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Al‐Zubaidi M, Ong K, Viswambaram P, Bangash H, Boardman G, McCombie SP, Oey O, Swarbrick N, Redfern A, Ong J, Gauci R, Low R, Hayne D. Comparing fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography in staging for nodal and distant metastasis in urothelial/bladder cancer. BJUI Compass 2024; 5:473-479. [PMID: 38633828 PMCID: PMC11019246 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aim to assess the clinical value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron (18F-FDG-PET) scan in detecting nodal and distant metastasis compared with computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with urothelial carcinoma or bladder cancer, aiming to improve staging accuracy and thereby better prognosticate and determine therapy. Methods A retrospective review of 75 patients with invasive bladder cancer (≥T1) who were staged with both CT and 18F-FDG-PET within an 8-week interval was performed for the period between 2015 and 2020. Seventy-two per cent (54/75) had formal pelvic lymph node (LN) dissection or biopsy of lesions suspicious for metastases. FDG-PET definitions for positive sites were assessed depending on SUV Max (nodes with SUVmax >4 at any size, SUV > 2 for lymph nodes >8 mm, or any SUV if the lymph node was >10 mm on axial images). For CT scanning, enlarged LN by RECIST 1.1 criteria (>10 mm) as well as qualitative findings suggesting metastasis were considered positive. The analysis was based on the comparison of CT and 18F-FDG-PET findings to histopathology results from LN dissection or biopsies. Results Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CT versus FDG-PET for detecting metastasis, in patients who underwent pelvic LN dissection or biopsy of lesions suspicious of metastases, were 46.6% (95% CI: 21%-70%) versus 60% (95% CI: 32%-84%), 100% (95% CI: 91%-100%) versus 83.78% (95% CI: 69%-94%), 100% (95% CI: 63%-100%) versus 60% (95% CI: 32%-84%), and 82.2% (95% CI: 68%-92%) versus 83.78% (95% CI: 69%-94%), respectively. 7/75 (9.3%) patients avoided cystectomy due to 18F-FDG-PET features of metastases that were not detected by CT. Conclusion FDG-PET may be more sensitive than CT for metastases in the staging of bladder cancer, which resulted in significant avoidance of aggressive local management in cases with occult metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al‐Zubaidi
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
- UWA Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - Katherine Ong
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Pravin Viswambaram
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
- UWA Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - Haider Bangash
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Glenn Boardman
- Research Support and Development UnitFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Steve P. McCombie
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
- UWA Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | - Oliver Oey
- UWA Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
| | | | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medical OncologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Jeremy Ong
- Department of Nuclear MedicineFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Richard Gauci
- Department of Nuclear MedicineFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Ronny Low
- Department of RadiologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
| | - Dickon Hayne
- Department of UrologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochAustralia
- UWA Medical SchoolUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyAustralia
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Anthony MG, Hoddinott G, Van Niekerk M, Dewandel I, McKenzie C, Bekker C, Rabie H, Redfern A, van der Zalm MM. The socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on families affected by childhood respiratory illnesses in Cape Town, South Africa. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024; 4:e0003020. [PMID: 38547177 PMCID: PMC10977803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted families globally, directly and indirectly. Children presenting with respiratory illnesses are affected by emerging health systems and socioeconomic changes in the COVID-19 era. We explored the socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on families with a respiratory illness diagnosed in their child in Cape Town, South Africa. This study was nested in a prospective observational cohort of children presenting with respiratory symptoms presumptive of COVID-19. We conducted 21 semi-structured interviews to explore the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on families with a child affected by respiratory illnesses. We used case descriptive analysis and thematically organised common and divergent experiences. We found that socioeconomic challenges in low-income communities were exacerbated: 1) loss of pre-COVID sources of income (loss of income, employment and working hours), 2) shrinking employment opportunities due to business closures and strict preventative measures, 3) family network dependence to cope with financial pressures, 4) impact on education, implicating additional pressures due to lack of resources for adequate home schooling and 5) caregivers' mental health and wellbeing being impacted, causing stress and anxiety due to loss of income. This study shows that the COVID-19 lockdown impacted the socioeconomic aspects of families caring for a child with a respiratory illness. Care became more complicated and adversely impacted the family's emotional well-being and health-seeking behaviour. These impacts should be more carefully considered in order to strengthen health services and global health messaging in future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaile G. Anthony
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graeme Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret Van Niekerk
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Isabelle Dewandel
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carla McKenzie
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carien Bekker
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Redfern A, Agarwal V, Alahari S. Editorial: Reviews and advances in the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1380475. [PMID: 38516129 PMCID: PMC10955372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1380475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - V. Agarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S. Alahari
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Martin H, Redfern A. Bone mineral density fall during aromatase inhibitor treatment may predict lower breast cancer recurrence. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6846. [PMID: 38186326 PMCID: PMC10807598 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are associated with reduction in bone mineral density (BMD). The use of bone strengthening agents zoledronic acid and denosumab are associated with improved breast cancer outcomes for post-menopausal patients treated with AIs. This study investigates whether change in BMD with AI therapy is associated with breast cancer recurrence. METHODS A cohort of patients treated at a single institution diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer with baseline BMD and subsequent BMD test while receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy were studied. Demographic, treatment and outcome data was obtained. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate predictors of annual percent BMD change at the LS and hip. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling were undertaken to investigate predictors of breast cancer recurrence. RESULTS 353 patients eligible patients were identified. In multivariate analysis of lumbar spine BMD change, the difference between those in quartile 1, which showed the greatest reduction in BMD, and quartile 3, with substantially less reduction, was significant (HR = 3.02, 95% CI 1.15-7.90 p = 0.025). Hip BMD reduction was also not significantly associated with breast cancer recurrence. The two quartiles with the least reduction in hip BMD showing a non-significant reduced risk of recurrence relative to the quartile with the greatest (p = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest an association may exist between lumbar spine BMD change and breast cancer recurrence for patients treated with adjuvant AI. Further research is required to determine whether BMD change can be utilised as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Martin
- Medical OncologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Medical OncologyFiona Stanley HospitalMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of MedicineUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Lishman J, Abraham DR, Fourie B, Yunis NA, Redfern A, van der Zalm MM, Rabie H. Short-term outcomes of South African children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:792-798. [PMID: 37236771 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-325287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the life-threatening presentation of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), the overall prognosis is favourable in centres with access to appropriate supportive care. In this study, we investigate the short-term outcomes in children with MIS-C in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS This prospective observational cohort study included children <13 years who fulfilled the WHO case definition of MIS-C and were admitted to Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between 1 June 2020 and 31 October 2021. Clinical features were recorded at baseline and at follow-up at the 6-week cardiology and 3-month rheumatology-immunology clinics, respectively. FINDINGS Fifty-three children with a median age of 7.4 years (IQR 4.2-9.9) were included. There was a slight male predominance (30/53; 56.6%) and the majority was of mixed ancestry (28/53; 52.83%) or black African ancestry (24/53; 45.3%). Fourteen children (14/53; 26.4%) had comorbid disease. The median length of hospital stay was 8 days (IQR 6-10). All children had an echocardiogram performed at baseline of which 39 were abnormal (39/53; 73.6%). All children were discharged alive. The median days from discharge to cardiology follow-up was 39 days (IQR 33.5-41.5) and for rheumatology-immunology clinic was 70.5 days (IQR 59.5-85.0). Eleven children (11/41; 26.8%) had a persistently abnormal echocardiogram at cardiology follow-up. Systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction resolved in most. INTERPRETATION Although the short-term outcomes of MIS-C in our cohort were generally good, the cardiac morbidity needs further characterisation and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Lishman
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Deepthi Raju Abraham
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Barend Fourie
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Nurea Abdulbari Yunis
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Marieke M van der Zalm
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Mayer CL, Koeck K, Hottmann M, Redfern A, Davis M, Barth A, Geng X, Hoppe C, Yue P. A phase 1 study in healthy participants to characterize the safety and pharmacology of inclacumab, a fully human anti-P-selectin antibody, in development for treatment of sickle cell disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:1219-1228. [PMID: 37436495 PMCID: PMC10427511 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03514-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and immunogenicity of intravenous (IV) inclacumab, a fully human IgG4 anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody in development for the treatment of sickle cell disease, at doses up to and exceeding those previously tested in healthy individuals. METHODS In this phase 1, open-label, single-ascending-dose study, 15 healthy participants were enrolled into cohorts receiving 20 mg/kg (n = 6) or 40 mg/kg (n = 9) IV inclacumab and observed for up to 29 weeks post-dose. Safety, PK parameters, thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP)-activated platelet-leukocyte aggregate (PLA) formation, P-selectin inhibition, plasma soluble P-selectin, and anti-drug antibodies were characterized. RESULTS Two inclacumab-related treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 1 participant; no dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Plasma PK parameters were generally dose-proportional, with a terminal half-life of 13 to 17 days. Mean TRAP-activated PLA formation decreased within 3 h from the start of infusion, and inhibition was sustained for ~ 23 weeks. Mean P-selectin inhibition > 90% was observed up to 12 weeks post-dose. The mean ratio of free to total soluble P-selectin decreased rapidly from pre-dose to end of infusion, then increased gradually to 78% of the baseline ratio by week 29. Treatment-emergent anti-drug antibodies were observed in 2 of 15 participants (13%), without apparent impact on safety, PK, or PD. CONCLUSIONS Inclacumab was well tolerated, with PK as expected for a monoclonal antibody against a membrane-bound target and a long duration of PD effects after both single IV doses, supporting a prolonged dosing interval. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12620001156976; registered November 4, 2020.
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Erasmus L, Redfern A, Smit L. Competencies of junior medical doctors in managing seriously ill and injured children: time to rethink our current training approach? J Trop Pediatr 2023; 69:fmad025. [PMID: 37672804 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correct treatment of very ill and injured children is critical, yet little is known about the competencies of South African (SA) junior doctors in managing these children. METHODS This survey documents SA junior doctors' reported resuscitation training opportunities, experience, skills and knowledge. RESULTS A total of 118 doctors (interns, medical officers and registrars) from paediatric departments affiliated with 7 medical schools, participated. Resuscitations were not rare events with 71% (84/118) reporting participation in >10 resuscitations during the preceding 2 years. Yet a third of doctors have not attended an accredited resuscitation training course within the last 2 years; 34% (12/35) medical officers and 29% (18/63) registrars, respectively, with 42% (49/118) of all participants never receiving any formal resuscitation training during employment. Feedback on performance is not standard practice with only 8% (10/118) reporting consistent debriefing after a resuscitation. Although 72% (85/118) reported their resuscitation knowledge as adequate, 56% (66/118) passed the knowledge test. CONCLUSION This study recognized missed learning opportunities in junior doctors' training, assessment, debriefing and knowledge which may adversely affect the quality of care in managing paediatric emergencies. This has implications for departmental and post-graduate training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Erasmus
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Liezl Smit
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Redfern A, van der Zalm MM, Lishman J, Goussard P, Smit L, Dagan R, Barday M, Mare M, Claassen M, Van Zyl G, Rabie H, Verhagen LM. Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Acute Respiratory Illnesses in South African Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:672-678. [PMID: 37171967 PMCID: PMC10348638 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) show higher morbidity and mortality in children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinct from other causes of ARI in this regard is unclear. We describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of South African children with SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 ARIs. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study including 0-13 years old children admitted to Tygerberg Hospital between May and December 2020 with an ARI. Routine clinical data were collected by the attending clinicians. All children underwent SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction testing. For severity of disease, the need for respiratory support and duration of support was considered. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to determine the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity. RESULTS Data for 176 children were available, 38 (22%) children were SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction positive and 138 (78%) were negative. SARS-CoV-2 positive children were more likely to be female (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.18-6.07), had lower weight-for-age Z score (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.93), presented more frequently with fever (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.54-8.24) and less often with cough (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.11-0.66). SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with significantly longer duration of oxygen treatment (median 8 vs. 3 days; OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20). Overall, 66% of children had viral coinfection, with no significant difference between the groups. In total, 18% of SARS-CoV-2 positive children were readmitted within 3 months for a respiratory reason, compared with 15% SARS-CoV-2 negative children ( P = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that ARIs from SARS-CoV-2 cannot be easily differentiated, but were associated with a higher morbidity compared with ARIs from other causes. Overall outcomes were good. The long-term implications of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in young children in low- and middle-income countries require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Redfern
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juanita Lishman
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pierre Goussard
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Smit
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ron Dagan
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mikhail Barday
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Minette Mare
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Claassen
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert Van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lilly M. Verhagen
- From the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital and Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Oey O, Sunjaya AF, Khan Y, Redfern A. Stromal inflammation, fibrosis and cancer: An old intuition with promising potential. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:230-246. [PMID: 37583950 PMCID: PMC10424089 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i7.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that the biology of cancer is influenced by not only malignant cells but also other components of the tumour microenvironment. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis have long been postulated to be involved in carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation can promote tumorigenesis via growth factor/cytokine-mediated cellular proliferation, apoptotic resistance, immunosuppression; and free-radical-induced oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Fibrosis could cause a perturbation in the dynamics of the tumour microenvironment, potentially damaging the genome surveillance machinery of normal epithelial cells. In this review, we will provide an in-depth discussion of various diseases characterised by inflammation and fibrosis that have been associated with an increased risk of malignancy. In particular, we will present a comprehensive overview of the impact of alterations in stromal composition on tumorigenesis, induced as a consequence of inflammation and/or fibrosis. Strategies including the application of various therapeutic agents with stromal manipulation potential and targeted cancer screening for certain inflammatory diseases which can reduce the risk of cancer will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Oey
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Crawley NA, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gardner Hospital, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Angela Felicia Sunjaya
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir Khan
- Department of Medical Oncology, St John of God Midland Public and Private Hospital, Midland 6056, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia
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Waryah C, Alves E, Mazzieri R, Dolcetti R, Thompson EW, Redfern A, Blancafort P. Unpacking the Complexity of Epithelial Plasticity: From Master Regulator Transcription Factors to Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3152. [PMID: 37370762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity in cancer enables adaptation to selective pressures and stress imposed by the tumor microenvironment. This plasticity facilitates the remodeling of cancer cell phenotype and function (such as tumor stemness, metastasis, chemo/radio resistance), and the reprogramming of the surrounding tumor microenvironment to enable immune evasion. Epithelial plasticity is one form of cellular plasticity, which is intrinsically linked with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Traditionally, EMT has been regarded as a binary state. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that EMT involves a spectrum of quasi-epithelial and quasi-mesenchymal phenotypes governed by complex interactions between cellular metabolism, transcriptome regulation, and epigenetic mechanisms. Herein, we review the complex cross-talk between the different layers of epithelial plasticity in cancer, encompassing the core layer of transcription factors, their interacting epigenetic modifiers and non-coding RNAs, and the manipulation of cancer immunogenicity in transitioning between epithelial and mesenchymal states. In examining these factors, we provide insights into promising therapeutic avenues and potential anti-cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Waryah
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eric Alves
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roberta Mazzieri
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Waryah C, Cursons J, Foroutan M, Pflueger C, Wang E, Molania R, Sorolla A, Wallis C, Moses C, Glas I, Magalhães L, Thompson EW, Fearnley LG, Chaffer CL, Davis M, Papenfuss AT, Redfern A, Lister R, Esteller M, Blancafort P. Synthetic Epigenetic Reprogramming of Mesenchymal to Epithelial States Using the CRISPR/dCas9 Platform in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2301802. [PMID: 37217832 PMCID: PMC10401103 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible transcriptional program invoked by cancer cells to drive cancer progression. Transcription factor ZEB1 is a master regulator of EMT, driving disease recurrence in poor-outcome triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). Here, this work silences ZEB1 in TNBC models by CRISPR/dCas9-mediated epigenetic editing, resulting in highly-specific and nearly complete suppression of ZEB1 in vivo, accompanied by long-lasting tumor inhibition. Integrated "omic" changes promoted by dCas9 linked to the KRAB domain (dCas9-KRAB) enabled the discovery of a ZEB1-dependent-signature of 26 genes differentially-expressed and -methylated, including the reactivation and enhanced chromatin accessibility in cell adhesion loci, outlining epigenetic reprogramming toward a more epithelial state. In the ZEB1 locus transcriptional silencing is associated with induction of locally-spread heterochromatin, significant changes in DNA methylation at specific CpGs, gain of H3K9me3, and a near complete erasure of H3K4me3 in the ZEB1 promoter. Epigenetic shifts induced by ZEB1-silencing are enriched in a subset of human breast tumors, illuminating a clinically-relevant hybrid-like state. Thus, the synthetic epi-silencing of ZEB1 induces stable "lock-in" epigenetic reprogramming of mesenchymal tumors associated with a distinct and stable epigenetic landscape. This work outlines epigenome-engineering approaches for reversing EMT and customizable precision molecular oncology approaches for targeting poor outcome breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Waryah
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Momeneh Foroutan
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Pflueger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, 6 Verdun St, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Edina Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ramyar Molania
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher Wallis
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Colette Moses
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Evolutionary Neurogenomics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH 1098, The Netherlands
| | - Irina Glas
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Leandro Magalhães
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Postgraduate Program of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Erik W Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christine L Chaffer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Melissa Davis
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Lister
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, 6 Verdun St, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, 08916, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08010, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08007, Spain
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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12
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Khan A, Welman CJ, Abed A, O’Hanlon S, Redfern A, Azim S, Lopez P, Singh F, Khattak A. Association of Computed Tomography Measures of Muscle and Adipose Tissue and Progressive Changes throughout Treatment with Clinical Endpoints in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051382. [PMID: 36900175 PMCID: PMC10000131 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and adiposity measures with disease-free progression (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced lung cancer receiving immunotherapy, we retrospectively analysed 97 patients (age: 67.5 ± 10.2 years) with lung cancer who were treated with immunotherapy between March 2014 and June 2019. From computed tomography scans, we assessed the radiological measures of skeletal muscle mass, and intramuscular, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue at the third lumbar vertebra. Patients were divided into two groups based on specific or median values at baseline and changes throughout treatment. A total number of 96 patients (99.0%) had disease progression (median of 11.3 months) and died (median of 15.4 months) during follow-up. Increases of 10% in intramuscular adipose tissue were significantly associated with DFS (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.95) and OS (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.95), while increases of 10% in subcutaneous adipose tissue were associated with DFS (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.95). These results indicate that, although muscle mass and visceral adipose tissue were not associated with DFS or OS, changes in intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue can predict immunotherapy clinical outcomes in patients with advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Khan
- Northam Regional Hospital, Northam, WA 6401, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-96901300
| | | | - Afaf Abed
- Peel Health Campus, Mandurah, WA 6210, Australia
| | - Susan O’Hanlon
- Department of Medical Imaging, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UWA, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sara Azim
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Favil Singh
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Adnan Khattak
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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13
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Loi S, Karapetis CS, McCarthy N, Oakman C, Redfern A, White M, Khasraw M, Doval DC, Gore V, Alam M, Binko J, Lu DR, Kim S, Boyle F. Palbociclib plus letrozole as treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer for whom letrozole therapy is deemed appropriate: An expanded access study in Australia and India. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2022; 18:560-569. [PMID: 34908235 PMCID: PMC9787838 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Palbociclib was approved in the United States in 2015 to treat estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC). This study evaluated outcomes and safety in patients treated with palbociclib in Australia and India with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2- ABC before palbociclib became commercially available. METHODS Postmenopausal women (≥18 years) with HR+/HER2- ABC who were appropriate candidates for letrozole therapy received palbociclib 125 mg once daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off, and letrozole 2.5 mg once daily (continuous). Safety, tumor response, and patient-reported outcomes (Australian cohort) were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 252 patients received palbociclib plus letrozole (Australia, n = 152; India, n = 100). More patients in the Australian versus Indian cohort had received prior chemotherapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 45.9% vs. 32.0%), endocrine therapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 63.2% vs. 54.3%), and advanced/metastatic therapies (61.8% vs. 31.0%). The most frequently reported all-grade palbociclib-related treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia (66.7%), fatigue (35.3%), and stomatitis (26.6%); grade 3/4 neutropenia was reported as palbociclib-related in 62.7% of patients. Febrile neutropenia was reported in six patients (2.4%). Eight patients (3.2%) discontinued because of an adverse event. The objective response rate was 19.4% (95% CI, 14.7%-24.9%) overall and 2.3% in Australian patients with ≥2 lines of prior therapy for metastatic disease. Patient-reported quality of life scores were maintained throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS In an expanded access setting in Australia and India, palbociclib plus letrozole was well tolerated in patients with HR+/HER2- ABC, with a safety profile consistent with previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinod Gore
- Sahyadri Super Specialty HospitalPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | | | | | | | | | - Frances Boyle
- Patricia Ritchie Centre for Cancer Care and ResearchMater HospitalNorth SydneyAustralia
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14
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Redfern A, Martin H. Breast cancer metastasis: mapping long term outcomes in Australia. Med J Aust 2022; 217:398-399. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary Martin
- The University of Western Australia Perth WA
- Fiona Stanley Hospital Perth WA
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15
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Smit L, Redfern A, Murray S, Lishman J, van der Zalm MM, van Zyl G, Verhagen LM, de Vos C, Rabie H, Dyk A, Claassen M, Taljaard J, Aucamp M, Dramowski A. SARS-CoV-2 in children and their accompanying caregivers: Implications for testing strategies in resource limited hospitals. Afr J Emerg Med 2022; 12:177-182. [PMID: 35496826 PMCID: PMC9035358 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is imperative to prevent hospital transmission, but symptom-based screening may fail to identify asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic infectious children and their caregivers. Methods A COVID-19 period prevalence study was conducted between 13 and 26 August 2020 at Tygerberg Hospital, testing all children and their accompanying asymptomatic caregivers after initial symptom screening. One nasopharyngeal swab was submitted for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). An additional Respiratory Viral 16-multiplex rRT-PCR test was simultaneously done in children presenting with symptoms compatible with possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results SARS-Co-V 2 RT-PCR tests from 196 children and 116 caregivers were included in the analysis. The SARS-CoV-2 period prevalence in children was 5.6% (11/196) versus 15.5% (18/116) in asymptomatic caregivers (p<0.01). Presenting symptoms did not correlate with SARS-CoV-2 test positivity; children without typical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 were more likely to be positive than those with typical symptoms (10.2% [10/99] vs 1% [1/97]; p<0.01). Children with typical symptoms (97/196; 49.5%) mainly presented with acute respiratory (68/97; 70.1%), fever (17/97; 17.5%), or gastro-intestinal complaints (12/97; 12.4%); Human Rhinovirus (23/81; 28.4%) and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (18/81; 22.2%) were frequently identified in this group. Children-caregiver pairs' SARS-CoV-2 tests were discordant in 83.3%; 15/18 infected caregivers' children tested negative. Symptom-based COVID-19 screening alone would have missed 90% of the positive children and 100% of asymptomatic but positive caregivers. Conclusion Given the poor correlation between SARS-CoV-2 symptoms and RT-PCR test positivity, universal testing of children and their accompanying caregivers should be considered for emergency and inpatient paediatric admissions during high COVID-19 community transmission periods. Universal PPE and optimising ventilation is likely the most effective way to control transmission of respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, where universal testing is not feasible. In these settings, repeated point prevalence studies may be useful to inform local testing and cohorting strategies.
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16
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Fentress M, Henwood PC, Maharaj P, Mitha M, Khan D, Jackpersad R, Pitcher R, Redfern A, Lopez Varela E, van der Zalm MM, Wong EB, Palmer M, Grant AD. Thoracic ultrasound for TB diagnosis in adults and children. Public Health Action 2022; 12:3-6. [DOI: 10.5588/pha.21.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic ultrasound is an appealing alternative to chest radiography for the diagnosis of TB. Based on research experience conducting thoracic ultrasound for adults and children in South Africa, three key considerations for potential scale-up were identified. First, thoracic ultrasound
requires a comprehensive training programme for novice users; artificial intelligence may be used to simplify training and interpretation. Second, a robust ultrasound device is needed with good subpleural resolution and a probe suitable for children. Third, comprehensive scanning of the lungs
is time-intensive, and shorter scanning protocols may be more feasible in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fentress
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - P. Maharaj
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - M. Mitha
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - D. Khan
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - R. Pitcher
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - A. Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - E. Lopez Varela
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - M. M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - E. B. Wong
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M. Palmer
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - A. D. Grant
- TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Africa Health Research Institute, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, School
of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Nachega JB, Sam-Agudu NA, Machekano RN, Rabie H, van der Zalm MM, Redfern A, Dramowski A, O’Connell N, Pipo MT, Tshilanda MB, Byamungu LN, Masekela R, Jeena PM, Pillay A, Gachuno OW, Kinuthia J, Ishoso DK, Amoako E, Agyare E, Agbeno EK, Martyn-Dickens C, Sylverken J, Enimil A, Jibril AM, Abdullahi AM, Amadi O, Umar UM, Sigwadhi LN, Hermans MP, Otokoye JO, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Zumla A, Sewankambo NK, Aanyu HT, Musoke P, Suleman F, Adejumo P, Noormahomed EV, Deckelbaum RJ, Fowler MG, Tshilolo L, Smith G, Mills EJ, Umar LW, Siedner MJ, Kruger M, Rosenthal PJ, Mellors JW, Mofenson LM. Assessment of Clinical Outcomes Among Children and Adolescents Hospitalized With COVID-19 in 6 Sub-Saharan African Countries. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:e216436. [PMID: 35044430 PMCID: PMC8771438 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Little is known about COVID-19 outcomes among children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, where preexisting comorbidities are prevalent. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical outcomes and factors associated with outcomes among children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 in 6 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was a retrospective record review of data from 25 hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda from March 1 to December 31, 2020, and included 469 hospitalized patients aged 0 to 19 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection. EXPOSURES Age, sex, preexisting comorbidities, and region of residence. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES An ordinal primary outcome scale was used comprising 5 categories: (1) hospitalization without oxygen supplementation, (2) hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, (3) ICU admission, (4) invasive mechanical ventilation, and (5) death. The secondary outcome was length of hospital stay. RESULTS Among 469 hospitalized children and adolescents, the median age was 5.9 years (IQR, 1.6-11.1 years); 245 patients (52.4%) were male, and 115 (24.5%) had comorbidities. A total of 39 patients (8.3%) were from central Africa, 172 (36.7%) from eastern Africa, 208 (44.3%) from southern Africa, and 50 (10.7%) from western Africa. Eighteen patients had suspected (n = 6) or confirmed (n = 12) multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Thirty-nine patients (8.3%) died, including 22 of 69 patients (31.9%) who required intensive care unit admission and 4 of 18 patients (22.2%) with suspected or confirmed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Among 468 patients, 418 (89.3%) were discharged, and 16 (3.4%) remained hospitalized. The likelihood of outcomes with higher vs lower severity among children younger than 1 year expressed as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 4.89 (95% CI, 1.44-16.61) times higher than that of adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. The presence of hypertension (aOR, 5.91; 95% CI, 1.89-18.50), chronic lung disease (aOR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.65-5.37), or a hematological disorder (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.04-9.24) was associated with severe outcomes. Age younger than 1 year (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [asHR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.87), the presence of 1 comorbidity (asHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40-0.72), and the presence of 2 or more comorbidities (asHR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.18-0.38) were associated with reduced rates of hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of morbidity and mortality were observed among infants and patients with noncommunicable disease comorbidities, suggesting that COVID-19 vaccination and therapeutic interventions are needed for young populations in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B. Nachega
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Center for Global Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nadia A. Sam-Agudu
- International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Rhoderick N. Machekano
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke M. van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angela Dramowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natasha O’Connell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michel Tshiasuma Pipo
- Department of Public Health, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Ethnopharmacologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université Notre-Dame du Kasayi, Kananga, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Unit of Sickle Cell Disease and Clinical Research, Monkole Hospital Center, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marc B. Tshilanda
- Unit of Sickle Cell Disease and Clinical Research, Monkole Hospital Center, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Liliane Nsuli Byamungu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Refiloe Masekela
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prakash Mohan Jeena
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashendri Pillay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Onesmus W. Gachuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Katuashi Ishoso
- Community Health Department, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuella Amoako
- Department of Pediatrics, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Agyare
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans K. Agbeno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Justice Sylverken
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana,Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anthony Enimil
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Unit, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana,Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Aishatu Mohammed Jibril
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Asara M. Abdullahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Oma Amadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Umar Mohammed Umar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Lovemore Nyasha Sigwadhi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michel P. Hermans
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Otshudiema Otokoye
- Health Emergencies Program, COVID-19 Response, World Health Organization, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals National Health Services Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nelson K. Sewankambo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Philippa Musoke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fatima Suleman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prisca Adejumo
- Department of Nursing, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Richard J. Deckelbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mary Glenn Fowler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Léon Tshilolo
- Department of Pediatrics, Official University of Mbuji-Mayi, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Le Centre de Formation et d'Appui Sanitaire, Centre Hospitalier Monkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gerald Smith
- Department of Real World and Advanced Analytics, Cytel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward J. Mills
- Department of Real World and Advanced Analytics, Cytel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawal W. Umar
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mark J. Siedner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynne M. Mofenson
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia
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18
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Redfern A. Addressing adverse breast cancer pathobiology in indigenous Australian women. Pathology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Weerasena I, Spalding L, Dessauvagie BF, Golden E, Woodward E, Blancafort P, Redfern A. Abstract P5-05-03: Adipocyte associated methionine domain containing (AAMDC): A nuclear envelope protein with predictive and prognostic potential in luminal breast cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p5-05-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers (BCs) are less likely to relapse than other types, due to a lower propensity to disseminate and to sensitivity to anti-estrogen drugs in the adjuvant setting. However, combined analysis of DNA mutation and mRNA expression profiles in BC identifies a number of Integrative Clusters (IntClus), one of which, IntClus2, is characterized by ER positivity but high relpase and mortality. A hallmark of IntClus2 tumours is an amplification of chromosome 11, at the center of which lies the gene for the protein AAMDC. Pre-clinical research shows this protein to drive proliferation, migration, colony formation, switching between glucose and lipid metabolism, folate metabolism and anti-estrogen resistance. We postulated that resultant clinical behaviours could include; high relapse and mortality, anti-estrogen resistance, an interaction with the protective effect on relapse from statins and sensitivity to fluorouracil (FU)-based therapies. Methods The retrospective study cohort comprised 1766 ER positive early BC patients treated 1994-2014. Patient and tumour demographic, statin prescription and treatment data were collated. Primary tumour tissue was available with AAMDC expression data on 419 patients. On noting nuclear (N), cytoplasmic (C) and nuclear envelope (NE) expression, separate intensity scores were attributed to each localization. Intensity score cut-points were based on providing statistically useable sub-group sizes for comparison. Results No significant correlations between BC biology and patterns of AAMDC expression were seen. Cytoplasmic AAMDC weakly linked to some aggressive features, including high grade, luminal B sub-type and progesterone receptor negativity, although less lymph node spread. In contrast, nuclear AAMDC associated with some less aggressive features, being less in high grade and luminal B cancers. Nuclear envelope AAMDC was rarer in the HER2 positive sub-type without other correlates. A trend to higher distant relapse was seen for NE +ive BCs (20 v 14%, p=0.09). Overall mortality was statistically higher for NE expression (54 v 44% mortality, p=0.04) and cytoplasmic expression (56 v 47% mortality, p=0.04) and a trend to lower mortality for nuclear expression (46 v 54%, p=0.06). Looking at combinatorial expression, BC deaths were significantly lower in the nuclear +ive/NE -ive phenotype (4.7%) than the nuclear -ive/NE -ive (19.5%, p=0.013), nuclear -ive/NE +ive (17.6%, p=0.017) or nuclear +ive/NE +ive phenotypes (19.3%, p=0.011).Considering the effects of statins on early BC outcome, overall our patients on statins had notably lower BC return rates (HR 0.31, p=0.004). Considering interactions with AAMDC, in high-risk NE +ive cancers statin protection was high (HR for relapse 0.33, p=0.032), compared to no protection in already low risk NE -ive tumours (HR 0.90, p=0.41). The hypothesis that AAMDC confers sensitivity to FU-based agents was confirmed with a correlation observed for longer responses to FU-based chemotherapy for increasing NE AAMDC expression (R=0.334), whereas no link was seen for other agents or other AAMDC expression sub-locations. The mean times on FU-based therapy for low, moderate and high NE expression were 2.0, 5.7 and 12.2 months respectively (p=0.02). This work indicates that AAMDC expression can BC affect outcome, identifying nuclear envelope located AAMDC as both associating with higher mortality and correlating with superior protection from statins as well as response to FU-based chemotherapies. This could guide metastatic chemotherapy selection for affected patients, implies NE positive BCs might preferentially benefit from adjuvant statins and suggests that AAMDC and NE-associated AAMDC partners may be future therapeutic targets.
Citation Format: Indunil Weerasena, Lisa Spalding, Benjamin F Dessauvagie, Emily Golden, Eleanor Woodward, Pilar Blancafort, Andrew Redfern. Adipocyte associated methionine domain containing (AAMDC): A nuclear envelope protein with predictive and prognostic potential in luminal breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-05-03.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Golden
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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20
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Owens TD, Smith PF, Redfern A, Xing Y, Shu J, Karr DE, Hartmann S, Francesco MR, Langrish CL, Nunn PA, Gourlay SG. Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating safety, exposure and pharmacodynamics of BTK inhibitor tolebrutinib (PRN2246, SAR442168). Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:442-450. [PMID: 34724345 PMCID: PMC8841436 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), expressed in B cells and cells of innate immunity, including microglia, is an essential signaling element downstream of the B‐cell receptor and Fc‐receptors. Tolebrutinib (PRN2246, SAR442168) is a potent BTK inhibitor that covalently binds the kinase, resulting in durable inhibition with the potential to target inflammation in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Tolebrutinib crosses the blood‐brain barrier and potently inhibits BTK in microglial cells isolated from the CNS. A first‐in‐human randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of tolebrutinib was conducted. The trial design consisted of five single ascending dose arms with oral administration of a single dose of 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg (n = 6 per arm, n = 2 placebo), five multiple ascending dose arms with oral administration of 7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg (n = 8 per arm, n = 2 placebo) over 10 days, and one arm (n = 4) in which cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) exposure was measured 2 h after a single 120 mg dose. Tolebrutinib was well‐tolerated in the study and all treatment‐related treatment emergent adverse events were mild. Tolebrutinib was rapidly absorbed following oral administration with a rapid half‐life of ~ 2 h. Peripheral BTK occupancy was assessed at various timepoints by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay‐based readout using an irreversible probe. Assessments demonstrated extensive and prolonged peripheral BTK occupancy at steady‐state with once daily doses as low as 7.5 mg. Further, CSF exposure was demonstrated 2 h after administration at 120 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Owens
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew Redfern
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yan Xing
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jin Shu
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dane E Karr
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Claire L Langrish
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip A Nunn
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Gourlay
- Principia Biopharma, a Sanofi Company, South San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Richardson C, Redfern A, Sher-Locketz CL, Schubert PT, Schaaf HS. Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Children: Practical Experience in a Tertiary Hospital. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:5867307. [PMID: 32621489 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral lymphadenopathy occurs often in children; fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure. We describe FNAB use and outcome for peripheral lymphadenopathy in children in a routine clinical setting. METHODS A retrospective study done at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town of children (<13 years) who had an FNAB for lymphadenopathy from July 2012 to June 2014. Demographic, clinical, treatment and follow-up data were retrieved from patient folders; FNAB and special investigation results were obtained from the laboratory database. RESULTS Of the 173 children, the median age was 37 (interquartile range 13-75) months; 20 (11.5%) were HIV positive. Most FNABs were done in the neck (131; 76%) and axillary areas (34; 20%). FNAB provided a result in 165 (95%) cases; in 8 (5%) children FNAB was insufficient for diagnosis. Mycobacterial aetiology was diagnosed in 84 (49%); 49 (58%) were culture-confirmed (37 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 10 Mycobacterium bovis BCG, 1 both and 1 non-tuberculous mycobacterium). Reactive lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 56 (32%), neoplastic disease in 6 (3.5%) and other pathology in 19 (11%) cases. Additional special investigations changed FNAB diagnosis or led to an additional diagnosis in 8 (5%) children. Overall, 70/84 (83%) with mycobacterial aetiology and all neoplastic disease cases received the correct treatment. Follow-up appointments were arranged in 144 (83%) patients. CONCLUSIONS In a high tuberculosis burden area, a single FNAB provided a diagnosis in most cases in a routine referral setting; FNAB remains a safe and useful investigation. Follow-up of children to initiate appropriate treatment could improve. LAY SUMMARY Large swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck, are a common finding in children. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a commonly used diagnostic procedure and we looked at how well this procedure works in everyday hospital practice. We identified all children <13 years of age over a 2-year period (2012-2014) who had an FNAB done at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, and looked how well this procedure performed and what the doctors did with these children. We found 173 children who had an FNAB done. They were generally young children of around 3 years old. With a single FNAB, we could make a diagnosis in 95% of these children. About half of the children had tuberculosis or complications of a BCG vaccine (both caused by mycobacteria), only 4% had a malignancy of some kind, about a third had reactive lymph nodes (usually other mainly local infectious causes) and the rest had other pathology like abscesses. All malignancies and >80% of the mycobacterial pathology cases were correctly managed; the latter could definitely improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Richardson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice L Sher-Locketz
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Pathcare Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pawel T Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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van der Zalm MM, Lishman J, Verhagen LM, Redfern A, Smit L, Barday M, Ruttens D, da Costa A, van Jaarsveld S, Itana J, Schrueder N, Van Schalkwyk M, Parker N, Appel I, Fourie B, Claassen M, Workman JJ, Goussard P, Van Zyl G, Rabie H. Clinical Experience With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Related Illness in Children: Hospital Experience in Cape Town, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e938-e944. [PMID: 33170927 PMCID: PMC7717210 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children seem relatively protected from serious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related disease, but little is known about children living in settings with high tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden. This study reflects clinical data on South African children with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We collected clinical data of children aged <13 years with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 presenting to Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, between 17 April and 24 July 2020. RESULTS One hundred fifty-nine children (median age, 48.0 months [interquartile range {IQR}, 12.0-106.0 months]) were included. Hospitalized children (n = 62), with a median age of 13.5 months (IQR, 1.8-43.5 months) were younger than children not admitted (n = 97; median age, 81.0 months [IQR, 34.5-120.5 months]; P < .01.). Thirty-three of 159 (20.8%) children had preexisting medical conditions. Fifty-one of 62 (82.3%) hospitalized children were symptomatic; lower respiratory tract infection was diagnosed in 21 of 51 (41.2%) children, and in 11 of 16 (68.8%) children <3 months of age. Respiratory support was required in 25 of 51 (49.0%) children; 13 of these (52.0%) were <3 months of age. One child was HIV infected and 11 of 51 (21.2%) were HIV exposed but uninfected, and 7 of 51 (13.7%) children had a recent or new diagnosis of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS Children <1 year of age hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Cape Town frequently required respiratory support. Access to oxygen may be limited in some low- and middle-income countries, which could potentially drive morbidity and mortality. HIV infection was uncommon but a relationship between HIV exposure, tuberculosis, and SARS-CoV-2 should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Cape Town, South Africa
- Correspondence: M. M. van der Zalm, Department of Paediatrics and Child
Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Fransie van Zyl drive, 8000, Cape
Town, South Africa ()
| | - Juanita Lishman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Lilly M Verhagen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s
Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Smit
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Mikhail Barday
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Dries Ruttens
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, KU Leuven University,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - A’ishah da Costa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra van Jaarsveld
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Justina Itana
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Neshaad Schrueder
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tygerberg
Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town,
South Africa
| | - Marije Van Schalkwyk
- Division of Adult Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tygerberg
Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town,
South Africa
| | - Noor Parker
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Ilse Appel
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Barend Fourie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Claassen
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, National Health
Laboratory services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jessica J Workman
- Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pierre Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
| | - Gert Van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, National Health
Laboratory services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape
Town, South Africa
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23
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Moe A, Liow E, Redfern A, Swarbrick N, Ferguson T, Davis ID, Hayne D. A phase I open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the tolerability, safety and immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial durvalumab injection in adults with muscle-invasive or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (SUBDUE-1, SUB-urothelial DUrvalumab injection-1 study): clinical trial protocol. BJU Int 2021; 128 Suppl 1:9-17. [PMID: 33960102 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article presents the clinical trial protocol for a phase I open label dose-escalation study to evaluate the tolerability, safety and immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial durvalumab injection in adults with muscle-invasive or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), the SUB-urothelial DUrvalumab injection-1 study (SUBDUE-1). The primary objectives of this study are to assess the safety of sub-urothelial injection of durvalumab using patient reported outcome measures and observed local or systemic adverse events. The secondary objectives are to examine the local immunological efficacy of sub-urothelial administration of durvalumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS The SUBDUE-1 trial will include adult patients with either high-risk NMIBC or MIBC, who are scheduled for radical cystectomy or who have refused or are unsuitable for systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Three fixed total dose levels of durvalumab (25, 75, 150 mg) will be studied to identify a dose suitable to be taken forward into phase II trials. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the trial intervention in terms of the incidence and severity of adverse events and the potential establishment of dose-limiting toxicities. The secondary efficacy endpoints include rates of pT0 status at resection, lymph node status, as well as the change in distribution of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumour-activated macrophages between pre- and post-injection bladder biopsies. Translational studies will focus on bladder tumour molecular sub-typing, immune infiltrate characterisation, and immune checkpoint protein expression relative to efficacy end-points. OUTCOME AND SIGNIFICANCE If proven safe and effective, this novel strategy comprising sub-urothelial durvalumab injections aimed at promoting an anti-tumour immune reaction, will provide additional treatment options for reducing tumour recurrence and progression in treatment-naïve patients with high-risk NMIBC or in patients with bacille Calmette-Guérin-refractory NMIBC. Local administration of durvalumab may be associated with a reduced rate of immunological side-effects and lower costs when compared to systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Moe
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Liow
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Cancer Division, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Swarbrick
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, WA, Australia.,Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tom Ferguson
- Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Oncology, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Dickon Hayne
- University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Urology and Medical Oncology Departments, South Metropolitan Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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24
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Jolly MK, Murphy RJ, Bhatia S, Whitfield HJ, Redfern A, Davis MJ, Thompson EW. Measuring and Modelling the Epithelial- Mesenchymal Hybrid State in Cancer: Clinical Implications. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:110-133. [PMID: 33902034 DOI: 10.1159/000515289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal (E/M) hybrid state has emerged as an important mediator of elements of cancer progression, facilitated by epithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). We review here evidence for the presence, prognostic significance, and therapeutic potential of the E/M hybrid state in carcinoma. We further assess modelling predictions and validation studies to demonstrate stabilised E/M hybrid states along the spectrum of EMP, as well as computational approaches for characterising and quantifying EMP phenotypes, with particular attention to the emerging realm of single-cell approaches through RNA sequencing and protein-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ryan J Murphy
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sugandha Bhatia
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly J Whitfield
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Stellman R, Redfern A, Lahri S, Esterhuizen T, Cheema B. How much time do doctors spend providing care to each child in the ED? A time and motion study. Emerg Med J 2021; 39:23-29. [PMID: 33858862 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2019-208903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The total time per patient doctors spend providing care in emergency departments (EDs) has implications for the development of evidence-based ED staffing models. We sought to measure the total time taken by doctors to assess and manage individual paediatric patients presenting to two EDs in the Western Cape, South Africa and to compare these averages to the estimated benchmarks used regionally to calculate ED staffing allocations. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study applying time and motion methodology, using convenience sampling. Data were collected over a 5-week period from 11 December 2015 to 18 January 2016 at Khayelitsha District Hospital Emergency Centre and Tygerberg Hospital Paediatric Emergency and Ambulatory Unit. We assessed total doctor time for each patient stratified by acuity level using the South African Triage Scale. RESULTS Care was observed for a total of 100 patients. Median age was 21 months (IQR 8-55). Median total doctor time per patient (95% CI) was 31 (22 to 38), 39 (31 to 63), 48 (32 to 63) and 96 (66 to 122) min for triage categories green, yellow, orange and red, respectively. Median timing was significantly higher than the estimated local benchmark for the lowest acuity 'green' triage category (31 min (22 to 38) vs 15 min; p=0.001) and the highest acuity 'red' category (96 min (66 to 122) vs 50 min; p=0.002). CONCLUSION Doctor time per patient increased with increasing acuity of triage category and exceeded estimated benchmarks for the highest and lowest acuities. The distinctive methodology can easily be extended to other settings and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stellman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Barnet Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK .,Department of Paediatrics, Barnet Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sa'ad Lahri
- Khayelitsha Hospital Emergency Centre, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Tonya Esterhuizen
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Baljit Cheema
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Chan A, Lomma C, Chih H, Blackely E, Woodward N, Tsoi D, Cheong K, Chipman M, Redfern A. Incorporation of eribulin in the systemic treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2021; 18:201-208. [PMID: 33855786 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Review of utilization and efficacy of eribulin in Australian metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. METHODS Retrospective review of consecutive MBC patients treated with eribulin in tertiary Australian BC centers. Key inclusion criteria included eribulin administration in nonclinical trial setting from October 2014 onwards, known duration of MBC systemic treatments administered and known follow-up date after eribulin. Cox regression model was used to assess survival. RESULTS Study population comprised 266 patients from eight centers treated between October 2014 and May 2018. Median age at time of MBC diagnosis was 54 years with 18% of patients having de novo MBC. Seventy-six percent had hormone receptor positive (HRp) disease, 19% triple negative (TN) and 5% HER2-positive. CNS involvement was present in 36% of patients. Eribulin was most frequently given as third-line chemotherapy (36%), with no prior anthracycline exposure in 14% of total population. Eribulin was given more frequently as ≤third-line chemotherapy than > third-line in patients with TN disease, ≥ two metastatic sites or CNS disease. Median overall survival (OS) from eribulin administration was 9.2 (95% CI [8.0, 10.3]) months. CONCLUSION Similar efficacy was demonstrated for eribulin when given in the first-line to beyond the fifth line of chemotherapy in all subtypes of MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Chan
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA and Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Lomma
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - HuiJun Chih
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Natasha Woodward
- Mater Misericordiae Ltd/ University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daphne Tsoi
- St John of God Hospital - Subiaco and Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kerry Cheong
- Ashford Cancer Centre Research, Adelaide, Southern Australia, Australia
| | - Mitchell Chipman
- "Victorian Breast and Oncology Care" at St Vincent's Private Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Klein M, Mack P, Guin S, Gong Y, O'Connell T, Ayers K, Li Z, Li Y, Mullaney T, Jappe W, Redfern A, Prentice T, Schadt E, Fink M, Zhou X, Newman S, Chen R, Hirsch F. P35.09 Oncogenetic Differences in Never-Smokers versus Smokers with NSCLC Adenocarcinoma Treated at the Mt Sinai Tisch Cancer Institute. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.01.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lishman J, Smit L, Redfern A. Infants 21-90 days presenting with a possible serious bacterial infection - are evaluation algorithms from high income countries applicable in the South African public health sector? Afr J Emerg Med 2021; 11:158-164. [PMID: 33680738 PMCID: PMC7910158 DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young infants with a possible serious bacterial infection (SBI) are a very common presentation to emergency centres (ECs). It is often difficult to distinguish clinically between self-limiting viral infections and an SBI. Available evaluation algorithms to assist clinicians are mostly from high-income countries. Data to inform clinical practice in low- and middle-income countries are lacking. OBJECTIVES To determine the period prevalence of SBI and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) and describe current practice in the assessment and management of young infants aged 21-90 days presenting with a possible SBI to a Paediatric Emergency centre (PEC) in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional review of infants 21-90 days old presenting to the Tygerberg Hospital PED between 1 January 2016 and 31 May 2016. RESULTS A total of 248 infants 21-90 days were included in the study. Sixty-two patients (25%, 95% CI 20-30) had an SBI and 13 (5.2%, 95% CI 3-8) had an IBI. One hundred and sixty-five infants had a possible SBI based on WHO IMCI criteria. The sensitivity of the WHO IMCI criteria in detecting SBI was 82.3% (95% CI 70.5-90.8) and the specificity 38.7% (95% CI 31.7-46.1). More than half (51.2%) of the infants received antibiotics within the 48 h prior to presentation, of which 33.5% included intramuscular injection of Ceftriaxone. Only 20 (8.0%) patients in this age group were discharged home after initial evaluation. A significant relationship was noted between fever and the risk of SBI (p-value 0.010) and IBI (p-value 0.009). There also appeared to be a significant relationship between nutritional status and IBI (p-value 0.013). CONCLUSION Period prevalence of SBI and IBI was higher compared to that published in the literature. Validated evaluation algorithms to stratify risk of SBI are needed to assist clinicians in diagnosing and managing infants appropriately in low- and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Lishman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezl Smit
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Khan A, Martin H, Spalding L, Redfern A. Abstract PS6-58: The impact of baseline modified glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) on survival outcomes in in indigenous and non-indigenous patients with advanced breast cancer patients of Western Australia. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ps6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) is known to be useful in prognostication of multiple cancers. The mGPS, which integrates albumin and C-reactive protein, could assist as a possible prognostic marker in breast cancer. Indigenous women have inferior breast cancer survival to non-Indigenous women and may also have a differing inflammatory environment. Here, we examine the utility and impact of baseline mGPS on survival outcomes in women with metastatic breast cancer by Indigenous status.
Methods: We retrospectively collected data from the Western Australian Cancer Registry and electronic records for patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 2001 and 2016 with confirmed metastatic disease. Overall survival (OS) were measured from the date of diagnosis until death. mGPS comprised scores of one point given for CRP > 10 mg/L and/or albumin < 3.5 g/dL, therefore having a value of 0 to 2.
Results: Of 152 patients with metastatic breast cancer, 89 patients had all relevant data available and were included with a median follow up of 120 months. The median age was 55.3 years. Baseline mGPS was 0 in 46.6 %, 1 in 34.8 % and 2 in 18.6 %.
Median OS across Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients combined was significantly worse moving from the mGPS-0 group through mGPS-1 to mGPS 2, 50.0 v 30.0 v 8.0 months respectively (p<0.0001). Looking at the groups separately, both cohorts separately demonstrated inferior median OS in mGPS-2 compared to mGPS-1 patients, 9 v 32 months (p=0.02) for Indigenous patients, and 2.0 vs 25.0 months for non_Indigenous patients (p=0.001).
The correlation between mGPS and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was weak with a Pearson correlation R-value of 0.184 (p=0.085)
Conclusion: The study shows that the mGPS is an independent prognostic factor in advanced-stage disease. A higher baseline mGPS score was associated with worse survival in Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients. A larger prospective study is needed to validate the results, inclusive of assessing links between mGPS and OS in different breast cancer sub-types.
Citation Format: Azim Khan, Hilary Martin, Lisa Spalding, Andrew Redfern. The impact of baseline modified glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) on survival outcomes in in indigenous and non-indigenous patients with advanced breast cancer patients of Western Australia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS6-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Khan
- 1Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
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30
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Sam-Agudu NA, Rabie H, Pipo MT, Byamungu LN, Masekela R, van der Zalm MM, Redfern A, Dramowski A, Mukalay A, Gachuno OW, Mongweli N, Kinuthia J, Ishoso DK, Amoako E, Agyare E, Agbeno EK, Jibril AM, Abdullahi AM, Amadi O, Umar UM, Ayele BT, Machekano RN, Nyasulu PS, Hermans MP, Otshudiema JO, Bongo-Pasi Nswe C, Kayembe JMN, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Aanyu HT, Musoke P, Fowler MG, Sewankambo N, Suleman F, Adejumo P, Tsegaye A, Mteta A, Noormahomed EV, Deckelbaum RJ, Zumla A, Mavungu Landu DJ, Tshilolo L, Zigabe S, Goga A, Mills EJ, Umar LW, Kruger M, Mofenson LM, Nachega JB. The Critical Need for Pooled Data on Coronavirus Disease 2019 in African Children: An AFREhealth Call for Action Through Multicountry Research Collaboration. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1913-1919. [PMID: 33580256 PMCID: PMC7929059 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, there are prevailing knowledge gaps in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among children and adolescents; and these gaps are especially wide in African countries. The availability of robust age-disaggregated data is a critical first step in improving knowledge on disease burden and manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among children. Furthermore, it is essential to improve understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with comorbidities and coinfections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, malaria, sickle cell disease, and malnutrition, which are highly prevalent among children in sub-Saharan Africa. The African Forum for Research and Education in Health (AFREhealth) COVID-19 Research Collaboration on Children and Adolescents is conducting studies across Western, Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa to address existing knowledge gaps. This consortium is expected to generate key evidence to inform clinical practice and public health policy-making for COVID-19 while concurrently addressing other major diseases affecting children in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Sam-Agudu
- Pediatric and Adolescent HIV Unit and International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria,Institute of Human Virology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michel Tshiasuma Pipo
- Department of Public Health, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Ethnopharmacologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université Notre-Dame du Kasayi, Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Liliane Nsuli Byamungu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Refiloe Masekela
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marieke M van der Zalm
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angela Dramowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abdon Mukalay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Onesmus W Gachuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy Mongweli
- Department of Research and Programs and Department of Reproductive Health, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya,Department of Research and Programs and Department of Reproductive Health, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Katuashi Ishoso
- Community Health Department, Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Emmanuella Amoako
- Department of Pediatrics, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Elizabeth Agyare
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Evans K Agbeno
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Aishatu Mohammed Jibril
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Asara M Abdullahi
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Oma Amadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Umar Mohammed Umar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Birhanu T Ayele
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rhoderick N Machekano
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michel P Hermans
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Otokoye Otshudiema
- World Health Organization Health Emergencies Program, COVID-19 Response, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christian Bongo-Pasi Nswe
- Department of Public Health, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Ethnopharmacologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université Notre-Dame du Kasayi, Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo,Faculty of Public Health, Université Moderne de Kinkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Marie N Kayembe
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB) and Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Philippa Musoke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda
| | - Mary Glenn Fowler
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelson Sewankambo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fatima Suleman
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prisca Adejumo
- Department of Nursing, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Aster Tsegaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred Mteta
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Don Jethro Mavungu Landu
- Department of Public Health, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Ethnopharmacologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université Notre-Dame du Kasayi, Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo,Faculty of Public Health, Université Moderne de Kinkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Léon Tshilolo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Department of Pediatrics, Official University of Mbuji-Mayi, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Sickle Cell Disease Research Center et le Centre de Formation et d'Appui Sanitaire, Centre Hospitalier Monkole, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Serge Zigabe
- Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Département de Pédiatrie, Service de Néonatologie, Université Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ameena Goga
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Edward J Mills
- Department of Real World & Advanced Analytics, Cytel, Vancouver, Canada,Department of Health Research Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lawal W Umar
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University and Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jean B Nachega
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa,Departments of Epidemiology & International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, and Center for Global Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Address for Correspondence: Jean B. Nachega, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., D.T.M & H., F.A.A.S, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Professor Extraordinary, Department of Medicine and Centre for Infectious Diseases, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow 7505, Clinical Building, 3rd Floor, Room No. 3149, Cape Town, South Africa, Tel: +27 21 938 9119; E-mail:
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Khan A, Dale T, Martin H, Spalding L, Redfern C, Redfern A. 59P The impact of site of metastasis on overall survival in indigenous and non-indigenous patients of Western Australia with breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Weerasena I, Spalding L, Martin H, Redfern A. 53P Aromatase inhibitor and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor treated HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer differ to those treated with Aromatase inhibitors alone on progression. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Duffy C, Sorolla A, Wang E, Golden E, Woodward E, Davern K, Ho D, Johnstone E, Pfleger K, Redfern A, Iyer KS, Baer B, Blancafort P. Honeybee venom and melittin suppress growth factor receptor activation in HER2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol 2020; 4:24. [PMID: 32923684 PMCID: PMC7463160 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-020-00129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of study, the molecular mechanisms and selectivity of the biomolecular components of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom as anticancer agents remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that honeybee venom and its major component melittin potently induce cell death, particularly in the aggressive triple-negative and HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes. Honeybee venom and melittin suppress the activation of EGFR and HER2 by interfering with the phosphorylation of these receptors in the plasma membrane of breast carcinoma cells. Mutational studies reveal that a positively charged C-terminal melittin sequence mediates plasma membrane interaction and anticancer activity. Engineering of an RGD motif further enhances targeting of melittin to malignant cells with minimal toxicity to normal cells. Lastly, administration of melittin enhances the effect of docetaxel in suppressing breast tumor growth in an allograft model. Our work unveils a molecular mechanism underpinning the anticancer selectivity of melittin, and outlines treatment strategies to target aggressive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Duffy
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Edina Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Emily Golden
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Eleanor Woodward
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kathleen Davern
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Facility, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Diwei Ho
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Elizabeth Johnstone
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, Australia
| | - Kevin Pfleger
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, Australia.,Dimerix Limited; Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) Facility, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), Department of Entomology; University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Cancer Epigenetics Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia.,The Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
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Brugman J, Solomons RS, Lombard C, Redfern A, Du Plessis AM. Risk-Stratification of Children Presenting to Ambulatory Paediatrics with First-Onset Seizures: Should We Order an Urgent CT Brain? J Trop Pediatr 2020; 66:299-314. [PMID: 31625577 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A computed tomography (CT) brain scan is an often-utilised emergency department imaging modality to detect emergent intra-cranial pathology in a child with a first seizure. Identifying children at low risk of having a clinically significant intra-cranial abnormality could prevent unnecessary radiation exposure and contrast/sedation-related risks. OBJECTIVES To identify clinical variables which could predict clinically significant CT brain abnormalities and use recursive partitioning analysis to define a low-risk group of children in whom emergent CT brain can be deferred. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional review of 468 children who underwent emergent CT brain after presenting to a low- and middle-income paediatric emergency department following first seizure. RESULTS In total 133/468 (28.4%) of CT brain scans had clinically significant abnormalities. Failure to return to neurological baseline and focal neurological deficit persisting >36 h had statistical significance in a multiple regression analysis. Recursive partitioning analysis, applied to a subgroup without suspected tuberculous meningitis (n = 414), classified 153 children aged between 6 months and 5 years, who had a normal neurological baseline, had returned to baseline post-seizure, and were not in status epilepticus, as non-clinically significant scans and 98% were correctly classified. CONCLUSION Our study re-inforces the American Academy of Neurology recommendation that children with persistent post-ictal abnormal neurological status and/or post-ictal focal deficit be prioritised for emergent CT brain. Having excluded children with suspected tuberculous meningitis, the remaining subgroup aged 6 months to 5 years presenting with a non-status first seizure, normal neurological baseline and return to baseline post-seizure, are at very low risk of having a clinically significant CT brain abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanri Brugman
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Regan Shane Solomons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anne-Marie Du Plessis
- Division of Radiodiagnosis, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
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Khan A, Martin H, Spalding L, Redfern A. 154P Survival outcome of indigenous and non-indigenous women of Western Australia with breast cancer in relation to remoteness. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Experimental evidence accumulated over decades has implicated epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which collectively encompasses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the reverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition, in tumour metastasis, cancer stem cell generation and maintenance, and therapeutic resistance. However, the dynamic nature of EMP processes, the apparent need to reverse mesenchymal changes for the development of macrometastases and the likelihood that only minor cancer cell subpopulations exhibit EMP at any one time have made such evidence difficult to accrue in the clinical setting. In this Perspectives article, we outline the existing preclinical and clinical evidence for EMP and reflect on recent controversies, including the failure of initial lineage-tracing experiments to confirm a major role for EMP in dissemination, and discuss accumulating data suggesting that epithelial features and/or a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype are important in metastasis. We also highlight strategies to address the complexities of therapeutically targeting the EMP process that give consideration to its spatially and temporally divergent roles in metastasis, with the view that this will yield a potent and broad class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland (APCRC-Q) and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative (QBCI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Neuberger Berman Lung Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Fiona Stanley Hospital Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Khan A, Martin H, Spalding L, Redfern A. Distance related outcome in indigenous and non-indigenous breast cancer women of Western Australia. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz416.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Darcey E, Ambati R, Lund H, Redfern A, Saunders C, Thompson S, Wylie E, Stone J. Measuring height and weight as part of routine mammographic screening for breast cancer. J Med Screen 2019; 26:204-211. [PMID: 31288600 DOI: 10.1177/0969141319860873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Body mass index is a strong predictor of post-menopausal breast cancer risk and (negatively) confounds the association between mammographic breast density and breast cancer risk; however, height and weight are not typically measured as part of routine mammographic screening. This study piloted voluntary height and weight measurement within the BreastScreen Western Australia (WA) programme, and assessed trial participation. Methods From February 2016 to January 2018, 204,429 women attending BreastScreen WA were invited to have their height and weight measured and recorded as part of their routine screening mammogram. Descriptive data analysis was used to assess pilot participation rates by available screening data. Results Of the 204,429 patients who attended BreastScreen WA during the pilot, 76.35% (156,072) agreed to have their height and weight measured. Pilot participation rates were significantly lower in those patients with disabilities (RR: 0.626; 95% CI: 0.600, 0.653), those who spoke a language other than English at home (RR: 0.876; 95% CI: 0.867, 0.885), and those who identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (RR: 0.829; 95% CI: 0.807, 0.852). Pilot participation decreased over time from 88.9% in the first three months to 55.5% in the last month, due to lessening of support from BreastScreen staff. Conclusion Measuring height and weight at the time of routine mammographic screening is feasible, although logistical issues, particularly the added time/effort required of support staff, should be considered. BreastScreen WA has since decided to collect voluntary self-reported height and weight data as routine screening policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Darcey
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Helen Lund
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Christobel Saunders
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Sandra Thompson
- Western Australian Centre for Rural Health, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Geraldton, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Wylie
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, Perth, Australia.,Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss recent discoveries in hypoxic cellular pathophysiology and explore the interplay between hypoxic malignant cells and other stromal elements. This review will provide an update on the effects of hypoxia on cancer outcomes and therapeutic resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Hypoxia has been discovered to be a key driver for tumor progression, both because of impacts on tumor cells and separately on the wider tumor microenvironment. The latter effects occur via epithelial mesenchymal transition, autophagy and metabolic switching. Through epithelial mesenchymal transition, hypoxia both drives metastasis and renders key target tissues receptive to metastasis. Autophagy is a double-edged sword which requires greater understanding to ascertain when it is a threat. Metabolic switching allows tumor cells to access hypoxic survival mechanisms even under normoxic conditions.Every element of the malignant stroma contributes to hypoxia-driven progression. Exosomal transfer of molecules from hypoxic tumor cells to target stromal cell types and the importance of microRNAs in intercellular communication have emerged as key themes.Antiangiogenic resistance can be caused by hypoxia-driven vasculogenic mimicry. Beyond this, hypoxia contributes to resistance to virtually all oncological treatment modalities. SUMMARY Recent advances have moved us closer to being able to exploit hypoxic mechanisms to overcome hypoxia-driven progression and therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Veenoo Agarwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Redfern A, Naeem M, Panchal R. Medical registrar preparation course improves candidate confidence in key aspects of the medical registrar role. Clin Med (Lond) 2019. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3s-s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Redfern A, Naeem M, Panchal R. Medical registrar preparation course improves candidate confidence in key aspects of the medical registrar role. Clin Med (Lond) 2019. [DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Woodward N, De Boer RH, Redfern A, White M, Young J, Truman M, Beith J. Results From the First Multicenter, Open-label, Phase IIIb Study Investigating the Combination of Pertuzumab With Subcutaneous Trastuzumab and a Taxane in Patients With HER2-positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (SAPPHIRE). Clin Breast Cancer 2019; 19:216-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Darcey E, Lloyd R, Cadby G, Pilkington L, Redfern A, Thompson SC, Saunders C, Wylie E, Stone J. The association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk in Western Australian Aboriginal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 176:235-242. [PMID: 30977028 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammographic density is an established breast cancer risk factor within many ethnically different populations. The distribution of mammographic density has been shown to be significantly lower in Western Australian Aboriginal women compared to age- and screening location-matched non-Aboriginal women. Whether mammographic density is a predictor of breast cancer risk in Aboriginal women is unknown. METHODS We measured mammographic density from 103 Aboriginal breast cancer cases and 327 Aboriginal controls, 341 non-Aboriginal cases, and 333 non-Aboriginal controls selected from the BreastScreen Western Australia database using the Cumulus software program. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of percentage dense area and absolute dense area with breast cancer risk for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women separately, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Both percentage density and absolute dense area were strongly predictive of risk in Aboriginal women with odds per adjusted standard deviation (OPERAS) of 1.36 (95% CI 1.09, 1.69) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.08, 1.71), respectively. For non-Aboriginal women, the OPERAS were 1.22 (95% CI 1.03, 1.46) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.05, 1.50), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Whilst mean mammographic density for Aboriginal women is lower than non-Aboriginal women, density measures are still higher in Aboriginal women with breast cancer compared to Aboriginal women without breast cancer. Thus, mammographic density strongly predicts breast cancer risk in Aboriginal women. Future efforts to predict breast cancer risk using mammographic density or standardize risk-associated mammographic density measures should take into account Aboriginal status when applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Darcey
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M409, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel Lloyd
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M409, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M409, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Leanne Pilkington
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, 9th Floor, Eastpoint Plaza, 233 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra C Thompson
- School of Population and Global Health, Western Australian Centre for Rural Health, The University of Western Australia, 167 Fitzgerald St, Geraldton, WA, 6531, Australia
| | - Christobel Saunders
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Wylie
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, 9th Floor, Eastpoint Plaza, 233 Adelaide Terrace, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M409, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia. .,The RPH Research Foundation, Royal Perth Hospital, 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.
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McLean K, Darcey E, Cadby G, Lund H, Pilkington L, Redfern A, Thompson S, Saunders C, Wylie E, Stone J. The distribution and determinants of mammographic density measures in Western Australian aboriginal women. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:33. [PMID: 30819215 PMCID: PMC6393976 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammographic density (MD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer. There are significant ethnic differences in MD measures which are consistent with those for corresponding breast cancer risk. This is the first study investigating the distribution and determinants of MD measures within Aboriginal women of Western Australia (WA). Methods Epidemiological data and mammographic images were obtained from 628 Aboriginal women and 624 age-, year of screen-, and screening location-matched non-Aboriginal women randomly selected from the BreastScreen Western Australia database. Women were cancer free at the time of their mammogram between 1989 and 2014. MD was measured using the Cumulus software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare distributions of absolute dense area (DA), precent dense area (PDA), non-dense area (NDA) and total breast area between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women. General linear regression was used to estimate the determinants of MD, adjusting for age, NDA, hormone therapy use, family history, measures of socio-economic status and remoteness of residence for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women separately. Results Aboriginal women were found to have lower DA and PDA and higher NDA than non-Aboriginal women. Age (p < 0.001) was negatively associated and several socio-economic indices (p < 0.001) were positively associated with DA and PDA in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal women. Remoteness of residence was associated with both mammographic measures but for non-Aboriginal women only. Conclusions Aboriginal women have, on average, less MD than non-Aboriginal women but the factors associated with MD are similar for both sample populations. Since reduced MD is associated with improved sensitivity of mammography, this study suggests that mammographic screening is a particularly good test for Australian Indigenous women, a population that suffers from high breast cancer mortality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-019-1113-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty McLean
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ellie Darcey
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Lund
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Pilkington
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,WA Country Health Service, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Thompson
- Western Australian Centre for Rural Health, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Geraldton, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christobel Saunders
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Fiona Stanley Hospital, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Wylie
- BreastScreen Western Australia, Women and Newborn Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,The Medical Research Foundation, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Curtin University and The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway M409, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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Agarwal V, Spalding LJ, Blick T, Dobrovic A, Thompson EW, Redfern A. Abstract P5-08-05: The interplay between stromal density, epithelial mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p5-08-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) refers to the transition of cells from a more differentiated epithelial phenotype to a less differentiated mesenchymal phenotype, a process that may be triggered by a range of therapeutic interventions including cytotoxic treatment, and which we have previously linked to poor breast cancer (BrCa) outcome after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)1. Mammographic breast density (MBD)represents the white radiographic appearance of epithelial and stromal breast tissue on a mammogram. High MBD in patients being treated for BrCa also associates with chemoresistance, correlating with lower pathological complete response rates (pCR)2. Linking these two stimuli, EMT can also be induced by artificial high-density stroma, where it also leads to chemoresistance in vitro3.
Here we set out to validate the link between poor outcome after NAC and EMT in a larger validatory patient cohort, and to ascertain the molecular drivers through which EMT is triggered in this setting. Further we look to confirm the association of high MBD with poor chemoresponse in the same cohort, and to assess whether this chemoresistance is mediated through EMT with the same drivers.
In a pilot cohort of 50 NAC-treated locally advanced BrCas with a pCR rate of 20%, pre-NAC biopsies and post-NAC surgical specimens were analysed for expression changes in a panel of EMT-related markers across treatment using 230 Nanostring assays. This included the EMT-driving transcription factors TWIST 1 and 2, SNAIL 1, 2 and 3 and ZEB 1 and 2, which were correlated with risk of relapse. Snail-3 showed significantly greater induction in relapsers compared to non-relapsers (OR=1.8, p=0.04) with a borderline significantly greater induction of TWIST-1 (OR=2.4, p=0.08) in relapsers in addition.
In a subsequent 240-patient validation cohort with a pCR rate of 18%, contralateral cranio-caudal view mammograms from the time of diagnosis have been collated and digitized with MBD assessment employing Cumulus software ongoing. Percent breast density will be assessed both as a continuous variable and by quartiles. Immunohistochemistry on pre- and post-operative tissue sections with pan-cytokeratin-vimentin co-staining to identify EMT and staining for SNAIL-3 and TWIST-1 is also in progress.
Associations between MBD, EMT before and after chemotherapy, pCR and relapse-free survival will be presented. The role of Snail-3 and TWIST-1 in the interplay between MBD, EMT and outcome is being explored and will be reported.
Citation Format: Agarwal V, Spalding LJ, Blick T, Dobrovic A, Thompson EW, Redfern A. The interplay between stromal density, epithelial mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-05.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agarwal
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - LJ Spalding
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Blick
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Dobrovic
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - EW Thompson
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Redfern
- Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins - South, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg (Melbourne), Victoria, Australia; Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Boyle F, Beith J, Burslem K, de Boer R, Hui R, Lim E, McCarthy N, Redfern A, Woodward N. Hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer: Impact of CDK4/6 inhibitors on the current treatment paradigm. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 14 Suppl 4:3-11. [PMID: 30288930 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to endocrine therapy is a significant therapeutic challenge in the treatment of women with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy have been shown to improve progression free survival, overall response rate and clinical benefit rate in women with HR+ HER2- metastatic breast cancer compared with endocrine therapy alone. This review examines the clinical evidence to support the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in first and second line settings. Practical guidance is provided for the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors, including tolerability data, monitoring requirements and management of key toxicities for each of the available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Boyle
- Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jane Beith
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Katie Burslem
- WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd, Lane Cove, NSW, 1595, Australia
| | - Richard de Boer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Rina Hui
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- St.Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- ICON Cancer Care Wesley, Auchenflower, QLD, 4066, Australia.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Natasha Woodward
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Mater Misericordiae Ltd and Mater Research Institute Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
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Lim E, Beith J, Boyle F, de Boer R, Hui R, McCarthy N, Redfern A, Wade T, Woodward N. Emerging data and future directions for CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment of patients with hormone receptor positive HER2-non-amplified metastatic breast cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 14 Suppl 4:12-21. [PMID: 30288929 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4/6) inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy are currently the optimal first line treatment for hormone receptor (HR) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) non-amplified metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, not all patients benefit from this treatment and all patients will inevitably progress. Identifying therapeutic strategies in this setting is therefore of immediate clinical importance. We present an overview of the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors and review potential biomarkers that may guide therapy selection. We also discuss the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the context of non-HR-positive/HER2-non-amplified breast cancer and in combination with therapies other than endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elgene Lim
- St.Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jane Beith
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Frances Boyle
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Mater Hospital, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Richard de Boer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Rina Hui
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- ICON Cancer Care Wesley, Auchenflower, QLD, 4066.,University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Theresa Wade
- WriteSource Medical Pty Ltd, Lane Cove, NSW, 1595, Australia
| | - Natasha Woodward
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Mater Misericordiae Ltd and Mater Research Institute Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
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Shawky MS, Martin H, Hugo HJ, Lloyd T, Britt KL, Redfern A, Thompson EW. Mammographic density: a potential monitoring biomarker for adjuvant and preventative breast cancer endocrine therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5578-5591. [PMID: 27894075 PMCID: PMC5354931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mammographic density (MD) has been shown beyond doubt to be a marker for increased breast cancer risk, though the underpinning pathobiology is yet to be fully elucidated. Estrogenic activity exerts a strong influence over MD, which consequently has been observed to change predictably in response to tamoxifen anti-estrogen therapy, although results for other selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors are less consistent. In both primary and secondary prevention settings, tamoxifen-associated MD changes correlate with successful modulation of risk or outcome, particularly among pre-menopausal women; an observation that supports the potential use of MD change as a surrogate marker where short-term MD changes reflect longer-term anti-estrogen efficacy. Here we summarize endocrine therapy-induced MD changes and attendant outcomes and discuss both the need for outcome surrogates in such therapy, as well as make a case for MD as such a monitoring marker. We then discuss the process and steps required to validate and introduce MD into practice as a predictor or surrogate for endocrine therapy efficacy in preventive and adjuvant breast cancer treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Shawky
- Department of Head and Neck and Endocrine Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hilary Martin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Honor J Hugo
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Lloyd
- Department of Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Redfern
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Im SA, Masuda N, Im YH, Inoue K, Kim SB, Redfern A, Lombard J, Lu D, Puyana Theall K, Gauthier E, Mukai H, Ro J. Efficacy and safety of palbociclib plus endocrine therapy in women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC) in the Asia-Pacific region: Data from PALOMA-2 and -3. Ann Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx654.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous trastuzumab for the adjuvant treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive early breast cancer: SafeHer phase III study's primary analysis of 2573 patients. Eur J Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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