Primary lacrimal sac melanoma: a case report describing the novel use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for diagnosis, together with literature review and immunotherapy treatment update

Primary lacrimal sac melanoma (PLSM) is exceedingly rare and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, PLSM often presents insidiously resulting in delayed detection and poor prognosis. A 69-year-old Black man was suspected of having a lacrimal sac tumour following presentation with a left sided watery eye, bloody tears, and a lacrimal mass. Due to the patient's implantable pacemaker, defibrillator, and high anticoagulation, an ultrasound-guided FNAC was performed instead of incisional biopsy, revealing a PLSM. Diagnosis was confirmed following complete tumour resection with free flap reconstruction and neck dissection. Unfortunately, disease progression ensued despite further neck dissection and three cycles of both pembrolizumab and iplimumab. This is the first description of FNAC to accurately diagnose PLSM and highlights its use as an accurate, rapid, and minimally invasive technique that may allow an earlier screening diagnosis of lacrimal sac tumours. We also discuss the outcome of immunotherapy in recent similar cases.

Macular and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thinning in Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Cross-sectional Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate retinal thickness in different Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) complementation groups using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). This was a cross-sectional pilot study of 40 patients with XP. All patients had healthy-looking retinae and optic nerves on slit lamp biomicroscopy, and subtle or no neurological deficits. Patients were divided into two groups based on the known tendency for neurodegeneration associated with certain XP complementation groups. A third control group was obtained from a normative database. Using SD-OCT, we compared peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and macular thickness between the groups. XP patients with a known tendency for neurodegeneration were found to have a statistically significant reduction in both pRNFL (p < 0.01) and macular thickness (p < 0.001) compared with healthy controls. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference between pRNFL and macular thickness in XP patients not expected to develop neurodegeneration compared to the same control group. When both XP groups were compared, a statistically significant reduction in total pRNFL (p = 0.02) and macular thickness (p = 0.002) was found in XP patients predisposed to neurodegeneration. Our results suggest that pRNFL and macular thickness are reduced in XP patients with a known tendency for neurodegeneration, even before any marked neurological deficits become manifest. These findings demonstrate the potential role of retinal thickness as an anatomic biomarker and prognostic indicator for XP neurodegeneration.

Post-septal upper eyelid loading for treatment of exposure keratopathy secondary to non-cicatricial lagophthalmos

Exposure keratopathy may result in ocular surface dryness, pain, corneal ulceration and loss of vision. Upper eyelid loading is an effective surgical treatment for paralytic lagophthalmos but has been criticised for complications of implant exposure and poor cosmesis. We therefore reviewed the safety and efficacy of our technique of upper eyelid post-septal loading for exposure keratopathy in this context. A retrospective case notes analysis was undertaken of 38 patients who had upper eyelid loading, all with post-septal weight placement, for correction of lagophthalmos. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, outcomes and complications were analysed. The mean age of all patients was 59.6 years. Exposure keratopathy was secondary to facial nerve paralysis in all but two patients, with tumor excision being the commonest underlying aetiology (63.8%). The mean implant weight used was 1.4 grams. Pre-operatively, all 38 patients had ocular discomfort despite maximal use of lubricating eye drops but post-operatively, 29 patients (76.3%) were comfortable without any such drops. Mean lagophthalmos on blink and gentle closure improved from 7.42mm and 5.47mm pre-operatively to 2.18mm and 1.18mm post-operatively (p < 0.001). Similarly, before surgery all patients had some corneal staining but after surgery 37 patients (97.4%) had none. The gold weight was removed in four patients (10.5%), due to chronic inflammation in three and due to mild astigmatism in one. No patient had exposure of the weight and one patient had a ptosis repair 6 months after surgery. Upper eyelid loading was effective in reducing both signs and symptoms of exposure keratopathy related to lagophthalmos in our series. Patients were very satisfied with the surgical outcome and complications related to exposure and cosmesis were very rare.

Orbital radiotherapy for adult thyroid eye disease

BACKGROUND

Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune inflammatory condition of the orbital and periorbital tissues. Orbital radiotherapy is an anti-inflammatory treatment used in the treatment of active thyroid eye disease. It is administered as an outpatient procedure in 10 to 12 fractionated doses.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness and adverse events of orbital radiotherapy in thyroid eye disease. The effectiveness was dependent on the level of 'success' of the intervention predefined in each randomised controlled trial (RCT).

SEARCH METHODS

We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1950 to March 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2012), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) (January 1982 to March 2012), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not restrict the electronic searches for trials by date or language. We last searched the electronic databases on 12 March 2012. We screened reference lists of reports of included studies, other reviews and book chapters to find additional trials. We contacted trial investigators and experts in the field to identify additionally published studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included RCTs of orbital radiotherapy versus sham radiotherapy or other interventions enrolling adults, with a minimum of three months' follow-up and an endpoint of two years or less post treatment.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Trial authors were contacted for missing data. The risk ratio was used for our primary outcome. For our secondary outcomes, the odds ratio and mean difference were reported where possible.

MAIN RESULTS

We obtained full-text copies of nine potential studies and included five trials with a total of 244 participants in this review. Orbital radiotherapy was compared to sham radiotherapy in two studies and to glucocorticoids in three studies, as a monotherapy or combination therapy. There was heterogeneity (as defined in our protocol) of trial outcome measures. Our primary outcome of a composite score was used in the two trials comparing radiotherapy versus sham radiotherapy and showed a risk ratio of success of 1.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27 to 2.91) in favour of orbital radiotherapy. The primary outcome was not used in the other three trials.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

This review found that orbital radiotherapy is more effective than sham radiotherapy for the treatment of mild-to-moderate thyroid eye disease. In a single trial no difference between radiotherapy and steroid monotherapy was found. A meta-analysis of our secondary outcome of disease severity was not possible but results from individual trials suggest a better outcome with combination treatment with steroids versus steroids alone. No significant changes in quality-of-life scores following treatment with radiotherapy versus alternative treatments were found. Short-term adverse events related to radiotherapy that were reported were local and mild but long-term data were lacking and development of retinal changes following radiotherapy was not reported on.

Lacrimal colic--an important ophthalmic symptom

This concise case report introduces the novel concept of "lacrimal colic"-acute severe medial canthal pain resulting from sudden expansion of the lacrimal sac, commonly due to stone formation. The condition is compared with renal colic, in which a stone causes distension of the renal pelvis and similar severe pain. The case is presented with a concise literature review, and discussion on the relevance of the symptom in clinical practice.

Sarcoid-related dacryoadenitis following treatment with interferon alpha and ribavarin for hepatitis C

Sarcoidosis is an increasingly well-recognised complication of interferon therapy for hepatitis C infection, primarily manifesting with cutaneous or pulmonary involvement. However, we present an unusual case of sarcoid-related dacryoadenitis in a 67-year-old Caucasian lady following such treatment. The literature relating to ophthalmic presentations of interferon-related sarcoidosis is reviewed, and the potential for confusion with interferon-induced thyroid- associated orbitopathy is discussed.

Primary Wegener's granulomatosis of the orbital apex with initial optic nerve infiltration

Wegener's granulomatosis can involve the orbit and sometimes the optic nerve. This usually occurs as a result of contiguous spread from affected sinuses or extraocular muscles, or from a vasculitic posterior optic neuropathy. However, we present an unusual case of isolated orbital apex infiltrative disease in a patient with known Wegener's granulomatosis. This initially caused painless optic neuropathy and progressed to painful ophthalmoplegia and blindness. Optic nerve biopsy, performed to exclude methotrexate-induced lymphoma, confirmed optic nerve infiltration. The condition was refractory to high-dose pulsed methylprednisolone but the patient gained symptomatic relief from rituximab. Wegener's granulomatosis should be considered in cases of isolated posterior optic neuropathy, and close attention should be placed on imaging the orbital apex.

The use of pericranial flaps for reconstruction and elevation of the lower eyelid

PURPOSE

We present the novel approach of using pericranial flaps to reconstruct posterior lamellar eyelid defects or to achieve lower eyelid elevation. This technique has been employed in patients where standard tarso-conjunctival flaps are not an option and free posterior lamellar grafts cannot be supported due to the lack of viable anterior lamellar flaps.

METHODS

Pericranial flap, comprising inferiorly based forehead periosteum and the overlying loose areolar tissue, is constructed using a vertical paramedian forehead incision. Flaps are tunnelled subcutaneously to emerge at the proximal aspect of the eyelid defect and extend to the lateral orbital rim. They are secured with absorbable sutures. An overlying full-thickness free skin-graft or flap is used for the anterior lamella.

RESULTS

Eight patients underwent reconstruction or lower lid elevation. All patients achieved the predicted lower eyelid height with good cosmesis. Median follow-up 7.5 months (6-24 months). Indications were lower lid scarring/retraction (4), facial palsy (1), post BCC reconstruction (2), and exposed keratoprosthesis (1). In 2 (of 5) patients who had free skin-grafting, the overlying free skin-graft did not survive but acted as a biological dressing. All such patients still had good outcomes after epithelialisation of the flap. The posterior aspect of the pericranial flaps seems to act as an ideal substrate for conjunctivalisation, with little detrimental effect on the cornea. The robustness of the flap prevents the development of lid laxity over time.

CONCLUSION

The pericranial flap is a versatile and robust flap that yields good cosmetic and functional outcomes when used in the reconstruction of posterior lamellar eyelid deficits. It is likely that, even when not viable, overlying free skin-grafts act as an excellent biological dressing until epithelialisation occurs.

Features and management of an acute allergic response to acrylic ocular prostheses

PURPOSE

To report the occurrence, causes and treatment of an acute allergic response to the acrylic resin used in ocular prostheses.

METHODS

Retrospective review of presenting history, clinical findings and treatment of two cases.

RESULTS

Both patients developed an acute onset hypersensitivity reaction thought to be due to the acrylic resin found in the ocular prosthesis. The first patient was successfully switched to a glass eye. The prosthesis of the second patient was treated with an extra long curing cycle, after which, the patient was able to tolerate their prosthesis with no complications.

CONCLUSION

The residual unpolymerized monomer that is present within poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) can rarely cause an allergic reaction. As an alternative to a glass eye the prosthesis may be subjected to an extended curing cycle converting more of the monomer to polymer.

Use of an image-guided navigation system for insertion of a Lester-Jones tube in a patient with disturbed orbito-nasal anatomy

Image-guided navigation systems are increasingly used in orbito-facial surgery where advanced pre-operative image manipulation and intra-operative localisation have proved invaluable. We describe the novel use of one such system for Lester-Jones tube placement to the contralateral nasal space in a 54-year-old man with left nasolacrimal duct obstruction following left rhinectomy, hemi-maxillextomy, radiotherapy and reconstruction for a left sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma. Reconstruction included a vascularised iliac crest graft, titanium mesh implant and polyaryletheretherketone (PEEK) maxillo-orbital implant. Pre-operative image analysis was used to determine the required tube length to extend to the right nasal space. Passive optical tracking facilitated intra-operative localisation of suitable entry and exit sites for the tube to avoid the orbital implants and achieve drainage into the contralateral nasal cavity. Free drainage and good positioning of the tube was confirmed by nasal endoscopy. This case supports a role for image-guided navigation in complex lacrimal surgery, particularly in cases with distorted anatomy.

Subconjunctival prolapse of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland occurring in association with occult orbital fat herniation

INTRODUCTION

Sub-conjunctival prolapse of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland can be a disfiguring and sometimes uncomfortable problem, usually caused by lacrimal gland enlargement or associated orbital lobe displacement. However, we present two novel cases associated with occult orbital fat herniation.

METHOD

Retrospective interventional case series of two middle-aged/elderly male patients presenting with unilateral prolapse of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland and no clinically apparent orbital fat prolapse. Neither patient had proptosis, globe displacement or diplopia, but both were aware of a subconjunctival mass in the lateral fornix causing a cosmetic concern.

RESULTS

Imaging in both cases revealed a normal sized lacrimal gland with a prominent orbital fat pocket behind this. This fat was excised through an upper-eyelid skin crease approach with temporary detachment of the levator muscle in one case, and through a trans-conjunctival incision in the other. In both cases fat excision resulted in retro-placement of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland such that it was no longer visible. Neither patient experienced any additional dry eye post-operatively.

CONCLUSION

Sub-conjunctival prolapse of the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland can be associated with occult orbital fat herniation, revealed on imaging. Localised orbital fat excision is an effective means of treating this condition.

Surgically induced necrotising scleritis following three-port pars plana vitrectomy without scleral buckling: a series of three cases

AIM

To document the presentation, management, and prognosis of three cases of surgically induced necrotising scleritis (SINS) following three-port-pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) without scleral buckling. To discuss potential pathogeneses and treatments.

METHODS

An interventional case series of three patients presenting to a tertiary referral unit over a 6-month period.

RESULTS

All cases were male, presenting within 6 weeks of PPV, with scleral necrosis around a sclerotomy site. Wound microbiology and systemic vasculitis screens were negative. Two cases had underlying systemic disease and had undergone previous ocular surgery. The necrosis resolved in all with aggressive immunosuppression.

CONCLUSIONS

SINS following PPV is a rare occurrence requiring prompt and aggressive immunosuppression. Differentiation from an infective postoperative process is essential. The pathogenesis is poorly understood but may share features with classic SINS including hypersensitivity and ischaemia.

Human scleral hydraulic conductivity: age-related changes, topographical variation, and potential scleral outflow facility

PURPOSE

To measure the specific hydraulic conductivity (K) of human sclera over a range of ages, to assess topographical variation, and to provide a theoretical estimate of potential scleral outflow facility.

METHODS

Human donor sclera (n = 18; mean age 56.7 +/- 25.9 years; range 4-89) was clamped in a modified Ussing chamber connected to a water column set at 15.7 mm Hg. Column descent was measured over 24 hours at 20 degrees C with a digital micrometer. Scleral thickness of glutaraldehyde-fixed specimens was measured by light microscopy, taking the mean of 15 measurements per donor. Topographical variation in hydraulic conductivity (HC) was determined in an additional 10 donor eyes (mean age, 54.1 +/- 26.4 years; range 12-89), comparing anterior, equatorial, and posterior sclera. The potential transscleral outflow facility was calculated by multiplying HC by total scleral surface area and adjusting water viscosity to core body temperature.

RESULTS

Mean K +/- 1SD in adults (>18 years) was 5.85 +/- 3.89 x 10(-18) m(2). K tended to be higher in pediatric donors, but there was no statistically significant age-related change. However, when all data sets were combined (n = 28), HC showed a significant decline with age. There was no significant topographical variation in HC. The potential transscleral outflow facility was 0.33 microL.min(-1).mm Hg(-1).

CONCLUSIONS

Quantifying HC may help refine ocular pharmacotherapy, as transscleral water movement increases intraocular drug elimination and impedes transscleral drug delivery. The potential scleral outflow is two to three times higher than that which occurs in vivo; hence, medical or surgical interventions that fully exploit this pathway have considerable capacity to lower intraocular pressure.

Rothia dentocariosa Isolated From a Corneal Ulcer

PURPOSE

Rothia dentocariosa is a common commensal in the oropharyngeal cavity but a rare human pathogen. Ocular culture has been documented only twice previously, both from vitreous samples taken in the context of endophthalmitis. These cases, and other reports of human Rothia infection, have proposed hematogenous spread from the oropharynx as the mode of transmission.

METHODS

A case report of an 11-year-old boy with a progressive right corneal abscess that required penetrating keratoplasty because of corneal perforation is detailed. The keratitis recurred in the graft, leading to an almost total epithelial defect, hypopyon, and descemetocele within 3 months.

RESULTS

R. dentocariosa was eventually isolated from the cornea, and the patient made a rapid recovery once topical medication was altered accordingly. Microbial identification was confirmed at a reference laboratory by using partial sequencing of 16s rDNA. The father later described his son's habit of wetting the fingertip with saliva before eyelid rubbing as a means of reducing ocular discomfort.

CONCLUSION

This is the first reported case of corneal isolation of R. dentocariosa. It also suggests a direct mode of transmission of the organism to the eye by contaminated saliva.

The future of glaucoma clinics

The number of patients seen with glaucoma related pathologies is predicted to increase significantly over the next few years as a result of an ageing population, increased optometric screening, and raised public awareness. In addition, the recent glaucoma literature proposes more aggressive management of ocular hypertension, open angle glaucoma, and narrow angle pathologies. This will overburden many glaucoma services and demands a reappraisal of current management strategies. Using a database of patients compiled from their tertiary referral glaucoma service as an example, the authors discuss the current controversies relating to each glaucoma subtype, encompassing issues relating to disease prognosis, efficacy of treatment, and resource management. They also suggest a range of strategies aimed at streamlining glaucoma clinics. Examples include shared care schemes, multidisciplinary teams, clinic guidelines/protocols, and alteration of clinic review times. The predicted effect of such schemes on clinic workloads is discussed, together with any existing validation.