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Synnatschke K, Moses Badlyan N, Wrzesińska A, Lozano Onrubia G, Hansen AL, Wolff S, Tornatzky H, Bensch W, Vaynzof Y, Maultzsch J, Backes C. Sonication-assisted liquid phase exfoliation of two-dimensional CrTe 3 under inert conditions. Ultrason Sonochem 2023; 98:106528. [PMID: 37506508 PMCID: PMC10407284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) has been used for the successful fabrication of nanosheets from a large number of van der Waals materials. While this allows to study fundamental changes of material properties' associated with reduced dimensions, it also changes the chemistry of many materials due to a significant increase of the effective surface area, often accompanied with enhanced reactivity and accelerated oxidation. To prevent material decomposition, LPE and processing in inert atmosphere have been developed, which enables the preparation of pristine nanomaterials, and to systematically study compositional changes over time for different storage conditions. Here, we demonstrate the inert exfoliation of the oxidation-sensitive van der Waals crystal, CrTe3. The pristine nanomaterial was purified and size-selected by centrifugation, nanosheet dimensions in the fractions quantified by atomic force microscopy and studied by Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and photo spectroscopic measurements. We find a dependence of the relative intensities of the CrTe3 Raman modes on the propagation direction of the incident light, which prevents a correlation of the Raman spectral profile to the nanosheet dimensions. XPS and EDX reveal that the contribution of surface oxides to the spectra is reduced after exfoliation compared to the bulk material. Further, the decomposition mechanism of the nanosheets was studied by time-dependent extinction measurements after water titration experiments to initially dry solvents, which suggest that water plays a significant role in the material decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Synnatschke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; School of Physics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Narine Moses Badlyan
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angelika Wrzesińska
- Chair for Emerging Electronic Technologies, TU Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187 Sachsen, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden 01069, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Lozano Onrubia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein, Germany; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Wolff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Tornatzky
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- Chair for Emerging Electronic Technologies, TU Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187 Sachsen, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden 01069, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Backes
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Nanomaterials, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
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2
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Ehi-Eromosele CO, Onwucha CN, Ajayi SO, Melinte G, Hansen AL, Indris S, Ehrenberg H. Ionothermal synthesis of activated carbon from waste PET bottles as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34670-34684. [PMID: 36545608 PMCID: PMC9717347 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06786b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles have become a significant post-consumer plastic waste with attendant environmental problems. Hence, ionothermal synthesis has been used to prepare activated carbon (AC) anode materials from waste PET for both high performance and sustainable lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Particularly, using choline chloride deep eutectic salts (CU-DES) does not require post-synthesis washing and thereby reduces the complexity of the process and produces materials with unique low-surface area, higher levels of graphitization/ordering, and high nitrogen doping in the obtained ACs. The results show that the AC produced using CU-DES (PET-CU-A-ITP2) gave good electrochemical performance. Even though the material possesses a low surface area (∼23 m2 g-1), it displays a gravimetric capacity (GC) of ∼460 mA h g-1 and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of ∼53% in the 1st cycle and very good cycling performance with a capacity retention of 98% from the 2nd to the 100th cycle. The superior electrochemical performance of the PET-CU-A-ITP2 anode was found to be due to its better graphitization/ordering and dense structure which results in higher capacity, formation of less solid electrolyte interphase, and higher CE. These results show that dense carbons can be exploited as high-performance anodes in LIBs. Also, this research presents both a pathway for waste PET management and a waste-energy approach that could offer cheaper and greener LIBs to meet the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril O. Ehi-Eromosele
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Department of Chemistry, Covenant UniversityPMB 1023OtaNigeria
| | - Chizoom N. Onwucha
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Department of Chemistry, Covenant UniversityPMB 1023OtaNigeria
| | - Samuel O. Ajayi
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Department of Chemistry, Covenant UniversityPMB 1023OtaNigeria
| | - Georgian Melinte
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstrasse 1189081 UlmGermany
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany,Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstrasse 1189081 UlmGermany
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3
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Gautam A, Ghidiu M, Hansen AL, Ohno S, Zeier WG. Sn Substitution in the Lithium Superionic Argyrodite Li 6PCh 5I (Ch = S and Se). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18975-18980. [PMID: 34851091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lithium argyrodites Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, and I) have attracted interest as fast solid ionic conductors for solid-state batteries. Within this class of materials, it has been previously suggested that more polarizable anions and larger substituents should influence the ionic conductivity (e.g., substituting S by Se). Building upon this work, we explore the influence of Sn substitution in lithium argyrodites Li6+xSnxP1-xSe5I in direct comparison to the previously reported Li6+xSnxP1-xS5I series. The (P5+/Sn4+)Se43/4- polyhedral volume, unit cell volume, and lithium coordination tetrahedra Li(48h)-(S/Se)3-I increase with Sn substitution in this new selenide series. Impedance spectroscopy reveals that increasing Sn4+ substitution results in a fivefold improvement in the ionic conductivity when compared to Li6PSe5I. This work provides further understanding of compositional influences for optimizing the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Gautam
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Ghidiu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Saneyuki Ohno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, 819-0395 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK), IEK-12: Helmholtz-Institut Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Han G, Vasylenko A, Neale AR, Duff BB, Chen R, Dyer MS, Dang Y, Daniels LM, Zanella M, Robertson CM, Kershaw Cook LJ, Hansen AL, Knapp M, Hardwick LJ, Blanc F, Claridge JB, Rosseinsky MJ. Extended Condensed Ultraphosphate Frameworks with Monovalent Ions Combine Lithium Mobility with High Computed Electrochemical Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18216-18232. [PMID: 34677973 PMCID: PMC8569803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Extended anionic
frameworks based on condensation of polyhedral
main group non-metal anions offer a wide range of structure types.
Despite the widespread chemistry and earth abundance of phosphates
and silicates, there are no reports of extended ultraphosphate anions
with lithium. We describe the lithium ultraphosphates Li3P5O14 and Li4P6O17 based on extended layers and chains of phosphate, respectively.
Li3P5O14 presents a complex structure
containing infinite ultraphosphate layers with 12-membered rings that
are stacked alternately with lithium polyhedral layers. Two distinct
vacant tetrahedral sites were identified at the end of two distinct
finite Li6O1626– chains. Li4P6O17 features a new type of loop-branched
chain defined by six PO43– tetrahedra.
The ionic conductivities and electrochemical properties of Li3P5O14 were examined by impedance spectroscopy
combined with DC polarization, NMR spectroscopy, and galvanostatic
plating/stripping measurements. The structure of Li3P5O14 enables three-dimensional lithium migration
that affords the highest ionic conductivity (8.5(5) × 10–7 S cm–1 at room temperature for
bulk), comparable to that of commercialized LiPON glass thin film
electrolytes, and lowest activation energy (0.43(7) eV) among all
reported ternary Li–P–O phases. Both new lithium ultraphosphates
are predicted to have high thermodynamic stability against oxidation,
especially Li3P5O14, which is predicted
to be stable to 4.8 V, significantly higher than that of LiPON and
other solid electrolytes. The condensed phosphate units defining these
ultraphosphate structures offer a new route to optimize the interplay
of conductivity and electrochemical stability required, for example,
in cathode coatings for lithium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrij Vasylenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Alex R Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin B Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Yun Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Luke M Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Zanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig M Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Kershaw Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - John B Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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5
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Fritsch C, Zinkevich T, Indris S, Etter M, Baran V, Bergfeldt T, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H, Hansen AL. Garnet to hydrogarnet: effect of post synthesis treatment on cation substituted LLZO solid electrolyte and its effect on Li ion conductivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30283-30294. [PMID: 35480254 PMCID: PMC9041118 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated why commercial Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) with Nb- and Ta substitution shows very low mobility on a local scale, as observed with temperature-dependent NMR techniques, compared to Al and W substituted samples, although impedance spectroscopy on sintered pellets suggests something else: conductivity values do not show a strong dependence on the type of substituting cation. We observed that mechanical treatment of these materials causes a symmetry reduction from garnet to hydrogarnet structure. To understand the impact of this lower symmetric structure in detail and its effect on the Li ion conductivity, neutron powder diffraction and 6Li NMR were utilized. Despite the finding that, in some materials, disorder can be beneficial with respect to ionic conductivity, pulsed-field gradient NMR measurements of the long-range transport indicate a higher Li+ diffusion barrier in the lower symmetric hydrogarnet structure. The symmetry reduction can be reversed back to the higher symmetric garnet structure by annealing at 1100 °C. This unintended phase transition and thus a reduction in conductivity is crucial for the processing of LLZO materials in the fabrication of all-solid state batteries. Investigation of commercial Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) with various substituents. Although impedance spectroscopy suggests something else: the ion conductivity does not show a strong dependence on the substituting cation, but rather on the sample treatment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Fritsch
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu
| | - Tatiana Zinkevich
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu.,Helmholtz Institute Ulm Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen - Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Volodymyr Baran
- Deutsches Elektronen - Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany.,Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Thomas Bergfeldt
- Institute for Applied Materials - AWP (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany anna-lena.hansen-kit.edu
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6
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Hansen AL, Kremer RK, Heppke EM, Lerch M, Bensch W. Mechanochemical Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of Nanosized Cubic Spinel FeCr 2S 4 Particles. ACS Omega 2021; 6:13375-13383. [PMID: 34056484 PMCID: PMC8158788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized samples of the cubic thiospinel FeCr2S4 were synthesized by ball milling of FeS and Cr2S3 precursors followed by a distinct temperature treatment between 500 and 800 °C. Depending on the applied temperature, volume weighted mean (L vol) particle sizes of 56 nm (500 °C), 86 nm (600 °C), and 123 nm (800 °C) were obtained. All samples show a transition into the ferrimagnetic state at a Curie temperature T C of ∼ 167 K only slightly depending on the annealing temperature. Above T C, ferromagnetic spin clusters survive and Curie-Weiss behavior is observed only at T ≫ T C, with T depending on the heat treatments and the external magnetic field applied. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetic susceptibilities diverge significantly below T C in contrast to what is observed for conventionally solid-state-prepared polycrystalline samples. In the low-temperature region, all samples show a transition into the orbital ordered state at about 9 K, which is more pronounced for the samples heated to higher temperatures. This observation is a clear indication that the cation disorder is very low because a pronounced disorder would suppress this magnetic transition. The unusual magnetic properties of the samples at low temperatures and different external magnetic fields can be clearly related to different factors like structural microstrain and magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Hansen
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute
for Applied Materials—Energy Storage Systems—IAM-ESS,
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology—KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva M. Heppke
- Technische
Universität Berlin, Fakultät II, Institut für
Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lerch
- Technische
Universität Berlin, Fakultät II, Institut für
Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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7
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Heere M, Hansen AL, Payandeh S, Aslan N, Gizer G, Sørby MH, Hauback BC, Pistidda C, Dornheim M, Lohstroh W. Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9080. [PMID: 32493958 PMCID: PMC7270138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable solid-state magnesium batteries are considered for high energy density storage and usage in mobile applications as well as to store energy from intermittent energy sources, triggering intense research for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials. Recently, magnesium borohydride, Mg(BH4)2, was found to be an effective precursor for solid-state Mg-ion conductors. During the mechanochemical synthesis of these Mg-ion conductors, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is typically formed and it was postulated that this amorphous phase promotes the conductivity. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 and ball milled, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 confirmed that the conductivity of the latter is ~2 orders of magnitude higher than in as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 at 353 K. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of the local structure shows striking similarities up to a length scale of 5.1 Å, suggesting similar conduction pathways in both the crystalline and amorphous sample. Up to 12.27 Å the PDF indicates that a 3D net of interpenetrating channels might still be present in the amorphous phase although less ordered compared to the as-received γ-phase. However, quasi elastic neutron scattering experiments (QENS) were used to study the rotational mobility of the [BH4] units, revealing a much larger fraction of activated [BH4] rotations in amorphous Mg(BH4)2. These findings suggest that the conduction process in amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is supported by stronger rotational mobility, which is proposed to be the so-called "paddle-wheel" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heere
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein, Germany.
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials-Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein, Germany
| | - SeyedHosein Payandeh
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Neslihan Aslan
- German Engineering Materials Science Centre (GEMS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökhan Gizer
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Magnus H Sørby
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Bjørn C Hauback
- Department for Neutron Materials Characterization, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Claudio Pistidda
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Martin Dornheim
- Institute of Materials Research, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany.
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8
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Fritsch C, Hansen AL, Indris S, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H. Mechanochemical synthesis of amorphous and crystalline Na 2P 2S 6- elucidation of local structural changes by X-ray total scattering and NMR. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1668-1673. [PMID: 31950957 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries as an alternative energy storage system to lithium based techniques demands for sodium conducting solid electrolytes and an understanding of the sodium conduction mechanism governed by the local structure of these glass-ceramic materials. Na2P2S6 was synthesized in an amorphous state with subsequent crystallization. The change of the local structure before and after crystallization was analyzed in detail regarding the presence of structural building blocks such as [P2S6]2-, [P2S6]4-, [P2S7]4-, and [PS4]3-. The structure of the crystalline phase differs markedly compared to the corresponding amorphous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Fritsch
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Helmut Ehrenberg
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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9
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Fritsch C, Stepien D, Hansen AL, Indris S, Knapp M, Ehrenberg H. Local structure of glass-ceramic sodium sulfidic solid-state electrolytes. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319092313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Hansen AL. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neutron and X-ray PDF. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319088636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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11
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Teske CL, Hansen AL, Weihrich R, Kienle L, Kamp M, van der Zwan KP, Senker J, Dosche C, Wittstock G, Bensch W. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Selected Properties of [Au(S 2 CNH 2 ) 2 ]SCN: A Precursor for Gold Macro-Needles Consisting of Gold Nanoparticles Glued by Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Chemistry 2019; 25:6763-6772. [PMID: 30829419 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new preparation route is developed for the synthesis of needle-like crystals of [Au(S2 CNH2 )2 ]SCN, which avoids disproportionation of the AuI salt used as a starting material. In the crystal structure, the two crystallographically independent AuIII centers are in a square-planar environment of two S2 CNH2 ligands. The Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the presence of noncovalent intermolecular S⋅⋅⋅S interactions, which are essential for the spatial arrangement of the molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations including dispersion and damping corrections result in a unit cell volume very close to the value determined experimentally. Thermal decomposition in an inert atmosphere generates black needles with lengths of up to 500 μm. X-ray powder diffraction and pair distribution function analyses demonstrate that the needles are composed of nanosized crystals with a volume-weighted average domain size of 20(1) nm. According to results of X-ray photoemission experiments, the black needles are covered by a nitrogen-rich carbon nitride with composition near (CN)2 N. 13 C solid-state NMR investigations indicate that two different carbon species are present, with signals corresponding well to heptazine units as in melon and triazine units as in poly(triazin imide) type compounds. Scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography evidences that the needles are composed of slightly elongated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ludwig Teske
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Weihrich
- Institute for Materials Research Management, University of Augsburg, Sigma Technopark, 86135, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marius Kamp
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Physical Chemistry, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Physical Chemistry, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Permien S, Hansen AL, van Dinter J, Indris S, Neubüser G, Kienle L, Doyle S, Mangold S, Bensch W. Unveiling the Reaction Mechanism during Li Uptake and Release of Nanosized "NiFeMnO 4": Operando X-ray Absorption, X-ray Diffraction, and Pair Distribution Function Investigations. ACS Omega 2019; 4:2398-2409. [PMID: 31459478 PMCID: PMC6649279 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that the trimetallic nanosized oxide NiFeMnO4 consists of a mixture of NiO and a strained cubic spinel phase, which is clearly demonstrated by analysis of the pair distribution function (PDF) and synchrotron X-ray data. Such a finding can easily be overlooked by using only inhouse X-ray powder diffraction, leading to inaccurate assumption of the stoichiometry and oxidation states. Such advanced characterization is essential because a homogeneous distribution of the elements is observed in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy maps, giving no hints for a phase separation. Cycling of the sample against Li delivers a high reversible capacity of ≈840 mAh/g in the 50th cycle. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments indicate that ≈0.8 Li/fu is consumed without detectable changes of the electronic structure. Increasing amounts of Li, Mn3+, and Fe3+ are simultaneously reduced. The disappearance of the pre-edge features in X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy indicates movement of these cations from tetrahedral sites to octahedral sites. PDF analysis of the pattern after an uptake of 2 Li/fu evidences that the principal structure can be sufficiently well modeled assuming coexisting NiO, a mixed monoxide, and a small amount of residual spinel phase. Thus, the majority of cations is located on octahedral sites. Furthermore, an improvement of the PDF model is achieved taking into account small amounts of LiOH. The 7Li MAS NMR spectrum of this sample clearly shows the signal of Li in a diamagnetic environment, excluding Li-O-TM bonds. A further increase of the Li content leads to a successive conversion of the cations to nanosized metal particles embedded in a LiOH/Li2O matrix. Ex situ XAS results indicate that Fe can be reversibly reoxidized to Fe3+ during charge whereas Mn does not reach the oxidation state observed in the pristine material. After excessive cycling, reoxidation of metallic Ni is suppressed and contributes to a capacity loss compared with the early discharge/charge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Permien
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas van Dinter
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- IAM-ESS and ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gero Neubüser
- Institute
for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute
for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen Doyle
- IAM-ESS and ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Mangold
- IAM-ESS and ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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13
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Djamil J, Hansen AL, Backes C, Bensch W, Schürmann U, Kienle L, Düvel A, Heitjans P. Using light, X-rays and electrons for evaluation of the nanostructure of layered materials. Nanoscale 2018; 10:21142-21150. [PMID: 30406795 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07287f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a case study for the evaluation of the nanostructure of layered materials, we report on results of the comprehensive characterization of high-energy ball-milled layered molybdenum disulfide (2H-MoS2) on different length scales. Analysis of X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRPDs) including the Debye background at low scattering angles caused by uncorrelated single or few-layer MoS2 slabs (full scattering model), yield much more precise data about the average stacking degree than routine XRPD evaluation, and an estimation of the amount of single layer material is possible. Reflections with super Lorentzian line shape can be satisfactorily modeled assuming different stacking sequences induced by the mechanical forces exerted during the high-energy ball-mill process. An advanced analysis of UV-Vis spectra to determine layer number and lateral crystallite size, which was recently developed for liquid exfoliation materials, is used for the first time, and the results demonstrate the universal applicability of the approach. The data obtained with this analysis support the main findings of evaluation of the XRPD data. Both methods clearly evidence that increasing the duration of high-energy ball-mill treatment leads to an increase of material with decreasing average stacking and a reduction of the lateral size of the slabs. Finally, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy enabled identification of defects which can hardly be detected in XRPDs or in UV-Vis spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Djamil
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Permien S, Neumann T, Indris S, Neubüser G, Kienle L, Fiedler A, Hansen AL, Gianolio D, Bredow T, Bensch W. Transition metal cations on the move: simultaneous operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction investigations during Li uptake and release of a NiFe 2O 4/CNT composite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19129-19141. [PMID: 29974092 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on results of a comprehensive investigation on reaction mechanisms occurring during Li uptake and release of the composite NiFe2O4/CNT. Operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data collected simultaneously using one in situ cell allowed thorough elucidation of structural and electronic alterations happening during Li uptake. From the beginning of Li uptake, the Bragg intensity of the spinel reflections decreases which can be explained by reduction of Fe3+ ions and simultaneous movement of the Fe2+ cations from tetrahedral 8a to empty octahedral 16c sites. The reduction of Fe3+ is clearly evidenced by XAS. The occupation of tetrahedral sites by Li+ can be excluded based on results of density functional theory calculations. Increasing the Li content leads to formation of a new crystalline phase resembling a monoxide with a NaCl-like structure. The appearance of the new phase is accompanied by a steady decrease of the sizes of coherently scattering domains of the spinel and a growth of the domains of the monoxide phase. After uptake of about 2.5 Li per NiFe2O4, all Fe3+ cations are reduced to Fe2+ and the tetrahedral 8a sites are empty (XAS spectra). Careful Rietveld refinements of X-ray powder patterns demonstrate that the tetrahedral 8a site is successively depleted with increasing Li content. Interestingly, the occupancy of the octahedral 16d site is also slightly reduced. Increasing the Li content beyond 2.5 Li/NiFe2O4 leads to successive reduction of the cations to very small metal particles embedded in a Li2O matrix (as evidenced by 7Li MAS NMR investigations). During Li release metallic Ni and Fe are reoxidized to Ni2+ resp. Fe3+. The cycling stability of NiFe2O4/CNT is significantly improved compared to pure NiFe2O4 or a mechanical mixture of NiFe2O4 and CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Permien
- University of Kiel, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Hansen AL, Ambroziak G, Thornton D, Dahl L, Grung B. Age and IQ Explained Working Memory Performance in a RCT with Fatty Fish in a Group of Forensic Inpatients. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:513-518. [PMID: 29582891 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-0998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of a long-term fatty fish intervention on a pure cognitive mechanism important for self-regulation and mental health, i.e. working memory (WM), controlling for age and IQ. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SETTING A forensic facility. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-four young to middle aged male forensic inpatients with psychiatric disorders. INTERVENTION Consumption of farmed salmon or control meal (meat) three times a week during 23 weeks. MEASUREMENT Performance on WM tasks, both accuracy and mean reaction time, were recorded pre and post intervention. RESULTS Performance on a cognitive functioning tasks taxing WM seemed to be explained by age and IQ. CONCLUSION Fatty fish consumption did not improve WM performance in a group of young to middle aged adults with mental health problems, as less impressionable factors such as aging and intelligence seemed to be the key components. The present study improves the knowledge concerning the interaction among nutrition, health and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hansen
- Anita L. Hansen, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgt. 12, 5015 Bergen, Norway; E-Mail:
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16
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Hansen AL, Dietl B, Etter M, Kremer RK, Johnson DC, Bensch W. Temperature-dependent synchrotron X-ray diffraction, pair distribution function and susceptibility study on the layered compound CrTe3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2017-2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Results of combined synchrotron X-ray diffraction and pair distribution function experiments performed on the layered compound CrTe3 provide evidence for a short range structural distortion of one of the two crystallographically independent CrTe6 octahedra. The distortion is caused by higher mobility of one crystallographically distinct Te ion, leading to an unusual large Debye Waller factor. In situ high temperature X-ray diffraction investigations show an initial crystallization of a minor amount of elemental Te followed by decomposition of CrTe3 into Cr5Te8 and Te. Additional experiments provide evidence that the Te impurity (<1%) cannot be avoided. Analyses of structural changes in the temperature range 100–754 K show a pronounced anisotropic expansion of the lattice parameters. The differing behavior of the crystal axes is explained on the basis of structural distortions of the Cr4Te16 structural building units. An abrupt distortion of the structure occurs at T≈250 K, which then remains nearly constant down to 100 K. The structural distortion affects the spin exchange interactions between Cr3+ cations. A significant splitting between field-cooled (fc) and zero-field-cooled (zfc) magnetic susceptibility is observed below about 200 K. Applying a small external magnetic field results in a substantial spontaneous magnetization, reminiscent of ferro- or ferrimagnet exchange interactions below ~240 K. A Debye temperature of ~150 K was extracted from heat capacity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Bastian Dietl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung , Heisenbergstraße 1 , D-70506 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - David C. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oregon , Eugene, OR 97403 , USA
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2 , D-24118 Kiel , Germany
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17
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Hansen AL, Refsgaard JC, Olesen JE, Børgesen CD. Potential benefits of a spatially targeted regulation based on detailed N-reduction maps to decrease N-load from agriculture in a small groundwater dominated catchment. Sci Total Environ 2017; 595:325-336. [PMID: 28388450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Denmark must further decrease the N-load to coastal waters from agricultural areas to comply with the Baltic Sea Action Plan and the EU Water Framework Directive. A new spatially targeted regulation is under development that focuses on locating N-mitigation measures in areas with low natural reduction of nitrate (N-reduction). A key tool in this respect is N-reduction maps showing how much N is removed by natural reduction processes, i.e. the ratio between the N-load out of the catchment and the N-leaching from the root zone for each spatial unit within the catchment. For the 85 km2 groundwater dominated Norsminde catchment in Denmark we have analysed the potential benefits of a spatially targeted regulation and how its efficiency is affected by uncertainty in the N-reduction map. Our results suggest that there are potential benefits of implementing a spatially targeted regulation compared to a spatially uniform regulation. The total N-load at the catchment outlet can be decreased up to 8% by relocating the existing agricultural practice according to the N-reduction map and thus without decrease fertilization inputs. A further decrease in N-load can be obtained by identifying target areas with low N-reduction where N-mitigation measures must be applied. Uncertainty on the N-reduction map is found to lower the efficiency of spatially targeted regulation. This uncertainty can be lowered substantially by using the mean of an ensemble of N-reduction maps. The uncertainty decreases with coarser spatial resolution of the N-reduction map, but this will at the same time decrease the benefit from spatially targeted regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hansen
- Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - J C Refsgaard
- Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - J E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - C D Børgesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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18
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Krengel M, Hansen AL, Kaus M, Indris S, Wolff N, Kienle L, Westfal D, Bensch W. CuV 2S 4: A High Rate Capacity and Stable Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:21283-21291. [PMID: 28594544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ternary compound CuV2S4 exhibits an excellent performance as anode material for sodium ion batteries with a high reversible capacity of 580 mAh g-1 at 0.7 A g-1 after 300 cycles. A Coulombic efficiency of ≈99% is achieved after the third cycle. Increase of the C-rate leads to a drop of the capacity, but a full recovery is observed after switching back to the initial C-rate. In the early stages of Na uptake first Cu+ is reduced and expelled from the electrode as nanocrystalline metallic Cu. An increase of the Na content leads to a full conversion of the material with nanocrystalline Cu particles and elemental V embedded in a Na2S matrix. The formation of Na2S is evidenced by 23Na MAS NMR spectra and X-ray powder diffraction. During the charge process the nanocrystalline Cu particles are retained, but no crystalline materials are formed. At later stages of cycling the reaction mechanism changes which is accompanied by the formation of copper(I) sulfide. The presence of nanocrystalline metallic Cu and/or Cu2S improves the electrical conductivity, leading to superior cycling and rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krengel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christan-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christan-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kaus
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials - Energy Storage Systems (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - David Westfal
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christan-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Christan-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Str.2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Koch C, Hansen AL, Dankwort T, Schienke G, Paulsen M, Meyer D, Wimmer M, Wuttig M, Kienle L, Bensch W. Enhanced temperature stability and exceptionally high electrical contrast of selenium substituted Ge2Sb2Te5 phase change materials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the pure telluride Ge2Sb2Te5, Ge2Sb2Te4Se (I) and Ge2Sb2Te2Se3 (II) thin films reveal an exceptionally large electrical contrast (increased by factor 100 for compound II) between the amorphous and crystalline phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Torben Dankwort
- Institute for Materials Science
- University of Kiel
- 24143 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Gerrit Schienke
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Melf Paulsen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Dominik Meyer
- Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Martin Wimmer
- Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science
- University of Kiel
- 24143 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
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Permien S, Indris S, Hansen AL, Scheuermann M, Zahn D, Schürmann U, Neubüser G, Kienle L, Yegudin E, Bensch W. Elucidation of the Conversion Reaction of CoMnFeO4 Nanoparticles in Lithium Ion Battery Anode via Operando Studies. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:15320-15332. [PMID: 27219129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conversion reactions deliver much higher capacities than intercalation/deintercalation reactions of commercial Li ion batteries. However, the complex reaction pathways of conversion reactions occurring during Li uptake and release are not entirely understood, especially the irreversible capacity loss of Mn(III)-containing oxidic spinels. Here, we report for the first time on the electrochemical Li uptake and release of Co(II)Mn(III)Fe(III)O4 spinel nanoparticles and the conversion reaction mechanisms elucidated by combined operando X-ray diffraction, operando and ex-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, (7)Li NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation. The combination of these techniques enabled uncovering the pronounced electronic changes and structural alterations on different length scales in a unique way. The spinel nanoparticles undergo a successive phase transition into a mixed monoxide caused by a movement of the reduced cations from tetrahedral to octahedral positions. While the redox reactions Fe(3+) ↔ Fe(0) and Co(2+) ↔ Co(0) occur for many charge/discharge cycles, metallic Mn nanoparticles formed during the first discharge can only be oxidized to Mn(2+) during charge. This finding explains the partial capacity loss reported for Mn(III)-based spinels. Furthermore, the results of the investigations evidence that the reaction mechanisms on the nanoscale are very different from pathways of microcrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Permien
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sylvio Indris
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Hansen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marco Scheuermann
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Chair for theoretical Chemistry/Computer Chemistry Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nagelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schürmann
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gero Neubüser
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eugen Yegudin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bensch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Hansen AL, Kurach JDR, Turner TR, Jenkins C, Busch MP, Norris PJ, Dugger J, Tomasulo PA, Devine DV, Acker JP. The effect of processing method on the in vitro characteristics of red blood cell products. Vox Sang 2015; 108:350-8. [PMID: 25678039 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES While the clinical impact of differences in red blood cell (RBC) component processing methods is unknown, there are concerns they may be confounding variables in studies such as the ongoing 'age of blood' investigations. Here, we compare the in vitro characteristics of red cell concentrates (RCCs) produced by several different processing methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine processing methods were examined: three apheresis methods (Alyx, MCS+ and Trima), as well as leucoreduced whole blood-derived RCCs produced by buffy coat and whole blood filtration and non-leucoreduced RCCs. RCCs were stored in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol or additive solutions (AS) 1 or 3 for 42 days, with quality tested on day 5 and day 42. RESULTS Many significant product differences were observed both early in and at the end of storage. Mean haemoglobin (Hb) ranged from 52 to 71 g/unit and mean Hct from 59·5 to 64·8%. Most RCC passed regulated quality control criteria according to Canadian Standards Association guidelines, although there were some failures relating to Hb content and residual WBC counts. CONCLUSION Processing method impacts RCC characteristics throughout storage; better understanding of these differences and reporting of processing method details is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hansen
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exerts hemodynamic effects by direct venodilation in the chick embryo. We hypothesized that ANP-induced venodilation affects ventricular diastolic filling resulting in reduced ventricular preload. Chick ANP (0.1 microgram in 10 microL of normal saline) was suffused onto the vitelline vascular bed in stage 21 (3 1/2 d) chick embryos. Equivalent aliquots of normal saline were suffused as sham controls, and normal embryos received no suffusion. We measured simultaneously dorsal aortic blood velocity and atrioventricular blood velocity with a 20-MHz pulsed-Doppler velocity meter. Analog wave forms were digitally sampled at 500 Hz, and the dorsal aortic cross-sectional area was used to calculate dorsal aortic blood flow. Passive ventricular filling volume equaled dorsal aortic stroke volume multiplied by the fraction of passive area; active filling volume equaled dorsal aortic stroke volume multiplied by the fraction of active area. Data were summarized as mean +/- SEM (n > or = 7 per group) and analyzed by analysis of variance. Cycle lengths were similar in ANP-suffused, sham control, and normal embryos. Dorsal aortic blood flow decreased from 0.49 +/- 0.04 mm3/S at baseline to 0.27 +/- 0.05 mm3/S at 4 min post-ANP suffusion (p < 0.05) and was unchanged in sham control and normal embryos (p > 0.05). Passive ventricular filling was reduced by ANP suffusion, whereas active filling was unaffected, resulting in a decreased passive/active filling ratio from 0.64 +/- 0.07 at baseline to 0.32 +/- 0.08 at 4 min in ANP-suffused embryos (p < 0.05). Passive/active ratio was unchanged in sham control and normal embryos. Thus, ANP-mediated vasodilation reduces cardiac output via decreased passive ventricular filling in the embryonic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hu
- National Institutes of Health SCOR in Pediatric Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
Defects in growth plates due to trauma, infection, or genetic causes can result in bone formation across the defect, bridging the epiphysis and metaphysis, resulting in growth arrest and limb deformation. We have investigated the capacity of implanted chondrocyte cultures to prevent this process. Sheep growth plate chondrocytes were isolated, and after culture at high density produced easily manipulated cartilaginous discs. The tissue was implanted into growth plate defects produced in lambs and the response was assessed histologically. Following implantation, cultures continued to proliferate and maintain a cartilage-like matrix. After 8 to 12 weeks, hypertrophic maturation chondrocyte columnation, and associated endochondral calcification were observed. Culture implantation was always associated with local immune inflammatory reaction, which continued throughout the course of investigation. Cellular survival was variable and resulted in the presence of viable implants as well as residual cartilage matrix devoid of chondrocytes; however, implanted chondrocyte discs always prevented bone bridge formation. These findings encourage the expectation that cultured chondrocytes may provide a useful replacement for the inert interpositional materials currently used in the treatment of growth arrest. The potential of this technique for growth plate replacement, however, requires a more predictable rate of implant survival. The likely reasons for implant loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Foster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Hansen AL, Foster BK, Gibson GJ, Binns GF, Wiebkin OW, Hopwood JJ. Growth-plate chondrocyte cultures for reimplantation into growth-plate defects in sheep. Characterization of cultures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:286-98. [PMID: 2194728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Damage to epiphyseal growth plates due to fracture, trauma, or infection can lead to invasion of bone across the cartilage and localized arrest of long-bone growth. The implantation of a viable de novo cartilage plug into such defects may provide the appropriate cartilage presence necessary to inhibit the initial formation of bony bridges across the epiphysis and so maintain the growth potential. De novo cartilage plugs were prepared from ovine growth plates by culturing isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes from fetal lambs. After 14 days of culture, these de novo cartilage discs were composed of chondroitin sulfate, a small amount (5%) of dermatan sulfate, and cartilage-specific collagen. The cellular morphology and the histochemistry resembled resting zones of normal growth-plate cartilage. Those de novo cartilage discs, which had been embedded in gelled Type I collagen, retained their morphology and could be easily manipulated. On the other hand, Type II collagen and a polyuronic acid gauze (Surgicel) were not satisfactory substrates to facilitate subsequent transplantation into growth-plate defects. The use of 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CSFE) throughout the cultures of epiphyseal chondrocytes or prolonged incorporation of [3H]-thymidine appeared to label the cells with useful markers for following their fate subsequent to implantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hansen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Adelaide Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia
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