1
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Backhaus A, Albrecht J, Alzhanova G, Long A, Arnold W, Lee J, Tse HY, Su TT, Cruz-Gomez S, Lee SSS, Menges F, Parent LR, Ratjen L, Burtness B, Fortner JD, Zimmerman JB. Multiplexable and Scalable Aqueous Synthesis Platform for Oleate-Based, Bilayer-Coated Gold Nanoparticles. Small 2024:e2309919. [PMID: 38377304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite gold-based nanomaterials having a unique role in nanomedicine, among other fields, synthesis limitations relating to reaction scale-up and control result in prohibitively high gold nanoparticle costs. In this work, a new preparation procedure for lipid bilayer-coated gold nanoparticles in water is presented, using sodium oleate as reductant and capping agent. The seed-free synthesis not only allows for size precision (8-30 nm) but also remarkable particle concentration (10 mm Au). These reaction efficiencies allow for multiplexing and reaction standardization in 96-well plates using conventional thermocyclers, in addition to simple particle purification via microcentrifugation. Such a multiplexing approach also enables detailed spectroscopic investigation of the nonlinear growth process and dynamic sodium oleate/oleic acid self-assembly. In addition to scalability (at gram-level), resulting gold nanoparticles are stable at physiological pH, in common cell culture media, and are autoclavable. To demonstrate the versatility and applicability of the reported method, a robust ligand exchange with thiolated polyethylene glycol analogues is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Backhaus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jillian Albrecht
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Gaukhar Alzhanova
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Avery Long
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Wyatt Arnold
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ho-Yin Tse
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Tina T Su
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sebastian Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Seung Soo S Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Fabian Menges
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Lucas R Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Lars Ratjen
- Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Barbara Burtness
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - John D Fortner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 17 Hillhouse Avenue, Rm 530, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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2
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Tkachenko O, Nikolaichuk A, Fihurka N, Backhaus A, Zimmerman JB, Strømme M, Budnyak TM. Kraft Lignin-Derived Microporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Adsorbent for Air and Water Purification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:3427-3441. [PMID: 38194630 PMCID: PMC10811628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The study presents a streamlined one-step process for producing highly porous, metal-free, N-doped activated carbon (N-AC) for CO2 capture and herbicide removal from simulated industrially polluted and real environmental systems. N-AC was prepared from kraft lignin─a carbon-rich and abundant byproduct of the pulp industry, using nitric acid as the activator and urea as the N-dopant. The reported carbonization process under a nitrogen atmosphere renders a product with a high yield of 30% even at high temperatures up to 800 °C. N-AC exhibited a substantial high N content (4-5%), the presence of aliphatic and phenolic OH groups, and a notable absence of carboxylic groups, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Boehm's titration. Porosity analysis indicated that micropores constituted the majority of the pore structure, with 86% of pores having diameters less than 0.6 nm. According to BET adsorption analysis, the developed porous structure of N-AC boasted a substantial specific surface area of 1000 m2 g-1. N-AC proved to be a promising adsorbent for air and water purification. Specifically, N-AC exhibited a strong affinity for CO2, with an adsorption capacity of 1.4 mmol g-1 at 0.15 bar and 20 °C, and it demonstrated the highest selectivity over N2 from the simulated flue gas system (27.3 mmol g-1 for 15:85 v/v CO2/N2 at 20 °C) among all previously reported nitrogen-doped AC materials from kraft lignin. Moreover, N-AC displayed excellent reusability and efficient CO2 release, maintaining an adsorption capacity of 3.1 mmol g-1 (at 1 bar and 25 °C) over 10 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, confirming N-AC as a useful material for CO2 storage and utilization. The unique cationic nature of N-AC enhanced the adsorption of herbicides in neutral and weakly basic environments, which is relevant for real waters. It exhibited an impressive adsorption capacity for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 96 ± 6 mg g-1 under pH 6 and 25 °C according to the Langmuir-Freundlich model. Notably, N-AC preserves its high adsorption capacity toward 2,4-D from simulated groundwater and runoff from tomato greenhouse, while performance in real samples from Fyris river in Uppsala, Sweden, causes a decrease of only 4-5%. Owing to the one-step process, high yield, annual abundance of kraft lignin, and use of environmentally friendly activating agents, N-AC has substantial potential for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Tkachenko
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Alina Nikolaichuk
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Nataliia Fihurka
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Julie B. Zimmerman
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Maria Strømme
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
| | - Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala 751 03, Sweden
- Center
for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New
Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 256, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
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3
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Backhaus A. Socio-demographic factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake and refusal among Ugandan women. Global Health 2023; 19:68. [PMID: 37674181 PMCID: PMC10481614 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper analyzes associations of socio-demographic factors with the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, the refusal to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and various reasons stated for refusing vaccination against COVID-19 among a representative sample of Ugandan women. METHODS This paper utilizes a representative cross-sectional survey collected among women aged 15-49 years in Uganda between September and November 2021. Regression analyses are used to study the associations of a broad range of socio-demographic characteristics with COVID-19 vaccine uptake, refusal of vaccination, and reasons for refusal among the respondents. RESULTS 4211 women were included in the analysis. 11% of them were vaccinated against COVID-19, 76% were willing to get vaccinated, 13% were unwilling to get vaccinated. Fear of side effects was the most commonly stated reason for refusing vaccination (69%). Factors significantly and positively associated with being vaccinated against COVID-19 were age, higher education, urban residency, having savings, partial instead of complete income loss during the pandemic, and usage of modern contraceptives. Factors significantly and positively associated with refusing vaccination against COVID-19 were urban residency and current pregnancy, while age, having savings, and using modern contraceptives were factors associated with a lower likelihood of refusing vaccination, albeit with varying statistical significance. Few factors were strongly related to the stated reasons for refusing the vaccines; the fear of side effects significantly increased with age, while having received negative information on the vaccines was significantly less common among women with higher education. CONCLUSIONS This study documents a low COVID-19 vaccination rate and a high willingness to get vaccinated among Ugandan women. Positive age and education gradients in vaccine uptake point to inequity in access to vaccination, potentially resulting from prioritizations of groups at particularly high risk. Refusal to be vaccinated was relatively low and systematic factors behind vaccine refusal were hardly to be found, even less so for particular reasons given for refusal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Backhaus
- Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), Wiesbaden, Germany.
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4
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Grieco M, Schmidt M, Warnemünde S, Backhaus A, Klück HC, Garibay A, Tandrón Moya YA, Jozefowicz AM, Mock HP, Seiffert U, Maurer A, Pillen K. Dynamics and genetic regulation of leaf nutrient concentration in barley based on hyperspectral imaging and machine learning. Plant Sci 2022; 315:111123. [PMID: 35067296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification, the enrichment of nutrients in crop plants, is of increasing importance to improve human health. The wild barley nested association mapping (NAM) population HEB-25 was developed to improve agronomic traits including nutrient concentration. Here, we evaluated the potential of high-throughput hyperspectral imaging in HEB-25 to predict leaf concentration of 15 mineral nutrients, sampled from two field experiments and four developmental stages. Particularly accurate predictions were obtained by partial least squares regression (PLS) modeling of leaf concentrations for N, P and K reaching coefficients of determination of 0.90, 0.75 and 0.89, respectively. We recognized nutrient-specific patterns of variation of leaf nutrient concentration between developmental stages. A number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the simultaneous expression of leaf nutrients were detected, indicating their potential co-regulation in barley. For example, the wild barley allele of QTL-4H-1 simultaneously increased leaf concentration of N, P, K and Cu. Similar effects of the same QTL were previously reported for nutrient concentrations in grains, supporting a potential parallel regulation of N, P, K and Cu in leaves and grains of HEB-25. Our study provides a new approach for nutrient assessment in large-scale field experiments to ultimately select genes and genotypes supporting plant biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Grieco
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Schmidt
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sebastian Warnemünde
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Klück
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandrón Moya
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Jozefowicz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle, Germany.
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5
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Backhaus A. International travel in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of German school breaks. Econ Hum Biol 2022; 44:101090. [PMID: 34953361 PMCID: PMC8692975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered severe global restrictions on international travel with the intention of limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across countries. This paper studies the causal effect of the partial relaxation of these travel restrictions in Europe on the COVID-19 incidence in Germany during the summer months of 2020. It exploits the staggered start of the summer school breaks across German states as an exogenous shock to the travel opportunities of the population. While the school breaks also increased mobility within Germany, the event-study type regressions precisely control for domestic mobility and local COVID-19-related restrictions. The intention-to-treat effects of the relaxed travel restrictions show a significant and sizable increase of the COVID-19 incidence in German counties during the later weeks of the school breaks. Part of the increase can be attributed to a mandatory testing regime for travel returnees from high-incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Backhaus
- Federal Institute for Population Research, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany.
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6
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Falinski MM, Albalghiti EM, Backhaus A, Zimmerman JB. Performance and Sustainability Tradeoffs of Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes as a Cathodic Material in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:898-908. [PMID: 33251754 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change mitigation efforts will require a portfolio of solutions, including improvements to energy storage technologies in electric vehicles and renewable energy sources, such as the high-energy-density lithium-oxygen battery (LOB). However, if LOB technology will contribute to addressing climate change, improvements to LOB performance must not come at the cost of disproportionate increases in global warming potential (GWP) or cumulative energy demand (CED) over their lifecycle. Here, oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (O-MWCNT) cathodes were produced and assessed for their initial discharge capacities and cyclability. Contrary to previous findings, the discharge capacity of O-MWCNT cathodes increased with the ratio of carbonyl/carboxyl moieties, outperforming pristine MWCNTs. However, increased oxygen concentrations decreased LOB cyclability, while high-temperature annealing increased both discharge capacity and cyclability. Improved performance resulting from MWCNT post-processing came at the cost of increased GWP and CED, which in some cases was disproportionately higher than the level of improved performance. Based on the findings presented here, there is a need to simultaneously advance research in improving LOB performance while minimizing or mitigating the environmental impacts of LOB production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Falinski
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA
| | - Eva M Albalghiti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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7
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Lück S, Strickert M, Lorbeer M, Melchert F, Backhaus A, Kilias D, Seiffert U, Douchkov D. "Macrobot": An Automated Segmentation-Based System for Powdery Mildew Disease Quantification. Plant Phenomics 2020; 2020:5839856. [PMID: 33313559 PMCID: PMC7706317 DOI: 10.34133/2020/5839856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Managing plant diseases is increasingly difficult due to reasons such as intensifying the field production, climatic change-driven expansion of pests, redraw and loss of effectiveness of pesticides, rapid breakdown of the disease resistance in the field, and other factors. The substantial progress in genomics of both plants and pathogens, achieved in the last decades, has the potential to counteract this negative trend, however, only when the genomic data is supported by relevant phenotypic data that allows linking the genomic information to specific traits. We have developed a set of methods and equipment and combined them into a "Macrophenomics facility." The pipeline has been optimized for the quantification of powdery mildew infection symptoms on wheat and barley, but it can be adapted to other diseases and host plants. The Macrophenomics pipeline scores the visible powdery mildew disease symptoms, typically 5-7 days after inoculation (dai), in a highly automated manner. The system can precisely and reproducibly quantify the percentage of the infected leaf area with a theoretical throughput of up to 10000 individual samples per day, making it appropriate for phenotyping of large germplasm collections and crossing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Correnstr. 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Marc Strickert
- Physics Institute II, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lorbeer
- Julius Kühn Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Melchert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Kilias
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Correnstr. 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
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8
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Bendel N, Kicherer A, Backhaus A, Klück HC, Seiffert U, Fischer M, Voegele RT, Töpfer R. Evaluating the suitability of hyper- and multispectral imaging to detect foliar symptoms of the grapevine trunk disease Esca in vineyards. Plant Methods 2020; 16:142. [PMID: 33101451 PMCID: PMC7579826 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as Esca are among the most devastating threats to viticulture. Due to the lack of efficient preventive and curative treatments, Esca causes severe economic losses worldwide. Since symptoms do not develop consecutively, the true incidence of the disease in a vineyard is difficult to assess. Therefore, an annual monitoring is required. In this context, automatic detection of symptoms could be a great relief for winegrowers. Spectral sensors have proven to be successful in disease detection, allowing a non-destructive, objective, and fast data acquisition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the in-field detection of foliar Esca symptoms over three consecutive years using ground-based hyperspectral and airborne multispectral imaging. RESULTS Hyperspectral disease detection models have been successfully developed using either original field data or manually annotated data. In a next step, these models were applied on plant scale. While the model using annotated data performed better during development, the model using original data showed higher classification accuracies when applied in practical work. Moreover, the transferability of disease detection models to unknown data was tested. Although the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) range showed promising results, the transfer of such models is challenging. Initial results indicate that external symptoms could be detected pre-symptomatically, but this needs further evaluation. Furthermore, an application specific multispectral approach was simulated by identifying the most important wavelengths for the differentiation tasks, which was then compared to real multispectral data. Even though the ground-based multispectral disease detection was successful, airborne detection remains difficult. CONCLUSIONS In this study, ground-based hyperspectral and airborne multispectral approaches for the detection of foliar Esca symptoms are presented. Both sensor systems seem to be suitable for the in-field detection of the disease, even though airborne data acquisition has to be further optimized. Our disease detection approaches could facilitate monitoring plant phenotypes in a vineyard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Bendel
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Kicherer
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Biosystems Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Klück
- Biosystems Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Biosystems Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fischer
- Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany
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9
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Lück S, Strickert M, Lorbeer M, Melchert F, Backhaus A, Kilias D, Seiffert U, Douchkov D. "Macrobot": An Automated Segmentation-Based System for Powdery Mildew Disease Quantification. Plant Phenomics 2020; 2020:5839856. [PMID: 33313559 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.16.993451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Managing plant diseases is increasingly difficult due to reasons such as intensifying the field production, climatic change-driven expansion of pests, redraw and loss of effectiveness of pesticides, rapid breakdown of the disease resistance in the field, and other factors. The substantial progress in genomics of both plants and pathogens, achieved in the last decades, has the potential to counteract this negative trend, however, only when the genomic data is supported by relevant phenotypic data that allows linking the genomic information to specific traits. We have developed a set of methods and equipment and combined them into a "Macrophenomics facility." The pipeline has been optimized for the quantification of powdery mildew infection symptoms on wheat and barley, but it can be adapted to other diseases and host plants. The Macrophenomics pipeline scores the visible powdery mildew disease symptoms, typically 5-7 days after inoculation (dai), in a highly automated manner. The system can precisely and reproducibly quantify the percentage of the infected leaf area with a theoretical throughput of up to 10000 individual samples per day, making it appropriate for phenotyping of large germplasm collections and crossing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Correnstr. 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Marc Strickert
- Physics Institute II, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lorbeer
- Julius Kühn Institute for National and International Plant Health, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Melchert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - David Kilias
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstr. 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Correnstr. 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
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Abstract
Policymakers, experts and the general public heavily rely on the data that are being reported in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Daily data releases on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths provide information on the course of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Backhaus
- Demographic Change and Aging, Federal Institute for Population Research, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany
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Wiegmann M, Backhaus A, Seiffert U, Thomas WTB, Flavell AJ, Pillen K, Maurer A. Optimizing the procedure of grain nutrient predictions in barley via hyperspectral imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224491. [PMID: 31697705 PMCID: PMC6837513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging enables researchers and plant breeders to analyze various traits of interest like nutritional value in high throughput. In order to achieve this, the optimal design of a reliable calibration model, linking the measured spectra with the investigated traits, is necessary. In the present study we investigated the impact of different regression models, calibration set sizes and calibration set compositions on prediction performance. For this purpose, we analyzed concentrations of six globally relevant grain nutrients of the wild barley population HEB-YIELD as case study. The data comprised 1,593 plots, grown in 2015 and 2016 at the locations Dundee and Halle, which have been entirely analyzed through traditional laboratory methods and hyperspectral imaging. The results indicated that a linear regression model based on partial least squares outperformed neural networks in this particular data modelling task. There existed a positive relationship between the number of samples in a calibration model and prediction performance, with a local optimum at a calibration set size of ~40% of the total data. The inclusion of samples from several years and locations could clearly improve the predictions of the investigated nutrient traits at small calibration set sizes. It should be stated that the expansion of calibration models with additional samples is only useful as long as they are able to increase trait variability. Models obtained in a certain environment were only to a limited extent transferable to other environments. They should therefore be successively upgraded with new calibration data to enable a reliable prediction of the desired traits. The presented results will assist the design and conceptualization of future hyperspectral imaging projects in order to achieve reliable predictions. It will in general help to establish practical applications of hyperspectral imaging systems, for instance in plant breeding concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Wiegmann
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J. Flavell
- University of Dundee at JHI, School of Life Sciences, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Halle, Germany
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12
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Afari N, Herbert MS, Godfrey KM, Cuneo JG, Salamat JS, Mostoufi S, Gasperi M, Ober K, Backhaus A, Rutledge T, Wetherell JL. Acceptance and commitment therapy as an adjunct to the MOVE! programme: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:397-407. [PMID: 31687165 PMCID: PMC6819973 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study tested the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) group intervention for disinhibited eating behaviour as an adjunct to the Veterans Affairs MOVE!© weight management programme. METHODS Veterans (N = 88) with overweight or obesity who completed the MOVE! weight management programme and self-identified as having problems with 'stress-related eating' were randomized to four 2-h weekly ACT sessions or a continued behavioural weight-loss (BWL) intervention. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment and 3- and 6-month follow-up on outcomes of interest including measures of disinhibited eating patterns, obesity-related quality of life, weight-related experiential avoidance and weight. RESULTS The BWL group exhibited significantly greater reductions in binge eating behaviour at post-treatment compared with the ACT group. Significant improvements in other outcomes were found with minimal differences between groups. In both groups, decreases in weight-related experiential avoidance were related to improvements in binge eating behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the continued BWL intervention resulted in larger improvements in binge eating behaviour than the ACT intervention. The two groups showed similar improvements in other disinhibited eating outcomes. Future studies are encouraged to determine if more integrated or longer duration of ACT treatment may maximize eating outcomes in MOVE.Trial Registration Number: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov database (NCT01757847).
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Afari
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH)San DiegoCAUSA
| | - M. S. Herbert
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH)San DiegoCAUSA
| | - K. M. Godfrey
- Drexel University Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle SciencePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - J. G. Cuneo
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - S. Mostoufi
- Behavior Therapy Center of Greater WashingtonSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - M. Gasperi
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH)San DiegoCAUSA
| | - K. Ober
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - A. Backhaus
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - T. Rutledge
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - J. L. Wetherell
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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Herzig P, Backhaus A, Seiffert U, von Wirén N, Pillen K, Maurer A. Genetic dissection of grain elements predicted by hyperspectral imaging associated with yield-related traits in a wild barley NAM population. Plant Sci 2019; 285:151-164. [PMID: 31203880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the accumulation of essential mineral elements in cereal grains is of prime importance for combating human malnutrition. Biofortification by breeding holds great potential for improving nutrient accumulation in grains. However, conventional breeding approaches require element analysis of many grain samples, which causes high costs. Here we applied hyperspectral imaging to estimate the concentration of 15 grain elements (C, B, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, P, S, Zn) in high-throughput in the wild barley nested association mapping (NAM) population HEB-25, comprising 1,420 BC1S3 lines derived from crossing 25 wild barley accessions with the cultivar 'Barke'. Nutrient concentrations varied largely with a multitude of lines having higher micronutrient concentration than 'Barke'. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we located 75 quantitative trait locus (QTL) hotspots, whereof many could be explained by major genes such as NO APICAL MERISTEM-1 (NAM-1) and PHOTOPERIOD 1 (Ppd-H1). The GWAS approach revealed exotic alleles that were able to increase grain element concentrations. Remarkably, a QTL linked to GIBBERELLIN 20 OXIDASE 2 (HvGA20ox2) significantly increased several grain elements without yield loss. We conclude that introgressing promising exotic alleles into elite breeding material can assist in improving the nutritional value of barley grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herzig
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seiffert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and Automation (IFF), Sandtorstraße 22, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Maurer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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14
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Zobel N, Backhaus A, Herzog A. Datenanalyse - Fallbeispiele von KMUs aus der Prozessindustrie. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Arens N, Backhaus A, Döll S, Fischer S, Seiffert U, Mock HP. Non-invasive Presymptomatic Detection of Cercospora beticola Infection and Identification of Early Metabolic Responses in Sugar Beet. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1377. [PMID: 27713750 PMCID: PMC5031787 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora beticola is an economically significant fungal pathogen of sugar beet, and is the causative pathogen of Cercospora leaf spot. Selected host genotypes with contrasting degree of susceptibility to the disease have been exploited to characterize the patterns of metabolite responses to fungal infection, and to devise a pre-symptomatic, non-invasive method of detecting the presence of the pathogen. Sugar beet genotypes were analyzed for metabolite profiles and hyperspectral signatures. Correlation of data matrices from both approaches facilitated identification of candidates for metabolic markers. Hyperspectral imaging was highly predictive with a classification accuracy of 98.5-99.9% in detecting C. beticola. Metabolite analysis revealed metabolites altered by the host as part of a successful defense response: these were L-DOPA, 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid 12-O-β-D-glucoside, pantothenic acid, and 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. The accumulation of glucosylvitexin in the resistant cultivar suggests it acts as a constitutively produced protectant. The study establishes a proof-of-concept for an unbiased, presymptomatic and non-invasive detection system for the presence of C. beticola. The test needs to be validated with a larger set of genotypes, to be scalable to the level of a crop improvement program, aiming to speed up the selection for resistant cultivars of sugar beet. Untargeted metabolic profiling is a valuable tool to identify metabolites which correlate with hyperspectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Arens
- Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | - Andreas Backhaus
- Biosystems Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and AutomationMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Döll
- Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Udo Seiffert
- Biosystems Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Factory Operation and AutomationMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant ResearchGatersleben, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hans-Peter Mock,
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16
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Mauchline TH, Chedom-Fotso D, Chandra G, Samuels T, Greenaway N, Backhaus A, McMillan V, Canning G, Powers SJ, Hammond-Kosack KE, Hirsch PR, Clark IM, Mehrabi Z, Roworth J, Burnell J, Malone JG. An analysis of Pseudomonas genomic diversity in take-all infected wheat fields reveals the lasting impact of wheat cultivars on the soil microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4764-78. [PMID: 26337499 PMCID: PMC4832304 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the soil microbiota associated with crop plants has huge promise for the control of crop pathogens. However, to fully realize this potential we need a better understanding of the relationship between the soil environment and the genes and phenotypes that enable microbes to colonize plants and contribute to biocontrol. A recent 2 years of investigation into the effect of wheat variety on second year crop yield in the context of take‐all fungal infection presented the opportunity to examine soil microbiomes under closely defined field conditions. Amplicon sequencing of second year soil samples showed that Pseudomonas spp. were particularly affected by the wheat cultivar grown in year one. Consequently, 318 rhizosphere‐associated Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were isolated and characterized across a variety of genetic and phenotypic traits. Again, the wheat variety grown in the first year of the study was shown to exert considerable selective pressure on both the extent and nature of Pseudomonas genomic diversity. Furthermore, multiple significant correlations were identified within the phenotypic/genetic structure of the Pseudomonas population, and between individual genotypes and the external wheat field environment. The approach outlined here has considerable future potential for our understanding of plant–microbe interactions, and for the broader analysis of complex microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Mauchline
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | | | - G Chandra
- Molecular Microbiology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - T Samuels
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N Greenaway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A Backhaus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - V McMillan
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - G Canning
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - S J Powers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - K E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - P R Hirsch
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - I M Clark
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Z Mehrabi
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.,Oxford Long-term Ecology and Resource Stewardship Lab, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Roworth
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - J Burnell
- Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - J G Malone
- Molecular Microbiology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Abstract
Abstract
This paper investigates to what extent international migration can be explained by climatic variations. A gravity model of migration augmented with average temperature and precipitation in the country of origin is estimated using a panel data set of 142 sending countries for the period 1995 to 2006. We find two primary results. First, temperature is positively correlated with migration. Second, stronger changes in precipitation are also associated with aligned, but small changes in migration. Both effects are robust to various model modifications. Furthermore, we present initial explorations into the channels relating climate changes with migration via agriculture and internal conflict.
JEL Codes
F22, Q54
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18
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Knauer U, Backhaus A, Seiffert U. Fusion trees for fast and accurate classification of hyperspectral data with ensembles of $$\gamma$$ γ -divergence-based RBF networks. Neural Comput Appl 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-014-1634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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20
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Laqmani A, Regier M, Veldhoen S, Backhaus A, Wassenberg F, Sehner S, Nagel HD, Adam G, Henes FO. Einfluss der iterativen Rekonstruktion auf die Bildqualität in der CT Pulmonalisangiografie mit niedriger Röhrenspannung. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Fryd O, Backhaus A, Birch H, Fratini CF, Ingvertsen ST, Jeppesen J, Panduro TE, Roldin M, Jensen MB. Water Sensitive Urban Design retrofits in Copenhagen - 40% to the sewer, 60% to the city. Water Sci Technol 2013; 67:1945-1952. [PMID: 23656936 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is emerging in Denmark. This interdisciplinary desk study investigated the options for WSUD retrofitting in a 15 km(2) combined sewer catchment area in Copenhagen. The study was developed in collaboration with the City of Copenhagen and its water utility, and involved researchers representing hydrogeology, sewer hydraulics, environmental chemistry/economics/engineering, landscape architecture and urban planning. The resulting catchment strategy suggests the implementation of five sub-strategies. First, disconnection is focused within sites that are relatively easy to disconnect, due to stormwater quality, soil conditions, stakeholder issues, and the provision of unbuilt sites. Second, stormwater runoff is infiltrated in areas with relatively deep groundwater levels at a ratio that doesn't create a critical rise in the groundwater table to the surface. Third, neighbourhoods located near low-lying streams and public parks are disconnected from the sewer system and the sloping terrain is utilised to convey runoff. Fourth, the promotion of coherent blue and green wedges in the city is linked with WSUD retrofits and urban climate-proofing. Fifth, WSUD is implemented with delayed and regulated overflows to the sewer system. The results are partially adopted by the City of Copenhagen and currently under pilot testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Fryd
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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22
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Kuwabara A, Backhaus A, Malinowski R, Bauch M, Hunt L, Nagata T, Monk N, Sanguinetti G, Fleming A. A shift toward smaller cell size via manipulation of cell cycle gene expression acts to smoothen Arabidopsis leaf shape. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:2196-206. [PMID: 21632970 PMCID: PMC3149941 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.176073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship of the size and shape of an organism to the size, shape, and number of its constituent cells is a basic problem in biology; however, numerous studies indicate that the relationship is complex and often nonintuitive. To investigate this problem, we used a system for the inducible expression of genes involved in the G1/S transition of the plant cell cycle and analyzed the outcome on leaf shape. By combining a careful developmental staging with a quantitative analysis of the temporal and spatial response of cell division pattern and leaf shape to these manipulations, we found that changes in cell division frequency occurred much later than the observed changes in leaf shape. These data indicate that altered cell division frequency cannot be causally involved in the observed change of shape. Rather, a shift to a smaller cell size as a result of the genetic manipulations performed correlated with the formation of a smoother leaf perimeter, i.e. appeared to be the primary cellular driver influencing form. These data are discussed in the context of the relationship of cell division, growth, and leaf size and shape.
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Backhaus A, Kuwabara A, Bauch M, Monk N, Sanguinetti G, Fleming A. LEAFPROCESSOR: a new leaf phenotyping tool using contour bending energy and shape cluster analysis. New Phytol 2010; 187:251-261. [PMID: 20456045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
*Significant progress has been made in the identification of the genetic factors controlling leaf shape. However, no integrated solution for the quantification and categorization of leaf form has been developed. In particular, the analysis of local changes in margin growth, which define many of the differences in shape, remains problematical. *Here, we report on a software package (LEAFPROCESSOR) which provides a semi-automatic and landmark-free method for the analysis of a range of leaf-shape parameters, combining both single metrics and principal component analysis. In particular, we explore the use of bending energy as a tool for the analysis of global and local leaf perimeter deformation. *As a test case for the implementation of the LEAFPROCESSOR program, we show that this integrated analysis leads to deeper insights into the morphogenic changes underpinning a series of previously identified Arabidopsis leaf-shape mutants. Our analysis reveals that many of these mutants which, at first sight, show similar leaf morphology, can be distinguished via our shape analysis. *The LEAFPROCESSOR program provides a novel integrated tool for the analysis of leaf shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Backhaus
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Asuka Kuwabara
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marion Bauch
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nick Monk
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Guido Sanguinetti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello, Sheffield S1 4DP, UK
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Andrew Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Sloan J, Backhaus A, Malinowski R, McQueen-Mason S, Fleming AJ. Phased control of expansin activity during leaf development identifies a sensitivity window for expansin-mediated induction of leaf growth. Plant Physiol 2009; 151:1844-54. [PMID: 19789287 PMCID: PMC2786001 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.144683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are cell wall proteins associated with the process of plant growth. However, investigations in which expansin gene expression has been manipulated throughout the plant have often led to inconclusive results. In this article, we report on a series of experiments in which overexpression of expansin was targeted to specific phases of leaf growth using an inducible promoter system. The data indicate that there is a restricted window of sensitivity when increased expansin gene expression leads to increased endogenous expansin activity and an increase in leaf growth. This phase of maximum expansin efficacy corresponds to the mid phase of leaf growth. We propose that the effectiveness of expansin action depends on the presence of other modulating factors in the leaf and we suggest that it is the control of expression of these factors (in conjunction with expansin gene expression) that defines the extent of leaf growth. These data help to explain some of the previously observed variation in growth response following manipulation of expansin gene expression and highlight a potential linkage of the expression of modifiers of expansin activity with the process of exit from cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (J.S., A.B., R.M., A.J.F.); and Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom (S.M.-M.)
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Malinowski R, Kuwabara A, Backhaus A, Fleming A. Manipulation of Arabidopsis leaf shape by chemically inducible AtCYCD3.1 expression. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Höglund O, Sjölund C, Shokrai A, Bäcklin BM, Backhaus A, Wikström K, Granerus M, Engström W. THE EFFECTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ON GROWTH FACTOR EXPRESSION AND BIOLOGICAL REPRODUCTION IN THE MINK (MUSTELA VISON). Reprod Domest Anim 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1993.tb00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Cefixime is a new third generation oral cephalosporin that exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including beta-lactamase-positive strains. In an open uncontrolled clinical trial 14 male patients suffering from acute gonorrhea, aged 23 to 48 years, were treated with a single dose of 400 mg of cefixime. All 13 fully evaluable patients were clinically and bacteriologically cured. Side effects were not reported.
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Vuksanović P, Goethe WH, Schmitz H, Backhaus A, Koeppen M. [AIDS in sailors]. Offentl Gesundheitswes 1988; 50:20-4. [PMID: 2964574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Backhaus A. [Prostitution as a theme in preventive medicine]. Offentl Gesundheitswes 1984; 46:357. [PMID: 6236401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Backhaus A, Jungmann D, Koeppen M, Schepers BF, Wehrspann P. [Treatment of gonorrhea with spectinomycin and penicillin]. Z Hautkr 1984; 59:894-901. [PMID: 6235685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In an open clinical trial, spectinomycin and penicillin G were compared with regard to clinical efficacy, side effects, as well as bacteriological sensitivity in patients suffering from acute gonorrhea. The study was concerned with 176 female patients of a harbor medical practice who were frequently changing partners. 87 out of these patients were treated with spectinomycin, 89 of them with penicillin G. Smear specimens of all patients were tested microscopically; in addition, we performed bacteriological tests (as agar diffusion test, tube dilution test, beta-lactamase test). Both spectinomycin and penicillin showed a good clinical efficacy, except for one case of resistance against penicillin. Afterwards, this patient was successfully treated with spectinomycin. Apart from intermittent pain in the injection area, no side effects have been reported in either group of patients.
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Backhaus A. [Significance of functional underclothing and therapeutic textile warming segments in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in the maritime navigation and harbor industry]. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Prophyl 1978; 28:110-2. [PMID: 306726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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