1
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Rigamonti A, Viatore M, Polidori R, Rahal D, Erreni M, Fumagalli MR, Zanini D, Doni A, Putignano AR, Bossi P, Voulaz E, Alloisio M, Rossi S, Zucali PA, Santoro A, Balzano V, Nisticò P, Feuerhake F, Mantovani A, Locati M, Marchesi F. Integrating AI-Powered Digital Pathology and Imaging Mass Cytometry Identifies Key Classifiers of Tumor Cells, Stroma, and Immune Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1165-1177. [PMID: 38315789 PMCID: PMC10982643 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered approaches are becoming increasingly used as histopathologic tools to extract subvisual features and improve diagnostic workflows. On the other hand, hi-plex approaches are widely adopted to analyze the immune ecosystem in tumor specimens. Here, we aimed at combining AI-aided histopathology and imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to analyze the ecosystem of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An AI-based approach was used on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections from 158 NSCLC specimens to accurately identify tumor cells, both adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma cells, and to generate a classifier of tumor cell spatial clustering. Consecutive tissue sections were stained with metal-labeled antibodies and processed through the IMC workflow, allowing quantitative detection of 24 markers related to tumor cells, tissue architecture, CD45+ myeloid and lymphoid cells, and immune activation. IMC identified 11 macrophage clusters that mainly localized in the stroma, except for S100A8+ cells, which infiltrated tumor nests. T cells were preferentially localized in peritumor areas or in tumor nests, the latter being associated with better prognosis, and they were more abundant in highly clustered tumors. Integrated tumor and immune classifiers were validated as prognostic on whole slides. In conclusion, integration of AI-powered H&E and multiparametric IMC allows investigation of spatial patterns and reveals tissue relevant features with clinical relevance. SIGNIFICANCE Leveraging artificial intelligence-powered H&E analysis integrated with hi-plex imaging mass cytometry provides insights into the tumor ecosystem and can translate tumor features into classifiers to predict prognosis, genotype, and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rigamonti
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Viatore
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Rebecca Polidori
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Daoud Rahal
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Fumagalli
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Zanini
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Doni
- Unit of Advanced Optical Microscopy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Putignano
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Paola Bossi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Emanuele Voulaz
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossi
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Paolo Andrea Zucali
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Armando Santoro
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Vittoria Balzano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital; Rozzano (Milan), Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan; Milan, Italy
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2
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Cortese N, Carriero R, Barbagallo M, Putignano AR, Costa G, Giavazzi F, Grizzi F, Pasqualini F, Peano C, Basso G, Marchini S, Colombo FS, Soldani C, Franceschini B, Di Tommaso L, Terracciano L, Donadon M, Torzilli G, Kunderfranco P, Mantovani A, Marchesi F. High-resolution analysis of mononuclear phagocytes reveals GPNMB as a prognostic marker in human colorectal liver metastasis. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:405-420. [PMID: 36652202 PMCID: PMC10070171 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) present with heterogenous clinical outcomes and improved classification is needed to ameliorate the therapeutic output. Macrophages (MΦ) hold promise as prognostic classifiers and therapeutic targets. Here, stemming from a single-cell analysis of mononuclear phagocytes infiltrating human CLM, we identified two M markers associated with distinct populations with opposite clinical relevance. The invasive margin of CLM was enriched in pro-inflammatory monocyte-derived MΦ (MoMΦ) expressing the monocytic marker SERPINB2, and a more differentiated population, TAMs, expressing GPNMB. SERPINB2+ MoMΦ had an early inflammatory profile, whereas GPNMB+ TAMs were enriched in pathways of matrix degradation, angiogenesis and lipid metabolism and were found closer to the tumor margin, as confirmed by spatial transcriptomics on CLM specimens. In a cohort of patients, a high infiltration of SERPINB2+ cells independently associated with longer disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.033), whereas a high density of GPNMB+ cells correlated with shorter DFS (P=0.012) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.002). Cell-cell interaction analysis defined opposing roles for MoMΦ and TAMs, suggesting that SERPINB2+ and GPNMB+ cells are discrete populations of MΦ and may be exploited for further translation to an immune-based stratification tool. This study provides evidence of how multi-omics approaches can identify non-redundant, clinically relevant markers for further translation to immune-based patient stratification tools and therapeutic targets. GPNMB has been shown to set macrophages in an immunosuppressive mode. Our high dimensional analyses provide further evidence that GPNMB is a negative prognostic indicator and a potential player in the pro-tumor function of macrophage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cortese
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Basso
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristiana Soldani
- Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Donadon
- Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS-Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Pieve Emanuele, Milano, Italy
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3
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Notarbartolo S, Ranzani V, Bandera A, Gruarin P, Bevilacqua V, Putignano AR, Gobbini A, Galeota E, Manara C, Bombaci M, Pesce E, Zagato E, Favalli A, Sarnicola ML, Curti S, Crosti M, Martinovic M, Fabbris T, Marini F, Donnici L, Lorenzo M, Mancino M, Ungaro R, Lombardi A, Mangioni D, Muscatello A, Aliberti S, Blasi F, De Feo T, Prati D, Manganaro L, Granucci F, Lanzavecchia A, De Francesco R, Gori A, Grifantini R, Abrignani S. Integrated longitudinal immunophenotypic, transcriptional and repertoire analyses delineate immune responses in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg5021. [PMID: 34376481 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand how a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 develops over time, we integrated phenotypic, transcriptional and repertoire analyses on PBMCs from mild and severe COVID-19 patients during and after infection, and compared them to healthy donors (HD). A type I IFN-response signature marked all the immune populations from severe patients during the infection. Humoral immunity was dominated by IgG production primarily against the RBD and N proteins, with neutralizing antibody titers increasing post infection and with disease severity. Memory B cells, including an atypical FCRL5+ T-BET+ memory subset, increased during the infection, especially in patients with mild disease. A significant reduction of effector memory, CD8+ T cells frequency characterized patients with severe disease. Despite such impairment, we observed robust clonal expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, while CD4+ T cells were less expanded and skewed toward TCM and TH2-like phenotypes. MAIT cells were also expanded, but only in patients with mild disease. Terminally differentiated CD8+ GZMB+ effector cells were clonally expanded both during the infection and post-infection, while CD8+ GZMK+ lymphocytes were more expanded post-infection and represented bona fide memory precursor effector cells. TCR repertoire analysis revealed that only highly proliferating T cell clonotypes, which included SARS-CoV-2-specific cells, were maintained post-infection and shared between the CD8+ GZMB+ and GZMK+ subsets. Overall, this study describes the development of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and identifies an effector CD8+ T cell population with memory precursor-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Notarbartolo
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ranzani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Bevilacqua
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Putignano
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gobbini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Galeota
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Manara
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Zagato
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Favalli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Sarnicola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Curti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Martinovic
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Tanya Fabbris
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorena Donnici
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Lorenzo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Mancino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ungaro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mangioni
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Muscatello
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center
| | - Tullia De Feo
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; .,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; .,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Marongiu L, Protti G, Facchini FA, Valache M, Mingozzi F, Ranzani V, Putignano AR, Salviati L, Bevilacqua V, Curti S, Crosti M, Sarnicola ML, D'Angiò M, Bettini LR, Biondi A, Nespoli L, Tamini N, Clementi N, Mancini N, Abrignani S, Spreafico R, Granucci F. Maturation signatures of conventional dendritic cell subtypes in COVID-19 suggest direct viral sensing. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:109-122. [PMID: 34333764 PMCID: PMC8420462 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) undergo aberrant maturation in COVID‐19, which negatively affects T‐cell activation. The presence of effector T cells in patients with mild disease and dysfunctional T cells in severely ill patients suggests that adequate T‐cell responses limit disease severity. Understanding how cDCs cope with SARS‐CoV‐2 can help elucidate how protective immune responses are generated. Here, we report that cDC2 subtypes exhibit similar infection‐induced gene signatures, with the upregulation of IFN‐stimulated genes and IL‐6 signaling pathways. Furthermore, comparison of cDCs between patients with severe and mild disease showed severely ill patients to exhibit profound downregulation of genes encoding molecules involved in antigen presentation, such as MHCII, TAP, and costimulatory proteins, whereas we observed the opposite for proinflammatory molecules, such as complement and coagulation factors. Thus, as disease severity increases, cDC2s exhibit enhanced inflammatory properties and lose antigen presentation capacity. Moreover, DC3s showed upregulation of anti‐apoptotic genes and accumulated during infection. Direct exposure of cDC2s to the virus in vitro recapitulated the activation profile observed in vivo. Our findings suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 interacts directly with cDC2s and implements an efficient immune escape mechanism that correlates with disease severity by downregulating crucial molecules required for T‐cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marongiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Protti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio A Facchini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Valache
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mingozzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ranzani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Putignano
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salviati
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Bevilacqua
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Curti
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mariella D'Angiò
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network PaedCan, EuroBloodNet, MetabERN-University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM-Ospedale, San Gerardo, Italy
| | - Laura Rachele Bettini
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network PaedCan, EuroBloodNet, MetabERN-University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM-Ospedale, San Gerardo, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network PaedCan, EuroBloodNet, MetabERN-University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM-Ospedale, San Gerardo, Italy
| | - Luca Nespoli
- ASST san Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Tamini
- ASST san Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
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