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Vamvakopoulou IA, Fonville L, Hayes A, McGonigle J, Elliott R, Ersche KD, Flechais R, Orban C, Murphy A, Smith DG, Suckling J, Taylor EM, Deakin B, Robbins TW, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Paterson LM. Selective D3 receptor antagonism modulates neural response during negative emotional processing in substance dependence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:998844. [PMID: 36339857 PMCID: PMC9627287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.998844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Negative affective states contribute to the chronic-relapsing nature of addiction. Mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors are well placed to modulate emotion and are dysregulated in substance dependence. Selective antagonists might restore dopaminergic hypofunction, thus representing a potential treatment target. We investigated the effects of selective D3 antagonist, GSK598809, on the neural response to negative emotional processing in substance dependent individuals and healthy controls. Methodology Functional MRI BOLD response was assessed during an evocative image task, 2 h following acute administration of GSK598809 (60 mg) or placebo in a multi-site, double-blind, pseudo-randomised, cross-over design. Abstinent drug dependent individuals (DD, n = 36) comprising alcohol-only (AO, n = 19) and cocaine-alcohol polydrug (PD, n = 17) groups, and matched controls (n = 32) were presented with aversive and neutral images in a block design (contrast of interest: aversive > neutral). Whole-brain mixed-effects and a priori ROI analyses tested for group and drug effects, with identical models exploring subgroup effects. Results No group differences in task-related BOLD signal were identified between DD and controls. However, subgroup analysis revealed greater amygdala/insular BOLD signal in PD compared with AO groups. Following drug administration, GSK598809 increased BOLD response across HC and DD groups in thalamus, caudate, putamen, and pallidum, and reduced BOLD response in insular and opercular cortices relative to placebo. Multivariate analyses in a priori ROIs revealed differential effects of D3 antagonism according to subgroup in substantia nigra; GSK598809 increased BOLD response in AO and decreased response in PD groups. Conclusion Acute GSK598809 modulates the BOLD response to aversive image processing, providing evidence that D3 antagonism may impact emotional regulation. Enhanced BOLD response within D3-rich mesolimbic regions is consistent with its pharmacology and with attenuation of substance-related hypodopaminergic function. However, the lack of group differences in task-related BOLD response and the non-specific effect of GSK598809 between groups makes it difficult to ascertain whether D3 antagonism is likely to be normalising or restorative in our abstinent populations. The suggestion of differential D3 modulation between AO and PD subgroups is intriguing, raising the possibility of divergent treatment responses. Further study is needed to determine whether D3 antagonism should be recommended as a treatment target in substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna A. Vamvakopoulou
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Fonville
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Hayes
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John McGonigle
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Remy Flechais
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Csaba Orban
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dana G. Smith
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Suckling
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M. Taylor
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Nutt
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne R. Lingford-Hughes
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M. Paterson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Paterson LM, Barker D, Cro S, Mozgunov P, Phillips R, Smith C, Nahar L, Paterson S, Lingford-Hughes AR. FORWARDS-1: an adaptive, single-blind, placebo-controlled ascending dose study of acute baclofen on safety parameters in opioid dependence during methadone-maintenance treatment-a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study. Trials 2022; 23:880. [PMID: 36258248 PMCID: PMC9579625 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of opiate addiction with opiate substitution treatment (e.g. methadone) is beneficial. However, some individuals desire or would benefit from abstinence but there are limited options to attenuate problems with opiate withdrawal. Preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence suggests that the GABA-B agonist, baclofen, has the desired properties to facilitate opiate detoxification and prevent relapse. This study aims to understand whether there are any safety issues in administering baclofen to opioid-dependent individuals receiving methadone. Methods Opiate-dependent individuals (DSM-5 severe opioid use disorder) maintained on methadone will be recruited from addiction services in northwest London (NHS and third sector providers). Participants will be medically healthy with no severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or type 2 respiratory failure, no current dependence on other substances (excluding nicotine), no current severe DSM-5 psychiatric disorders, and no contraindications for baclofen or 4800 IU vitamin D (placebo). Eligible participants will be randomised in a 3:1 ratio to receive baclofen or placebo in an adaptive, single-blind, ascending dose design. A Bayesian dose-escalation model will inform the baclofen dose (10, 30, 60, or 90 mg) based on the incidence of ‘dose-limiting toxicity’ (DLT) events and participant-specific methadone dose. A range of respiratory, cardiovascular, and sedative measures including the National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) and Glasgow Coma Scale will determine DLT. On the experimental day, participants will consume their usual daily dose of methadone followed by an acute dose of baclofen or placebo (vitamin D3) ~ 1 h later. Measures including oxygen saturation, transcutaneous CO2, respiratory rate, QTc interval, subjective effects (sedation, drug liking, craving), plasma levels (baclofen, methadone), and adverse events will be obtained using validated questionnaires and examinations periodically for 5 h after dosing. Discussion Study outcomes will determine what dose of baclofen is safe to prescribe to those receiving methadone, to inform a subsequent proof-of-concept trial of the efficacy baclofen to facilitate opiate detoxification. To proceed, the minimum acceptable dose is 30 mg of baclofen in patients receiving ≤ 60 mg/day methadone based on the clinical experience of baclofen’s use in alcoholism and guidelines for the management of opiate dependence. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05161351. Registered on 16 December 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-022-06821-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Paterson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - D Barker
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Cro
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Mozgunov
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Phillips
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Smith
- Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L Nahar
- Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Paterson
- Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A R Lingford-Hughes
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Ostinelli EG, Smith K, Zangani C, Ostacher MJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Hong JSW, Macdonald O, Cipriani A. COVID-19 and substance use disorders: a review of international guidelines for frontline healthcare workers of addiction services. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:228. [PMID: 35361184 PMCID: PMC8968241 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with substance use disorders may be at a greater risk of contracting COVID-19 infection and developing medical complications. Several institutional and governmental health agencies across the world developed ad hoc guidance for substance use disorder services and care of individuals misusing substances. We aimed to synthesise the best available recommendations on management and care of people with or at risk of substance use disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic from existing guidelines published in UK, USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore. METHODS We systematically searched existing guidelines and websites from 28 international institutions and governmental bodies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (May 4th 2021). We summarized the extracted data as answers to specific clinical questions. RESULTS We organised the available recommendations from 19 sources in three sections. First, we focused on general advice and recommendations for people who misuse alcohol or drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic, the design of contingency plans, safeguarding issues for children and families of service users and advice to the public, patients, and carers. Then, we summarised specific guidelines for people who use illicit drugs and related services, such as opioid substitution treatment and needle and syringe programmes. Finally, we provided a synthesis on specific recommendations for services supporting people who misuse alcohol and key topics in the field, such as management of alcohol detoxification and safe transition between supervised and unsupervised consumption. CONCLUSIONS Available guidance reflected different approaches, ranging from being extremely cautious in providing recommendations other than generic statements to proposing adaptation of previously available guidelines to confront the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. After the early phase, guidance focused on reduction of infection transmission and service delivery. Guidance did not provide advice on infection prevention via vaccination programmes and service access strategies tailored to individuals with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo G. Ostinelli
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK ,grid.416938.10000 0004 0641 5119Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katharine Smith
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK ,grid.416938.10000 0004 0641 5119Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Zangani
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK ,grid.416938.10000 0004 0641 5119Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael J. Ostacher
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.280747.e0000 0004 0419 2556Department of Psychiatry, Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Anne R. Lingford-Hughes
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK ,grid.450578.b0000 0001 1550 1922Central North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James S. W. Hong
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Orla Macdonald
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK ,grid.416938.10000 0004 0641 5119Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Oxford Precision Psychiatry Lab, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK ,grid.416938.10000 0004 0641 5119Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Agabio R, Sinclair JM, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, Beraha EM, Caputo F, Chick JD, de La Selle P, Franchitto N, Garbutt JC, Haber PS, Heydtmann M, Jaury P, Lingford-Hughes AR, Morley KC, Müller CA, Owens L, Pastor A, Paterson LM, Pélissier F, Rolland B, Stafford A, Thompson A, van den Brink W, de Beaurepaire R, Leggio L. Baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: the Cagliari Statement. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:957-960. [PMID: 30413394 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Addolorato
- AUD and Alcohol Related Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Esther M Beraha
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Caputo
- SS Annunziata Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Cento, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Chick
- Castle Craig Hospital, Blyth Bridge, UK; School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Franchitto
- Department of Addiction Médicine, Poisons and Substance Abuse Treatment Centre, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - James C Garbutt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul S Haber
- National Health Medical Research Council, Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathis Heydtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital Paisley, Paisley, UK
| | - Philippe Jaury
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten C Morley
- Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian A Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lynn Owens
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam Pastor
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise M Paterson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fanny Pélissier
- Poison Control Centre, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon, Lyon, France; University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Andrew Thompson
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, RI, USA
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5
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Dukart J, Holiga Š, Chatham C, Hawkins P, Forsyth A, McMillan R, Myers J, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nutt DJ, Merlo-Pich E, Risterucci C, Boak L, Umbricht D, Schobel S, Liu T, Mehta MA, Zelaya FO, Williams SC, Brown G, Paulus M, Honey GD, Muthukumaraswamy S, Hipp J, Bertolino A, Sambataro F. Cerebral blood flow predicts differential neurotransmitter activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4074. [PMID: 29511260 PMCID: PMC5840131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of metabolic magnetic resonance imaging measures such as cerebral blood flow in translational medicine is limited by the unknown link of observed alterations to specific neurophysiological processes. In particular, the sensitivity of cerebral blood flow to activity changes in specific neurotransmitter systems remains unclear. We address this question by probing cerebral blood flow in healthy volunteers using seven established drugs with known dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms of action. We use a novel framework aimed at disentangling the observed effects to contribution from underlying neurotransmitter systems. We find for all evaluated compounds a reliable spatial link of respective cerebral blood flow changes with underlying neurotransmitter receptor densities corresponding to their primary mechanisms of action. The strength of these associations with receptor density is mediated by respective drug affinities. These findings suggest that cerebral blood flow is a sensitive brain-wide in-vivo assay of metabolic demands across a variety of neurotransmitter systems in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Dukart
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Štefan Holiga
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Chatham
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hawkins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Forsyth
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McMillan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jim Myers
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J Nutt
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
| | - Emilio Merlo-Pich
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Risterucci
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lauren Boak
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Umbricht
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott Schobel
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liu
- Center for Functional MRI, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0677, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Departments of Radiology, Psychiatry and Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando O Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve C Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Brown
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
| | - Martin Paulus
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
| | - Garry D Honey
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suresh Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joerg Hipp
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute Of Psychiatry, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Sambataro
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences (DISM), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Morris LS, Baek K, Tait R, Elliott R, Ersche KD, Flechais R, McGonigle J, Murphy A, Nestor LJ, Orban C, Passetti F, Paterson LM, Rabiner I, Reed L, Smith D, Suckling J, Taylor EM, Bullmore ET, Lingford-Hughes AR, Deakin B, Nutt DJ, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Voon V. Naltrexone ameliorates functional network abnormalities in alcohol-dependent individuals. Addict Biol 2018; 23:425-436. [PMID: 28247526 PMCID: PMC5811832 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is commonly used as a relapse prevention medication in alcohol and opiate addiction, but its efficacy and the mechanisms underpinning its clinical usefulness are not well characterized. In the current study, we examined the effects of 50‐mg naltrexone compared with placebo on neural network changes associated with substance dependence in 21 alcohol and 36 poly‐drug‐dependent individuals compared with 36 healthy volunteers. Graph theoretic and network‐based statistical analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data revealed that alcohol‐dependent subjects had reduced functional connectivity of a dispersed network compared with both poly‐drug‐dependent and healthy subjects. Higher local efficiency was observed in both patient groups, indicating clustered and segregated network topology and information processing. Naltrexone normalized heightened local efficiency of the neural network in alcohol‐dependent individuals, to the same levels as healthy volunteers. Naltrexone failed to have an effect on the local efficiency in abstinent poly‐substance‐dependent individuals. Across groups, local efficiency was associated with substance, but no alcohol exposure implicating local efficiency as a potential premorbid risk factor in alcohol use disorders that can be ameliorated by naltrexone. These findings suggest one possible mechanism for the clinical effects of naltrexone, namely, the amelioration of disrupted network topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S. Morris
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | - Roger Tait
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit; University of Manchester; UK
| | - Karen D. Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - Remy Flechais
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - John McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit; University of Manchester; UK
| | - Liam J. Nestor
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Filippo Passetti
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Louise M. Paterson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | | | - Laurence Reed
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Dana Smith
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - John Suckling
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | | | - Bill Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit; University of Manchester; UK
| | - David J. Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute; University of Cambridge; UK
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Cambridge; UK
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7
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de Beaurepaire R, Sinclair JMA, Heydtmann M, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, Beraha EM, Caputo F, Chick JD, de La Selle P, Franchitto N, Garbutt JC, Haber PS, Jaury P, Lingford-Hughes AR, Morley KC, Müller CA, Owens L, Pastor A, Paterson LM, Pélissier F, Rolland B, Stafford A, Thompson A, van den Brink W, Leggio L, Agabio R. The Use of Baclofen as a Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Clinical Practice Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:708. [PMID: 30662411 PMCID: PMC6328471 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a brain disorder associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Baclofen, a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid-B (GABA-B) receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising drug for AUD. The use of this drug remains controversial, in part due to uncertainty regarding dosing and efficacy, alongside concerns about safety. To date there have been 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of baclofen in AUD; three using doses over 100 mg/day. Two additional RCTs have been completed but have not yet been published. Most trials used fixed dosing of 30-80 mg/day. The other approach involved titration until the desired clinical effect was achieved, or unwanted effects emerged. The maintenance dose varies widely from 30 to more than 300 mg/day. Baclofen may be particularly advantageous in those with liver disease, due to its limited hepatic metabolism and safe profile in this population. Patients should be informed that the use of baclofen for AUD is as an "off-label" prescription, that no optimal fixed dose has been established, and that existing clinical evidence on efficacy is inconsistent. Baclofen therapy requires careful medical monitoring due to safety considerations, particularly at higher doses and in those with comorbid physical and/or psychiatric conditions. Baclofen is mostly used in some European countries and Australia, and in particular, for patients who have not benefitted from the currently used and approved medications for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia M A Sinclair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis Heydtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Alexandra Hospital Paisley, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Addolorato
- AUD and Alcohol Related Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- Faculté de Médecine, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Esther M Beraha
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Caputo
- Department of Internal Medicine, SS. Annunziata Hospital, Cento, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Chick
- Castle Craig Hospital, Blyth Bridge, United Kingdom.,School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Franchitto
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Poisons and Substance Abuse Treatment Centre, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - James C Garbutt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Paul S Haber
- National Health Medical Research Council, Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Philippe Jaury
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten C Morley
- Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christian A Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lynn Owens
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Pastor
- Department Addiction Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M Paterson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Pélissier
- Poison Control Center, Toulouse-Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Andrew Thompson
- Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Roberta Agabio
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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8
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Mick I, Ramos AC, Myers J, Stokes PR, Chandrasekera S, Erritzoe D, Mendez MA, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, Searle GE, Galduróz JCF, Waldman AD, Bowden-Jones H, Clark L, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. Evidence for GABA-A receptor dysregulation in gambling disorder: correlation with impulsivity. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1601-1609. [PMID: 27739164 PMCID: PMC5697606 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a behavioural addiction, gambling disorder (GD) provides an opportunity to characterize addictive processes without the potentially confounding effects of chronic excessive drug and alcohol exposure. Impulsivity is an established precursor to such addictive behaviours, and GD is associated with greater impulsivity. There is also evidence of GABAergic dysregulation in substance addiction and in impulsivity. This study therefore investigated GABAA receptor availability in 15 individuals with GD and 19 healthy volunteers (HV) using [11C]Ro15‐4513, a relatively selective α5 benzodiazepine receptor PET tracer and its relationship with impulsivity. We found significantly higher [11C]Ro15‐4513 total distribution volume (VT) in the right hippocampus in the GD group compared with HV. We found higher levels of the ‘Negative Urgency’ construct of impulsivity in GD, and these were positively associated with higher [11C]Ro15‐4513 VT in the amygdala in the GD group; no such significant correlations were evident in the HV group. These results contrast with reduced binding of GABAergic PET ligands described previously in alcohol and opiate addiction and add to growing evidence for distinctions in the neuropharmacology between substance and behavioural addictions. These results provide the first characterization of GABAA receptors in GD with [11C]Ro15‐4513 PET and show greater α5 receptor availability and positive correlations with trait impulsivity. This GABAergic dysregulation is potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Mick
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Anna C. Ramos
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Department of Psychobiology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Jim Myers
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Paul R. Stokes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; UK
| | - Samantha Chandrasekera
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Maria A. Mendez
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; UK
| | - Roger N. Gunn
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
- Imanova Ltd.; Centre for Imaging Sciences; UK
| | - Eugenii A. Rabiner
- Imanova Ltd.; Centre for Imaging Sciences; UK
- Department of Neuroimaging; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College; UK
| | | | | | - Adam D. Waldman
- Department of Imaging, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine; Imperial College; UK
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Canada
| | - David J. Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
| | - Anne R. Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; UK
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9
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Savulich G, Riccelli R, Passamonti L, Correia M, Deakin JFW, Elliott R, Flechais RSA, Lingford-Hughes AR, McGonigle J, Murphy A, Nutt DJ, Orban C, Paterson LM, Reed LJ, Smith DG, Suckling J, Tait R, Taylor EM, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Effects of naltrexone are influenced by childhood adversity during negative emotional processing in addiction recovery. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1054. [PMID: 28267152 PMCID: PMC5416677 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist used in the management of alcohol dependence. Although the endogenous opioid system has been implicated in emotion regulation, the effects of mu-opioid receptor blockade on brain systems underlying negative emotional processing are not clear in addiction. Individuals meeting criteria for alcohol dependence alone (n=18, alcohol) and in combination with cocaine and/or opioid dependence (n=21, alcohol/drugs) and healthy individuals without a history of alcohol or drug dependence (n=21) were recruited. Participants were alcohol and drug abstinent before entered into this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate brain response while viewing aversive and neutral images relative to baseline on 50 mg of naltrexone and placebo. We found that naltrexone modulated task-related activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the hippocampus as a function of childhood adversity (for aversive versus neutral images) in all groups. Furthermore, there was a group-by-treatment-by-condition interaction in the right amygdala, which was mainly driven by a normalization of response for aversive relative to neutral images under naltrexone in the alcohol/drugs group. We conclude that early childhood adversity is one environmental factor that influences pharmacological response to naltrexone. Pharmacotherapy with naltrexone may also have some ameliorative effects on negative emotional processing in combined alcohol and drug dependence, possibly due to alterations in endogenous opioid transmission or the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist actions of naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Riccelli
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - L Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Correia
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - J F W Deakin
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Elliott
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R S A Flechais
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Murphy
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L M Paterson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L J Reed
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D G Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Tait
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E M Taylor
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - T W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK. E-mail:
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10
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Kalk NJ, Guo Q, Owen D, Cherian R, Erritzoe D, Gilmour A, Ribeiro AS, McGonigle J, Waldman A, Matthews P, Cavanagh J, McInnes I, Dar K, Gunn R, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR. Decreased hippocampal translocator protein (18 kDa) expression in alcohol dependence: a [ 11C]PBR28 PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e996. [PMID: 28072413 PMCID: PMC5545729 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated withdrawal from alcohol is clinically associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Microglial activation occurring during pre-clinical models of alcohol withdrawal is associated with learning deficits. We investigated whether there was microglial activation in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (ADP), using [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET), selective for the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) highly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the relationship between microglial activation and cognitive performance. Twenty healthy control (HC) subjects (45±13; M:F 14:6) and nine ADP (45±6, M:F 9:0) were evaluated. Dynamic PET data were acquired for 90 min following an injection of 331±15 MBq [11C]PBR28. Regional volumes of distribution (VT) for regions of interest (ROIs) identified a priori were estimated using a two-tissue compartmental model with metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. ADP had an ~20% lower [11C]PBR28 VT, in the hippocampus (F(1,24) 5.694; P=0.025), but no difference in VT in other ROIs. Hippocampal [11C]PBR28 VT was positively correlated with verbal memory performance in a combined group of HC and ADP (r=0.720, P<0.001), an effect seen in HC alone (r=0.738; P=0.001) but not in ADP. We did not find evidence for increased microglial activation in ADP, as seen pre-clinically. Instead, our findings suggest lower glial density or an altered activation state with lower TSPO expression. The correlation between verbal memory and [11C]PBR28 VT, raises the possibility that abnormalities of glial function may contribute to cognitive impairment in ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK,National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, UK. E-mail:
| | - Q Guo
- Neuroimaging Department, Kings College London, London, UK,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Cherian
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Gilmour
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A S Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Waldman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Well-being, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I McInnes
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Dar
- Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Gunn
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
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11
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McGonigle J, Murphy A, Paterson LM, Reed LJ, Nestor L, Nash J, Elliott R, Ersche KD, Flechais RSA, Newbould R, Orban C, Smith DG, Taylor EM, Waldman AD, Robbins TW, Deakin JFW, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Suckling J. The ICCAM platform study: An experimental medicine platform for evaluating new drugs for relapse prevention in addiction. Part B: fMRI description. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:3-16. [PMID: 27703042 PMCID: PMC5367542 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116668592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to set up a robust multi-centre clinical fMRI and neuropsychological platform to investigate the neuropharmacology of brain processes relevant to addiction - reward, impulsivity and emotional reactivity. Here we provide an overview of the fMRI battery, carried out across three centres, characterizing neuronal response to the tasks, along with exploring inter-centre differences in healthy participants. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three fMRI tasks were used: monetary incentive delay to probe reward sensitivity, go/no-go to probe impulsivity and an evocative images task to probe emotional reactivity. A coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was carried out for the reward and impulsivity tasks to help establish region of interest (ROI) placement. A group of healthy participants was recruited from across three centres (total n=43) to investigate inter-centre differences. Principle observations: The pattern of response observed for each of the three tasks was consistent with previous studies using similar paradigms. At the whole brain level, significant differences were not observed between centres for any task. CONCLUSIONS In developing this platform we successfully integrated neuroimaging data from three centres, adapted validated tasks and applied whole brain and ROI approaches to explore and demonstrate their consistency across centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise M Paterson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laurence J Reed
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liam Nestor
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Nash
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Remy SA Flechais
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dana G Smith
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor M Taylor
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam D Waldman
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - JF William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK,Anne Lingford-Hughes, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital campus, 160 Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn, UK
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12
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Abstract
The current rise in the prevalence of magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments to measure γ-aminobutyric acid in the living human brain is an exciting and productive area of research. As research spreads into clinical populations and cognitive research, it is important to fully understand the source of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal and apply appropriate interpretation to the results of the experiments. γ-aminobutyric acid is present in the brain not only as a neurotransmitter, but also in high intracellular concentrations, both as a transmitter precursor and a metabolite. γ-aminobutyric acid concentrations measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy are not necessarily implicated in neurotransmission and therefore may reflect a very different brain activity to that commonly suggested. In this perspective, we examine some of the considerations to be taken in the interpretation of any γ-aminobutyric acid signal measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Fm Myers
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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13
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Abstract
The treatment of depression remains suboptimal, highlighting the need for more effective antidepressants. Traditional drug discovery and development is time-consuming and costly, prompting the need for faster translation of novel therapies into practice. But clinical expediency comes at a cost against which potential benefits need to be considered judiciously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Gin S. Malhi, Professor and Chair of Psychiatry, and Associate Director Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Anne R. Lingford-Hughes, Professor of Addiction Biology, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; Allan H. Young, Chair of Mood Disorders and Director of Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Gin S. Malhi, Professor and Chair of Psychiatry, and Associate Director Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Anne R. Lingford-Hughes, Professor of Addiction Biology, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; Allan H. Young, Chair of Mood Disorders and Director of Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Gin S. Malhi, Professor and Chair of Psychiatry, and Associate Director Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Australia; Anne R. Lingford-Hughes, Professor of Addiction Biology, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; Allan H. Young, Chair of Mood Disorders and Director of Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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14
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Paterson LM, Flechais RSA, Murphy A, Reed LJ, Abbott S, Boyapati V, Elliott R, Erritzoe D, Ersche KD, Faluyi Y, Faravelli L, Fernandez-Egea E, Kalk NJ, Kuchibatla SS, McGonigle J, Metastasio A, Mick I, Nestor L, Orban C, Passetti F, Rabiner EA, Smith DG, Suckling J, Tait R, Taylor EM, Waldman AD, Robbins TW, Deakin JFW, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. The Imperial College Cambridge Manchester (ICCAM) platform study: An experimental medicine platform for evaluating new drugs for relapse prevention in addiction. Part A: Study description. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:943-60. [PMID: 26246443 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115596155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug and alcohol dependence are global problems with substantial societal costs. There are few treatments for relapse prevention and therefore a pressing need for further study of brain mechanisms underpinning relapse circuitry. The Imperial College Cambridge Manchester (ICCAM) platform study is an experimental medicine approach to this problem: using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques and selective pharmacological tools, it aims to explore the neuropharmacology of putative relapse pathways in cocaine, alcohol, opiate dependent, and healthy individuals to inform future drug development. Addiction studies typically involve small samples because of recruitment difficulties and attrition. We established the platform in three centres to assess the feasibility of a multisite approach to address these issues. Pharmacological modulation of reward, impulsivity and emotional reactivity were investigated in a monetary incentive delay task, an inhibitory control task, and an evocative images task, using selective antagonists for µ-opioid, dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) and neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors (naltrexone, GSK598809, vofopitant/aprepitant), in a placebo-controlled, randomised, crossover design. In two years, 609 scans were performed, with 155 individuals scanned at baseline. Attrition was low and the majority of individuals were sufficiently motivated to complete all five sessions (n=87). We describe herein the study design, main aims, recruitment numbers, sample characteristics, and explain the test hypotheses and anticipated study outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Paterson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Remy S A Flechais
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurence J Reed
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sanja Abbott
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yetunde Faluyi
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Faravelli
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - John McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Metastasio
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 5 Boroughs Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Warrington, UK
| | - Inge Mick
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liam Nestor
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK Clinical Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, UK
| | - Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filippo Passetti
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dana G Smith
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Tait
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor M Taylor
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam D Waldman
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J F William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Abstract
Acamprosate is one of the few medications licensed for prevention of relapse in alcohol dependence, and over time it has proved to be significantly, if moderately, effective, safe and tolerable. Its use is now being extended into other addictions and neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanism of action of acamprosate has been less clear, but in the decade or more that has elapsed since its licensing, a body of translational evidence has accumulated, in which preclinical findings are replicated in clinical populations. Acamprosate modulates N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor transmission and may have indirect effects on γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor transmission. It is known to decrease brain glutamate and increase β-endorphins in rodents and man. Acamprosate diminishes reinstatement in ethanolized rodents and promotes abstinence in humans. Although acamprosate has been called an anticraving drug, its subjective effects are subtle and relate to diminished arousal, anxiety and insomnia, which parallel preclinical findings of decreased withdrawal symptoms in animals treated with acamprosate. Further understanding of the pharmacology of acamprosate will allow appropriate targeting of therapy in individuals with alcohol dependence and extension of its use to other addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Kalk
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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16
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Orban C, McGonigle J, Kalk NJ, Erritzoe D, Waldman AD, Nutt DJ, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR. Resting state synchrony in anxiety-related circuits of abstinent alcohol-dependent patients. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2014; 39:433-40. [PMID: 24200213 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.846348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety has been linked to initiation, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence. Neurobiological models of anxiety have proposed important roles for amygdala-insula and amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex interactions in the generation and regulation of anxiety states, respectively. OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypotheses that abstinent alcohol-dependent patients would show a disruption of synchrony in these circuits as measured by resting state functional MRI. METHODS The study examined recently abstinent (n = 13), longer-term abstinent (n = 16) alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (n = 22). Resting-state synchrony (RSS) was examined in specific circuits, where degree of synchrony has been found to correlate with state anxiety levels in previous studies. RESULTS Alcohol-dependent patients showed significantly elevated scores on anxiety and depression inventories compared with controls. No significant group differences in synchrony were observed between right amygdala and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), between left amygdala and left vmPFC, or, after correction for multiple comparisons, right amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). However, significantly decreased positive synchrony was found between left basolateral amygdala and left anterior insula, in patients relative to controls. CONCLUSION Both early and longer-term abstinent alcohol-dependent patients showed increased anxiety levels relative to controls and altered resting state synchrony in circuits previously linked to state anxiety. Notably, the significant group differences in synchrony were in the opposite direction to our predictions based on the literature. These results may point to a lack of generalizability of models derived from young healthy homogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London , London , UK
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17
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Stokes PRA, Myers JF, Kalk NJ, Watson BJ, Erritzoe D, Wilson SJ, Cunningham VJ, Riano Barros D, Hammers A, Turkheimer FE, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. Acute increases in synaptic GABA detectable in the living human brain: a [¹¹C]Ro15-4513 PET study. Neuroimage 2014; 99:158-65. [PMID: 24844747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system is associated with the regulation of normal cognitive functions and dysregulation has been reported in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and addictions. Investigating the role of GABA in both health and disease has been constrained by difficulties in measuring acute changes in synaptic GABA using neurochemical imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute increases in synaptic GABA are detectable in the living human brain using the inverse agonist GABA-benzodiazepine receptor (GABA-BZR) positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [(11)C]Ro15-4513. We examined the effect of 15 mg oral tiagabine, which increases synaptic GABA by inhibiting the GAT1 GABA uptake transporter, on [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding in 12 male participants using a paired, double blind, placebo-controlled protocol. Spectral analysis was used to examine synaptic α1 and extrasynaptic α5 GABA-BZR subtype availability in brain regions with high levels of [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding. We also examined the test-retest reliability of α1 and a5-specific [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding in a separate cohort of 4 participants using the same spectral analysis protocol. Tiagabine administration produced significant reductions in hippocampal, parahippocampal, amygdala and anterior cingulate synaptic α1 [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding, and a trend significance reduction in the nucleus accumbens. These reductions were greater than test-retest reliability, indicating that they are not the result of chance observations. Our results suggest that acute increases in endogenous synaptic GABA are detectable in the living human brain using [(11)C]Ro15-4513 PET. These findings have potentially major implications for the investigation of GABA function in brain disorders and in the development of new treatments targeting this neurotransmitter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R A Stokes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Jim F Myers
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK; Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben J Watson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sue J Wilson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK; Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Vincent J Cunningham
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, IMS Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Daniela Riano Barros
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK; The Neurodis Foundation, CERMEP Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, PO89, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anne R Lingford-Hughes
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK
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18
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Myers JFM, Evans CJ, Kalk NJ, Edden RAE, Lingford-Hughes AR. Measurement of GABA using J-difference edited 1H-MRS following modulation of synaptic GABA concentration with tiagabine. Synapse 2014; 68:355-62. [PMID: 24756906 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Though GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in a wide variety of brain functions and many neuropsychiatric disorders, its intracellular and metabolic presence provides uncertainty in the interpretation of the GABA signal measured by (1)H-MRS. Previous studies demonstrating the sensitivity of this technique to pharmacological manipulations of GABA have used nonspecific challenges that make it difficult to infer the exact source of the changes. In this study, the synaptic GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine, which selectively blocks GAT1, was used to test the sensitivity of J-difference edited (1)H-MRS to changes in extracellular GABA concentrations. MEGA-PRESS was used to obtain GABA-edited spectra in 10 male individuals, before and after a 15-mg oral dose of tiagabine. In the three voxels measured, no significant changes were found in GABA+ concentration after the challenge compared to baseline. This dose of tiagabine is known to modulate synaptic GABA and neurotransmission through studies using other imaging modalities, and significant increases in self-reported sleepiness scales were observed. Therefore, it is concluded that recompartmentalization of GABA through transport block does not have a significant impact on total GABA concentration. Furthermore, it is likely that the majority of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-derived GABA signal is intracellular. It should be considered, in individual interpretation of GABA MRS studies, whether it is appropriate to attribute observed effects to changes in neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F M Myers
- Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
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19
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Stokes PRA, Benecke A, Puraite J, Bloomfield MAP, Shotbolt P, Reeves SJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Howes O, Egerton A. Does human presynaptic striatal dopamine function predict social conformity? J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:237-43. [PMID: 24257812 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113512037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Socially desirable responding (SDR) is a personality trait which reflects either a tendency to present oneself in an overly positive manner to others, consistent with social conformity (impression management (IM)), or the tendency to view one's own behaviour in an overly positive light (self-deceptive enhancement (SDE)). Neurochemical imaging studies report an inverse relationship between SDR and dorsal striatal dopamine D₂/₃ receptor availability. This may reflect an association between SDR and D₂/₃ receptor expression, synaptic dopamine levels or a combination of the two. In this study, we used a [¹⁸F]-DOPA positron emission tomography (PET) image database to investigate whether SDR is associated with presynaptic dopamine function. Striatal [¹⁸F]-DOPA uptake, (k(i)(cer), min⁻¹), was determined in two independent healthy participant cohorts (n=27 and 19), by Patlak analysis using a cerebellar reference region. SDR was assessed using the revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) Lie scale, and IM and SDE were measured using the Paulhus Deception Scales. No significant associations were detected between Lie, SDE or IM scores and striatal [¹⁸F]-DOPA k(i)(cer). These results indicate that presynaptic striatal dopamine function is not associated with social conformity and suggests that social conformity may be associated with striatal D₂/₃ receptor expression rather than with synaptic dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R A Stokes
- 1Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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20
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Kalk NJ, Owen DR, Tyacke RJ, Reynolds R, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR, Parker CA. Are prescribed benzodiazepines likely to affect the availability of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in PET studies? Synapse 2013; 67:909-12. [PMID: 23666806 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- Imperial College London, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Stokes PR, Benecke A, Myers J, Erritzoe D, Watson BJ, Kalk N, Barros DR, Hammers A, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. History of cigarette smoking is associated with higher limbic GABAA receptor availability. Neuroimage 2013; 69:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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22
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Colasanti A, Searle GE, Long CJ, Hill SP, Reiley RR, Quelch D, Erritzoe D, Tziortzi AC, Reed LJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Waldman AD, Schruers KRJ, Matthews PM, Gunn RN, Nutt DJ, Rabiner EA. Endogenous opioid release in the human brain reward system induced by acute amphetamine administration. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:371-7. [PMID: 22386378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to demonstrate a pharmacologically stimulated endogenous opioid release in the living human brain by evaluating the effects of amphetamine administration on [(11)C]carfentanil binding with positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Twelve healthy male volunteers underwent [(11)C]carfentanil PET before and 3 hours after a single oral dose of d-amphetamine (either a "high" dose, .5 mg/kg, or a sub-pharmacological "ultra-low" dose, 1.25 mg total dose or approximately .017 mg/kg). Reductions in [(11)C]carfentanil binding from baseline to post-amphetamine scans (ΔBP(ND)) after the "high" and "ultra-low" amphetamine doses were assessed in 10 regions of interest. RESULTS [(11)C]carfentanil binding was reduced after the "high" but not the "ultra-low" amphetamine dose in the frontal cortex, putamen, caudate, thalamus, anterior cingulate, and insula. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that oral amphetamine administration induces endogenous opioid release in different areas of human brain, including basal ganglia, frontal cortex areas, and thalamus. The combination of an amphetamine challenge and [(11)C]carfentanil PET is a practical and robust method to probe the opioid system in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colasanti
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Peters L, Nutt DJ. BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:899-952. [PMID: 22628390 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112444324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines for the treatment of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity with psychiatric disorders primarily focus on their pharmacological management. They are based explicitly on the available evidence and presented as recommendations to aid clinical decision making for practitioners alongside a detailed review of the evidence. A consensus meeting, involving experts in the treatment of these disorders, reviewed key areas and considered the strength of the evidence and clinical implications. The guidelines were drawn up after feedback from participants. The guidelines primarily cover the pharmacological management of withdrawal, short- and long-term substitution, maintenance of abstinence and prevention of complications, where appropriate, for substance abuse or harmful use or addiction as well management in pregnancy, comorbidity with psychiatric disorders and in younger and older people.
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24
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Myers JFM, Rosso L, Watson BJ, Wilson SJ, Kalk NJ, Clementi N, Brooks DJ, Nutt DJ, Turkheimer FE, Lingford-Hughes AR. Characterisation of the contribution of the GABA-benzodiazepine α1 receptor subtype to [(11)C]Ro15-4513 PET images. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:731-44. [PMID: 22214903 PMCID: PMC3318150 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This positron emission tomography (PET) study aimed to further define selectivity of [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding to the GABARα5 relative to the GABARα1 benzodiazepine receptor subtype. The impact of zolpidem, a GABARα1-selective agonist, on [(11)C]Ro15-4513, which shows selectivity for GABARα5, and the nonselective benzodiazepine ligand [(11)C]flumazenil binding was assessed in humans. Compartmental modelling of the kinetics of [(11)C]Ro15-4513 time-activity curves was used to describe distribution volume (V(T)) differences in regions populated by different GABA receptor subtypes. Those with low α5 were best fitted by one-tissue compartment models; and those with high α5 required a more complex model. The heterogeneity between brain regions suggested spectral analysis as a more appropriate method to quantify binding as it does not a priori specify compartments. Spectral analysis revealed that zolpidem caused a significant V(T) decrease (~10%) in [(11)C]flumazenil, but no decrease in [(11)C]Ro15-4513 binding. Further analysis of [(11)C]Ro15-4513 kinetics revealed additional frequency components present in regions containing both α1 and α5 subtypes compared with those containing only α1. Zolpidem reduced one component (mean±s.d.: 71%±41%), presumed to reflect α1-subtype binding, but not another (13%±22%), presumed to reflect α5. The proposed method for [(11)C]Ro15-4513 analysis may allow more accurate selective binding assays and estimation of drug occupancy for other nonselective ligands.
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25
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Kalk NJ, Melichar J, Holmes RB, Taylor LG, Daglish MRC, Hood S, Edwards T, Lennox-Smith A, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nutt DJ. Central noradrenergic responsiveness to a clonidine challenge in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography study. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:452-60. [PMID: 21926422 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111415730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) may involve hypo-responsiveness of noradrenaline a2 receptors. To test this hypothesis, we used (99m)Tc-hexa-methyl-propylene-amine-oxime (HMPAO) Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography to measure regional cerebral perfusion in patients with untreated GAD, venlafaxine-treated patients and healthy controls during word generation before and after clonidine. Concurrent psychological and physiological measures supported noradrenergic hypofunction in GAD in some cases. A single-day split-dose technique was used. Images were processed using SPM5 (Institute of Neurology). Factorial analysis revealed no significant results. Exploratory analyses were done. Regional perfusion during verbal fluency differed by group pre-clonidine. Compared with healthy controls, patients with untreated GAD displayed increased perfusion in the left Broca's area and left occipitotemporal region. Treated GAD patients displayed increased cerebellar perfusion bilaterally. Clonidine was associated with different changes in cerebral perfusion in each group. Increases were seen in the right supra-marginal gyrus in healthy subjects, in the left pre-central gyrus in treated GAD patients and in the right cerebellum and middle frontal gyrus in untreated GAD patients. Despite these differences, the findings were not consistent with a noradrenergic hypo-responsiveness hypothesis, as the treated group showed a different pattern of response rather than a normalization of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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26
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Stokes PRA, Egerton A, Watson B, Reid A, Lappin J, Howes OD, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. History of cannabis use is not associated with alterations in striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:144-9. [PMID: 21890594 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111414090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use in adolescence is emerging as a risk factor for the development of psychosis. In animal studies, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, modulates striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Alterations in human striatal dopaminergic function have also been reported both in psychosis and in stimulant use. We sought to examine whether striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability was altered in volunteers with a history of cannabis use using a database of previously acquired [(11)C]-raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Ten [(11)C]-raclopride scans from volunteers with a history of cannabis use were compared to ten control scans using a functional striatal subdivision region of interest (ROI) analysis. No significant differences in either overall striatal BP(ND) values or BP(ND) values in any functional striatal subdivision were found between the two groups. There was also no correlation between lifetime frequency of cannabis use and BP(ND) values. Limbic striatal BP(ND) values were ten percent lower in current nicotine cigarette smokers. These findings suggest that, unlike other drugs of abuse, a history of cannabis use is not associated with alterations in striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R A Stokes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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27
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28
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Watson BJ, Wilson S, Griffin L, Kalk NJ, Taylor LG, Munafò MR, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nutt DJ. A pilot study of the effectiveness of D-cycloserine during cue-exposure therapy in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 216:121-9. [PMID: 21318564 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cue-exposure therapy (CET) has been advocated as a potentially effective treatment of addictive behaviours. Strategies that enhance learning may improve the outcome of CET. D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist, has been shown to facilitate extinction of learned fear in rats and augment exposure-based treatment in some anxiety disorders in man. OBJECTIVE This double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study used a cue-exposure paradigm, salient for an individual's alcohol drinking, to see if DCS would reduce cue-reactivity compared with placebo. METHODS Sixteen abstinent, alcohol-dependent individuals were randomised to receive either a single-dose (250 mg) DCS or placebo before CET sessions, separated by at least 1 week. Subjective responses were assessed using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ) and visual analogue scales. Cardiovascular responses were assessed using Finapres©. RESULTS The cue-exposure paradigm significantly increased craving assessed with the AUQ during the first session. In subsequent sessions, the degree of craving was reduced. However, no significant difference was seen between the DCS and placebo groups in any outcome measure. The variability of responses between individuals was great with more than half the groups reporting no or very small changes in AUQ scores. CONCLUSION This is the first human study to our knowledge to assess the efficacy of DCS in facilitating CET in alcohol dependence. The high proportion of subjects with little or no response to cue-exposure would make any effect of DCS very difficult to detect. It is important that future studies carefully consider the criteria for inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Watson
- Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol University, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Abstract
The nature of the noradrenergic dysregulation in clinical anxiety disorders remains unclear. In panic disorder, the predominant view has been that central noradrenergic neuronal networks and/or the sympathetic nervous system was normal in patients at rest, but hyper-reactive to specific stimuli, for example carbon dioxide. These ideas have been extended to other anxiety disorders, which share with panic disorder characteristic subjective anxiety and physiological symptoms of excess sympathetic activity. For example, Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety, muscle tension, palpitation and insomnia. It has been proposed that there is chronic central hypersecretion of noradrenaline in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, with consequent hyporesponsiveness of central post-synaptic receptors. With regards to other disorders, it has been suggested that there is noradrenergic involvement or derangement, but a more specific hypothesis has not been enunciated. This paper reviews the evidence for noradrenergic dysfunction in anxiety disorders, derived from indirect measures of noradrenergic function in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- Department of Psychopharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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30
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Hood SD, Melichar JK, Taylor LG, Kalk N, Edwards TR, Hince DA, Lenox-Smith A, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nutt DJ. Noradrenergic function in generalized anxiety disorder: impact of treatment with venlafaxine on the physiological and psychological responses to clonidine challenge. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:78-86. [PMID: 20093317 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109359099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressants have evidence of efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); however, it is not clear whether there is an advantage over selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medicines and there is limited evidence for noradrenergic dysfunction in GAD. We tested whether a dysfunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptor system is present in patients with GAD and the effects of SNRI treatment on this system. The method used was an infusion of clonidine (a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist) on psychological and physiological outcomes in three subject groups: 10 untreated GAD patients, five SNRI-treated GAD patients and seven normal controls. The clonidine challenge elicited sedation, a rise in growth hormone, decrease in blood pressure, decline in saccadic eye movement (SEM) variables, and improvement in verbal fluency as anticipated in the 22 subjects examined. Lower cortisol levels were found in controls and higher blood pressure readings in GAD-treated subjects, as well as evidence that GAD-treated subjects had SEMs that were intermediate between control and GAD subjects' scores and have less clonidine-induced sedation. The implications of these findings with reference to the study hypothesis in this small study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hood
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Daglish MRC, Williams TM, Wilson SJ, Taylor LG, Eap CB, Augsburger M, Giroud C, Brooks DJ, Myles JS, Grasby P, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nutt DJ. Brain dopamine response in human opioid addiction. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193:65-72. [PMID: 18700222 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs of dependence cause dopamine release in the rat striatum. Human neuroimaging studies have shown an increase in dopamine in the equivalent region in response to stimulants and other drugs. AIMS We tested whether opioids provoke dopamine release and its relationship to the subjective experience. METHOD In two combined studies 14 heroin addicts on methadone maintenance treatment underwent two positron emission tomography brain scans of the dopamine system using [(11)C]-raclopride following an injection of placebo and either 50 mg intravenous diamorphine or 10 mg subcutaneous hydromorphone in a double-blind, random order design. RESULTS Both opioids produced marked subjective and physiological effects, but no measurable change in [(11)C]-raclopride binding. CONCLUSIONS The absence of a dopamine response to opioid agonists contrasts with that found with stimulant drugs and suggests dopamine may not play the same role in addiction to opioids. This questions the role of dopamine in the subjective experience of heroin in opioid addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R C Daglish
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, UK
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Reid AG, Daglish MRC, Kempton MJ, Williams TM, Watson B, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. Reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid dependence is influenced by degree of alcohol use: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22:7-10. [PMID: 18187528 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to make a comparison of brain structure between a group of opioid-dependent subjects and healthy controls. We report the results of an ;optimized' voxel-based morphometry study on a sample of nine opioid-dependent subjects with no comorbid substance misuse disorders versus 21 healthy controls. We found a significant reduction in grey matter volume of the thalamus after controlling for age and total grey matter volume. Regression analysis of substance use variables in the opioid-dependent sample shows that only level of alcohol use negatively predicts grey matter volume for this region of difference. We suggest that level of nondependent alcohol use could influence reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid-dependent subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G Reid
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, UK. alastair.reid @bristol.ac.uk
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Nutt DJ, Besson M, Wilson SJ, Dawson GR, Lingford-Hughes AR. Blockade of alcohol's amnestic activity in humans by an alpha5 subtype benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:810-20. [PMID: 17888460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol produces many subjective and objective effects in man including pleasure, sedation, anxiolysis, plus impaired eye movements and memory. In human volunteers we have used a newly available GABA-A/benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist that is selective for the alpha5 subtype (a5IA) to evaluate the role of this subtype in mediating these effects of alcohol on the brain. After pre-treatment with a5IA, we found almost complete blockade of the marked impairment caused by alcohol (mean breath concentration 150mg/100ml) of word list learning and partial but non-significant reversal of subjective sedation without effects on other measures such as intoxication, liking, and slowing of eye movements. This action was not due to alterations in alcohol kinetics and so provides the first proof of concept that selectively decreasing GABA-A receptor function at a specific receptor subtype can offset some actions of alcohol in humans. It also supports growing evidence for a key role of the alpha5 subtype in memory. Inverse agonists at other GABA-A receptor subtypes may prove able to reverse other actions of alcohol, and so offer a new approach to understanding the actions of alcohol in the human brain and in the treatment of alcohol related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nutt
- Psychopharmacology Unit, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Hume SP, Lingford-Hughes AR, Nataf V, Hirani E, Ahmad R, Davies AN, Nutt DJ. Low sensitivity of the positron emission tomography ligand [11C]diprenorphine to agonist opiates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:661-7. [PMID: 17488881 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported minimal opioid receptor occupancy following a clinical dose of the micro-opioid agonist, methadone, measured in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C]diprenorphine and subsequently used rats to obtain experimental data in support of a high receptor reserve hypothesis (Melichar et al., 2005). Here, we report on further preclinical studies investigating opioid receptor occupancy with oxycodone (micro- and kappa-receptor agonist), morphine (micro-receptor agonist), and buprenorphine (partial agonist at the micro-receptor and antagonist at the delta- and kappa-receptors), each given at antinociceptive doses. In vivo binding of [(11)C]diprenorphine was not significantly reduced after treatment with the full agonists but was reduced by approximately 90% by buprenorphine. In addition, given that [(11)C]diprenorphine is a non-subtype-specific PET tracer, there was no regional variation that might feasibly be interpreted as due to differences in opioid subtype distribution. The data support minimal competition between the high-efficacy agonists and the non-subtype-selective antagonist radioligand and highlight the limitations of [(11)C]diprenorphine PET to monitor in vivo occupancy. Alternative means may be needed to address clinical issues regarding opioid receptor occupancy that are required to optimize treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Hume
- Hammersmith Imanet Ltd., Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Montgomery AJ, Lingford-Hughes AR, Egerton A, Nutt DJ, Grasby PM. The effect of nicotine on striatal dopamine release in man: A [11C]raclopride PET study. Synapse 2007; 61:637-45. [PMID: 17492764 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In common with many addictive substances and behaviors nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Brain microdialysis studies in rodents have consistently shown increases in extrasynaptic DA levels in the striatum after administration of nicotine but PET experiments in primates have given contradicting results. A recent PET study assessing the effect of smoking in humans showed no change in [(11)C]raclopride binding in the brain, but did find that "hedonia" correlated with a reduction in [(11)C]raclopride binding suggesting that DA may mediate the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine. In this experiment we measured the effect of nicotine, administered via a nasal spray, on DA release using [(11)C]raclopride PET, in 10 regular smokers. There was no overall change in [(11)C]raclopride binding after nicotine administration in any of the striatal regions examined. However, the individual change in [(11)C]raclopride binding correlated with change in subjective measures of "amused" and "happiness" in the associative striatum (AST) and sensorimotor striatum (SMST). Nicotine concentration correlated negatively with change in BP in the limbic striatum. Nicotine had significant effects on cardiovascular measures including pulse rate, systolic blood pressure (BPr), and diastolic BPr. Baseline [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (BP) in the AST correlated negatively with the Fagerström score, an index of nicotine dependence. These results support a role for the DA system in nicotine addiction, but reveal a more complex relationship than suggested by studies in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Montgomery
- MRC-Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Zetteler JI, Stollery BT, Weinstein AM, Lingford-Hughes AR. ATTENTIONAL BIAS FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED INFORMATION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PARENTS. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41:426-30. [PMID: 16624838 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agl026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS to assess the attentional bias for alcohol-related information in adolescents with (n = 15), and without (n = 15), a parental history of alcohol dependence. METHODS participants completed questionnaires assessing depression, weekly alcohol consumption, anxiety, and concerns about alcohol consumption and undertook subliminal and supraliminal computerized Stroop tasks using colour-words, alcohol-related words, and control words. RESULTS adolescents with alcohol-dependent parents showed supraliminal interference for alcohol-related words. The magnitude of this interference was correlated with higher trait and state anxiety, and lower levels of weekly alcohol consumption. No interference was found on the subliminal alcohol Stroop task. CONCLUSIONS while it is likely that this attentional bias for alcohol-related cues reflects the concerns regarding parental drinking, it is also possible that this might underlie the increased risk of future alcohol dependence in the children of alcohol-dependent parents.
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Daglish MRC, Stevenson BJ, Feeney A, Pandit SA, Wilson SJ, Myles J, Grasby PM, Nutt DJ. Imaging alcohol cue exposure in alcohol dependence using a PET 15O-H2O paradigm: results from a pilot study. Addict Biol 2006; 11:107-15. [PMID: 16759343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Craving is a commonly used term to describe an intense desire for a substance or behaviour; however, its underlying neurobiology is not fully characterized. We have successfully used a cue exposure paradigm with functional neuro-imaging (H2 15O PET; PET, positron emission tomography) in abstinent opiate addicts. This study showed that salient cue exposure results in activation in the left anterior cingulate/mediofrontal cortex and elicited craving correlated with activity in the left orbitofrontal cortex. We therefore aimed to replicate this study in alcohol dependence to see if a similar pattern of neural activation occurred. We recruited six abstinent alcohol-dependent and six non-dependent subjects who each underwent a 12-run PET scan using H2 15O to measure changes in regional blood flow during exposure to an alcoholic drink or its visually matched non-alcoholic drink. Physiological data and subjective ratings were also recorded. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM99) was used to analyse the PET images. Compared with control subjects, abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects rated their alcohol craving higher at baseline and throughout the study, but there was no significant change in the scores in response to the cues in either group. SPM analysis across all subjects showed significant activation in the occipital cortex in response to the alcohol cue as compared with the neutral one. Analysis of the same regions that were activated in the opiate study, revealed significant increases in signal activation in the left medial prefrontal area, but only in abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects. In conclusion, in abstinent alcohol dependence we suggest that a simple cue exposure paradigm is not sufficiently powerful in functional imaging studies to determine the underlying neurobiology of subjective craving. Comparisons with the finding in opiate dependence suggest a shared region, the anterior cingulate/left medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the cue response in dependent subjects but not controls.
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Wilson SJ, Cunningham VJ, Feeney A, Stevenson B, Brooks DJ, Nutt DJ. GABA-benzodiazepine receptor function in alcohol dependence: a combined 11C-flumazenil PET and pharmacodynamic study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 180:595-606. [PMID: 15864554 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine receptor function is hypothesised to be reduced in alcohol dependence. OBJECTIVES We used positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]flumazenil, a non-selective tracer for brain GABA-benzodiazepine (GABA-BDZ) receptor binding, to determine in vivo the relationship between BDZ receptor occupancy by an agonist, midazolam, and its functional effects. METHODS Abstinent male alcohol dependent subjects underwent [11C]flumazenil PET to measure occupancy of BDZ receptors by midazolam whilst recording its pharmacodynamic effects on behavioural and physiological measures. Rate constants describing the exchange of [11C]flumazenil between the plasma and brain compartments were derived from time activity curves. RESULTS A 50% reduction in electroencephalography (EEG)-measured sleep time was seen in the alcohol dependent group despite the same degree of occupancy by midazolam as seen in the control group. The effects of midazolam on other measures of benzodiazepine receptor function, increasing EEG beta1 power and slowing of saccadic eye movements, were similar in the two groups. No differences in midazolam or flumazenil metabolism were found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study suggests that alcohol dependence in man is associated with a reduced EEG sleep response to the benzodiazepine agonist, midazolam, which is not explained by reduced BDZ receptor occupancy, and is consistent with reduced sensitivity in this measure of GABA-BDZ receptor function in alcohol dependence. The lack of change in other functional measures may reflect a differential involvement of particular subtypes of the GABA-BDZ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Lingford-Hughes
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Munafò MR, Lingford-Hughes AR, Johnstone EC, Walton RT. Association between the serotonin transporter gene and alcohol consumption in social drinkers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135B:10-4. [PMID: 15729746 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Relatively few studies have investigated the role of the 5HTT gene in intermediate phenotypes such as alcohol consumption in non-alcohol dependent populations. A recent study reported an association with alcohol consumption in a student population. We attempted to replicate these findings and extend on this work in a representative, ethnically homogenous, non-alcohol dependent sample of social drinkers in the United Kingdom. The short allele of the 5HTT gene was significantly associated with increased alcohol consumption (P = 0.03). There was suggestive evidence of a genotype-sex interaction (P = 0.04). Post-hoc tests indicated higher alcohol consumption in men with one or more copies of the short allele, while in women consumption was highest among heterozygotes compared to both homozygote groups. Age at time of data collection and cigarette consumption were entered as covariates. These results replicate recent previous findings and suggest a possibility that this association may differ in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Munafò
- Cancer Research UK General Practice Research Group, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Welch S, Nutt DJ. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance misuse, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18:293-335. [PMID: 15358975 DOI: 10.1177/026988110401800321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Lingford-Hughes
- University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK.
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Abstract
Alcohol and psycho-active substance misuse has far-reaching social, psychological and physical consequences. Advances in neuroimaging technology have allowed neurobiological theories of addiction to become better characterized. We describe the neurobiology of dependence, withdrawal, abstinence and craving states in alcohol, stimulant and opiate misuse. Structural neuroimaging techniques such as CT and MRI with new analytical approaches such as voxel-based morphometry have shown wide-spread changes in stimulant and opiate abuse and atrophy, particularly in the frontal lobes, in alcoholism. Functional neuroimaging techniques such as PET, SPECT and fMRI reveal altered regional cerebral activity by all drugs of abuse. The neurochemistry of addiction, particularly involving dopamine, serotonin, opiate and GABA, has been studied with PET and SPECT and similarities between all drugs of abuse have been found such as reduced dopaminergic markers. The evidence derived from these advances in neuroimaging is likely to herald the emergence of new biological treatments in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Lingford-Hughes
- Psychopharmacology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Acton PD, Gacinovic S, Boddington SJ, Costa DC, Pilowsky LS, Ell PJ, Marshall EJ, Kerwin RW. Levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptors in abstinent, alcohol-dependent women: preliminary findings from an 123I-iomazenil single photon emission tomography study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24:1449-55. [PMID: 11003213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although alcohol dependence in women is an increasing problem, little is known about the effects of alcohol on the female brain. Evidence from a few structural and functional neuroimaging studies suggests that the female brain may be more susceptible than the male brain to the harmful effects of alcohol. However, no in vivo studies of the neuropharmacology of alcohol dependence in women have been carried out. The aim of this preliminary study was to test the hypothesis that alcohol dependence in women is associated with greater reduction in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine receptor levels than in men with an equivalent drinking history. METHODS We used single photon emission tomography and 123I-iomazenil to label the central GABA-benzodiazepine receptor and to compare semiquantified levels in 9 abstinent alcohol-dependent and 13 control women. These groups were further compared with equivalent male groups from a previous study. RESULTS There was a trend toward a reduction in GABA-benzodiazepine receptor levels in alcohol-dependent women, but this did not reach significance. These lower levels were seen primarily in the cerebellum, occipital lobes, and parietal cortex (left > right). This was in marked contrast with the pattern of reduction seen in the previous study of male dependence, where significant reductions were seen primarily in the frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Due to the semiquantitative analysis performed and the relatively small number of subjects in this study, which resulted in a nonsignificant trend, we can only comment on the differences in the pattern of lower levels of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors seen in alcohol dependence in men and women. Although we are not able to ascertain whether the female brain is more susceptible to the effects of alcohol, it appears that alcohol has a differential effect on the central GABA-benzodiazepine receptors in men and women. Recent animal evidence supports this hypothesis. Future studies should explore whether other neuropharmacological differences exist between men and women in alcohol dependence that could have implications for pharmacotherapy.
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Lingford-Hughes AR, Acton PD, Gacinovic S, Suckling J, Busatto GF, Boddington SJ, Bullmore E, Woodruff PW, Costa DC, Pilowsky LS, Ell PJ, Marshall EJ, Kerwin RW. Reduced levels of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor in alcohol dependency in the absence of grey matter atrophy. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:116-22. [PMID: 9850223 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.173.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We tested the hypothesis that reduced levels of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor occur in alcohol dependency using single photon emission tomography (SPET) and the specific GABA-benzodiazepine ligand, 123I-iomazenil. METHOD Neurologically and cognitively unimpaired abstinent alcohol-dependent (n = 12) and non-alcohol-dependent male subject (n = 14) underwent a 123I-iomazenil SPET scan. SPET and magnetic resonance images were co-registered and voxel-based statistical tests performed. Subjects' clinical and alcohol history were obtained with standard questionnaires. The relationships between clinical and alcohol variables and the regional level of GABA-benzodiazepine receptors were investigated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Abstinent alcohol-dependent subjects had decreased levels of GABA-benzodiazepine receptor compared with non-alcohol-dependent subjects within the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices, including regions in which grey matter atrophy was absent. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol dependency is associated with reduced GABA-benzodiazepine receptor levels in the absence of grey matter atrophy in some cortical regions, such as within the parietal lobe. Regional variability of reduction in GABA-benzodiazepine receptors demonstrates that alcohol does not have a global, toxic effect on the brain.
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