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Freitas-Mesquita AL, Gomes MT, Vieira DP, Paes-Vieira L, Nascimento MTC, Lopes AHCS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Inhibitory effects promoted by 5'-nucleotides on the ecto-3'-nucleotidase activity of Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:111-8. [PMID: 27531705 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis is the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. During its life cycle, the flagellated metacyclic promastigote forms are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by sandfly bites, and they develop into amastigotes inside macrophages, where they multiply. L. amazonensis possesses a bifunctional enzyme, called 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease (3'NT/NU), which is able to hydrolyze extracellular 3'-monophosphorylated nucleosides and nucleic acids. 3'NT/NU plays an important role in the generation of extracellular adenosine and has been described as a key enzyme in the acquisition of purines by trypanosomatids. Furthermore, it has been observed that 3'NT/NU also plays a valuable role in the establishment of parasitic infection. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the modulation of the 3'-nucleotidase (3'NT) activity of L. amazonensis by several nucleotides. It was observed that 3'NT activity is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of guanosine and guanine nucleotides. The inhibition promoted by 5'-GMP on the 3'NT activity of L. amazonensis is reversible and uncompetitive because the addition of the inhibitor decreased the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax. Finally, we found that the addition of 5'-GMP is able to reverse the stimulation promoted by 3'-AMP in a macrophage-parasite interaction assay. The determination of compounds that can inhibit the 3'NT activity of Leishmania is very important because this enzyme does not occur in mammals, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Leocadio Freitas-Mesquita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta T Gomes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle P Vieira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michelle T C Nascimento
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angela H C S Lopes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Mesquita RD, Carneiro AB, Bafica A, Gazos-Lopes F, Takiya CM, Souto-Padron T, Vieira DP, Ferreira-Pereira A, Almeida IC, Figueiredo RT, Porto BN, Bozza MT, Graça-Souza AV, Lopes AHCS, Atella GC, Silva-Neto MAC. Trypanosoma cruzi infection is enhanced by vector saliva through immunosuppressant mechanisms mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5543-52. [PMID: 18794282 PMCID: PMC2583594 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00683-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted by bug feces deposited on human skin during a blood meal. However, parasite infection occurs through the wound produced by insect mouthparts. Saliva of the Triatominae bug Rhodnius prolixus is a source of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Here, we tested the role of both triatomine saliva and LPC on parasite transmission. We show that vector saliva is a powerful inducer of cell chemotaxis. A massive number of inflammatory cells were found at the sites where LPC or saliva was inoculated into the skin of mice. LPC is a known chemoattractant for monocytes, but neutrophil recruitment induced by saliva is LPC independent. The preincubation of peritoneal macrophages with saliva or LPC increased fivefold the association of T. cruzi with these cells. Moreover, saliva and LPC block nitric oxide production by T. cruzi-exposed macrophages. The injection of saliva or LPC into mouse skin in the presence of the parasite induces an up-to-sixfold increase in blood parasitemia. Together, our data suggest that saliva of the Triatominae enhances T. cruzi transmission and that some of its biological effects are attributed to LPC. This is a demonstration that a vector-derived lysophospholipid may act as an enhancing factor of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Mesquita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21940-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Elias CGR, Pereira FM, Dias FA, Silva TLA, Lopes AHCS, d'Avila-Levy CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Cysteine peptidases in the tomato trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens: influence of growth conditions, similarities with cruzipain and secretion to the extracellular environment. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:343-52. [PMID: 18793639 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the cysteine peptidase production by Phytomonas serpens, a tomato trypanosomatid. The parasites were cultivated in four distinct media, since growth conditions could modulate the synthesis of bioactive molecules. The proteolytic profile has not changed qualitatively regardless the media, showing two peptidases of 38 and 40kDa; however, few quantitative changes were observed including a drastic reduction (around 70%) on the 40 and 38kDa peptidase activities when parasites were grown in yeast extract and liver infusion trypticase medium, respectively, in comparison with parasites cultured in Warren medium. The time-span of growth did not significantly alter the protein and peptidase expression. The proteolytic activities were blocked by classical cysteine peptidase inhibitors (E-64, leupeptin, and cystatin), being more active at pH 5.0 and showing complete dependence to reducing agents (dithiothreitol and l-cysteine) for full activity. The cysteine peptidases were able to hydrolyze several proteinaceous substrates, including salivary gland proteins from Oncopeltus fasciatus, suggesting broad substrate utilization. By means of agglutination, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blotting analyses we showed that both cysteine peptidases produced by P. serpens share common epitopes with cruzipain, the major cysteine peptidase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Moreover, our data suggest that the 40kDa cysteine peptidase was located at the P. serpens cell surface, attached to membrane domains via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The 40kDa peptidase was also detected in the cell-free culture supernatant, in an active form, which suggests secretion of this peptidase to the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G R Elias
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, IMPPG, CCS, Bloco I-subsolo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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4
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Dutra PML, Couto LC, Lopes AHCS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Characterization of ecto-phosphatase activities of Trypanosoma cruzi: a comparative study between Colombiana and Y strains. Acta Trop 2006; 100:88-95. [PMID: 17055992 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is consisted of two phylogenetic lineages. Using live epimastigotes, in this study we have characterized ecto-phosphatase activities of two strains of T. cruzi, one (Y strain) is a member of group T. cruzi I and the other (Colombiana) is a member of group T. cruzi II. About one-third of the total ecto-phosphatase activity from the Y strain was Mg(2+)-dependent, but no such activity was observed with Colombiana. The level of Mg(2+)-independent activity was dramatically different in the two strains, with Colombiana showing more than 15-fold higher activity. Experiments using classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases, as well as inhibitors of phosphotyrosine phosphatase, showed a decrease in these phosphatase activities, with different patterns of inhibition. The Mg(2+)-independent activities of the Colombiana and Y strains decreased inversely with pH, varying from 6.5 to 8.0. On the other hand, the Mg(2+)-dependent activity of the Y strain increased concomitantly with the increase in pH in the same range.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M L Dutra
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, DPL, FCM, UERJ, Rua Prof. Manoel de Abreu 444, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
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5
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Pinheiro CM, Martins-Duarte ES, Ferraro RB, Fonseca de Souza AL, Gomes MT, Lopes AHCS, Vannier-Santos MA, Santos ALS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis: Biological and biochemical characterization of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase activities. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:16-25. [PMID: 16603157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Leishmania amazonensis ecto-nucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase activities was demonstrated using antibodies against different NTPDase members by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunoelectron microscopy analysis. Living promastigote cells sequentially hydrolyzed the ATP molecule generating ADP, AMP, and adenosine, indicating that this surface enzyme may play a role in the salvage of purines from the extracellular medium. The L. amazonensis ecto-NTPDase activities were insensitive to Triton X-100, but they were enhanced by divalent cations, such as Mg(2+). In addition, the ecto-NTPDase activities decreased with time for 96 h when promastigotes were grown in vitro. On the other hand, these activities increased considerably when measured in living amastigote forms. Furthermore, the treatment with adenosine, a mediator of several relevant biological phenomena, induced a decrease in the reactivity with anti-CD39 antibody, raised against mammalian E-NTPDase, probably because of down regulation in the L. amazonensis ecto-NTPDase expression. Also, adenosine and anti-NTPDase antibodies induced a significant diminishing in the interaction between promastigotes of L. amazonensis and mouse peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Pinheiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21541-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nogueira de Melo AC, d'Avila-Levy CM, Dias FA, Armada JLA, Silva HD, Lopes AHCS, Santos ALS, Branquinha MH, Vermelho AB. Peptidases and gp63-like proteins in Herpetomonas megaseliae: possible involvement in the adhesion to the invertebrate host. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:415-22. [PMID: 16500661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cell-associated and extracellular peptidases of Herpetomonas megaseliae grown in brain-heart infusion and in modified Roitman's complex media were analyzed by measuring peptidase activity on gelatin, casein and hemoglobin in zymograms. Casein was the best proteinaceous substrate for the peptidase detection on both growth conditions. However, no proteolytic activity was detected when hemoglobin was used. Our results showed that cellular cysteine peptidase (115-100, 40 and 35 kDa) and metallopeptidase (70 and 60 kDa) activities were detected on both media in casein and gelatin zymograms. Additionally, the use of casein in the gel revealed a distinct acidic metallopeptidase of 50 kDa when the parasite was cultured in the modified Roitman's complex medium. Irrespective of the culture medium composition, H. megaseliae released metallopeptidases exclusively in the extracellular environment. The presence of gp63-like molecules on the H. megaseliae surface was shown by flow cytometry using anti-gp63 antibody raised against recombinant gp63 from Leishmania mexicana. The pre-treatment of parasites with phospholipase C reduced the number of gp63-positive cells, suggesting that these molecules were glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the surface. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from phospholipase C-treated cells and probed with anti-cross-reacting determinant confirmed that at least a 52 kDa gp63-like molecule is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored. Furthermore, we assessed a possible function for the gp63-like molecules in H. megaseliae on the interaction with explanted guts of its original host, Megaselia scalaris, and with an experimental model employing Aedes aegypti. Parasites pre-treated with either anti-gp63 antibody or phospholipase C showed a significant reduction in the adhesion to M. scalaris and A. aegypti guts. Similarly, the pre-treatment of the explanted guts with purified gp63 diminished the interaction process. Collectively, these results corroborate the ubiquitous existence of gp63 homologues in insect trypanosomatids and the potential adhesion of these molecules to invertebrate host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Nogueira de Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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7
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Santos ALS, d'Avila-Levy CM, Dias FA, Ribeiro RO, Pereira FM, Elias CGR, Souto-Padrón T, Lopes AHCS, Alviano CS, Branquinha MH, Soares RMA. Phytomonas serpens: cysteine peptidase inhibitors interfere with growth, ultrastructure and host adhesion. Int J Parasitol 2005; 36:47-56. [PMID: 16310789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the ultrastructural and growth alterations caused by cysteine peptidase inhibitors on the plant trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens. We showed that the cysteine peptidase inhibitors at 10 microM were able to arrest cellular growth as well as promote alterations in the cell morphology, including the parasites becoming short and round. Additionally, iodoacetamide induced ultrastructural alterations, such as disintegration of cytoplasmic organelles, swelling of the nucleus and kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, which culminated in parasite death. Leupeptin and antipain induced the appearance of microvillar extensions and blebs on the cytoplasmic membrane, resembling a shedding process. A 40 kDa cysteine peptidase was detected in hydrophobic and hydrophilic phases of P. serpens cells after Triton X-114 extraction. Additionally, we have shown through immunoblotting that anti-cruzipain polyclonal antibodies recognised two major polypeptides in P. serpens, including a 40 kDa component. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that this cruzipain-like protein has a location on the cell surface. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of the cruzipain-like protein on the surface and in small membrane fragments released from leupeptin-treated parasites. Furthermore, the involvement of cysteine peptidases of P. serpens in the interaction with explanted salivary glands of the phytophagous insect Oncopeltus fasciatus was also investigated. When P. serpens cells were pre-treated with either cysteine peptidase inhibitors or anti-cruzipain antibody, a significant reduction of the interaction process was observed. Collectively, these results suggest that cysteine peptidases participate in several biological processes in P. serpens including cell growth and interaction with the invertebrate vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
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Mendonça-Filho RR, Rodrigues IA, Alviano DS, Santos ALS, Soares RMA, Alviano CS, Lopes AHCS, Rosa MDSS. Leishmanicidal activity of polyphenolic-rich extract from husk fiber of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae). Res Microbiol 2004; 155:136-43. [PMID: 15059625 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The available therapy for leishmaniasis, which affects 2 million people per annum, still causes serious side effects. The polyphenolic-rich extract from the husk fiber of Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) presents antibacterial and antiviral activities, also inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, as shown by our group in previous works. In the present study, the in vitro leishmanicidal effects of C. nucifera on Leishmania amazonensis were evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the polyphenolic-rich extract from C. nucifera to completely abrogate parasite growth was 10 microg/ml. Pretreatment of peritoneal mouse macrophages with 10 microg/ml of C. nucifera polyphenolic-rich extract reduced approximately 44% the association index between these macrophages and L. amazonensis promastigotes, with a concomitant increase of 182% in nitric oxide production by the infected macrophage in comparison to nontreated macrophages. These results provide new perspectives on drug development against leishmaniasis, since the extract of C. nucifera at 10 microg/ml is a strikingly potent leishmanicidal substance which inhibited the growth of both promastigote and amastigote developmental stages of L. amazonensis after 60 min, presenting no in vivo allergenic reactions or in vitro cytotoxic effects in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Mendonça-Filho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil.
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Jesus JB, Vannier-Santos MA, Britto C, Godefroy P, Silva-Filho FC, Pinheiro AAS, Rocha-Azevedo B, Lopes AHCS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Trichomonas vaginalis virulence against epithelial cells and morphological variability: the comparison between a well-established strain and a fresh isolate. Parasitol Res 2004; 93:369-77. [PMID: 15205943 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The FMVI strain of Trichomonas vaginalis was freshly isolated from an asymptomatic patient, and its morphological properties and virulence in vitro compared with the well-established JT strain. The morphological variability of the parasites was assessed by differential interference microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The FMV1 strain presented nearly 20% amoeboid cells whereas the JT strain presented high percentages of ellipsoid but no amoeboid cells. The FMV1 morphotype population was unaltered after at least 1 year of subculturing. Electron microscopy revealed that this strain produced numerous pseudopod structures which mediated intimate contact and interdigitation among trophozoites. Dead FMV1 parasites were often phagocytosed by conspecific cells. We also compared the cytolytic capacity of these two populations against epithelial MDCK cells and its contact dependence. The FMV1 strain rapidly adhered to plastic or glass surfaces and to MDCK monolayers. This strain destroyed about 93% of the epithelial cells in 90 min whereas the cytolytic activity of the JT parasites was very much lower (about 41%). Parasite supernatants displayed no cytolytic activity, indicating contact-mediated lysis. The protozoan virulence in vitro did not correlate well with the clinical observations. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Jesus
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Folly E, Cunha e Silva NL, Lopes AHCS, Silva-Neto MAC, Atella GC. Trypanosoma rangeli uptakes the main lipoprotein from the hemolymph of its invertebrate host. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:555-61. [PMID: 14521946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During its life cycle Trypanosoma rangeli crosses the hemolymph of its invertebrate host. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time the uptake of lipophorin (Lp), the main lipid-transporting particle of insect hemolymph. We observed that living T. rangeli parasites uptake lipids from both 32P- and 3H-, or 125I-labeled Lp. However, the parasites do not uptake any other hemolymphatic protein such as 32P-labeled vitellogenin. The presence of a specific receptor to Lp in the parasite surface is suggested based on experiments using 125I-Lp. We also investigated the intracellular fate of lipids using Texas Red-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine-Lp. Parasites were observed under confocal microscope and displayed fluorescent-labeled lipids close to the flagellar pocket and in vesicles at the posterior region. In conclusion, this study raises a novel set of molecular events which takes place during vector-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelize Folly
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB, CCS, Bloco H, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
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Alves-Ferreira M, Dutra PML, Lopes AHCS, Ferreira-Pereira A, Scofano HM, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Magnesium-Dependent Ecto-ATP Diphosphohydrolase Activity in Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. Curr Microbiol 2003; 47:265-71. [PMID: 14629005 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-002-3975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we characterized the ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase activity of the trypanosomatid parasite Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. This parasite hydrolyzed ATP at a rate of 15.52 nmol Pi/mg protein/min and this activity reached a maximum at pH 7.5. Classical inhibitors of acid phosphatases, such as sodium orthovanadate (NaVO3), sodium fluoride (NaF), and ammonium molybdate presented no effect on this activity. MgCl2, ZnCl2, and MnCl2 stimulated the ATP hydrolysis by H. m. muscarum. The ecto-ATPase activity was insensitive to oligomycin and sodium azide, two inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg-ATPase, bafilomycin A1, a V-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain, a Na(+)+K+-ATPase inhibitor and to levamizole, an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase. An extracellular impermeant inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostylbene 2',2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and a inhibitor of some ecto-ATPases, suramin, which is also a competitive antagonist of P2-purinergic receptors, promoted a great inhibition on the ATP hydrolysis. This enzyme is able to hydrolysis ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP, but not GTP, GDP, CTP, or CDP. ADP inhibited the enzymatic activity in a concentration dependent manner, reaching 70% inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
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de Jesus JB, de Sá Pinheiro AA, Lopes AHCS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. An ectonucleotide ATP-diphosphohydrolase activity in Trichomonas vaginalis stimulated by galactose and its possible role in virulence. Z NATURFORSCH C 2002; 57:890-6. [PMID: 12440729 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2002-9-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the ability of living Trichomonas vaginalis to hydrolyze extracellular ATP (164.0 +/- 13.9 nmol Pi/h x 10(7) cells). This ecto-enzyme was stimulated by ZnCl2, CaCl2 and MgCl2, was insensitive to several ATPase and phosphatase inhibitors and was able to hydrolyze several nucleotides besides ATP. The activity was linear with cell density and with time for at least 60 min. The optimum pH for the T. vaginalis ecto-ATPase lies in the alkaline range. D-galactose, known to be involved in adhesion of T. vaginalis to host cells, stimulated this enzyme by more than 90%. A comparison between two strains of T. vaginalis showed that the ecto-ATPase activity of a fresh isolate was twice as much as that of a strain axenically maintained in culture, through daily passages, for several years. The results suggest a possible role for this ecto-ATPase in adhesion of T. vaginalis to host cells and in its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Batista de Jesus
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidad Universitária, RJ, Brazil
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Silva-Neto MAC, Carneiro AB, Vieira DP, Mesquita RD, Lopes AHCS. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates casein kinase 2 in the protozoan parasite Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1358-63. [PMID: 12054663 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum is a flagellate parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, whose cell differentiation can be triggered by the lipid mediator, PAF. In this study we demonstrate for the first time that PAF effect relies on the activation of casein kinase 2 (CK2). The classical antagonist of PAF receptor, WEB 2086, abrogated PAF-enhanced CK2 activity. CK2 activation by PAF was also inhibited when parasite extracts were assayed in the presence of modulators of PKC, MAPK, and both Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphatases. Finally, a cell permeable inhibitor of CK2 (DRB) suppressed PAF-induced cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário A C Silva-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, P.O. Box 68041, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-590, RJ, Brazil.
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Abstract
In this work, we describe the ability of living Tritrichomonas foetus to hydrolyze extracellular ATP. The addition of MgCl(2) to the assay medium increased the ecto-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. At 5mM ATP, half maximal stimulation of ATP hydrolysis was obtained with 0.46mM MgCl(2). The ecto-ATPase activity was also stimulated by MnCl(2) and CaCl(2), but not by SrCl(2). The Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase presents two apparent K(m) values for Mg-ATP(2-) (K(m1)=0.03 mM and K(m2)=2.01 mM). ATP was the best substrate for this enzyme, although other nucleotides such as ITP, CTP, UTP also produced high reaction rates. GTP produced a low reaction rate and ADP was not a substrate for this enzyme. The Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-ATPase activity was insensitive to inhibitors of other ATPase and phosphatase activities, such as oligomycin, sodium azide, bafilomycin A(1), ouabain, furosemide, vanadate, molybdate, sodium fluoride and levamizole. The acid phosphatase inhibitors (vanadate and molybdate) inhibited about 60-70% of the Mg(2+)-independent ecto-ATPase activity, suggesting that the ATP hydrolysis measured in the absence of any metal divalent could, at least in part, also be catalyzed by an ecto-phosphatase present in this cell. In order to confirm the observed Mg(2+)-dependent activity as an ecto-ATPase, we used an impermeant inhibitor, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostylbene-2',2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) as well as suramin, an antagonist of P(2) purinoreceptors and inhibitor of some ecto-ATPases. These two reagents inhibited the Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. This ecto-ATPase was stimulated by more than 90% by 50mM D-galactose. Since previous results showed that D-galactose exposed on the surface of host cells is involved with T. foetus adhesion, the Mg(2+)-dependent ecto-ATPase may be involved with cellular adhesion and possible pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B Jesus
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21541-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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