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Deschamps AM, DeRocco AJ, Bok K, Patterson LJ. Prototype Pathogens for Vaccine and Monoclonal Antibody Countermeasure Development: NIAID Workshop Process and Outcomes for Viral Families of Pandemic Potential. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S355-S358. [PMID: 37849398 PMCID: PMC11007396 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the increased risk of pandemics driven by emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, it is imperative that the United States and global scientific community be better prepared for future threats by prioritizing and launching key research programs and strategies. In December 2021, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) published its pandemic preparedness plan, which focuses on the prototype pathogen approach for medical countermeasure development. The plan was introduced before its release at a NIAID-hosted workshop in November 2021 that featured scientific experts from the extramural community, government, and the private sector and focused on selection of prototype pathogens from 10 viral families with pandemic risk and moderate resources. This article will serve as an introduction to this special issue and will briefly define the prototype pathogen approach, describe the workshop goals and process for outcomes, and provide an outline of the viral working group articles to follow and future directions for NIAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda J DeRocco
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Bok
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - L Jean Patterson
- Virology Branch, Translational Research Section, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Morabito KM, Cassetti MC, DeRocco AJ, Deschamps AM, Pierson TC. Viral Prototypes for Pandemic Preparedness: The Road Ahead. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S460-S464. [PMID: 37849396 PMCID: PMC10582320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated how rapidly vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be deployed when the field is prepared to respond to a novel virus, serving as proof of concept that the prototype pathogen approach is feasible. This success was built upon decades of foundational research, including the characterization of protective antigens and coronavirus immunity leading to the development and validation of a generalizable vaccine approach for multiple coronaviruses. For other virus families of pandemic concern, the field is less prepared. The articles in this special issue have highlighted research gaps that need to be addressed to accelerate the development of effective vaccines and mAbs, to identify generalizable vaccine and mAb strategies, and to increase preparedness against other pandemic threats. Successful implementation of the prototype pathogen approach will require a systematic, multidisciplinary, coordinated approach with expertise and crosstalk among researchers of different virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Cristina Cassetti
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda J DeRocco
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne M Deschamps
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Cassetti MC, Pierson TC, Patterson LJ, Bok K, DeRocco AJ, Deschamps AM, Graham BS, Erbelding EJ, Fauci AS. Prototype Pathogen Approach for Vaccine and Monoclonal Antibody Development: A Critical Component of the NIAID Plan for Pandemic Preparedness. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:1433-1441. [PMID: 35876700 PMCID: PMC9384504 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) emerged 20 years ago, presaging a series of subsequent infectious disease epidemics of international concern. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has underscored the importance of targeted preparedness research to enable rapid countermeasure development during a crisis. In December 2021 the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), building upon the successful strategies developed during the SARS-CoV-2 response and to prepare for future pandemics, published a pandemic preparedness plan that outlined a research strategy focused on priority pathogens, technology platforms, and prototype pathogens. To accelerate the discovery, development, and evaluation of medical countermeasures against new or previously unknown pathogens of pandemic potential, we present here a strategy of research directed at select prototype pathogens. In this manner, leveraging a prototype pathogen approach may serve as a powerful cornerstone in biomedical research preparedness to protect public health from newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Cassetti
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - L Jean Patterson
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Bok
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda J DeRocco
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne M Deschamps
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily J Erbelding
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Physician scientists (researchers with either M.D. or M.D.-Ph.D. degrees) have the unique potential to combine clinical perspectives with scientific insight, and their participation in biomedical research has long been an important topic for policymakers and educators. Given the recent changes in the research environment, an update and extension of earlier studies of this population was needed. Our findings show that physician scientists are less likely to take a major role in biomedical research than they were in the past. The number of physician scientists receiving postdoctoral research training and career development awards is at an all-time low. Physician scientists today, on average, receive their first major research award (R01 equivalent) at a later age than in the 1980s. The number of first-time R01-equivalent awards to physicians is at the same level as it was 30 yr ago, but physicians now represent a smaller percentage of the grant recipients. The long-term decline in the number of physicians entering research careers was temporarily halted during the period of substantial U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget growth (1998–2003). These gains are lost, however, in the subsequent years when NIH budgets failed to keep pace with rising costs.— Garrison, H. H., Deschamps, A. M. NIH research funding and early career physician scientists: continuing challenges in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard H Garrison
- 1Office of Public Affairs, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Abstract
It is well recognized that there is sex-dimorphic expression of mRNA and protein in the heart; however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important regulator of cardiac function, and the expression levels of eNOS differ between male and female hearts. The aim of this study was to examine whether expression of specific microRNA (miRNA, miR) in males and females contributes to changes in the expression of eNOS. miRNA was extracted from the myocardium of male and female C57BL/6 mice and subjected to an Affymetrix miRNA array. Decreased expression of miR-222 was discovered in females and confirmed by qRT-PCR from whole heart or isolated cardiomyocytes. The transcription factor V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog-1 (ets-1) was identified as a potential target of miR-222 using TargetScan, and fivefold increased ets-1 protein expression in females was confirmed by Western blot. Targeting of ets-1 by miR-222 was determined in HEK293 cells overexpressing luciferase under regulation of either the ets-1 3'-UTR, a null 3'-UTR control, or a scrambled ets-1 3'-UTR and treated with a small molecule miR-222 mimic or inhibitor. Additionally qRT-PCR confirmed that mRNA levels of the ets-1 transcriptional target, eNOS, were 25% higher in females. Compared with untreated myocyte controls, 50% inhibition of eNOS expression was achieved by treatment with a miR-222 mimic, compared with a 25% increase due to miR-222 inhibitor. Our findings indicate that sex-dependent miR-222 regulation alters the expression of the cardiac regulatory protein eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Evangelista
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hobin JA, Deschamps AM, Bockman R, Cohen S, Dechow P, Eng C, Galey W, Morris M, Prabhakar S, Raj U, Rubenstein P, Smith JA, Stover P, Sung N, Talman W, Galbraith R. Engaging basic scientists in translational research: identifying opportunities, overcoming obstacles. J Transl Med 2012; 10:72. [PMID: 22500917 PMCID: PMC3419626 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is based on the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology’s symposium, “Engaging basic Scientists in Translational Research: Identifying Opportunities, Overcoming Obstacles,” held in Chevy Chase, MD, March 24–25, 2011. Meeting participants examined the benefits of engaging basic scientists in translational research, the challenges to their participation in translational research, and the roles that research institutions, funding organizations, professional societies, and scientific publishers can play to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hobin
- Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Zhao H, Sun J, Deschamps AM, Kim G, Liu C, Murphy E, Levine RL. Myristoylated methionine sulfoxide reductase A protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H1513-8. [PMID: 21841012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00441.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) catalytically scavenges reactive oxygen species and also repairs oxidized methionines in proteins. Increasing MsrA protects cells and organs from a variety of oxidative stresses while decreasing MsrA enhances damage, but the mechanisms of action have not been elucidated. A single gene encodes MsrA of which ∼25% is targeted to the mitochondria, a major site of reactive oxygen species production. The other ∼75% is targeted to the cytosol and is posttranslationally modified by myristoylation. To determine the relative importance of MsrA in each compartment in protecting against ischemia-reperfusion damage, we created a series of transgenic mice overexpressing MsrA targeted to the mitochondria or the cytosol. We used a Langendorff model of ischemia-reperfusion and assayed both the rate pressure product and infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion as measures of injury. While the mitochondrially targeted MsrA was expected to be protective, it was not. Notably, the cytosolic form was protective but only if myristoylated. The nonmyristoylated, cytosolic form offered no protection against injury. We conclude that cytosolic MsrA protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion damage. The requirement for myristoylation suggests that MsrA must interact with a hydrophobic domain to provide protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8012, USA
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Zhao H, Sun J, Deschamps AM, Kim G, Murphy E, Levine RL. Overexpression of myristoylated methionine sulfoxide reductase A in the mouse protects the heart against ischemia‐reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.913.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junhui Sun
- Laboratory of Cardiac PhysiologyNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNIHBethesdaMD
| | - Anne M. Deschamps
- Laboratory of Cardiac PhysiologyNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNIHBethesdaMD
| | | | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Laboratory of Cardiac PhysiologyNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNIHBethesdaMD
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Abstract
Premenopausal females have a comparably lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than their male counterparts. Although estrogen and activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) have been found to contribute to female protection, the complex mechanisms involved are unclear. Besides altering gene transcription, estrogen could elicit its cardioprotective effect via ER-mediated nongenomic signaling pathways. In addition to the two classic nuclear ER isoforms, ERα and ERβ, a G-protein coupled ER (GPR30 or GPER) has been found to be expressed in cardiomyocytes and plays an acute cardioprotective role in ischemia reperfusion injury. By using isoform-specific ER knockout mouse models and/or their specific modulators, the mechanisms of the different ERs involved in cardioprotection have been explored. In this review, we will focus on the signaling pathways leading to cardioprotection in ischemia reperfusion injury after ER activation and discuss the possibility and promise of specific ER modulators to treat ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dalie DKD, Deschamps AM, Atanasova-Penichon V, Richard-Forget F. Potential of Pediococcus pentosaceus (L006) isolated from maize leaf to suppress fumonisin-producing fungal growth. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1129-37. [PMID: 20537273 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at characterizing the ability of lactic acid bacteria isolated from maize to repress the growth of fumonisin-producing fungi. A total of 67 isolates were screened for their antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides by using the overlay method. The most efficient antifungal isolate was identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (L006), on the basis of physiological and biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Production of the antifungal metabolite by this isolate commenced at the end of the growth exponential phase (8 h) and reached a maximum level after a long period of incubation (120 h). The antifungal metabolites produced were shown to be heat stable, resistant to proteolytic enzyme treatments, and pH dependent. The exact chemical nature of these substances remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K D Dalie
- Unité MycSA, UPR 1264, INRA, 71 Avenue Edouard Boeaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Premenopausal females have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than their male counterparts, but the mechanism is unclear. Estrogen has been thought to signal through two nuclear receptors: estrogen receptor-alpha or estrogen receptor-beta; however, a third, membrane-bound receptor G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has been identified and shown to bind estrogen with high affinity. To date, there is little information on GPER in the heart and no study has looked at the effect of GPER activation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether activation of GPER is cardioprotective in rats. A highly specific GPER agonist, G-1, was administered to Sprague-Dawley (200-350 g) rat hearts 10 min before 20 min of ischemic followed by 120 min of reperfusion using a Langendorff model. Similar levels of GPER were found in both male and female rat hearts. With administration of 110 nM of G-1, postischemic contractile dysfunction was significantly reduced compared with untreated controls (43.8 + or - 4.3% vs. 26.9 + or - 2.1% of preischemic rate pressure product; P < 0.05). Additionally, infarct size was reduced in the G-1-treated animals when compared with control (18.8 + or - 2.7% vs. 32.4 + or - 2.1%; P < 0.05). These observations were demonstrated in both male and intact female rat hearts. Through Western blot analysis, it was demonstrated that G-1 induces the activation of both Akt and ERK1/2. Furthermore, the protection afforded by G-1 was blocked by coadministration of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (wortmannin, 100 nM). Taken together, the data show that G-1 activation of GPER improves functional recovery and reduces infarct size in isolated rat hearts following I/R through a PI3K-dependent, gender-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Translational Medicine Branch, Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Spinale FG, Koval CN, Deschamps AM, Stroud RE, Ikonomidis JS. Dynamic changes in matrix metalloprotienase activity within the human myocardial interstitium during myocardial arrest and reperfusion. Circulation 2008; 118:S16-23. [PMID: 18824748 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.786640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past studies have clearly established that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling with ischemia and reperfusion. However, these studies measured MMP levels in extracted samples, and therefore whether and to what degree actual changes in interstitial MMP activity occur within the human myocardium in the context of ischemia/reperfusion remained unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study directly quantified MMP interstitial activity within the myocardium of patients (n=14) undergoing elective cardiac surgery during steady-state conditions, as well as during and following an obligatory period of myocardial arrest and reperfusion achieved by cardiopulmonary bypass. Interstitial MMP activity was continuously monitored using a validated MMP fluorogenic substrate, a microdialysis system placed within the myocardium, and in-line fluorescent detection system. MMP activity, as measured by fluorescent emission, reached a stable steady state level by 10 minutes after deployment of the microdialysis system. During initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, MMP activity increased by 20% from baseline values (P<0.05), and then rapidly fell with cardiac arrest and longer periods of cardiopulmonary bypass. However, with restoration of myocardial blood flow and separation from cardiopulmonary bypass, MMP interstitial activity increased by over 30% from baseline (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study directly demonstrated that MMP proteolytic activity exists within the human myocardial interstitium and is a dynamic process under conditions such as myocardial arrest and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G Spinale
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Strom Thurmond Research Center, 114 Doughty St, Suite 625, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Deschamps AM, Zavadzkas J, Murphy RL, Koval CN, McLean JE, Jeffords L, Saunders SM, Sheats NJ, Stroud RE, Spinale FG. Interruption of endothelin signaling modifies membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase activity during ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 294:H875-83. [PMID: 18065523 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00918.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in particular, membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), are increased in the context of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and likely contribute to myocardial dysfunction. One potential upstream induction mechanism for MT1-MMP is endothelin (ET) release and subsequent protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Modulation of ET and PKC signaling with respect to MT1-MMP activity with I/R has yet to be explored. Accordingly, this study examined in vivo MT1-MMP activation during I/R following modification of ET signaling and PKC activation. With the use of a novel fluorogenic microdialysis system, myocardial interstitial MT1-MMP activity was measured in pigs (30 kg; n = 9) during I/R (90 min I/120 min R). Local ET(A) receptor antagonism (BQ-123, 1 microM) and PKC inhibition (chelerythrine, 1 microM) were performed in parallel microdialysis probes. MT1-MMP activity was increased during I/R by 122 +/- 10% (P < 0.05) and was unchanged from baseline with ET antagonism and/or PKC inhibition. Selective PKC isoform induction occurred such that PKC-betaII increased by 198 +/- 31% (P < 0.05). MT1-MMP phosphothreonine, a putative PKC phosphorylation site, was increased by 121 +/- 8% (P < 0.05) in the I/R region. These studies demonstrate for the first time that increased interstitial MT1-MMP activity during I/R is a result of the ET/PKC pathway and may be due to enhanced phosphorylation of MT1-MMP. These findings identify multiple potential targets for modulating a local proteolytic pathway operative during I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Apple KA, McLean JE, Squires CE, Schaeffer B, Sample JA, Murphy RL, Deschamps AM, Leonardi AH, Allen CM, Hendrick JW, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG. Differential effects of protein kinase C isoform activation in endothelin-mediated myocyte contractile dysfunction with cardioplegic arrest and reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:664-71. [PMID: 16863782 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased myocardial interstitial levels of endothelin (ET) occur during cardioplegic arrest (CA) and may contribute to contractile dysfunction. Endothelin receptor transduction involves the protein kinase-C (PKC) family comprised of multiple isoforms with diverse functions. Which PKC isoforms may be involved in ET-induced contractile dysfunction after CA remains unknown. METHODS Shortening velocity was measured in isolated left ventricular porcine myocytes and randomized (minimum of 30 per group): normothermia (cell culture media for 2 hours at 37 degrees C); CA (2 hours in CA solution [4 degrees C, 24 mEq K+] followed by reperfusion in cell media); ET/CA (100 pM ET incubated during CA and reperfusion). These studies were carried out in the presence and absence of PKC inhibitors (500 nM) and directed against members of the classical PKC subfamily (beta I, beta II, gamma) and the novel subfamily (epsilon, eta). RESULTS Cardiac arrest reduced shortening velocity by approximately 50%, which was further reduced in the presence of ET. Inhibition of either the beta II or gamma PKC isoform significantly increased shortening velocity from ET/CA as well as CA only values. In separate studies (n = 3), total beta II and phosphorylated beta II increased by over 150% with ET/CA (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that a predominant intracellular effector for the negative contractile effects mediated by ET in the context of CA is the PKC isoform beta II. CONCLUSIONS Targeted inhibition of specific PKC isoforms relieves the negative inotropic effects of ET after simulated CA. These findings provide important mechanistic support for the development of targeted inhibitory strategies with respect to ET signaling and myocyte contractile dysfunction in the context of CA and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Apple
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and The Ralph H. Johnson Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Apple KA, Yarbrough WM, Mukherjee R, Deschamps AM, Escobar PG, Mingoia JT, Sample JA, Hendrick JW, Dowdy KB, McLean JE, Stroud RE, O'Neill TP, Spinale FG. Selective Targeting of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Post-Infarction Myocardial Remodeling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:228-35. [PMID: 16495760 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000200989.23987.b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cause-effect relationship has been established between MMP activation and left ventricular (LV) remodeling following myocardial infarction. The goal of the present study was to examine a selective MMP inhibitor (sMMPi) strategy that effectively spared MMP-1, -3, and -7 with effect to regional and global left ventricular remodeling in a pig model of myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs instrumented with coronary snares and radiopaque markers within the area at risk were randomized to myocardial infarction-only (n = 10) or sMMPi (PGE-530742, 1 mg/kg TID) begun 3 days prior to myocardial infarction. Ten weight-matched noninstrumented pigs served as reference controls. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume in the myocardial infarction-only group was increased from baseline (81 +/- 3 mL versus 55 +/- 4 mL, respectively, P < 0.05) but was attenuated with sMMPi (67 +/- 3 mL, P < 0.05). Fractional area of shortening of marker area was decreased in the myocardial infarction-only group (change from baseline -63 +/- 10%, P < 0.05) but this effect was attenuated with sMMPi (-28 +/- 14%, P < 0.05), indicative of less dyskinesis of the infarct region with sMMPi. Wall stress was reduced within both the septal and posterior wall regions with sMMPi. Myocardial MMP-2 activity was decreased in both remote and border areas of sMMPi-treated samples compared with myocardial infarction-only values, consistent with pharmacologic MMP inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Selective MMP inhibition favorably affected regional myocardial geometry and decreased left ventricular dilation post-myocardial infarction. This study suggests that a strategy of selective MMP inhibition of a limited array of MMPs may be an achievable goal in preventing pathologic left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Apple
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Deschamps AM, Spinale FG. Pathways of matrix metalloproteinase induction in heart failure: bioactive molecules and transcriptional regulation. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69:666-76. [PMID: 16426590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural basis for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF) is a maladaptive myocardial remodeling process which occurs secondarily to post-myocardial infarction (MI), hypertensive hypertrophy, or cardiomyopathy. Both cellular and extracellular factors are involved in the remodeling process and it is the combined action of these factors giving rise to changes in myocardial structure which eventually affects function. One component in this remodeling process is a family of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases or MMPs. Many bioactive molecules such as cytokines/chemokines, bioactive peptides, and neurohormones which are operative in CHF likely contribute to the induction of MMPs. For example, a specific cassette of transcription factors is likely induced with extracellular stimuli in the context of CHF which in turn induces MMPs and contributes to the maladaptive remodeling process. This review will briefly discuss the biology of the MMP family, but will more importantly identify how biological factors active in CHF result in the modulation of the MMP family. Understanding how upstream molecules are involved in MMP regulation/dysregulation may provide an avenue to develop important therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Room 625, Strom Thurmond Research Building, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocardial remodeling is a complex process involving several molecular and cellular factors. Extracellular matrix has been implicated in the remodeling process. Historically, the myocardial extracellular matrix was thought to serve solely as a means to align cells and provide structure to the tissue. Although this is one of its important functions, evidence suggests that the extracellular matrix plays a complex and divergent role in influencing cell behavior. This paper characterizes some of the notable studies on this dynamic entity and on adverse myocardial remodeling that have been published over the past year, which further question the belief that the extracellular matrix is a static structure. RECENT FINDINGS Progress has been made in understanding how the extracellular matrix is operative in the three major conditions (myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy due to overload, and dilated cardiomyopathy) that involve myocardial remodeling. Several studies have examined plasma profiles of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases following myocardial infarction and during left ventricular hypertrophy as surrogate markers of remodeling/remodeled myocardium. It has been demonstrated that bioactive signaling molecules and growth factors, proteases, and structural proteins influence cell-matrix interactions in the context of left ventricular hypertrophy. Finally, studies that either removed or added tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases species in the myocardium demonstrated the importance of this regulatory protein in the remodeling process. SUMMARY Understanding the cellular and molecular triggers that in turn give rise to changes in the extracellular matrix could provide opportunities to modify the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Abstract
Myocardial remodeling invariably occurs in congestive heart failure (CHF) and is a response to a prolonged cardiovascular stress, which is characterized by a cascade of compensatory structural events. Remodeling of the myocardial interstitium occurs in CHF and likely contributes to the progression of the remodeling process. The myocardial matrix can be considered a biological highway in which a large amount of signaling proteins and structural proteins are being moved within the interstitium, entering and exiting the interstitial space, and docking to cellular components. The rates at which these events occur can accelerate and decelerate depending on the particular cardiac disease state and thereby can alter the course of myocardial remodeling. Once considered merely a scaffolding to align cells, the matrix plays a complex and divergent role in influencing cell behavior. For example, the matrix has a functional role in cell migration, proliferation, adhesion, and cell-to-cell signaling. In light of this, the myocardial matrix should not be regarded as merely a static structure, but rather, as a complex system of dynamic interactions between matrix molecules, signaling proteins, and transmembrane proteins. Specific strategies that are targeted at modifying activity along this matrix highway will likely alter the course of myocardial remodeling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Room 625, Strom Thurmond Research Building, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Deschamps AM, Apple KA, Leonardi AH, McLean JE, Yarbrough WM, Stroud RE, Clark LL, Sample JA, Spinale FG. Myocardial Interstitial Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Is Altered by Mechanical Changes in LV Load. Circ Res 2005; 96:1110-8. [PMID: 15860759 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000167830.12010.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LV myocardial remodeling is a structural hallmark of hypertensive hypertrophy, but molecular mechanisms driving this process are not well understood. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can cause myocardial remodeling in chronic disease states, but how MMP activity is altered with a mechanical load remains unknown. The present study quantified interstitial MMP activity after a discrete increase in LV load and dissected out the contributory role of the angiotensin II Type 1 receptor (AT1R). Pigs (38 kg) were randomized to undergo (1) increased LV load by insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) triggered at systole for 3 hours, then deactivated (n=11); (2) IABP and AT1R blockade (AT1RB; valsartan, 3 ng/kg/hr; n=6). MMP activity was directly measured in the myocardial interstitium using a validated inline digital fluorogenic microdialysis system. IABP engagement increased LV peak pressure from 92+/-3 to 113+/-5 and 123+/-7 mm Hg in the vehicle and AR1RB group, respectively, and remained elevated throughout the IABP period (P<0.05). With IABP disengagement, segmental shortening (% change from baseline of 0) remained depressed in the vehicle group (-32.2+/-11.8%, P<0.05) but returned to baseline in the AT1RB group (2.3+/-12.5%). MMP activity decreased with IABP in both groups. At IABP disengagement, a surge in MMP activity occurred in the vehicle group that was abrogated with AT1RB (3.03+/-0.85 versus 0.07+/-1.55 MMP units/hr, P<0.05). A transient increase in LV load caused a cyclic variation in interstitial MMP activity that is regulated in part by the AT1R. These temporally dynamic changes in MMP activity likely influence myocardial function and structure with increased LV load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Deschamps AM, Yarbrough WM, Squires CE, Allen RA, McClister DM, Dowdy KB, McLean JE, Mingoia JT, Sample JA, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG. Trafficking of the membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase in ischemia and reperfusion: relation to interstitial membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase activity. Circulation 2005; 111:1166-74. [PMID: 15723986 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000157149.71297.3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to regional remodeling after prolonged periods of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), but specific MMP types activated during this process remain poorly understood. A novel class, the membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs), has been identified in the myocardium, but activity of these MMP types has not been assessed in vivo, particularly during I/R. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs (30 kg, n=8) were instrumented with microdialysis catheters to measure MT1-MMP activity in both ischemic and nonischemic (remote) myocardium. A validated MT1-MMP fluorogenic substrate was infused through the microdialysis system, and changes in fluorescence were reflective of MT1-MMP activity at steady state, during ischemia (90 minutes), and during reperfusion (120 minutes). At peak ischemia, MT1-MMP activity was increased by >40% in the ischemic region, with no change in the remote region, which persisted with reperfusion (P<0.05). After I/R, MT1-MMP abundance was increased by >50% (P<0.05). Differential centrifugation revealed that the endosomal fraction (which contains subcellular organelles) within the ischemic myocardium was associated with a >135% increase in MT1-MMP (P<0.05). Furthermore, in an isolated left ventricular myocyte model of I/R, hypoxia (simulated ischemia) induced a >70% increase in MT1-MMP abundance in myocytes, and confocal microscopy revealed MT1-MMP internalization during this time period and reemergence to the membrane with reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS These unique results demonstrate that a specific MMP type, MT1-MMP, is increased in abundance and activity with I/R and is likely attributed, at least in part, to changes in intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Deschamps
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and the Ralph H. Johnson Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Stroud RE, Deschamps AM, Lowry AS, Hardin AE, Mukherjee R, Lindsey ML, Ramamoorthy S, Zile MR, Spencer WH, Spinale FG. Plasma monitoring of the myocardial specific tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 after alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Card Fail 2005; 11:124-30. [PMID: 15732032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall goal of this study was to develop an assay procedure for measuring the relative abundance of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-4 in plasma, and then use this approach to determine dynamic changes of TIMP-4 levels in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathic (HOCM) patients after an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to tissue remodeling and are regulated by the endogenous TIMPs. TIMP-4 is observed to be expressed in higher abundance in the myocardium when compared with other types of tissues. Recent clinical studies have measured changes in TIMP-4 levels; however, these studies have been limited to measuring this protein from myocardial tissue samples. To date, no studies have monitored TIMP-4 levels in plasma samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma TIMP-4 levels were examined (by semiquantitative immunoblotting) in normal (n=18) and HOCM (n=16) patients after alcohol-induced MI. Serial measurements of plasma TIMP-4 levels were examined up to 60 hours after alcohol-induced MI in patients with HOCM. Unglycosylated plasma TIMP-4 levels increased 250% in the HOCM patients when compared with normal controls. Total plasma TIMP-4 levels decreased by 20% at 30 hours after alcohol-induced MI. CONCLUSIONS The unique results demonstrated that an induction of a controlled MI, specifically through alcohol ablation, caused a reduction in plasma TIMP-4 levels in HOCM patients after alcohol-induced MI that would facilitate myocardial remodeling in the early post-MI setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Stroud
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29403, USA
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Deschamps AM, Yarbrough WM, Allen RA, Dowdy KB, McLean JE, Mingoia JT, Sample JA, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG. The discordance between localized induction of membrane type-MMPS and tissue inhibitors with ischemia and reperfusion: a potential therapeutic target. J Card Fail 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9164(03)00262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wilson EM, Moainie SL, Baskin JM, Lowry AS, Deschamps AM, Mukherjee R, Guy TS, St John-Sutton MG, Gorman JH, Edmunds LH, Gorman RC, Spinale FG. Region- and type-specific induction of matrix metalloproteinases in post-myocardial infarction remodeling. Circulation 2003; 107:2857-63. [PMID: 12771000 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000068375.40887.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contributes to adverse remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Whether a region- and type-specific distribution of MMPs occurs within the post-MI myocardium remained unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Ten sheep were instrumented with a sonomicrometry array to measure dimensions in 7 distinct regions corresponding to the remote, transition, and MI regions. Eight sheep served as reference controls. The relative abundance of representative MMP types and the tissue inhibitors of the MMPs (TIMPs) was quantified by immunoblotting. Segment length increased from baseline in the remote (24.9+/-5.4%), transition (18.0+/-2.9%), and MI (53.8+/-11.0%) regions at 8 weeks after MI (P<0.05) and was greatest in the MI region (P<0.05). Region- and type-specific changes in MMPs occurred after MI. For example, MMP-1 and MMP-9 abundance was unchanged in the remote, fell to 3+/-2% in the transition, and was undetectable in the MI region (P<0.05). MMP-13, MMP-8, and MT1-MMP increased by >300% in the transition and MI regions (P<0.05). TIMP abundance decreased significantly in the transition region after MI and fell to undetectable levels within the MI region. CONCLUSIONS The unique findings of this study were 2-fold. First, changes in regional geometry after MI were associated with changes in MMP levels. Second, a region-specific portfolio of MMPs was induced after MI and was accompanied by a decline in TIMP levels, indicative of a loss of MMP inhibitory control. Targeting the regional imbalance between specific MMPs and TIMPs within the post-MI myocardium holds therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wilson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Chapman RE, Scott AA, Deschamps AM, Lowry AS, Stroud RE, Ikonomidis JS, Spinale FG. Matrix metalloproteinase abundance in human myocardial fibroblasts: effects of sustained pharmacologic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2003; 35:539-48. [PMID: 12738235 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2828(03)00077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cause-effect relationship has been established between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and left ventricular (LV) myocardial remodeling through the use of pharmacologic MMP inhibitors. However, the direct effects of MMP inhibition on MMPs and endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in LV human myocardial fibroblasts (LVHMFs) remain unknown. This study measured MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, MT1-MMP, and TIMP-1 release in LVHMFs. METHODS AND RESULTS LVHMF cultures were established from six individual patients (passages 2-5) and incubated with and without the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor PD166793 (100 microM) for 12-36 h. While PD166793 did not influence MMP-2 release, MMP-9 levels based on substrate zymography increased at 36 h by over 30% (P < 0.05). TIMP-1 levels increased in a time-dependent manner with no effect from PD166793 incubation. However, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was increased by over 20% from time-matched values following 12-36 h of exposure to PD166793 (P < 0.05). Similar results obtained after incubation of LVHMF cultures with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor Batimastat (BB-94) suggest that these observations are due to a general class effect of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that a selective induction and release of an MMP species occurs with sustained exposure to pharmacologic MMP inhibition in LVHMFs. These observations may have particular importance with respect to controlling this proteolytic system in the context of LV myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R English Chapman
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Research, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Strom Thurmond Research Building, Room 625, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Mukherjee R, Brinsa TA, Dowdy KB, Scott AA, Baskin JM, Deschamps AM, Lowry AS, Escobar GP, Lucas DG, Yarbrough WM, Zile MR, Spinale FG. Myocardial infarct expansion and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Circulation 2003; 107:618-25. [PMID: 12566376 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000046449.36178.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potential mechanism for left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is activation of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study examined the effects of MMP inhibition (MMPi) on regional LV geometry and MMP levels after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS In pigs instrumented with radiopaque markers to measure regional myocardial geometry, MI was created by ligating the obtuse marginals of the circumflex artery. In the first study, pigs were randomized to MMPi (n=7; PD166793, 20 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or MI only (n=7) at 5 days after MI, and measurements were performed at 2 weeks. Regional MI areas were equivalent at randomization and were increased in the MI-only group at 2 weeks after MI compared with the MMPi group. In the second study, pigs randomized to MMPi (n=9) or MI only (n=8) were serially followed up for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after MI, LV end-diastolic dimension was lower with MMPi than in the MI-only group (4.7+/-0.1 versus 5.1+/-0.1 cm, P<0.05). Regional MI area was reduced with MMPi at 8 weeks after MI (1.3+/-0.1 versus 1.7+/-0.1 cm2, P<0.05). MMPi reduced ex vivo MMP proteolytic activity. In the MI region, membrane-type MMP levels were normalized and levels of the endogenous tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP-1) were increased compared with normal levels with MMPi. These effects were not observed in the MI-only group. CONCLUSIONS MMPi attenuated the degree of post-MI LV dilation and expansion of the infarct during the late phase of MI healing. In addition, exogenous MMPi caused region-specific modulation of certain MMP and TIMP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Etoh T, Joffs C, Deschamps AM, Davis J, Dowdy K, Hendrick J, Baicu S, Mukherjee R, Manhaini M, Spinale FG. Myocardial and interstitial matrix metalloproteinase activity after acute myocardial infarction in pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H987-94. [PMID: 11514263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.3.h987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A structural event during the evolution of a myocardial infarction (MI) is left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The mechanisms that contribute to early changes in LV myocardial remodeling in the post-MI period remain poorly understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to tissue remodeling in several disease states. Whether and to what degree MMP activation occurs within the myocardial interstitium after acute MI remains to be determined. Adult pigs (n = 15) were instrumented to measure regional myocardial function and interstitial MMP levels within regions served by the circumflex and left anterior descending arteries. Regional function was measured by sonomicrometry, and interstitial MMP levels were determined by selective microdialysis and zymography as well as by MMP interstitial fluorogenic activity. Measurements were performed at baseline and sequentially for up to 3 h after ligation of the obtuse marginals of the circumflex artery. Regional fractional shortening fell by over 50% in the MI region but remained unchanged in the remote region after coronary occlusion. Release of soluble MMPs, as revealed by zymographic activity of myocardial interstitial samples, increased by 2 h post-MI. The increased zymographic activity after MI was consistent with MMP-9. Myocardial interstitial MMP fluorogenic activity became detectable within the ischemic region as early as 10 min after coronary occlusion and significantly increased after 1 h post-MI. MMP fluorogenic activity remained unchanged from baseline values in the remote region. The present study demonstrated that myocardial MMP activation can occur within the MI region in the absence of reperfusion. These unique results suggest that MMP release and activation occurs within the ischemic myocardial interstitium in the early post-MI period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Etoh
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Gomez S, Cosson C, Deschamps AM. Evidence for a bacteriocin-like substance produced by a new strain of Streptococcus sp., inhibitory to gram-positive food-borne pathogens. Res Microbiol 1997; 148:757-66. [PMID: 9765859 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(97)82451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new strain of Streptococcus sp. (CNCM I-841) isolated from a commercial probiotic product was shown to be antagonistic towards several food-borne pathogens including Clostridium sp. and Listeria monocytogenes. This strain produced and excreted an antibacterial substance in MRS broth. The inhibitory substance was different from hydrogen peroxide, since it was unaffected by catalase. It was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, indicating that the active moiety of the inhibitor was proteinaceous in nature, and it had no effect on its producer strain. These properties suggested that the inhibitory substance could be considered as a bacteriocin-like substance. The antimicrobial substance was also produced in M17 and tryptose broths if they were supplemented with Tween-80. Partial purification allowed a 10.5-fold increase in the specific activity. A preliminary characterization showed that it was active against lactobacilli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium sp. and Listeria sp. It was not affected by 2-h treatment at 60 degrees C, but was sensitive to treatments at 100 degrees C and to autoclaving at 121 degrees C. The activity was not affected by treatments at pH values ranging from 2 to 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gomez
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biotechnologie ISTAB, Université Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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Chateau N, Castellanos I, Deschamps AM. Distribution of pathogen inhibition in the Lactobacillus isolates of a commercial probiotic consortium. J Appl Bacteriol 1993; 74:36-40. [PMID: 8420917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pure strains of Lactobacillus ssp. isolated from a commercial probiotic consortium were checked in a double layer solid medium for their inhibition activities against selected pathogenic bacteria including serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The antagonistic properties of the Lactobacillus strains may be related to the production of bacteriocin-like compounds. All the pathogens tested were inhibited by one or a few strains of Lactobacillus, the best inhibition was observed against L. monocytogenes but the inhibition was also satisfactory against E. coli, Salm. typhimurium and Salm. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chateau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie, Institut des Sciences et Techniques des Aliments, Université Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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Abstract
Bacterial strains were selected for their capacity to assimilate and to transform ammonium-lignosulfonate. Modification of the methyl content and of low molecular weight alkyl functions were demonstrated by gas-chromatography and HLPC analysis. Most of these strains completely degraded simple phenolic compounds related to lignosulfonate without inhibition by the carbohydrates present in the liquor. Further investigation suggested that the enzymes involved in the fission of the aromatic nuclei were constitutive in the strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ammar
- Université de Technologie, Division Procédés Biotechnologiques, Compiegne, France
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Deschamps AM, Richard C, Lebeault JM. Bacteriology and nutrition of environmental strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae involved in wood and bark decay. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1983; 134A:189-96. [PMID: 6346982 DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2609(83)80080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from screening procedures for wood- and bark-decaying bacteria. Their bacteriological and biochemical properties, their sensitivity to antibiotics and assimilation of wood components were analysed. Most were pectinolytic, degraded xylan and different phenolic compounds. Unusual associations of capsular polysaccharides and biotypes were observed. The nitrogen fixation ability of these strains was also tested.
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Deschamps AM, Lebeault JM. [Screening for cellulolytic bacteria with the cellulose-azure test (author's transl)]. Ann Microbiol (Paris) 1980; 131:77-81. [PMID: 6987936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As the classical methods involving the clearing of opaque cellulose-agar media are not satisfying, a simple method utilizing cellulose-azure as a substrate has been adapted to detect cellulolytic activity of bacteria. This precise method may be combined with a primary growth on carboxymethyl-cellulose-agar to screen for cellulase-producing strains.
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