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Marske KA, Lanier HC, Siler CD, Rowe AH, Stein LR. Integrating biogeography and behavioral ecology to rapidly address biodiversity loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2110866120. [PMID: 37018201 PMCID: PMC10104574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110866120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Addressing climate change and biodiversity loss will be the defining ecological, political, and humanitarian challenge of our time. Alarmingly, policymakers face a narrowing window of opportunity to prevent the worst impacts, necessitating complex decisions about which land to set aside for biodiversity preservation. Yet, our ability to make these decisions is hindered by our limited capacity to predict how species will respond to synergistic drivers of extinction risk. We argue that a rapid integration of biogeography and behavioral ecology can meet these challenges because of the distinct, yet complementary levels of biological organization they address, scaling from individuals to populations, and from species and communities to continental biotas. This union of disciplines will advance efforts to predict biodiversity's responses to climate change and habitat loss through a deeper understanding of how biotic interactions and other behaviors modulate extinction risk, and how responses of individuals and populations impact the communities in which they are embedded. Fostering a rapid mobilization of expertise across behavioral ecology and biogeography is a critical step toward slowing biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley C Lanier
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072
| | - Cameron D Siler
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072
| | - Ashlee H Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Laura R Stein
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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Al-Sabi A, Abd El-Aziz TM, Yu P, Rowe AH, Wulff H. Editorial: Ion channels in health and disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1093210. [PMID: 36589418 PMCID: PMC9795238 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1093210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Sabi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait,*Correspondence: Ahmed Al-Sabi,
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Peilin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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George K, Lopez-Mateos D, Abd El-Aziz TM, Xiao Y, Kline J, Bao H, Raza S, Stockand JD, Cummins TR, Fornelli L, Rowe MP, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Rowe AH. Structural and Functional Characterization of a Novel Scorpion Toxin that Inhibits NaV1.8 via Interactions With the DI Voltage Sensor and DII Pore Module. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:846992. [PMID: 35662692 PMCID: PMC9160825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.846992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8 regulates transmission of pain signals to the brain. While NaV1.8 has the potential to serve as a drug target, the molecular mechanisms that shape NaV1.8 gating are not completely understood, particularly mechanisms that couple activation to inactivation. Interactions between toxin producing animals and their predators provide a novel approach for investigating NaV structure-function relationships. Arizona bark scorpions produce Na+ channel toxins that initiate pain signaling. However, in predatory grasshopper mice, toxins inhibit NaV1.8 currents and block pain signals. A screen of synthetic peptide toxins predicted from bark scorpion venom showed that peptide NaTx36 inhibited Na+ current recorded from a recombinant grasshopper mouse NaV1.8 channel (OtNaV1.8). Toxin NaTx36 hyperpolarized OtNaV1.8 activation, steady-state fast inactivation, and slow inactivation. Mutagenesis revealed that the first gating charge in the domain I (DI) S4 voltage sensor and an acidic amino acid (E) in the DII SS2 – S6 pore loop are critical for the inhibitory effects of NaTx36. Computational modeling showed that a DI S1 – S2 asparagine (N) stabilizes the NaTx36 – OtNaV1.8 complex while residues in the DI S3 – S4 linker and S4 voltage sensor form electrostatic interactions that allow a toxin glutamine (Q) to contact the first S4 gating charge. Surprisingly, the models predicted that NaTx36 contacts amino acids in the DII S5 – SS1 pore loop instead of the SS2 – S6 loop; the DII SS2 – S6 loop motif (QVSE) alters the conformation of the DII S5 – SS1 pore loop, enhancing allosteric interactions between toxin and the DII S5 – SS1 pore loop. Few toxins have been identified that modify NaV1.8 gating. Moreover, few toxins have been described that modify sodium channel gating via the DI S4 voltage sensor. Thus, NaTx36 and OtNaV1.8 provide tools for investigating the structure-activity relationship between channel activation and inactivation gating, and the connection to alternative pain phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran George
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Diego Lopez-Mateos
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
- Amsaal Venom Farm L.L.C., Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Hong Bao
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Syed Raza
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Theodore R. Cummins
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Matthew P. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashlee H. Rowe,
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Abd El-Aziz TM, Xiao Y, Kline J, Gridley H, Heaston A, Linse KD, Ward MJ, Rokyta DR, Stockand JD, Cummins TR, Fornelli L, Rowe AH. Identification and Characterization of Novel Proteins from Arizona Bark Scorpion Venom That Inhibit Nav1.8, a Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Regulator of Pain Signaling. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070501. [PMID: 34357973 PMCID: PMC8310189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is linked to neuropathic and inflammatory pain, highlighting the potential to serve as a drug target. However, the biophysical mechanisms that regulate Nav1.8 activation and inactivation gating are not completely understood. Progress has been hindered by a lack of biochemical tools for examining Nav1.8 gating mechanisms. Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) venom proteins inhibit Nav1.8 and block pain in grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus). These proteins provide tools for examining Nav1.8 structure–activity relationships. To identify proteins that inhibit Nav1.8 activity, venom samples were fractioned using liquid chromatography (reversed-phase and ion exchange). A recombinant Nav1.8 clone expressed in ND7/23 cells was used to identify subfractions that inhibited Nav1.8 Na+ current. Mass-spectrometry-based bottom-up proteomic analyses identified unique peptides from inhibitory subfractions. A search of the peptides against the AZ bark scorpion venom gland transcriptome revealed four novel proteins between 40 and 60% conserved with venom proteins from scorpions in four genera (Centruroides, Parabuthus, Androctonus, and Tityus). Ranging from 63 to 82 amino acids, each primary structure includes eight cysteines and a “CXCE” motif, where X = an aromatic residue (tryptophan, tyrosine, or phenylalanine). Electrophysiology data demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of bioactive subfractions can be removed by hyperpolarizing the channels, suggesting that proteins may function as gating modifiers as opposed to pore blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (J.D.S.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.X.); (T.R.C.)
| | - Jake Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Harold Gridley
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Alyse Heaston
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Klaus D. Linse
- Bio-Synthesis Inc., 612 E. Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA;
| | - Micaiah J. Ward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.J.W.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Darin R. Rokyta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (M.J.W.); (D.R.R.)
| | - James D. Stockand
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Theodore R. Cummins
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.X.); (T.R.C.)
| | - Luca Fornelli
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (J.K.); (H.G.); (A.H.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-936-577-5782
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Niermann CN, Tate TG, Suto AL, Barajas R, White HA, Guswiler OD, Secor SM, Rowe AH, Rowe MP. Defensive Venoms: Is Pain Sufficient for Predator Deterrence? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040260. [PMID: 32316477 PMCID: PMC7232307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain, though unpleasant, is adaptive in calling an animal’s attention to potential tissue damage. A long list of animals representing diverse taxa possess venom-mediated, pain-inducing bites or stings that work by co-opting the pain-sensing pathways of potential enemies. Typically, such venoms include toxins that cause tissue damage or disrupt neuronal activity, rendering painful stings honest indicators of harm. But could pain alone be sufficient for deterring a hungry predator? Some venomologists have argued “no”; predators, in the absence of injury, would “see through” the bluff of a painful but otherwise benign sting or bite. Because most algogenic venoms are also toxic (although not vice versa), it has been difficult to disentangle the relative contributions of each component to predator deterrence. Southern grasshopper mice (Onychomys torridus) are voracious predators of arthropods, feeding on a diversity of scorpion species whose stings vary in painfulness, including painful Arizona bark scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus) and essentially painless stripe-tailed scorpions (Paravaejovis spinigerus). Moreover, southern grasshopper mice have evolved resistance to the lethal toxins in bark scorpion venom, rendering a sting from these scorpions painful but harmless. Results from a series of laboratory experiments demonstrate that painful stings matter. Grasshopper mice preferred to prey on stripe-tailed scorpions rather than bark scorpions when both species could sting; the preference disappeared when each species had their stingers blocked. A painful sting therefore appears necessary for a scorpion to deter a hungry grasshopper mouse, but it may not always be sufficient: after first attacking and consuming a painless stripe-tailed scorpion, many grasshopper mice went on to attack, kill, and eat a bark scorpion even when the scorpion was capable of stinging. Defensive venoms that result in tissue damage or neurological dysfunction may, thus, be required to condition greater aversion than venoms causing pain alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal N. Niermann
- Department of Biology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA; (C.N.N.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Travis G. Tate
- Department of Biology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA; (C.N.N.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Amber L. Suto
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.L.S.); (O.D.G.)
| | - Rolando Barajas
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (R.B.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Hope A. White
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (R.B.); (H.A.W.)
| | - Olivia D. Guswiler
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.L.S.); (O.D.G.)
| | - Stephen M. Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Matthew P. Rowe
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-325-6539
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Campbell P, Arévalo L, Martin H, Chen C, Sun S, Rowe AH, Webster MS, Searle JB, Pasch B. Vocal divergence is concordant with genomic evidence for strong reproductive isolation in grasshopper mice ( Onychomys). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12886-12896. [PMID: 31788222 PMCID: PMC6875671 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral barriers to gene flow often evolve faster than intrinsic incompatibilities and can eliminate the opportunity for hybridization between interfertile species. While acoustic signal divergence is a common driver of premating isolation in birds and insects, its contribution to speciation in mammals is less studied. Here we characterize the incidence of, and potential barriers to, hybridization among three closely related species of grasshopper mice (genus Onychomys). All three species use long-distance acoustic signals to attract and localize mates; Onychomys arenicola and Onychomys torridus are acoustically similar and morphologically cryptic whereas Onychomys leucogaster is larger and acoustically distinct. We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to test for evidence of introgression in 227 mice from allopatric and sympatric localities in the western United States and northern Mexico. We conducted laboratory mating trials for all species pairs to assess reproductive compatibility, and recorded vocalizations from O. arenicola and O. torridus in sympatry and allopatry to test for evidence of acoustic character displacement. Hybridization was rare in nature and, contrary to prior evidence for O. torridus/O. arenicola hybrids, only involved O. leucogaster and O. arenicola. In contrast, laboratory crosses between O. torridus and O. arenicola produced litters whereas O. leucogaster and O. arenicola crosses did not. Call fundamental frequency in O. torridus and O. arenicola was indistinguishable in allopatry but significantly differentiated in sympatry, a pattern consistent with reproductive character displacement. These results suggest that assortative mating based on a long-distance signal is an important isolating mechanism between O. torridus and O. arenicola and highlight the importance of behavioral barriers in determining the permeability of species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Campbell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - Lena Arévalo
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
- Department of Developmental PathologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Heather Martin
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Charles Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Shuzhen Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesForest Science CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of BiologyThe University of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
| | - Michael S. Webster
- Macaulay LibraryCornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Jeremy B. Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Bret Pasch
- Department of Biological SciencesNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
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Walcher J, Ojeda‐Alonso J, Haseleu J, Oosthuizen MK, Rowe AH, Bennett NC, Lewin GR. Specialized mechanoreceptor systems in rodent glabrous skin. J Physiol 2018; 596:4995-5016. [PMID: 30132906 PMCID: PMC6187043 DOI: 10.1113/jp276608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS An ex vivo preparation was developed to record from single sensory fibres innervating the glabrous skin of the mouse forepaw. The density of mechanoreceptor innervation of the forepaw glabrous skin was found to be three times higher than that of hindpaw glabrous skin. Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that innervate Meissner's corpuscles were severalfold more responsive to slowly moving stimuli in the forepaw compared to those innervating hindpaw skin. We found a distinct group of small hairs in the centre of the mouse hindpaw glabrous skin that were exclusively innervated by directionally sensitive D-hair receptors. The directional sensitivity, but not the end-organ anatomy, were the opposite to D-hair receptors in the hairy skin. Glabrous skin hairs in the hindpaw are not ubiquitous in rodents, but occur in African and North American species that diverged more than 65 million years ago. ABSTRACT Rodents use their forepaws to actively interact with their tactile environment. Studies on the physiology and anatomy of glabrous skin that makes up the majority of the forepaw are almost non-existent in the mouse. Here we developed a preparation to record from single sensory fibres of the forepaw and compared anatomical and physiological receptor properties to those of the hindpaw glabrous and hairy skin. We found that the mouse forepaw skin is equipped with a very high density of mechanoreceptors; >3 times more than hindpaw glabrous skin. In addition, rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that innervate Meissner's corpuscles of the forepaw were severalfold more sensitive to slowly moving mechanical stimuli compared to their counterparts in the hindpaw glabrous skin. All other mechanoreceptor types as well as myelinated nociceptors had physiological properties that were invariant regardless of which skin area they occupied. We discovered a novel D-hair receptor innervating a small group of hairs in the middle of the hindpaw glabrous skin in mice. These glabrous skin D-hair receptors were direction sensitive albeit with an orientation sensitivity opposite to that described for hairy skin D-hair receptors. Glabrous skin hairs do not occur in all rodents, but are present in North American and African rodent species that diverged more than 65 million years ago. The function of these specialized hairs is unknown, but they are nevertheless evolutionarily very ancient. Our study reveals novel physiological specializations of mechanoreceptors in the glabrous skin that likely evolved to facilitate tactile exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Walcher
- Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineDepartment of NeuroscienceRobert‐Rössle Str. 1013125Berlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Julia Ojeda‐Alonso
- Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineDepartment of NeuroscienceRobert‐Rössle Str. 1013125Berlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Julia Haseleu
- Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineDepartment of NeuroscienceRobert‐Rössle Str. 1013125Berlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Maria K. Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaRepublic of South Africa
| | - Ashlee H. Rowe
- Department of Biology and Program in Cellular and Behavioral NeurobiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaRepublic of South Africa
| | - Gary R. Lewin
- Max‐Delbrück Centre for Molecular MedicineDepartment of NeuroscienceRobert‐Rössle Str. 1013125Berlin‐BuchGermany
- Excellence Cluster NeurocureCharité Universitätsmedizin10117BerlinGermany
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Riffell JA, Rowe AH. Neuroecology: Neural Mechanisms of Sensory and Motor Processes that Mediate Ecologically Relevant Behaviors: An Introduction to the Symposium. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:853-855. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
A Quick Guide on grasshopper mice which, contrary to the great majority of mouse species, are obligate carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee H Rowe
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, Room 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Matthew P Rowe
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 293 Farm Lane, Room 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Miller DW, Jones AD, Goldston JS, Rowe MP, Rowe AH. Sex Differences in Defensive Behavior and Venom of The Striped Bark Scorpion Centruroides vittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:1022-1031. [PMID: 27471227 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of venom variability have advanced from describing the mechanisms of action and relative potency of medically important toxins to understanding the ecological and evolutionary causes of the variability itself. While most studies have focused on differences in venoms among taxa, populations, or age-classes, there may be intersexual effects as well. Striped bark scorpions (Centruroides vittatus) provide a good model for examining sex differences in venom composition and efficacy, as this species exhibits dramatic sexual dimorphism in both size and defensive behavior; when threatened by an enemy, larger, slower females stand and fight while smaller, fleeter males prefer to run. We here add evidence suggesting that male and female C. vittatus indeed have different defensive propensities; when threatened via an electrical stimulus, females were more likely to sting than were males. We reasoned that intersexual differences in defensive phenotypes would select for venoms with different functions in the two sexes; female venoms should be effective at predator deterrence, whereas male venoms, less utilized defensively, might be better suited to capturing prey or courting females. This rationale led to our predictions that females would inject more venom and/or possess more painful venom than males. We were wrong. While females do inject more venom than males in a defensive sting, females are also larger; when adjusted for body size, male and female C. vittatus commit equal masses of venom in a sting to a potential enemy. Additionally, house mice (Mus musculus) find an injection of male venom more irritating than an equal amount of female venom, likely because male venom contains more of the toxins that induce pain. Taken together, our results suggest that identifying the ultimate causes of venom variability will, as we move beyond adaptive storytelling, be hard-won.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Miller
- *Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A D Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - J S Goldston
- *Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M P Rowe
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A H Rowe
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Abstract
Painful venoms are used to deter predators. Pain itself, however, can signal damage and thus serves an important adaptive function. Evolution to reduce general pain responses, although valuable for preying on venomous species, is rare, likely because it comes with the risk of reduced response to tissue damage. Bark scorpions capitalize on the protective pain pathway of predators by inflicting intensely painful stings. However, grasshopper mice regularly attack and consume bark scorpions, grooming only briefly when stung. Bark scorpion venom induces pain in many mammals (house mice, rats, humans) by activating the voltage-gated Na(+) channel Nav1.7, but has no effect on Nav1.8. Grasshopper mice Nav1.8 has amino acid variants that bind bark scorpion toxins and inhibit Na(+) currents, blocking action potential propagation and inducing analgesia. Thus, grasshopper mice have solved the predator-pain problem by using a toxin bound to a nontarget channel to block transmission of the pain signals the venom itself is initiating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee H Rowe
- Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yucheng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew P Rowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Harold H Zakon
- Section of Neurobiology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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Rowe AH, Xiao Y, Scales J, Linse KD, Rowe MP, Cummins TR, Zakon HH. Isolation and characterization of CvIV4: a pain inducing α-scorpion toxin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23520. [PMID: 21887265 PMCID: PMC3160894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among scorpion species, the Buthidae produce the most deadly and painful venoms. However, little is known regarding the venom components that cause pain and their mechanism of action. Using a paw-licking assay (Mus musculus), this study compared the pain-inducing capabilities of venoms from two species of New World scorpion (Centruroides vittatus, C. exilicauda) belonging to the neurotoxin-producing family Buthidae with one species of non-neurotoxin producing scorpion (Vaejovis spinigerus) in the family Vaejovidae. A pain-inducing α-toxin (CvIV4) was isolated from the venom of C. vittatus and tested on five Na+ channel isoforms. Principal Findings C. vittatus and C. exilicauda venoms produced significantly more paw licking in Mus than V. spinigerus venom. CvIV4 produced paw licking in Mus equivalent to the effects of whole venom. CvIV4 slowed the fast inactivation of Nav1.7, a Na+ channel expressed in peripheral pain-pathway neurons (nociceptors), but did not affect the Nav1.8-based sodium currents of these neurons. CvIV4 also slowed the fast inactivation of Nav1.2, Nav1.3 and Nav1.4. The effects of CvIV4 are similar to Old World α-toxins that target Nav1.7 (AahII, BmK MI, LqhIII, OD1), however the primary structure of CvIV4 is not similar to these toxins. Mutant Nav1.7 channels (D1586A and E1589Q, DIV S3–S4 linker) reduced but did not abolish the effects of CvIV4. Conclusions This study: 1) agrees with anecdotal evidence suggesting that buthid venom is significantly more painful than non-neurotoxic venom; 2) demonstrates that New World buthids inflict painful stings via toxins that modulate Na+ channels expressed in nociceptors; 3) reveals that Old and New World buthids employ similar mechanisms to produce pain. Old and New World α-toxins that target Nav1.7 have diverged in sequence, but the activity of these toxins is similar. Pain-inducing toxins may have evolved in a common ancestor. Alternatively, these toxins may be the product of convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee H Rowe
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America.
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Rowe AH, Rowe MP. Physiological resistance of grasshopper mice (Onychomys spp.) to Arizona bark scorpion (Centruroides exilicauda) venom. Toxicon 2008; 52:597-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Luckenbach JA, Early LW, Rowe AH, Borski RJ, Daniels HV, Godwin J. Aromatase cytochrome P450: cloning, intron variation, and ontogeny of gene expression in southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 303:643-56. [PMID: 16013049 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) is the enzyme complex responsible for conversion of androgens to estrogens in vertebrates. Consequently, in some fishes its activity appears critical to ovarian differentiation. Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) is a commercially important flatfish in which females grow larger than males and sex determination is temperature sensitive. Through cloning of the P450arom gene in ovary and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we developed a biomarker for early female differentiation in southern flounder. The deduced amino acid sequence for southern flounder P450arom is similar to other teleosts. Comparison of P450arom intron sequences from fish of different populations revealed substantial inter-individual variation. Adult ovary and spleen exhibited high levels of P450arom mRNA, while P450arom mRNA was only weakly detected in testes. Brain, liver, intestine, kidney, gill, muscle, and heart showed little or no P450arom mRNA expression. Gonads of wild and hatchery-produced juvenile flounder of sizes spanning the period of sex differentiation initially exhibited low levels of P450arom mRNA followed by increases in some individuals and bifurcation into two clearly segregated groups (i.e., putative males and females) beginning at approximately 65 mm in total length. Gonadal histology confirmed predictions of sex based on P450arom expression in juvenile flounder, demonstrating that the patterns of P450arom expression observed relate to sex-specific differentiation. This research represents a unique approach to assessing sex differentiation in a natural population, and a powerful technique for better understanding mechanisms of flounder sex determination and rapidly defining conditions for controlling sex for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adam Luckenbach
- Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA
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Rowe AH. Private fees in dental practice: a personal view for new graduates. Dent Update 1995; 22:330-32. [PMID: 8948203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
On qualification, many graduates have little idea of the finances involved in running a practice and this is a subject which will be dealt with in depth on Vocational Training courses. It is extremely important that the newly qualified learn the basis on which private fees may be calculated.
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Rowe AH. Consent. Dent Update 1994; 21:188-90. [PMID: 7875347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Before a dental practitioner examines a patient he or she must obtain the patient's consent to do so, and before undertaking any form of complex or expensive treatment the patient's consent must be in writing. Failure to do this could leave the practitioner open to prosecution for assault, and liable for damages in a civil court.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rowe
- Dental School, Guys Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
This is a review of methods of assessing dental pulp vitality in order to assist the clinician in diagnosis and treatment planning. It covers the patient's history, clinical examination, assessment of radiographs, thermal tests, electrical tests, test cavities, use of anaesthesia, and the recent application of laser Doppler flowmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Rowe
- Department of Conservative Dental Surgery, United Medical and Dental Schools, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
A new root canal sealer based on calcium hydroxide has been developed and two properties, sealing ability and biocompatibility, have been investigated in this study. Sealing ability was assessed by the extent of dye penetration along root fillings in extracted teeth. The sealing ability was good and similar to that of a control zinc oxide-eugenol sealer. Biocompatibility was assessed by histological examination of the periapical tissues of monkey teeth, either 1 or 6 months, after vital pulpectomy and immediate root filling with gutta-percha and sealer. Zinc oxide-eugenol was used as the control sealer. Normal periapical tissues were observed around all 24 teeth filled with the experimental root canal sealer. The study established that the new root canal sealer had acceptable properties of biocompatibility and sealing ability.
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Abstract
Five-year results from four centres of the multicentre clinical trial of the posterior composite Occlusin are reported. Data is presented in respect of 256 restorations of Occlusin and 69 restorations of a conventional lathe cut amalgam. It is concluded that more than 90 per cent of the restorations under investigation should be rated as clinically acceptable after five years in clinical service, that the wear resistance of the restorations of Occlusin, as assessed by the clinicians, was similar in preparations of different sizes and to that of the amalgam controls, and that similar clinical results were obtained irrespective of the technique used to achieve moisture isolation.
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Robinson AA, Rowe AH, Maberley ML. A three-year study of the clinical performance of a posterior composite and a lathe cut amalgam alloy. Br Dent J 1988; 164:248-52. [PMID: 3164193 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4806416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rowe AH. Ethics. Dent Update 1982; 9:73-4, 76-8. [PMID: 6959923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rowe AH. Problems of intra-canal testing of endodontic materials. Int Endod J 1980; 13:96-103. [PMID: 7005107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rowe AH. The relevance of teaching to dental practice. J Br Endod Soc 1979; 12 Suppl:83-9. [PMID: 296145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1979.tb00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rowe AH. Preparing the root canal. Dent Update 1977; 4:201-7. [PMID: 282211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rowe AH. An assessment of the "Aspir" endodontic irrigator/aspirator. J Br Endod Soc 1976; 9:23-4. [PMID: 1069001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1976.tb01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Binnie WH, Rowe AH. The incidence of epithelial rests, proliferations and apical periodontal cysts following root canal treatment in young dogs. Br Dent J 1974; 137:56-60. [PMID: 4531320 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4803239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Treatment of incompletely formed teeth in dogs revealed that a paste made of calcium hydroxide and water is superior to two widely used root canal filling materials. Success was based on the absence of an inflammatory response in the periapical tissues and continued root formation.
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Rowe AH. Endodontics 1972. J Br Endod Soc 1972; 6:B, 46-8. [PMID: 4620404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1972.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Over 250 rats have been anaesthetised for experimental dental surgery: satisfactory anaesthesia for prolonged surgical procedures has presented some difficulty. A variety of anaesthetic techniques have been used and these are described and their merits discussed.
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Rowe AH. Notes on points of law for dental practitioners. Br Dent J 1972; 132:153-5. [PMID: 4501695 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4802815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rowe AH. Notes on points of law for dental practitioners. 2. Br Dent J 1972; 132:73-5. [PMID: 4501819 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4802802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lietze A, Sinclair C, Rowe AH. An intrinsic inaccuracy of radial immunodiffusion measurements of imcomplete antigens. Clin Biochem 1970; 3:335-8. [PMID: 4110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rowe AH, Stubley R, White TC, Wilde CE. The relationship between academic training and National Health Service practice. Br Dent J 1970; 129:288-93. [PMID: 5272502 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4802573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rowe AH. Endodontics in relation to restorative dentistry. Dent Mag Oral Top 1969; 86:211-3. [PMID: 5261470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rowe AH. Editorial. The problem of registering specialties within the profession. J Br Endod Soc 1969; 3:45. [PMID: 5275994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rowe AH. Complications in practice. Dent Mag Oral Top 1969; 86:107-8. [PMID: 5256627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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