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Park HS, Yin A, Barranta C, Lee JS, Caputo CA, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Yoon S, Sitaras I, Jedlicka A, Eby Y, Ram M, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Lau B, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Shapiro JR, Ou J, Na YB, Knoll MD, Ornelas-Gatdula E, Arroyo-Curras N, Gniadek TJ, Caturegli P, Wu J, Ndahiro N, Betenbaugh MJ, Ziman A, Hanley DF, Casadevall A, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Gebo KA, Tobian AA, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Sullivan DJ. Outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma recipient antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations within a randomized trial. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178460. [PMID: 38483534 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCOVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) virus-specific antibody levels that translate into recipient posttransfusion antibody levels sufficient to prevent disease progression are not defined.METHODSThis secondary analysis correlated donor and recipient antibody levels to hospitalization risk among unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients within the outpatient, double-blind, randomized clinical trial that compared CCP to control plasma. The majority of COVID-19 CCP arm hospitalizations (15/17, 88%) occurred in this unvaccinated, seronegative subgroup. A functional cutoff to delineate recipient high versus low posttransfusion antibody levels was established by 2 methods: (i) analyzing virus neutralization-equivalent anti-Spike receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G (anti-S-RBD IgG) responses in donors or (ii) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2 anti-S-RBD IgG antibody was volume diluted 21.3-fold into posttransfusion seronegative recipients from matched donor units. Virus-specific antibody delivered was approximately 1.2 mg. The high-antibody recipients transfused early (symptom onset within 5 days) had no hospitalizations. A CCP-recipient analysis for antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations found a statistical significant association between early transfusion and high antibodies versus all other CCP recipients (or control plasma), with antibody cutoffs established by both methods-donor-based virus neutralization cutoffs in posttransfusion recipients (0/85 [0%] versus 15/276 [5.6%]; P = 0.03) or ROC-based cutoff (0/94 [0%] versus 15/267 [5.4%]; P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONIn unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients, early transfusion of plasma units in the upper 30% of study donors' antibody levels reduced outpatient hospitalizations. High antibody level plasma units, given early, should be reserved for therapeutic use.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04373460.FUNDINGDepartment of Defense (W911QY2090012); Defense Health Agency; Bloomberg Philanthropies; the State of Maryland; NIH (3R01AI152078-01S1, U24TR001609-S3, 1K23HL151826NIH); the Mental Wellness Foundation; the Moriah Fund; Octapharma; the Healthnetwork Foundation; the Shear Family Foundation; the NorthShore Research Institute; and the Rice Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher A Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Oei
- Ascada Research, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | | | - Atika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes
| | - Yu Bin Na
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria D Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elysse Ornelas-Gatdula
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinke Wu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gebo KA, Heath SL, Fukuta Y, Zhu X, Baksh S, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Shade D, Ruff J, Ram M, Laeyendecker O, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Baker OR, Shoham S, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Gerber JM, Meisenberg B, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Huaman MA, Levine A, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Anjan S, Gniadek T, Kassaye S, Blair JE, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Das P, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Erratum for Gebo et al., "Early antibody treatment, inflammation, and risk of post-COVID conditions". mBio 2024; 15:e0297923. [PMID: 38095433 PMCID: PMC10790766 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
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Habtehyimer F, Zhu X, Redd AD, Gebo KA, Abraham AG, Patel EU, Laeyendecker O, Gniadek TJ, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Ram M, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Fukuta Y, Gerber JM, Heath SL, Meisenberg B, Huaman MA, Levine AC, Shenoy A, Anjan S, Blair JE, Cruser D, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Kassaye S, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Abinante M, Oei KS, Cluzet V, Cordisco ME, Greenblatt B, Rausch W, Shade D, Gawad AL, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy decreases inflammatory cytokines: a randomized controlled trial. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0328623. [PMID: 38009954 PMCID: PMC10783116 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03286-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study examined the role that cytokines may have played in the beneficial outcomes found when outpatient individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 were transfused with COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) early in their infection. We found that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 decreased significantly faster in patients treated early with CCP. Participants with COVID-19 treated with CCP later in the infection did not have the same effect. This decrease in IL-6 levels after early CCP treatment suggests a possible role of inflammation in COVID-19 progression. The evidence of IL-6 involvement brings insight into the possible mechanisms involved in CCP treatment mitigating SARS-CoV-2 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison G. Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J. Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R. Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward R. Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barry Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine and Research Institute of Luminis Health, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Moises A. Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam C. Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aarthi Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Janis E. Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Pathology, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giselle S. Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James H. Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay S. Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Catherine G. Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie Cluzet
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | | | | | - William Rausch
- Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L. Gawad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Park HS, Yin A, Barranta C, Lee JS, Caputo CA, Sachithanandham J, Li M, Yoon S, Sitaras I, Jedlicka A, Eby Y, Ram M, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Lau B, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Shapiro JR, Ou J, Na YB, Knoll MD, Ornelas-Gatdula E, Arroyo-Curras N, Gniadek TJ, Caturegli P, Wu J, Ndahiro N, Betenbaugh MJ, Ziman A, Hanley DF, Casadevall A, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Gebo KA, Tobian AAR, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Sullivan DJ. Outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma recipient antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations within a randomized trial. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.13.23288353. [PMID: 37131659 PMCID: PMC10153328 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.13.23288353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) viral specific antibody levels that translate into recipient post-transfusion antibody levels sufficient to prevent disease progression is not defined. METHODS This secondary analysis correlated donor and recipient antibody levels to hospitalization risk among unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients within the outpatient, double blind, randomized clinical trial that compared CCP to control plasma. The majority of COVID-19 CCP arm hospitalizations (15/17, 88%) occurred in this unvaccinated, seronegative subgroup. A functional cutoff to delineate recipient high versus low post-transfusion antibody levels was established by two methods: 1) analyzing virus neutralization-equivalent anti-S-RBD IgG responses in donors or 2) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 anti-S-RBD IgG antibody was diluted by a factor of 21.3 into post-transfusion seronegative recipients from matched donor units. Viral specific antibody delivered approximated 1.2 mg. The high antibody recipients transfused early (symptom onset within 5 days) had no hospitalizations. A CCP recipient analysis for antibody thresholds correlated to reduced hospitalizations found a significant association with Fisher's exact test between early and high antibodies versus all other CCP recipients (or control plasma) with antibody cutoffs established by both methods-donor virus neutralization-based cutoff: (0/85; 0% versus 15/276; 5.6%) p=0.03 or ROC based cutoff: (0/94; 0% versus 15/267; 5.4%) p=0.01. CONCLUSION In unvaccinated, seronegative CCP recipients, early transfusion of plasma units corresponding to the upper 30% of all study donors reduced outpatient hospitalizations. These high antibody level plasma units, given early, should be reserved for therapeutic use.Trial registration: NCT04373460. FUNDING Defense Health Agency and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Yin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caelan Barranta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher A Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaiprasath Sachithanandham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maggie Li
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve Yoon
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atika Singh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janna R Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Bin Na
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria D Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elysse Ornelas-Gatdula
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo-Curras
- Chemistry-Biology Interface Program, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Patrizio Caturegli
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jinke Wu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Gebo KA, Heath SL, Fukuta Y, Zhu X, Baksh S, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Shade D, Ruff J, Ram M, Laeyendecker O, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Baker OR, Shoham S, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Gerber JM, Meisenberg B, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Huaman MA, Levine A, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Anjan S, Gniadek T, Kassaye S, Blair JE, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Das P, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Early antibody treatment, inflammation, and risk of post-COVID conditions. mBio 2023; 14:e0061823. [PMID: 37724870 PMCID: PMC10653913 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00618-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Approximately 20% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 experienced long-term health effects, as defined PCC. However, it is unknown if there are any early biomarkers associated with PCC or whether early intervention treatments may decrease the risk of PCC. In a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, this study demonstrates that among outpatients with SARS-CoV-2, increased IL-6 at time of infection is associated with increased odds of PCC. In addition, among individuals treated early, within 5 days of symptom onset, with COVID-19 convalescent plasma, there was a trend for decreased odds of PCC after adjusting for other demographic and clinical characteristics. Future treatment studies should be considered to evaluate the effect of early treatment and anti-IL-6 therapies on PCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison G. Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Ruff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Owen R. Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward R. Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Donald N. Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Moises A. Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adam Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Giselle S. Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James H. Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jay S. Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Catherine G. Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Janis E. Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichol A. McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L. Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - on behalf of the CSSC-004 Consortium
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Departement of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
- Luminis Health, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Zhu X, Gebo KA, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Patel EU, Laeyendecker O, Gniadek TJ, Fernandez RE, Baker OR, Ram M, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Fukuta Y, Gerber JM, Heath SL, Meisenberg B, Huaman MA, Levine AC, Shenoy A, Anjan S, Blair JE, Cruser D, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Kassaye S, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Abinante M, Broderick P, Cluzet V, Cordisco ME, Greenblatt B, Petrini J, Rausch W, Shade D, Lane K, Gawad AL, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Sullivan DJ, Tobian AAR. Dynamics of inflammatory responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection by vaccination status in the USA: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2023; 4:e692-e703. [PMID: 37659419 PMCID: PMC10475695 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines and chemokines play a critical role in the response to infection and vaccination. We aimed to assess the longitudinal association of COVID-19 vaccination with cytokine and chemokine concentrations and trajectories among people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS In this longitudinal, prospective cohort study, blood samples were used from participants enrolled in a multi-centre randomised trial assessing the efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for ambulatory COVID-19. The trial was conducted in 23 outpatient sites in the USA. In this study, participants (aged ≥18 years) were restricted to those with COVID-19 before vaccination or with breakthrough infections who had blood samples and symptom data collected at screening (pre-transfusion), day 14, and day 90 visits. Associations between COVID-19 vaccination status and concentrations of 21 cytokines and chemokines (measured using multiplexed sandwich immunoassays) were examined using multivariate linear mixed-effects regression models, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, trial group, and COVID-19 waves (pre-alpha or alpha and delta). FINDINGS Between June 29, 2020, and Sept 30, 2021, 882 participants recently infected with SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled, of whom 506 (57%) were female and 376 (43%) were male. 688 (78%) of 882 participants were unvaccinated, 55 (6%) were partly vaccinated, and 139 (16%) were fully vaccinated at baseline. After adjusting for confounders, geometric mean concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-15, IL-29 (interferon-λ), inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumour necrosis factor-α were significantly lower among the fully vaccinated group than in the unvaccinated group at screening. On day 90, fully vaccinated participants had approximately 20% lower geometric mean concentrations of IL-7, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A than unvaccinated participants. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations decreased over time in the fully and partly vaccinated groups and unvaccinated group. Log10 cytokine and chemokine concentrations decreased faster among participants in the unvaccinated group than in other groups, but their geometric mean concentrations were generally higher than fully vaccinated participants at 90 days. Days since full vaccination and type of vaccine received were not correlated with cytokine and chemokine concentrations. INTERPRETATION Initially and during recovery from symptomatic COVID-19, fully vaccinated participants had lower concentrations of inflammatory markers than unvaccinated participants suggesting vaccination is associated with short-term and long-term reduction in inflammation, which could in part explain the reduced disease severity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. FUNDING US Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, Bloomberg Philanthropies, State of Maryland, Mental Wellness Foundation, Moriah Fund, Octapharma, HealthNetwork Foundation, and the Shear Family Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barry Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine and Research Institute of Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Aarthi Shenoy
- Division of Hematology, Medstar DC Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Pathology, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick Broderick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Valerie Cluzet
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
| | - Marie Elena Cordisco
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwark, CT, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - William Rausch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Huaman MA, Raval JS, Paxton JH, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Anjan S, Meisenberg BR, Levine AC, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Shenoy AG, Heath SL, Currier JS, Fukuta Y, Blair JE, Spivak ES, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco M, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Kassaye SG, Ram M, Wang Y, Das P, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Ford DE, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Ehrhardt S, Lau B, Baksh SN, Shade DM, Casadevall A, Hanley DF, Ou J, Gniadek TJ, Ziman A, Shoham S, Gebo KA, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ, Gerber JM. Transfusion reactions associated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma in outpatient clinical trials. Transfusion 2023; 63:1639-1648. [PMID: 37534607 PMCID: PMC10720768 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is an important therapeutic option for outpatients at high risk of hospitalization from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We assessed the safety of outpatient CCP transfusions administered during clinical trials. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data pertaining to transfusion-related reactions from two randomized controlled trials in the U.S. that evaluated the efficacy of CCP versus control plasma in various ambulatory settings. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess whether CCP was associated with transfusion reactions, after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS The combined study reported 79/1351 (5.9%) adverse events during the transfusion visit, with the majority 62/1351 (4.6%) characterized by mild, allergic-type findings of urticaria, and/or pruritus consistent with minor allergic transfusion reactions; the other reported events were attributed to the patients' underlying disease, COVID-19, or vasovagal in nature. We found no difference in the likelihood of allergic transfusion reactions between those receiving CCP versus control plasma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.75; 95% CI, 0.43-1.31). Risk of urticaria and/or pruritus increased with a pre-existing diagnosis of asthma (AOR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.16-4.67). We did not observe any CCP-attributed antibody disease enhancement in participants with COVID-19 or increased risk of infection. There were no life-threatening severe transfusion reactions and no patients required hospitalization related to transfusion-associated complications. DISCUSSION Outpatient plasma administration was safely performed for nearly 1400 participants. CCP is a safe therapeutic option for outpatients at risk of hospitalization from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises A Huaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital & Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, DC, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Hammel
- Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Oei
- Ascada Research, Fullerton, California, USA
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, DC, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- The Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiangda Ou
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Alyssa Ziman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Wing-Kwai and Alice Lee-Tsing Chung Transfusion Service, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Gebo KA, Heath SL, Fukuta Y, Zhu X, Baksh S, Abraham AG, Habtehyimer F, Shade D, Ruff J, Ram M, Laeyendecker O, Fernandez RE, Patel EU, Baker OR, Shoham S, Cachay ER, Currier JS, Gerber JM, Meisenberg B, Forthal DN, Hammitt LL, Huaman MA, Levine A, Mosnaim GS, Patel B, Paxton JH, Raval JS, Sutcliffe CG, Anjan S, Gniadek T, Kassaye S, Blair JE, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Das P, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Casadevall A, Bloch EM, Hanley D, Tobian AAR, Sullivan DJ. Early Treatment, Inflammation and Post-COVID Conditions. medRxiv 2023:2023.02.13.23285855. [PMID: 36824860 PMCID: PMC9949202 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.23285855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Post-COVID conditions (PCC) are common and have significant morbidity. Risk factors for PCC include advancing age, female sex, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Little is known about early treatment, inflammation, and PCC. Methods Among 883 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection participating in a randomized trial of CCP vs. control plasma with available biospecimens and symptom data, the association between early COVID treatment, cytokine levels and PCC was evaluated. Cytokine and chemokine levels were assessed at baseline, day 14 and day 90 using a multiplexed sandwich immuosassay (Mesoscale Discovery). Presence of any self-reported PCC symptoms was assessed at day 90. Associations between COVID treatment, cytokine levels and PCC were examined using multivariate logistic regression models. Results One-third of the 882 participants had day 90 PCC symptoms, with fatigue (14.5%) and loss of smell (14.5%) being most common. Cytokine levels decreased from baseline to day 90. In a multivariable analysis including diabetes, body mass index, race, and vaccine status, female sex (adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=2.70[1.93-3.81]), older age (AOR=1.32[1.17-1.50]), and elevated baseline levels of IL-6 (AOR=1.59[1.02-2.47]) were associated with development of PCC.There was a trend for decreased PCC in those with early CCP treatment (≤5 days after symptom onset) compared to late CCP treatment. Conclusion Increased IL-6 levels were associated with the development of PCC and there was a trend for decreased PCC with early CCP treatment in this predominately unvaccinated population. Future treatment studies should evaluate the effect of early treatment and anti-IL-6 therapies on PCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xianming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sheriza Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO
| | - Feben Habtehyimer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica Ruff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Owen R Baker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA
| | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Piyali Das
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - David J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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9
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Shoham S, Bloch EM, Casadevall A, Hanley D, Lau B, Gebo K, Cachay E, Kassaye SG, Paxton JH, Gerber J, Levine AC, Naeim A, Currier J, Patel B, Allen ES, Anjan S, Appel L, Baksh S, Blair PW, Bowen A, Broderick P, Caputo CA, Cluzet V, Elena MC, Cruser D, Ehrhardt S, Forthal D, Fukuta Y, Gawad AL, Gniadek T, Hammel J, Huaman MA, Jabs DA, Jedlicka A, Karlen N, Klein S, Laeyendecker O, Karen L, McBee N, Meisenberg B, Merlo C, Mosnaim G, Park HS, Pekosz A, Petrini J, Rausch W, Shade DM, Shapiro JR, Singleton RJ, Sutcliffe C, Thomas DL, Yarava A, Zand M, Zenilman JM, Tobian AA, Sullivan DJ. Transfusing Convalescent Plasma as Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Double-Blinded, Phase 2 Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:e477-e486. [PMID: 35579509 PMCID: PMC9129191 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) convalescent plasma (CCP) for preventing infection in exposed, uninfected individuals is unknown. CCP might prevent infection when administered before symptoms or laboratory evidence of infection. METHODS This double-blinded, phase 2 randomized, controlled trial (RCT) compared the efficacy and safety of prophylactic high titer (≥1:320 by Euroimmun ELISA) CCP with standard plasma. Asymptomatic participants aged ≥18 years with close contact exposure to a person with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the previous 120 hours and negative SARS-CoV-2 test within 24 hours before transfusion were eligible. The primary outcome was new SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS In total, 180 participants were enrolled; 87 were assigned to CCP and 93 to control plasma, and 170 transfused at 19 sites across the United States from June 2020 to March 2021. Two were excluded for screening SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity. Of the remaining 168 participants, 12/81 (14.8%) CCP and 13/87 (14.9%) control recipients developed SARS-CoV-2 infection; 6 (7.4%) CCP and 7 (8%) control recipients developed COVID-19 (infection with symptoms). There were no COVID-19-related hospitalizations in CCP and 2 in control recipients. Efficacy by restricted mean infection free time (RMIFT) by 28 days for all SARS-CoV-2 infections (25.3 vs 25.2 days; P = .49) and COVID-19 (26.3 vs 25.9 days; P = .35) was similar for both groups. CONCLUSIONS Administration of high-titer CCP as post-exposure prophylaxis, although appearing safe, did not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT04323800.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mosaic Consulting Ltd., Israel
| | | | - Edward Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Seble G. Kassaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases/Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James H. Paxton
- Department of Emergency Medicine Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arash Naeim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Judith Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sheriza Baksh
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mosaic Consulting Ltd., Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Cluzet
- Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Nuvance Health, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mosaic Consulting Ltd., Israel
| | - Donald Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Thomas Gniadek
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Moises A. Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas A. Jabs
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Sabra Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han-Sol Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Joann Petrini
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William Rausch
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M. Shade
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mosaic Consulting Ltd., Israel
| | | | | | - Catherine Sutcliffe
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Mosaic Consulting Ltd., Israel
| | | | | | - Martin Zand
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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10
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with Convalescent Plasma. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1700-1711. [PMID: 35353960 PMCID: PMC9006786 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2119657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyclonal convalescent plasma may be obtained from donors who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). The efficacy of this plasma in preventing serious complications in outpatients with recent-onset Covid-19 is uncertain. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of Covid-19 convalescent plasma, as compared with control plasma, in symptomatic adults (≥18 years of age) who had tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, regardless of their risk factors for disease progression or vaccination status. Participants were enrolled within 8 days after symptom onset and received a transfusion within 1 day after randomization. The primary outcome was Covid-19-related hospitalization within 28 days after transfusion. RESULTS Participants were enrolled from June 3, 2020, through October 1, 2021. A total of 1225 participants underwent randomization, and 1181 received a transfusion. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a transfusion, the primary outcome occurred in 17 of 592 participants (2.9%) who received convalescent plasma and 37 of 589 participants (6.3%) who received control plasma (absolute risk reduction, 3.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 5.8; P = 0.005), which corresponded to a relative risk reduction of 54%. Evidence of efficacy in vaccinated participants cannot be inferred from these data because 53 of the 54 participants with Covid-19 who were hospitalized were unvaccinated and 1 participant was partially vaccinated. A total of 16 grade 3 or 4 adverse events (7 in the convalescent-plasma group and 9 in the control-plasma group) occurred in participants who were not hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS In participants with Covid-19, most of whom were unvaccinated, the administration of convalescent plasma within 9 days after the onset of symptoms reduced the risk of disease progression leading to hospitalization. (Funded by the Department of Defense and others; CSSC-004 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Bela Patel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - James H Paxton
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - William Rausch
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Marie-Elena Cordisco
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Michael Roth
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Karen Lane
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Atika Singh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - David M Shade
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (K.A.G., S.S.), the Department of Pathology (E.M.B., C.E.M., A.A.R.T.), the Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N.A.M., A.L.G., N.K., D.F.H.), the Department of Ophthalmology (D.A.J.), the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research (L.J.A.), and the Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.E.F.), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (D.J.S., A.S., A.P., S.L.K., A.C.), International Health (L.L.H., C.G.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.M.S., S.E., S.N.B.), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (O.L.), and Luminis Health, Annapolis (B.R.M.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center (A.G.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center (S.G.K.) - both in Washington, DC; the Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.S.M.), and the Department of Pathology (T.J.G.), NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL; the Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine (Y.F.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center (B.P.), Houston, and The Next Practices Group, Austin (E.C.F.) - all in Texas; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (S.L.H.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI (A.C.L.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (E.S.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (S.A.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (M.A.H.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.E.B.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles (J.S.C.), Ascada Research (K.O., M.A.), the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine (D.N.F.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego (E.R.C.) - all in California; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit (J.H.P.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester (J.M.G.); Nuvance Health (J.R.P., W.R., M.-E.C.), and Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital (P.B.B.), Danbury, and Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk (J.H., B.G.) - all in Connecticut; Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie (V.C.C., D.C.), the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester (M.S.Z.), and the Bliss Group, New York (M.R.) - all in New York; and the Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (J.S.R.)
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Sullivan DJ, Gebo KA, Shoham S, Bloch EM, Lau B, Shenoy AG, Mosnaim GS, Gniadek TJ, Fukuta Y, Patel B, Heath SL, Levine AC, Meisenberg BR, Spivak ES, Anjan S, Huaman MA, Blair JE, Currier JS, Paxton JH, Gerber JM, Petrini JR, Broderick PB, Rausch W, Cordisco ME, Hammel J, Greenblatt B, Cluzet VC, Cruser D, Oei K, Abinante M, Hammitt LL, Sutcliffe CG, Forthal DN, Zand MS, Cachay ER, Raval JS, Kassaye SG, Foster EC, Roth M, Marshall CE, Yarava A, Lane K, McBee NA, Gawad AL, Karlen N, Singh A, Ford DE, Jabs DA, Appel LJ, Shade DM, Ehrhardt S, Baksh SN, Laeyendecker O, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Casadevall A, Tobian AAR, Hanley DF. Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Outpatient COVID-19 Treatment with High-Titer Convalescent Plasma. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.10.21267485. [PMID: 34981068 PMCID: PMC8722611 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.21267485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of polyclonal high titer convalescent plasma to prevent serious complications of COVID-19 in outpatients with recent onset of illness is uncertain. METHODS This multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 high titer convalescent plasma to placebo control plasma in symptomatic adults ≥18 years positive for SARS-CoV-2 regardless of risk factors for disease progression or vaccine status. Participants with symptom onset within 8 days were enrolled, then transfused within the subsequent day. The measured primary outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalization within 28 days of plasma transfusion. The enrollment period was June 3, 2020 to October 1, 2021. RESULTS A total of 1225 participants were randomized and 1181 transfused. In the pre-specified modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded those not transfused, the primary endpoint occurred in 37 of 589 (6.3%) who received placebo control plasma and in 17 of 592 (2.9%) participants who received convalescent plasma (relative risk, 0.46; one-sided 95% upper bound confidence interval 0.733; P=0.004) corresponding to a 54% risk reduction. Examination with a model adjusting for covariates related to the outcome did not change the conclusions. CONCLUSION Early administration of high titer SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma reduced outpatient hospitalizations by more than 50%. High titer convalescent plasma is an effective early outpatient COVID-19 treatment with the advantages of low cost, wide availability, and rapid resilience to variant emergence from viral genetic drift in the face of a changing pandemic. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04373460.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kelly A Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bryan Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aarthi G Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Giselle S Mosnaim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Yuriko Fukuta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Bela Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Barry R Meisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Emily S Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Shweta Anjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Moises A Huaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Janis E Blair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - James H Paxton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jonathan M Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Joann R Petrini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Patrick B Broderick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - William Rausch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Marie Elena Cordisco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jean Hammel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Benjamin Greenblatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Valerie C Cluzet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel Cruser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Kevin Oei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Matthew Abinante
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Catherine G Sutcliffe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Martin S Zand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Edward R Cachay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Seble G Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - E Colin Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Michael Roth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Christi E Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Anusha Yarava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Karen Lane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nichol A McBee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Nicky Karlen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Atika Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Douglas A Jabs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - David M Shade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sheriza N Baksh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.S., K.G.) Department of Pathology (E.B., C.M. A.T.), Department of Neurology, Brain Injury Outcomes Division (A.Y., K.L., N. M., A.G., N.K. D.H.), Department of Ophthalmology (DJ), Welch Center (L.A.), Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (D.F.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; the Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology (A.C., D.S., S.K., A.P.), International Health (L.H., C.S.), and Epidemiology (B.L., D.S., S.E.) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH (O.L.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (A.S.); Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (G.M.), Department of Pathology (T.G.), Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL; Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Y.F.); Department of Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (B.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (S.H.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI (A.L.); Luminis Health, Annapolis, MD (B. M.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (E.S); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (S.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH (M.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, AZ (J.B.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (J.C.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (J.P.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Massachusetts, Worchester, MA (J.G.); Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT (J.P., W.R., M.E.C); Nuvance Health Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (P.B.); Nuvance Health Norwalk Hospital, Norwalk, CT (J.H., B.G.); Nuvance Health Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Poughkeepsie, NY (V.C., D.C.); Ascada Research, Fullerton, CA (K.O, M.A.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA (D.F.); Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (M.Z.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA (E.C.); Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (J.R.); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C. (S.K.), The Bliss Group, New York City, NY, (M.R.) The Next Practice, Austin, TX (C.F.)
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Shoham S, Bloch EM, Casadevall A, Hanley D, Lau B, Gebo K, Cachay E, Kassaye SG, Paxton JH, Gerber J, Levine AC, Currier J, Patel B, Allen ES, Anjan S, Appel L, Baksh S, Blair PW, Bowen A, Broderick P, Caputo CA, Cluzet V, Cordisco ME, Cruser D, Ehrhardt S, Forthal D, Fukuta Y, Gawad AL, Gniadek T, Hammel J, Huaman MA, Jabs DA, Jedlicka A, Karlen N, Klein S, Laeyendecker O, Lane K, McBee N, Meisenberg B, Merlo C, Mosnaim G, Park HS, Pekosz A, Petrini J, Rausch W, Shade DM, Shapiro JR, Singleton JR, Sutcliffe C, Thomas DL, Yarava A, Zand M, Zenilman JM, Tobian AA, Sullivan D. Randomized controlled trial transfusing convalescent plasma as post-exposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv 2021:2021.12.13.21267611. [PMID: 34931202 PMCID: PMC8687473 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.13.21267611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma (CCP) for preventing infection in exposed, uninfected individuals is unknown. We hypothesized that CCP might prevent infection when administered before symptoms or laboratory evidence of infection. METHODS This double-blinded, phase 2 randomized, controlled trial (RCT) compared the efficacy and safety of prophylactic high titer (≥1:320) CCP with standard plasma. Asymptomatic participants aged ≥18 years with close contact exposure to a person with confirmed COVID-19 in the previous 120 hours and negative SARS-CoV-2 test within 24 hours before transfusion were eligible. The primary outcome was development of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS 180 participants were enrolled; 87 were assigned to CCP and 93 to control plasma, and 170 transfused at 19 sites across the United States from June 2020 to March 2021. Two were excluded for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity at screening. Of the remaining 168 participants, 12/81 (14.8%) CCP and 13/87 (14.9%) control recipients developed SARS-CoV-2 infection; 6 (7.4%) CCP and 7 (8%) control recipients developed COVID-19 (infection with symptoms). There were no COVID-19-related hospitalizations in CCP and 2 in control recipients. There were 28 adverse events in CCP and 58 in control recipients. Efficacy by restricted mean infection free time (RMIFT) by 28 days for all SARS-CoV-2 infections (25.3 vs. 25.2 days; p=0.49) and COVID-19 (26.3 vs. 25.9 days; p=0.35) were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION In this trial, which enrolled persons with recent exposure to a person with confirmed COVID-19, high titer CCP as post-exposure prophylaxis appeared safe, but did not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrial.gov number NCT04323800 .
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Levin MB, Bowie JV, Ragsdale SK, Gawad AL, Cooper LA, Sharfstein JM. Enhancing Community Engagement by Schools and Programs of Public Health in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 42:405-421. [PMID: 33176564 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define community engagement as "the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people" in order to improve their health and well-being. Central to the field of public health, community engagement should also be at the core of the work of schools and programs of public health. This article reviews best practices and emerging innovations in community engagement for education, for research, and for practice, including critical service-learning, community-based participatory research, and collective impact. Leadership, infrastructure, and culture are key institutional facilitators of successful academic efforts. Major challenges to overcome include mistrust by community members, imbalance of power, and unequal sharing of credit. Success in this work will advance equity and improve health in communities all around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindi B Levin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , .,SOURCE, Schools of Public Health, Nursing and Medicine; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Janice V Bowie
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , ,
| | - Steven K Ragsdale
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , ,
| | - Amy L Gawad
- Urban Health Institute, Schools of Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Lisa A Cooper
- Center for Health Equity, Urban Health Institute, Schools of Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Joshua M Sharfstein
- Department of Health Policy and Management; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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