculum review. This will allow the development of a stronger curriculum that will efficiently meet the national and international animal health requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Mur
- World Animal Health Information and Analysis Department
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva AP, Aston EJ, Chiwanga GH, Birakos A, Muhairwa AP, Kayang BB, Kelly T, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from Chickens in Tanzania and Ghana. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090916. [PMID: 32825492 PMCID: PMC7551648 DOI: 10.3390/v12090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most challenging infectious diseases affecting poultry production in Africa, causing major economic losses. To date, Newcastle disease virus isolates from several African countries have been grouped into class II NDV genotypes I, IV, V, VI, VII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII and XXI. Although ND is endemic in many African countries, information on circulating genotypes is still scarce. In Tanzania, outbreaks with genotypes V and XIII have been reported. In West and Central Africa, genotypes XIV, XVII, and XVIII are the most predominant. To investigate other genotypes circulating in Tanzania and Ghana, we performed molecular genotyping on isolates from Tanzania and Ghana using the MinION, a third-generation portable sequencing device from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Using the MinION, we successfully sequenced the NDV F gene hypervariable region of 24 isolates from Tanzania and four samples from Ghana. In Tanzania, genotypes V, VII and XIII were detected. All isolates from Ghana belonged to genotype XVIII. The data obtained in this study reflect the genetic diversity of NDV in Africa and highlight the importance of surveillance for monitoring the distribution of NDV genotypes and viral evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Emily J. Aston
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.J.A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Gaspar H. Chiwanga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.H.C.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Ashley Birakos
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Amandus P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.H.C.); (A.P.M.)
| | - Boniface B. Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra 233, Ghana;
| | - Terra Kelly
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (E.J.A.); (H.Z.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (A.P.d.S.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-1078
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Walugembe M, Mushi JR, Amuzu-Aweh EN, Chiwanga GH, Msoffe PL, Wang Y, Saelao P, Kelly T, Gallardo RA, Zhou H, Lamont SJ, Muhairwa AP, Dekkers JCM. Genetic Analyses of Tanzanian Local Chicken Ecotypes Challenged with Newcastle Disease Virus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070546. [PMID: 31319636 PMCID: PMC6678660 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a continuing global threat to domestic poultry, especially in developing countries, where severe outbreaks of velogenic ND virus (NDV) often cause major economic losses to households. Local chickens are of great importance to rural family livelihoods through provision of high-quality protein. To investigate the genetic basis of host response to NDV, three popular Tanzanian chicken ecotypes (regional populations) were challenged with a lentogenic (vaccine) strain of NDV at 28 days of age. Various host response phenotypes, including anti-NDV antibody levels (pre-infection and 10 days post-infection, dpi), and viral load (2 and 6 dpi) were measured, in addition to growth rate. We estimated genetic parameters and conducted genome-wide association study analyses by genotyping 1399 chickens using the Affymetrix 600K chicken SNP chip. Estimates of heritability of the evaluated traits were moderate (0.18–0.35). Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with growth and/or response to NDV were identified by single-SNP analyses, with some regions explaining ≥1% of genetic variance based on the Bayes-B method. Immune related genes, such as ETS1, TIRAP, and KIRREL3, were located in regions associated with viral load at 6 dpi. The moderate estimates of heritability and identified QTL indicate that NDV response traits may be improved through selective breeding of chickens to enhance increased NDV resistance and vaccine efficacy in Tanzanian local ecotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Walugembe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - James R Mushi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esinam N Amuzu-Aweh
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gaspar H Chiwanga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter L Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schilling MA, Memari S, Cattadori IM, Katani R, Muhairwa AP, Buza JJ, Kapur V. Innate Immune Genes Associated With Newcastle Disease Virus Load in Chick Embryos From Inbred and Outbred Lines. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1432. [PMID: 31281305 PMCID: PMC6596324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes substantial economic losses to smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries with high levels of morbidity and mortality in poultry flocks. Previous investigations have suggested differing levels of susceptibility to NDV between specific inbred lines and amongst breeds of chickens, however, the mechanisms contributing to this remain poorly understood. Studies have shown that some of these differences in levels of susceptibility to NDV infection may be accounted for by variability in the innate immune response amongst various breeds of poultry to NDV infection. Recent studies, in inbred Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, uncovered conserved, breed-dependent, and subline-dependent responses. To better understand the role of innate immune genes in engendering a protective immune response, we assessed the transcriptional responses to NDV of three highly outbred Tanzanian local chicken ecotypes, the Kuchi, the Morogoro Medium, and the Ching’wekwe. Hierarchical clustering and principal coordinate analysis of the gene expression profiles of 21-day old chick embryos infected with NDV clustered in an ecotype-dependent manner and was consistent with the relative viral loads for each of the three ecotypes. The Kuchi and Morogoro Medium exhibit significantly higher viral loads than the Ching’wekwe. The results show that the outbred ecotypes with increased levels of expression of CCL4, NOS2, and SOCS1 also had higher viral loads. The higher expression of SOCS1 is inconsistent with the expression in inbred lines. These differences may uncover new mechanisms or pathways in these populations that may have otherwise been overlooked when examining the response in highly inbred lines. Taken together, our findings provide insights on the specific conserved and differentially expressed innate immune-related genes involved the response of highly outbred chicken lines to NDV. This also suggests that several of the specific innate immunity related genes identified in the current investigation may serve as markers for the selection of chickens with reduced susceptibility to NDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Schilling
- Animal Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, TZ, United States
| | - Sahar Memari
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Robab Katani
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, TZ, United States
| | - Joram J Buza
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, TZ, United States
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Animal Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, TZ, United States.,Applied Biological and Biosecurity Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kissinga HD, Mwombeki F, Said K, Katakweba AAS, Nonga HE, Muhairwa AP. Antibiotic susceptibilities of indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci spp. isolated from ducks in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 29386067 PMCID: PMC5793419 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolated from duck faeces in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. RESULTS Escherichia coli and Enterococcus isolation rates from ducks faeces were 91 and 100% respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus was 70.3 and 42%, respectively. E. coli resistant to four antibiotics were 28 (30.8%) and showed high resistance to ampicillin (81.3), tetracycline (75.8) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxine (62.3). Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus were more than 65%. High resistance rates shown by Enterococcus were observed in rifampin (62%), ampicillin (62%) and tetracycline (42%). Almost all farmers (92.3%) left their ducks to scavenge for food around their houses. Antibiotics used in animal treatments were oxytetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin dihydrostreptomycin while in humans were tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry D. Kissinga
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Festo Mwombeki
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Khadija Said
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Abdul A. S. Katakweba
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3010, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Hezron E. Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katakweba AAS, Muhairwa AP, Lupindu AM, Damborg P, Rosenkrantz JT, Minga UM, Mtambo MMA, Olsen JE. First Report on a Randomized Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Indicator Bacteria from Livestock, Poultry, and Humans in Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:260-268. [PMID: 28759321 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides an estimate of antimicrobial resistance in intestinal indicator bacteria from humans (n = 97) and food animals (n = 388) in Tanzania. More than 70% of all fecal samples contained tetracycline (TE), sulfamethoxazole (STX), and ampicillin (AMP)-resistant coliforms, while cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms were observed in 40% of all samples. The average Log10 colony forming units/g of CTX-resistant coliforms in samples from humans were 2.20. Of 390 Escherichia coli tested, 66.4% were resistant to TE, 54.9% to STX, 54.9% to streptomycin, and 36.4% to CTX. Isolates were commonly (65.1%) multiresistant. All CTX-resistant isolates contained blaCTX-M gene type. AMP- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were rare, and the average concentrations in positive samples were low (log10 0.9 and 0.4, respectively). A low-to-moderate resistance (2.1-15%) was detected in 240 enterococci isolates to the drugs tested, except for rifampicin resistance (75.2% of isolates). The average number of sulII gene copies varied between Log10 5.37 and 5.68 with no significant difference between sample source, while cattle had significantly higher number of tetW genes than humans. These findings, based on randomly obtained samples, will be instrumental in designing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) intervention strategies for Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A S Katakweba
- 1 Department of Public Health, Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P Muhairwa
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Athumani M Lupindu
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Peter Damborg
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Rosenkrantz
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Uswege M Minga
- 4 Provost's Office, Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College (TUDARCo) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Madundo M A Mtambo
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture , Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John E Olsen
- 3 Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Madoshi BP, Kudirkiene E, Mtambo MMA, Muhairwa AP, Lupindu AM, Olsen JE. Characterisation of Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Apparently Healthy Cattle and Their Attendants in Tanzania. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168160. [PMID: 27977751 PMCID: PMC5158034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While pathogenic types of Escherichia coli are well characterized, relatively little is known about the commensal E. coli flora. In the current study, antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli and distribution of ERIC-PCR genotypes among isolates of such bacteria from cattle and cattle attendants on cattle farms in Tanzania were investigated. Seventeen E. coli genomes representing different ERIC-PCR types of commensal E. coli were sequenced in order to determine their possible importance as a reservoir for both antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors. Both human and cattle isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (40.8% and 33.1%), sulphamethazole-trimethoprim (49.0% and 8.8%) and ampicillin (44.9% and 21.3%). However, higher proportion of resistant E. coli and higher frequency of resistance to more than two antimicrobials was found in isolates from cattle attendants than isolates from cattle. Sixteen out of 66 ERIC-PCR genotypes were shared between the two hosts, and among these ones, seven types contained isolates from cattle and cattle attendants from the same farm, suggesting transfer of strains between hosts. Genome-wide analysis showed that the majority of the sequenced cattle isolates were assigned to phylogroups B1, while human isolates represented phylogroups A, C, D and E. In general, in silico resistome and virulence factor identification did not reveal differences between hosts or phylogroups, except for lpfA and iss found to be cattle and B1 phylogroup specific. The most frequent plasmids replicon genes found in strains from both hosts were of IncF type, which are commonly associated with carriage of antimicrobial and virulence genes. Commensal E. coli from cattle and attendants were found to share same genotypes and to carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes associated with both intra and extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balichene P. Madoshi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Livestock Training Agency – Mpwapwa Campus, Mpwapwa, Dodoma
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Madundo M. A. Mtambo
- Tanzania Industrial Research Developments Organisation, TIRDO Complex, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Amandus P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Athumani M. Lupindu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Katakweba AAS, Møller KS, Muumba J, Muhairwa AP, Damborg P, Rosenkrantz JT, Minga UM, Mtambo MMA, Olsen JE. Antimicrobial resistance in faecal samples from buffalo, wildebeest and zebra grazing together with and without cattle in Tanzania. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:966-75. [PMID: 25641381 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether the practice of co-grazing with cattle and wild life constitutes a risk of transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria to wild ungulates. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples were collected from buffalo (n = 35), wildebeest (n = 40), zebra (n = 40) and cattle (N = 20) from Mikumi National Park, Tanzania (MNP), where cattle is prohibited and from Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) where co-grazing is practiced. The number of coliforms and enterococci resistant to selected antibiotics was determined. Wild life generally harboured higher number of resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococci than cattle, but with no general influence in wild life of co-grazing with cattle. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were detected in wild life samples, and E. coli resistant to cefotaxime and enrofloxacin were observed among isolates from all wild life, but not from cattle. Culture independent estimates of the number of sulII gene copies obtained by qPCR did not differ between wild life from the two sample sites, while tetW was significantly higher in samples from MPN than from NCA. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic resistant bacteria were not more frequently found in ungulates grazing together with cattle than ungulates without this interaction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study did not indicate that transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a frequent event following co-grazing of wild life and cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A S Katakweba
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Misinzo G, Kwavi DE, Sikombe CD, Makange M, Peter E, Muhairwa AP, Madege MJ. Molecular characterization of African swine fever virus from domestic pigs in northern Tanzania during an outbreak in 2013. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1199-207. [PMID: 24996815 PMCID: PMC4180026 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), a double-stranded DNA virus of the family Asfarviridae. In this study, molecular diagnosis and characterization of outbreak ASFV in northern Tanzania, was performed on spleen, lymph node, kidney, and heart samples collected in June and July 2013 from domestic pigs that died during a hemorrhagic disease outbreak. Confirmatory diagnosis of ASF was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by partial amplification of B646L gene of ASFV encoding the major capsid protein p72 using PPA1/PPA2 primers. PCR using PPA1/PPA2 primers produced an expected PCR product size, confirming ASF outbreak in northern Tanzania. In addition, nucleotide amplification and sequencing, and phylogenetic reconstruction of the variable 3′-end of the B646L gene and complete E183L gene encoding the inner envelope transmembrane protein p54 showed that the 2013 outbreak ASFV from northern Tanzania were 100 % identical and clustered into ASFV B646L (p72) and E183L (p54) genotype X. Furthermore, the tetrameric amino acid repeats within the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene coding for the J9L protein had the signature BNBA(BN)5NA with a single novel tetramer NVDI (repeat code N). The results of the present study confirm an ASF outbreak in northern Tanzania in the year 2013 and show that the present outbreak ASFV is closely related to other ASFV from ticks, warthogs, and domestic pigs previously reported from Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Msoffe PLM, Bunn D, Muhairwa AP, Mtambo MMA, Mwamhehe H, Msago A, Mlozi M, Cardona CJ. Preparation for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza in rural Tanzanian village settings. Avian Dis 2010; 54:768-71. [PMID: 20521730 DOI: 10.1637/8775-033109-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Free-ranging local chicken flocks are important for the livelihood of resource-poor rural farmers in Tanzania, as they provide a critical source of animal protein and a ready source of income through the sale of chickens and eggs. An occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the village setting of Tanzania would result in a disastrous loss of livelihood. This paper attempts to offer an alternative method for preventing and controlling HPAI in village settings of Tanzania through community-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Msoffe PLM, Bunn D, Muhairwa AP, Mtambo MMA, Mwamhehe H, Msago A, Mlozi MRS, Cardona CJ. Implementing poultry vaccination and biosecurity at the village level in Tanzania: a social strategy to promote health in free-range poultry populations. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:253-63. [PMID: 19688307 PMCID: PMC2809980 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A social strategy was tested for implementing Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination and biosecurity improvements among free-ranging chicken at village level in Tanzania. In addition to training the local poultry vaccinators, data recorders and poultry-keepers, the strategy involved training and empowering leaders at the district, ward and village level. The trainings covered poultry health, management, and marketing of village chickens, with an emphasis on ND vaccination and improving biosecurity against avian influenza (AI), The study sites included villages in one ward in each of three each three districts (Iringa, Mtwara-Mikindani, and Mvomero) of mainland Tanzania. Ninety-six local leaders at district level and 101 leaders at ward levels were trained. In addition, 196 farmers (households) were trained, as well as 86 vaccinators and 26 data recorders. Data recorders were also trained as poultry first aid workers. ND vaccination was conducted by the vaccinators, supervised by their local leaders with technical assistance from veterinarians. A total of 158,343 village chickens were vaccinated in three rounds of vaccination three months apart. The training and empowerment of local leaders and local implementers was the key element for success as it fostered the feeling of local ownership of the program and prevented conflicts with other development activities within the villages. We conclude that most animal health programs will increase their odds of success by involving local leaders and by addressing the current challenges facing the farmers. Further assessment on the usefulness of this approach is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L M Msoffe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nonga HE, Muhairwa AP. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates from free range domestic duck (Cairina moschata) in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 42:165-72. [PMID: 19562499 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from free-ranging ducks was determined in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Ninety intestinal contents from ducks were screened for thermophilic Campylobacter using Skirrow's protocol. Of the Campylobacter jejuni isolates, 50 were tested for sensitivity to 12 antibiotics. Overall prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter was 80%. The prevalence of Campylobacter in adult ducks (91.3%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than ducklings (68.2%). The isolation rate of C. jejuni (81.9%) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than C. coli (18.1%). All C. jejuni isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, nitrofurantoin and amikacin. Forty eight percent, 74% and 82% of isolates were resistant to cefuroxime sodium, tetracycline and ampicillin respectively. Between 20-50% of isolates were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, cloxacillin and amoxicillin. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin had lower C. jejuni resistance of 10% and 16% respectively. C. jejuni isolates from adult ducks showed significantly higher rates of resistance (p < 0.05) to most antibiotics than did duckling isolates. High prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter in ducks could be of public health significance in Morogoro municipality. The observed multidrug resistance in this study poses a threat of transfer of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens because of the close contact between ducks and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hezron Emmanuel Nonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dziva F, Muhairwa AP, Bisgaard M, Christensen H. Diagnostic and typing options for investigating diseases associated with Pasteurella multocida. Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:1-22. [PMID: 18061377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is responsible for major animal diseases of economic significance in both developed and developing countries whereas human infections related to this bacterium are infrequent. Significantly, development of a carrier status or latent infections plays a critical role in the epidemiology of these diseases. Aiming at increased knowledge of these infections, we examine potential diagnostic and selected typing systems for investigating diseases caused by P. multocida. Detection of P. multocida from clinical specimen by; (i) isolation and identification, (ii) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), iii) specific hybridisation probes, (iv) serological tests and (v) other alternative methods is critically evaluated. These detection systems provide a wide spectrum of options for rapid diagnosis and for detecting and understanding of latent infections in herd/flock health control programmes, though PCR methods for detecting P. multocida in clinical specimen appear increasingly preferred. For establishing the clonality of outbreak strains, we select to discuss macromolecular profiling, serotyping, biotyping, restriction enzyme analysis, ribotyping and multiplex PCR typing. Although P. multocida infections can be rapidly diagnosed with molecular and serological tests, isolation and accurate species identification are central to epidemiological tracing of outbreak strains. Our review brings together comprehensive and essential information that may be adapted for confirming diagnosis and determining the molecular epidemiology of diseases associated with P. multocida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Dziva
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dahl C, Permin A, Christensen JP, Bisgaard M, Muhairwa AP, Petersen KMD, Poulsen JSD, Jensen AL. The effect of concurrent infections with Pasteurella multocida and Ascaridia galli on free range chickens. Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:313-24. [PMID: 11955781 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida and Ascaridia galli are observed with high prevalences in free range chickens in Denmark, but the impact is unknown. A study was carried out to examine the interaction between A. galli and P. multocida in chickens and the impact on production. Five groups, each with 20 18-week-old Lohmann Brown chickens were infected. Group 1 was orally infected with 1000+/-50 embryonated A. galli eggs. Group 2 received 10(4) cfu P. multocida intratracheally. Group 3 was infected with A. galli and subsequently with P. multocida. Group 4 was infected with P. multocida followed by A. galli. Group 5 was the control. The study ran for 11 weeks where clinical manifestations, weight gain and egg production were recorded. Excretion of P. multocida was determined on individual basis and blood smears were made for differential counts. At the end of the study pathological lesions and the number of adult worms, larvae and eggs in the faeces were recorded. The birds were more severely affected when infected with both pathogens compared to single infections with A. galli or P. multocida, respectively. A lower weight gain and egg production was observed with dual infections. A. galli infection followed by a secondary P. multocida infection resulted in more birds with pathological lesions and continued P. multocida excretion. In conclusion a negative interaction between A. galli and P. multocida was observed and it is postulated that free range chickens are at higher risk of being subjected to outbreaks of fowl cholera when they are infected with A. galli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dahl
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 4 Stigbøjlen, 1870 C, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Muhairwa AP, Christensen JP, Bisgaard M. Serum resistance of Pasteurella multocida in avian and porcine sera, and comparative virulence investigations of selected serum-sensitive and resistant strains in chickens. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:183-91. [PMID: 12396364 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120118694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth in serum of Pasteurella multocida and related species in chicken, turkey, duck and pig sera were compared, and selected serum-resistant and serum-sensitive strains were inoculated into 18-week-old layers. Eighty-seven field strains of Pasteurella spp. and nine reference strains representing different clones defined by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) profiles were used in the study. Serum activity was measured by changes in the optical density (OD) of the serum after inoculation and incubation at 41 degrees C for chicken, turkey and duck serum and 39 degrees C for pig serum. Serum activity was measured by comparison with previously determined serum-resistant (P-1059) and serum-sensitive (CU vaccine) strains, and classified into highly serum-resistant, moderately serum-resistant and serum-sensitive. Strains of the same REA type were found to have identical growth curves and the same maximum OD values when tested in serum from the same host species. Turkey serum was shown to be less inhibitory to a wide range of P. multocida strains than chicken, duck and pig sera. Serum-resistant strains were demonstrated among avian as well as mammalian strains. Among the avian strains, the proportion of serum-resistant strains was higher in outbreak strains than in strains from apparently healthy carriers. Removal of the capsule from selected strains by hyaluronidase treatment failed to change the serum activity. The most severe lesions in experimentally infected chickens were produced by a serum-resistant strain; however, lesions were also found in chickens infected by serum-sensitive strains, indicating the involvement of multiple factors in the virulence of P. multocida. Further investigations on serum resistance are indicated in order to relate other host and bacterial factors responsible for the development of fowl cholera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandus P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu Morogoro Tanzania.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muhairwa AP, Mtambo MM, Christensen JP, Bisgaard M. Occurrence of Pasteurella multocida and related species in village free ranging chickens and their animal contacts in Tanzania. Vet Microbiol 2001; 78:139-53. [PMID: 11163704 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigation was done to determine the presence of Pasteurella multocida and related species in free ranging chickens and ducks, dogs, cats and pigs in three climatic zones (cool, warm and hot) of rural Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 153 isolates of P. multocida ssp. multocida and related species were obtained by direct culture on blood agar, selective medium and mouse inoculation. P. multocida ssp. multocida was isolated from 0.7% of chickens and 7% of ducks. In dogs and cats, P. multocida ssp. multocida was isolated from 1 and 68%, respectively. One isolate of Pasteurella gallinarum was isolated from a duck. Other species obtained were; P. multocida ssp. septica, Pasteurella stomatis and taxon 16 from dogs and cats, while Pasteurella dagmatis and Pasteurella canis were found in dogs only. Prevalence of P. multocida ssp. multocida was significantly higher (P<0.01) in ducks of the warm zone (22%) than in ducks of other zones (0%). No significant difference was observed between the prevalence of P. multocida ssp. multocida in chickens of the warm zone (2%) and chickens of the cool and hot zones (0%). Extended phenotypic characterization revealed phenotypic similarities between two isolates from chickens and the duck strains. Mouse inoculation appeared to be more sensitive in detecting P. multocida ssp. multocida than blood agar and selective medium. Direct culture on blood agar recovered most of the isolates from dogs. This study has demonstrated for the first time the presence of P. multocida and related species in the village free ranging chickens, ducks, dogs and cats in Tanzania. Other non-classified Pasteurella spp. were also observed in the study, but further characterization is required before the final classification can be made. This paper reports for the first time the isolation of unclassified Pasteurella from dogs and cats in Africa. The results implies that fowl cholera might be occurring in free ranging poultry, and dogs and cats kept in contact might serve as sources of P. multocida to chickens and ducks. Subsequent applications of molecular techniques to analyse the epidemiological relatedness of clones isolated from different host species is indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muhairwa AP, Christensen JP, Bisgaard M. Relationships among Pasteurellaceae isolated from free ranging chickens and their animal contacts as determined by quantitative phenotyping, ribotyping and REA-typing. Vet Microbiol 2001; 78:119-37. [PMID: 11163703 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and forty-three Pasteurella spp. strains and 10 unclassified strains obtained from free ranging poultry, dogs and cats were investigated by extended phenotypic characterization. One hundred and forty-nine of these strains were selected for further studies using ribotyping and REA-typing to evaluate the role of dogs and cats in Pasteurella multocida transmission. Seven and six type strains were included for comparison in phenotyping and genotyping, respectively. Eleven clusters and six unclustered strains were revealed by phenotyping. Ribotyping outlined 12 clusters and six unclustered strains. A correlation between clusters obtained by phenotyping and ribotyping was demonstrated which indicated that a genetic basis exists for clusters outlined by quantitative evaluation of phenotypic data. Similarities and differences in hosts, phenotype, ribotype, and zone of isolation were demonstrated among Pasteurella strains investigated. Isolates of P. multocida from ducks were shown to be clonal by both phenotyping and ribotyping. These strains were identical to one of the chickens strains. REA-typing, however, showed that the chicken strain was different underlining that exchange of clones of P. multocida between avian species rarely happens under village conditions. Management practise in the villages suggest the potential for exchange of P. multocida between poultry and animals kept in contact. The present findings, however, did not indicate that clones of P. multocida are widely exchanged between poultry and other animal species, even though close contact exists. In the present investigation exchange of clones of P. multocida was only demonstrated among animals belonging to the same species. Caution is drawn to the use of ribotyping as the sole method for epidemiological typing and tracing of P. multocida. The present results also underline the importance of proper phenotyping in the identification of P. multocida and related species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, burden and types of gastro-intestinal helminths in 424 local and cross-bred pigs kept under different management systems in two climatic zones in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Coprological examination revealed that 53% of the pigs excreted helminth eggs in their faeces. The median eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) was 500 (range 100-22,000). Local breeds in the Mgeta location with tropical highland climate showed significantly higher prevalence (P < 0.001) and median EPG values (P < 0.001) than the cross-bred animals in the semi-arid area. There was no significant difference in the prevalence (P = 0.90) of helminth infection and egg outputs (P = 0.78) in cross-bred pigs raised under the small-scale and semi-intensive management systems in the semi-arid zone. Piglets showed significantly lower prevalence of helminthosis (P < 0.001) than the weaners, growers and adults in both local and cross-bred animals. Median EPGs of growers and adult animals were significantly higher than those of piglets and weaners (P = 0.006). The prevalences of various helminth species were Oesophagostomum sp. (40%), Ascaris suum (12%), Strongyloides ransomi (9%) and Trichuris suis (5%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Esrony
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mtambo MM, Sebatwale JB, Kambarage DM, Muhairwa AP, Maeda GE, Kusiluka LJ, Kazwala RR. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle and wildlife in Morogoro region, Tanzania. Prev Vet Med 1997; 31:185-90. [PMID: 9234442 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prevalences of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle (n = 486) on five selected farms in Morogoro municipality and three species of herbivorous wildlife (n = 87) from Mikumi National Park, Morogoro, Tanzania, were determined using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Of 486 bovine faecal samples, 5.3% were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was higher in calves less than 3 months of age compared to weaned calves and adults. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic animals, but there was a significantly higher prevalence (P < 0.001) of oocyst shedding in diarrhoeic than in non-diarrhoeic animals. Of the 87 faecal specimens from the wildlife species, 36 were from the African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), 25 from zebra (Equus zebra) and 26 from the wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou). Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in eight (22%) buffaloes, seven (28%) zebras and seven (27%) wildebeests. Confirmation of the diagnosis was performed using anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody specific for Cryptosporidium muris. Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium baileyi (Pathasure Cryptosporidium test kit).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Mtambo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Coccidial oocysts were detected in 35% of 445 cattle in four medium-scale and 20 small-scale dairy farms in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. The highest prevalence (56%) was observed in animals aged between 5 and 18 months, whereas lower prevalences were observed in calves (29%) aged between 12 days and 4 months and adults (30%). No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 12 days old. The oocyst output was high in calves, followed by weaners; adults had the lowest oocyst output. The number of oocysts per gram of faeces was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in diarrhoeic animals than in non-diarrhoeic animals, and more so in young calves. Eimeria species infecting the animals included Eimeria bovis (68%) and Eimeria zuernii (57%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (25%), Eimeria cylindrica (23%), Eimeria auburnensis (22%), Eimeria alabamensis (12%) and Eimeria subspherica (5%). Mixed infections involving two or three species were common. Our findings indicate that eimeriosis is common in cattle in Morogoro municipality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Chibunda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|