Gut microbiota determines the social behavior of mice and induces metabolic and inflammatory changes in their adipose tissue

The link between the gut microbiota and social behavior has been demonstrated, however the translational impact of a certain microbiota composition on stable behavioral patterns is yet to be elucidated. Here we employed an established social behavior mouse model of dominance (Dom) or submissiveness (Sub). A comprehensive 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of Dom and Sub mice revealed a significantly different gut microbiota composition that clearly distinguishes between the two behavioral modes. Sub mice gut microbiota is significantly less diverse than that of Dom mice, and their taxa composition uniquely comprised the genera Mycoplasma and Anaeroplasma of the Tenericutes phylum, in addition to the Rikenellaceae and Clostridiaceae families. Conversely, the gut microbiota of Dom mice includes the genus Prevotella of the Bacteriodetes phylum, significantly less abundant in Sub mice. In addition, Sub mice show lower body weight from the age of 2 weeks and throughout their life span, accompanied with lower epididymis white adipose tissue (eWAT) mass and smaller adipocytes together with substantially elevated expression of inflammation and metabolic-related eWAT adipokines. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation into germ-free mice show that Sub-transplanted mice acquired Sub microbiota and adopted their behavioral and physiological features, including depressive-like and anti-social behaviors alongside reduced eWAT mass, smaller adipocytes, and a Sub-like eWAT adipokine profile. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of the gut microbiome in determining dominance vs. submissiveness and suggest an association between gut microbiota, the eWAT metabolic and inflammatory profile, and the social behavior mode.

The aging mouse microbiome has obesogenic characteristics

Background

During aging, there is a physiological decline, an increase of morbidity and mortality, and a natural change in the gut microbiome. In this study, we investigated the influence of the gut microbiome on different metabolic parameters in adult and aged mice.

Methods

Fecal and blood samples from adult (n = 42, 100–300 days) and aging (n = 32, 550–750 days) mice were collected. Microbiome analysis was done using QIIME2. Mouse weight and body composition were measured using NMR, and insulin and leptin levels in the blood were measured with Mouse Adipokine Magnetic Bead Panel kit. Fecal microbiota transplantation experiments from adult and aged mice into young germ-free mice were carried out in order to examine the effect of the gut microbiome of adult and aging mice on weight, body composition, insulin, and leptin.

Results

We demonstrate that the microbiomes from adult and aged mice are distinguishable. We also report changes in metabolic parameters as we observed significantly higher weight and fat mass and low lean mass in aged compared to adult mice along with high insulin and leptin levels in the blood. The transplanted gut microbiome from aged mice transferred part of the phenotypes seen in aged mice. Fat body mass and insulin levels were higher in the mice who received feces from aged mice than mice receiving feces from adult mice. In addition, they consumed more food and had a higher respiratory quotient compared to mice receiving adult feces.

Conclusions

We conclude that aged mice have a gut microbiota with obesogenic characteristics. In addition, the gut bacterial population itself is sufficient to induce some of the manifestations of obesity.

Psoriatic patients have a distinct structural and functional fecal microbiota compared with controls

Alterations in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriatic arthritis. This work aimed to characterize the gut microbial signature of patients with active psoriasis as compared with age-, body mass index- and comorbidity-matched non-psoriatic controls and to correlate them with differential expression of metabolic pathways. Fecal samples were processed and 16S rRNA was sequenced. PICRUSt was used to perform an analysis of metabolic pathways. Of the 46 participants, 52% (n = 24) suffered from psoriasis. There was a significant difference in β-diversity between the two groups. Psoriatic patients had a significant increase in the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla as compared with matched controls. At the genus level, psoriatic patients had a unique bacterial composition. At the species level, the psoriatic patients showed significant increases in the relative proportions of (false discovery rate, <0.05) in Ruminoccocus gnavus, Dorea formicigenerans and Collinsella aerofaciens, while Prevotella copri and Parabacteroides distasonis were significantly decreased as compared with controls. PICRUSt analysis revealed increases in metabolic pathways related to lipopolysaccharide function in the psoriatic cohort. These data demonstrate unique fecal microbial and metabolic signatures in psoriatic patients.

Dysbiosis of Skin Microbiota in Psoriatic Patients: Co-occurrence of Fungal and Bacterial Communities

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, whose pathogenesis involves dysregulated interplay among immune cells, keratinocytes and environmental triggers, including microbiota. Bacterial and fungal dysbiosis has been recently associated with several chronic immune-mediated diseases including psoriasis. In this comprehensive study, we investigated how different sampling sites and methods reflect the uncovered skin microbiota composition. After establishing the most suitable approach, we further examined correlations between bacteria and fungi on the psoriatic skin. We compared microbiota composition determined in the same sample by sequencing two distinct hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. We showed that using the V3V4 region led to higher species richness and evenness than using the V1V2 region. In particular, genera, such as Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were more abundant when using the V3V4 region, while Planococcaceae, on the other hand, were detected only by the V1V2 region. We performed a detailed analysis of skin microbiota composition of psoriatic lesions, unaffected psoriatic skin, and healthy control skin from the back and elbow. Only a few discriminative features were uncovered, mostly specific for the sampling site or method (swab, scraping, or biopsy). Swabs from psoriatic lesions on the back and the elbow were associated with increased abundance of Brevibacterium and Kocuria palustris and Gordonia, respectively. In the same samples from psoriatic lesions, we found a significantly higher abundance of the fungus Malassezia restricta on the back, while Malassezia sympodialis dominated the elbow mycobiota. In psoriatic elbow skin, we found significant correlation between occurrence of Kocuria, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus with Saccharomyces, which was not observed in healthy skin. For the first time, we showed here a psoriasis-specific correlation between fungal and bacterial species, suggesting a link between competition for niche occupancy and psoriasis. However, it still remains to be elucidated whether observed microbial shift and specific inter-kingdom relationship pattern are of primary etiological significance or secondary to the disease.

Antibiotics in early life: dysbiosis and the damage done

Antibiotics are the most common type of medication prescribed to children, including infants, in the Western world. While use of antibiotics has transformed previously lethal infections into relatively minor diseases, antibiotic treatments can have adverse effects as well. It has been shown in children, adults and animal models that antibiotics dramatically alter the gut microbial composition. Since the gut microbiota plays crucial roles in immunity, metabolism and endocrinology, the effects of antibiotics on the microbiota may lead to further health complications. In this review, we present an overview of the effects of antibiotics on the microbiome in children, and correlate them to long-lasting complications of obesity, behavior, allergies, autoimmunity and other diseases.

Alterations in the Gut ( Gallus gallus) Microbiota Following the Consumption of Zinc Biofortified Wheat ( Triticum aestivum)-Based Diet

The structure and function of cecal microbiota following the consumption of a zinc (Zn) biofortified wheat diet was evaluated in a well-studied animal model of human nutrition ( Gallus gallus) during a six-week efficacy trial. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a significant increase in β- but not α-microbial diversity was observed in the animals receiving the Zn biofortified wheat diet, relative to the control. No significant taxonomic differences were found between the two groups. Linear discriminant analysis revealed a group of metagenomic biomarkers that delineated the Zn replete versus Zn deficient phenotypes, such that enrichment of lactic acid bacteria and concomitant increases in Zn-dependent bacterial metabolic pathways were observed in the Zn biofortified group, and expansion of mucin-degraders and specific bacterial groups able to participate in maintaining host Zn homeostasis were observed in the control group. Additionally, the Ruminococcus genus appeared to be a key player in delineating the Zn replete microbiota from the control group, as it strongly predicts host Zn adequacy. Our data demonstrate that the gut microbiome associated with Zn biofortified wheat ingestion is unique and may influence host Zn status. Microbiota analysis in biofortification trials represents a crucial area for study as Zn biofortified diets are increasingly delivered on a population-wide scale.

Combination of enoxaparin and fibroblast growth factor-1 increases myocardial blood flow and capillary density after myocardial infarction in rabbits

OBJECTIVE

The effect of enoxaparin and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) on post-infarction capillary density and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) was examined.

METHODS

New Zealand White rabbits received an intramyocardial injection of either physiological saline, FGF-1 + enoxaparin, FGF-1 or enoxaparin directly after ligation of the left anterior descending artery. RMBF and capillary density were investigated using fluorescent microspheres and histological examination.

RESULTS

One week after infarction a significant difference in the number of capillaries could be demonstrated within the FGF-1 + enoxaparin group (p < 0.001 versus the control group), the FGF-1 group (p < 0.01) and the enoxaparin group (p < 0.05). Treatment with FGF-1 + enoxaparin resulted in a significantly increased number of capillaries compared to treatment with FGF-1 (p < 0.05) and enoxaparin (p < 0.05) alone. Additionally, all groups treated with FGF-1 and/or enoxaparin showed a significant increase of microvessel density in the treated ischemic border zone compared to the non-treated ischemic border zone (p < 0.001 for FGF-1 + enoxaparin, p < 0.01 for FGF-1, p < 0.05 for enoxaparin). RMBF was significantly increased within the FGF-1 + enoxaparin group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, perfusion rates within the FGF-1 + enoxaparin-treated area did not significantly differ from the pre-infarction values.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with either enoxaparin or FGF-1 or FGF-1 + enoxaparin resulted in increased microvessel growth. However, only the combination of enoxaparin with FGF-1 promotes capillary growth and RMBF. Thus, we conclude that enoxaparin enhances the angiogenic potential of intramyocardially injected FGF-1 in the acutely infarcted rabbit heart.

Le médicament (1re partie)

As members of the pharmacology training group set up by the committee of pharmacological science of the French Academy of Pharmacy, we examine the situation of pharmacology in drug discovery. Today, it is obvious that by integrating genome sequencing, cellular and molecular biology, and bioinformatics, pharmacology has become a cross-disciplinary science. Pharmacologists must become knowledgeable in a wide range of domains, using the major points in each to direct them towards the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. It is also clear that pharmacology remains a major factor in the different steps of drug discovery, from the molecular and cellular stages, to clinical and pharmaceutical developments.

[Thrombosis and ischemia: experimental data]

Thrombosis and ischaemia are often linked to an atherosclerotic arterial lesion. An inflammatory process implicating leucocytes and inflammation mediators (cytokines) as well as atheroma plaque rupture liberating tissue factor are at the origin of this pathology. Equally, blood platelets play an important role, not only with the formation of platelet aggregates, but also by their procoagulant action resulting from the exposure of membrane phospholipids. Apoptotic cells release procoagulant microparticles from the plaque, favouring thrombogenesis. In this context reperfusion would a priori restore blood flow, but it is also the origin of cytotoxicity due to the sudden release of necrotising factors. Various animal models are used to experimentally reproduce arterial thrombosis either following or not following ischaemia/reperfusion. Among them the model of progressive coronary occlusion by intraluminal electrical stimulation, the model of quasi-instantaneous thrombosis by the introduction of a copper coil, and the model of ischaemia/reperfusion by occlusion of the left descending coronary for 90 minutes followed by reperfusion have been studied more precisely in the dog. In the rat, cerebral ischaemia followed by reperfusion has been provoked with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The studies in dogs show that Enoxaparine significantly reduces the formation of coronary thrombus induced progressively by an anodal current and potentiates the action of the tissular activator plasminogen (t-PA) on a recently formed thrombus. At the level of myocardial ischaemia. Enoxaparine reduces the extent of infarction as well as the neutrophil and platelet accumulation in the infarcted zone or in at risk zone. This effect seems to correlate with an anti-inflammatory type action demonstrated elsewhere in vitro with platelet/neutrophil adhesion in the presence of P-Selectin. In all of these studies standard heparin used under the same conditions proves to be inactive. In the ischaemia/reperfusion model in the dog, aspirin has been shown to be ineffective up to a dose of 6 mg/Kg. Enoxaparine is an example of a possible double anti-thrombotic and anti-ischaemic component in the prevention of disorders caused by the thrombosis-ischaemia-reperfusion triad.

Enoxaparin in experimental stroke: neuroprotection and therapeutic window of opportunity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Heparin and heparinoids have long been proposed for stroke treatment. This study investigates the effect of enoxaparin (Lovenox, Clexane), a low-molecular-weight heparin, on functional outcome (neuroscore) and lesion size in stroke models with reversible and irreversible cerebral ischemia using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the rat.

METHODS

Ischemia was induced in rats by transient occlusion for 2 hours or by permanent electrocoagulation of the left MCA. Forty-eight hours after ischemia, neurological deficit was evaluated by scoring sensorimotor functions and ischemic damage was quantified by histological evaluation of lesion volumes.

RESULTS

After transient MCAO, enoxaparin at 2x1.5 mg/kg IV (2 and 24 hours after insult) significantly reduced lesion size by 30% (P<0.05) and improved neuroscore (P<0.01). This significant effect on lesion size and neuroscore was still evident when treatment was started 5 hours after insult. Administered under the same protocol with a 5 hours delay post permanent MCAO, enoxaparin reduced lesion size by 49% (P<0.05) and improved neuroscore (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that standard nonhemorrhagic doses of enoxaparin reduce ischemic damage with a wide therapeutic window. In addition to its anticoagulant properties, other properties of enoxaparin could act in synergy to explain its neuroprotective profile in ischemia. Thus clinical application of enoxaparin treatment in stroke warrants serious consideration.

[Protective effect of appendectomy on the development of ulcerative colitis. A case-control study]

AIMS

To examine by a case-control study the relationship between appendectomy and subsequent ulcerative colitis development in a French population.

METHODS

A total of 150 patients with ulcerative colitis were matched for age (+/- 5 years) and sex, with 150 controls recruited in a preventive medicine center. The following data were collected from medical records and by standardised questionnaire in consultation or by phone: appendectomy and tonsillectomy before the onset of ulcerative colitis, smoking habits and area of residence.

RESULTS

The rate of previous appendectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis was 8% (12/150) compared with 30.6% (46/150) in the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant association between ulcerative colitis and tonsillectomy (25.3 and 27.3% in the control and the ulcerative colitis groups, respectively). Smoking was more frequent in the control group (36%) than in the ulcerative colitis group (25.3%) but the difference was not significant (P=0.07). In multivariate analysis, the risk of developing ulcerative colitis was significantly lower after previous appendectomy (odds ratio=0.26; 95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.55; P=7 x 10(-4)).

CONCLUSION

Our study confirms the inverse association between appendectomy and subsequent ulcerative colitis, in a French population, after adjusting on smoking.

Enoxaparin reduces brain edema, cerebral lesions, and improves motor and cognitive impairments induced by a traumatic brain injury in rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often accompanied by secondary ischemia due, in part, to edema-induced blood vessel compression. Enoxaparin, a low-molecular weight heparin, which is efficacious in models of myocardial and brain ischemia was studied in lateral fluid percussion-induced TBI in rats. Enoxaparin was administered 2 h post-TBI at 0.5 mg/kg i.v. followed by 4 x 0.5, 4 x 1, or 4 x 2 mg/kg s.c. over 30 h. Brain edema was measured in the hippocampus, temporal cortex and parietal cortex. Edema was reduced by enoxaparin (0.5 + 4 x 0.5 mg/kg) in the hippocampus (-53%, p = 0.07) and the parietal cortex (-39%, ns). At 0.5 + 4 x 1 mg/kg edema was reduced in the hippocampus (-63%, p < 0.05) and the parietal cortex (-47%, p = 0.06). At 0.5 + 4 x 2 mg/kg, the reduction was more important in the hippocampus (-69%, p < 0.01) and in the parietal cortex (-50%, p < 0.05). No reduction was seen in the temporal cortex. The lesion size was reduced by enoxaparin at 0.5 + 4 x 1 mg/kg (-50%, p < 0.05), and at 0.5 + 4 x 2 mg/kg (-35%, ns). The neurological deficit evaluated with a 9-point scale was also improved with enoxaparin at 0.5 + 4 x 1 mg/kg 1 week post-TBI (p < 0.05). The cognitive impairment evaluated with a Lashley maze task was improved with enoxaparin (0.5 + 4 x 1 mg/kg) from 48 h (p < 0.05) to 2 weeks post-TBI (p < 0.01). Our results demonstrate for the first time that enoxaparin significantly reduces the brain contusion and edema, and improves the functional outcomes induced by a TBI. Therefore, enoxaparin could be a candidate drug to treat acute brain-injured patients.

Intravenous aspirin at reperfusion does not reduce infarct size in the dog with a residual critical stenosis

Platelet-related events being associated with the increment of infarct size at reperfusion in the presence of a residual stenosis, we tested in dogs whether intravenous aspirin (ASA) could limit infarct size. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 90 min and reperfused for 6 h in the presence of a residual critical stenosis. Controls received saline, and treated groups were given 2, 6, or 12 mg/kg ASA, i.v., 5 min before reperfusion. Infarct size did not differ significantly between groups (control, 43.80+/-6.28%; ASA, 2 mg/kg: 41.07+/-7.78%; ASA, 6 mg/kg: 37.55+/-3.44%; ASA, 12 mg/kg: 29.40+/-5.41%), as well as transmural collateral blood flow and [111In]-platelet accumulation in the infarcted myocardium (2.5-3.6 x 10(5) platelets/g). However, myocardial neutrophil accumulation was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in groups given 6 (15.0+/-2.6 x 10(6)/g tissue) and 12 mg/kg (18.4 +/-3.8) ASA, but not in the 2-mg/kg group (21.0+/-5.2), as compared with control group (32.0+/-7.2). Ex vivo platelet aggregation to collagen was abolished during reperfusion in all treated groups (p < 0.05). Transcardiac arteriovenous differences in 6-keto-PGF1alpha were reduced significantly 1 h after reperfusion in groups given 6 or 12 mg/kg ASA (94.7+/-13.1 and 71.7+/-19.2 pg/ml, respectively) but not in the 2-mg/kg group (178.3+/-78.2 pg/ml), as compared with control (405.4+/-171.6 pg/ml). ASA-insensitive platelet activation at the site of stenosis or inhibition by ASA of prostacyclin production by jeopardized myocardium may explain the observed lack of benefit of ASA.

The low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, limits infarct size at reperfusion in the dog

OBJECTIVE

Heparin (HEP) is used in the post-thrombolytic state to prevent vessel reocclusion, thereby aiding myocardial salvage. Side effects limit its benefits, but besides anticoagulant activity HEP has diffuse actions that may be potentially beneficial to jeopardized reperfused myocardium. This study compares the effect of therapeutic doses of HEP and enoxaparin (ENOX), a low molecular weight heparin, and to streptokinase (SK), on infarct size.

METHODS

The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in dogs for 90 min, followed by 6 h of reperfusion with a residual critical stenosis in place. Five min before reperfusion, HEP (2800 IU) was injected i.v., and perfused at 500 IU/h until sacrifice in group 2, while groups 3 and 4 received ENOX (2128 anti-Xa IU i.v.) followed by 380 anti-Xa IU/h. Group 4 was also given 500,000 IU SK over 30 min before reperfusion beginning at 55 min of occlusion (ENOX + SK), while group 5 received only SK. Controls (CON, group 1) received saline. P-selectin mediated platelet-neutrophil rosettes formation was also tested in vitro in the presence of HEP and ENOX.

RESULTS

The area at risk delimited by dye perfusion was statistically similar among groups. Covariance analysis between infarct size (% of area at risk) delimited with triphenyltetrazolium and collateral flow measured with radioactive microspheres confirmed that groups given ENOX (21.6 +/- 5.5%) and ENOX + SK (24.9 +/- 3.9%) developed smaller infarcts (P < 0.05) than CON (48.1 +/- 4.5%), as opposed to HEP (32.2 +/- 3.6%) and SK (46.8 +/- 3.4%) groups. 111In-platelet counts in the infarct were reduced significantly by 64% in the ENOX group as compared to CON, and to a lesser extent (42%, n.s.) in the ENOX + SK group, but were not reduced by HEP and SK treatments. Neutrophil accumulation in the infarcts was decreased significantly and by more than 75% in the ENOX and ENOX + SK groups versus CON, but not in the HEP and SK groups. Also, only ENOX (10-100 micrograms/ml) significantly inhibited platelet-neutrophil rosettes formation in a plasmatic milieu.

CONCLUSIONS

The ENOX treatment, as opposed to that of HEP, reduces myocardial platelet and neutrophil accumulations, and limits infarct size when given just before and during reperfusion. The benefits of ENOX on infarct size were not modified by SK, and may be related, at least in part, to an interaction with P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion.

Enoxaparin reduces cerebral edemaafter photothrombotic injury in the rat

This study investigates the effect of enoxaparin (Lovenox, Klexane), a low-molecular-weight heparin, on edema following a photothrombotic lesion using rose bengal dye in the rat. An area of cerebral ischemia was provoked in the right hemisphere of rats. Edema developed over 24 h after the lesion, as seen comparing water content of a core sample from the right hemisphere to that of a similar sample from the left hemisphere of each rat. Enoxaparin at 0. 5 mg/kg i.v. plus 2 mg/kg s.c. reduced edema 24 h after lesion induction by 32% (p < 0.01) when the treatment was started 2 h after photothrombotic insult, with maintenance doses of 2 mg/kg s.c. enoxaparin at 6 and 18 h. When the same initial treatment with enoxaparin was started 18 h after insult, there was still a significant reduction of 20% (p < 0.01) in cerebral edema. Administration of enoxaparin 18 h after insult reduced cerebral edema in a dose-dependent manner. There was no evidence of intracranial hemorrhages in any of the animal groups and when the hemoglobin content of the brain samples was assayed by the method of Drabkin, no increase in hemoglobin content was seen compared to sham-operated animals.

Another link between phospholipid transmembrane migration and ABC transporter gene family, inferred from a rare inherited disorder of phosphatidylserine externalization

The mechanisms involved in the maintenance or loss of the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the cell plasma membrane remain mysterious. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transmembrane migration of certain phospholipids is controlled by transcription regulators of various ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The P-glycoprotein membrane transporters encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR) genes, members of the ABC protein family, act as lipid translocases in mammalian cells. We report here the lack of expression of MDR genes in lymphoblasts derived from the B cells of a patient with an inherited Scott syndrome, characterized by impaired transmembrane migration of procoagulant phosphatidylserine and hemorrhagic complications. From microsatellite analysis of 7q21.1 and functional assessment, the most likely explanation accounting for Scott phenotype is a mutation in an unlinked gene coding for a regulatory protein necessary for the expression of MDR genes. Because phosphatidylserine externalization is also one of the hallmarks of cells undergoing apoptosis, these observations are suggestive of a relationship between basic processes such as multidrug transport, apoptosis and procoagulant phospholipid exposure.

Guinea pig blood: a model for the pharmacologic modulation of the GPIb/IX-vWF axis

Antithrombotic activity of two recombinant GPIb-binding fragments of vWF, RG12986 (residues 445-733), and VCL (residues 504-728), were assessed in an ex vivo capillary perfusion chamber exposing human type III collagen to native nonanticoagulated guinea pig blood. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation were evaluated by computer assisted morphometry for two shear rates (650 and 1800 s-1) and for two perfusion times (1.5 and 4 min). At 1800 s-1 and 4 min of perfusion, platelet adhesion decreased from 63 +/- 7% for control, to 46 +/- 4% for 20 mg/kg RG12986, and to 29 +/- 5% for 4 mg/kg VCL, and the mean thrombus height dropped from 40 +/- 8 microns to 24 +/- 3 microns and 7.5 +/- 1 microns, respectively. The two doses did not change bleeding time values. Our results suggest that guinea pig blood and the circular perfusion chamber represent a good model for the evaluation of limited amount of GPIb/IX-vWF axis inhibitors.

Physiopathological significance of catalytic phospholipids in the generation of thrombin

Thrombin generation is the culminating event of the coagulation cascade. It is initiated after the expression of tissue factor by endothelial cells and monocytes exposed to thrombogenic stimuli. Anionic phospholipids, chiefly phosphatidylserine, are necessary for the optimal activity of tissue factor and completion of the clotting process. They display a catalytic potential by allowing the formation of the characteristic enzyme complexes at the membrane surface. Platelets are viewed as the main source of procoagulant phospholipid referred to as platelet factor 3. The plasma membrane of resting cells presents an asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids, aminophospholipids being sequestered in the inner leaflet. Procoagulant phospholipids become available at the outer surface after cell stimulation. The collapse of the membrane asymmetry is thought to promote a phospholipid scrambling accompanied by the shedding of microparticles. The plasma membranes of such vesicles bear irreversibly externalized procoagulant phosphatidylserine and contain glycoproteins that testify to their tissue origin. Hence, microparticles could disseminate a dual procoagulant and adhesive potential. Thrombin autoamplification is exerted through feedback activation loops involving either coagulation factors or platelets. This article details the mechanisms by which procoagulant phospholipids promote the generation of an excess of thrombin. A new pharmacological approach of thrombosis is presented, based on the control of the exposure of procoagulant phospholipids and membrane microparticle shedding.

Aggregate formation is more strongly inhibited at high shear rates by dRGDW, a synthetic RGD-containing peptide

The effect of D-Arg-Gly-Asp-Trp (dRGDW), a synthetic RGD-containing peptide, on platelet adhesion and aggregate formation on various purified adhesive proteins and the extracellular matrix of endothelial cells was investigated with anticoagulated blood recirculating through a parallel-plate perfusion chamber. Aggregate formation on the extracellular matrix of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated endothelial cells and on collagen type I was more strongly inhibited by dRGDW at higher shear rates than at a low shear rate. Platelet adhesion to the extracellular matrix of nonactivated and PMA-stimulated endothelial cells was inhibited by dRGDW, especially at high shear rates, probably as a consequence of the inhibition of platelet spreading. Inhibition by dRGDW of platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor, fibronectin, and fibrinogen was almost complete, indicating that platelet adhesion to these substrates is mediated through RGD-directed receptors. Platelet adhesion to laminin was not inhibited by the peptide, whereas platelet adhesion to collagen was increased as a consequence of the inhibition of aggregate formation. Our results show that dRGDW is a strong inhibitor of platelet adhesion and aggregate formation, especially at high shear rates.

Comparative effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin in healthy volunteers on prothrombin consumption in whole blood during coagulation, and release of tissue factor pathway inhibitor

In a randomized crossover study twelve healthy male volunteers (23.5 +/- of 4.8 years, 73.0 +/- 6.4 kg, 180.8 +/- 5.7 cm) received one subcutaneous injection of either enoxaparin (EN) at 40 mg or 1 mg kg-1, or unfractionated heparin (UH) at 5,000 IU at one week intervals. Area under curves (AUC) of Anti-Xa and Anti-IIa activities correlated with EN dose. The relative effectiveness of EN versus UH 5,000 U as assessed by AUC ratio (EN/UH) was 7 and 15 for Anti-Xa activity, 1.3 and 3.1 for Anti-IIa activity after sc injection of EN 40 mg (4,000 Anti-Xa IU and 1,200 Anti-IIa U) and 1 mg kg-1 (7,300 +/- 640 Anti-Xa IU and 2,190 +/- 290 Anti-IIa IU) respectively. In volunteers receiving EN, a dose dependent inhibition of thrombin generation rate in platelet depleted plasma (PDP), measured with a new and simple chromogenic thrombin generation assay, was observed when compared with baseline values. Similarly, intrinsic prothrombin activation in whole blood, evidenced by measuring residual factor II in serum 2 hours after clotting (prothrombin consumption test: PC), was inhibited in a dose dependent manner. In UH treated volunteers, although the inhibition of thrombin generation rate in PDP was similar to that observed with EN 40 mg, prothrombin consumption in whole blood was not significantly modified. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity release was increased similarly for UH and EN 40 (1.4 fold increase above baseline values) and 1.9 fold for the higher dose of EN. The discrepancy between prothrombin consumption in whole blood and inhibition of thrombin generation rate in PDP in the UH and not in the EN group strongly suggests that UH and not EN is influenced by the presence of a platelet component. This could be formed during thrombin induced platelet activation. Platelet factor 4 is a possible candidate. Another hypothesis involves the role of TFPI-UH complex anticoagulant activity which might be inhibited more during whole blood coagulation than the TFPI-EN complex.

Inhibition of platelet adhesion to fibrin(ogen) in flowing whole blood by Arg-Gly-Asp and fibrinogen gamma-chain carboxy terminal peptides

We have employed synthetic peptides with sequences corresponding to the integrin receptor-recognition regions of fibrinogen as inhibitors of platelet aggregation and adhesion to fibrinogen- and fibrin-coated surfaces in flowing whole blood, using a rectangular perfusion chamber at wall shear rates of 300 s-1 and 1,300 s-1. D-RGDW caused substantial inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion to fibrinogen and fibrin at both shear rates, although it was least effective at blocking platelet adhesion to fibrin at 300 s-1. RGDS was a weaker inhibitor, and produced a biphasic dose-response curve; SDRG was inactive. HHLGGAKQAGDV partially inhibited platelet aggregation and adhesion to fibrin(ogen) at both shear rates. These results support the identification of an RGD-specific receptor, most likely the platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb:IIIa, as the primary receptor responsible for platelet:fibrin(ogen) adhesive interactions under flow conditions, and indicate that platelet adhesion to surface bound fibrin(ogen) is stabilized by multivalent receptor-ligand contacts.

On the relationship between molecular mass and anticoagulant activity in a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin)

A low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin, mean molecular weight approximately 4,400) was separated by gel chromatography into eight different fractions with a narrow distribution around the following mean molecular weights: 1,800, 2,400, 2,900, 4,200, 6,200, 8,600, 9,800 and 11,000. We compared the influence of enoxaparin on the generation of thrombin in plasma to that of the eight fractions. We determined: a) the % of material with high affinity to antithrombin III (HAM) and the % of HAM above the critical chain length necessary to allow for thrombin inhibition (ACLM), b) the specific catalytic activity on the decay of endogenous thrombin, and c) the inhibition of over-all thrombin formation in the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway. From b and c we calculated the inhibition of prothrombin conversion in these pathways. We found that a) there is a gradual decrease of the HAM fraction with decreasing molecular weight; b) the specific catalytic activity for the inactivation of thrombin does not vary significantly between the fractions when expressed in terms of ACLM; c) the potency to inhibit prothrombin conversion does not vary significantly between the fractions when expressed in terms of HAM.

Enoxaparin (Clexane, Lovenox), a low molecular weight heparin, enhances t-PA-induced coronary thrombus lysis in anesthetized dogs without inducing hypocoagulability

An occlusive coronary thrombus was obtained in barbiturate anesthetized dogs within 60 min following the angiographic placement of a copper coil into the left descending coronary artery. This thrombus persisted for the 60 min experimental period, within which the effects of i.v. t-PA (10 micrograms/kg/min for 30 min) alone or combined with i.v. heparin (0.63 mg/kg twice) or enoxaparin (1.5 mg/kg twice) were evaluated. t-PA alone achieved recanalization for 20 min in only 2 out of the 5 dogs studied. Combination of t-PA with either heparin or enoxaparin produced this effect in all the 5 dogs studied. In dogs treated with t-PA associated to either heparin or enoxaparin, the thrombus weight was smaller (decreases of 34% and 44% respectively) than in animals given t-PA alone. The plasma amidolytic activity, expressed as t-PA activity, was greater 15 min after the beginning of t-PA infusion, in dogs pretreated with either heparin or enoxaparin than in animals given t-PA alone. Conversely, during t-PA infusion, the apparent t-PA inhibitor and antiplasmin activities were no longer measurable in the plasma, but reappeared 10 min after the end of t-PA infusion. Plasma coagulation time was not modified by t-PA, but was slightly prolonged (2-fold) by enoxaparin and markedly (7-fold) by heparin on initiation of t-PA infusion. Plasma anti-IIa activity was 3-fold higher in dogs pretreated with heparin as opposed to enoxaparin. On the contrary, both compounds increased similarly plasma anti-Xa activity. In conclusion, these results indicate that enoxaparin, like heparin, enhances the thrombolytic effects of t-PA. This favourable effect occurs independently of a plasma hypocoagulable state, which was clearly produced by heparin but not enoxaparin. Its mechanism may be the significant elevation of plasma t-PA activity produced by both heparin and enoxaparin during t-PA infusion.

Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of technetium 99m labelled standard heparin and a low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) after intravenous injection in normal volunteers

For a better understanding of low molecular weight heparin pharmacokinetics, 99m technetium labelled heparin and enoxaparin were injected intravenously to four normal volunteers, after approval by the Ethics Committee and preliminary animals studies. In vitro and in vivo, the labelled products proved to be stable and identical to the non-labelled drugs. Radioactivity curves in blood, organs and urines were similar for both products. Anti Xa plasma half-life was 3 times longer for enoxaparin than for heparin. Anti IIa plasma half-lives were similar. However, radioactivity persisted much longer than biological activities for both products. After chromatography, most of the radioactivity was bound to AT III, where an anti Xa activity peak was also detected. The anti Xa activity peak seen after adding AT III to plasma was much higher with heparin than with enoxaparin. In urine, biological activities, measured with AT III supplementation, were higher with enoxaparin than with heparin. These results suggest that phenomena other than biodistribution are responsible for the differences in pharmacokinetics observed between these two products. The two most likely explanations are differences in metabolism and/or a release of an endogenous factor.

Lipolytic action of a new alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist of the piperazinopyrimidine family: RP 55462

Recent investigations have demonstrated the in vitro lipid mobilizing effects induced by alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist administration and have focused attention on the putative therapeutic interest of such compounds in the treatment of obesity as adjuvants in caloric restriction programs. We studied the impact of RP 55462 [6-chloro-4-(isopropylamino)-5-(methyl)-2, piperazinopyrimidine], a new alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist compound of the piperazinopyrimidine family, on fat cell function. The alpha-2-blocking properties of this agent, which had been defined initially on the brain were confirmed on adipocytes. RP 55462 competed with [3H]yohimbine binding sites on human fat cell membranes and inhibited the antilipolytic action of alpha-2-agonist compounds (UK 14304, clonidine and epinephrine) in human and hamster fat cells. It was also noticed that RP 55462 alone was able to activate lipolysis in isolated fat cells from various species (man, rat, hamster and dog). Moreover, the lipolytic response induced by isoproterenol or synacthene was largely amplified in the presence of RP 55462 in rat fat cells which are the least alpha-2 adrenergic responsive tested. RP-55462-dependent stimulation of lipolysis was not affected by the presence of other alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (idazoxan, yohimbine or phentolamine). Intravenous administration of RP 55462 in alert dogs promoted an increment in plasma nonesterified acid concentrations reflecting its lipid mobilizing action. In summary this study focuses attention on a new alpha-2-antagonist compound which exhibits an in vivo lipid mobilizing action which could be attributable to its alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist properties. Inasmuch as the lipolytic activity of RP 55462, revealed in in vitro studies, seems to be independent from its alpha-2 adrenolytic properties; further studies are required to define the mechanism of such a lipolytic effect as well as its possible involvement in in vivo conditions.

Mechanism of lipolytic action of a new alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist of the piperazinopyrimidine family: RP 55462

The in vivo lipid mobilizing effect of alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist has been demonstrated previously. This has attracted attention to the putative interest of such compounds in a lipid-mobilizing strategy. RP 55462 [6-chloro-4-(isopropylamino)-5-(methyl)-2 piperazinopyrimidine], a piperazinopyrimidine derivative, has already been shown to exert alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist actions on fat cell function in vitro. Moreover, RP 55462 exhibits a direct in vitro lipolytic action which is independent of its alpha-2-blocking potency. When administered i.v. RP 55462 is also able to induce an increment in plasma nonesterified levels in dogs. The mechanism of action of RP 55462 was studied and the nature of its lipomobilizing effect was explored. RP 55642-dependent lipolysis was not affected by beta adrenergic blockers on rat fat cells and RP 55462 had no direct effect on adenylylcyclase activity on fat cell membranes. Moreover, RP 55462 did not compete with [3H]phenyl isopropyl adenosine binding (A1-adenosine receptor agonist) on fat cell membranes. In fact, RP 55462 inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in rat adipose tissue. Several derivatives with the piperazinopyrimidine structure also inhibited cAMP-dependent PDE activity and exerted lipolytic effects. A short structure-activity study was performed with various derivatives. In dogs, by contrast with yohimbine, the in vivo lipid mobilizing effect of RP 55462 was not abolished by pretreatment with propranolol, and lasted longer. It is concluded that the in vivo lipolytic activity of RP 55462 is connected with its ability to inhibit cAMP-dependent PDE activity; a property of several piperazinopyrimidine derivatives. The lipid mobilizing effect induced in vivo by RP 55462 results from a combination of its alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist properties and its direct lipolytic action mediated by cAMP-dependent PDE inhibiting effects.

Riluzole, a novel antiglutamate, prevents memory loss and hippocampal neuronal damage in ischemic gerbils

The neuroprotective effects of riluzole, a novel antiglutamate, has been demonstrated in a model of ischemia induced in female Mongolian gerbils by transient bilateral carotid occlusion. Riluzole was administered at a dose of 4 mg/kg, i.p., just before, 4 hr after, and for the 14 d following the transient bilateral carotid occlusion (10 min). The functional sequelae of ischemic damage were assessed using a memory test (passive avoidance) and the extent of neuronal damage by histological examination and quantitative autoradiography of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the hippocampus. The performance of the ischemic gerbils in the memory test was about half that of control animals. This memory deficit was completely reversed in animals treated with riluzole. This protective effect of riluzole was confirmed by histological and autoradiographic studies. The neuronal degeneration of CA1 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus observed in the ischemic group was not seen in the riluzole-treated animals, which resembled the control group. This neuronal degeneration in the CA1 area was confirmed by a quantitative measurement of muscarinic receptors: The binding was decreased by a third in the lacunosum moleculare, the stratum oriens, and the stratum radiatum. By contrast in riluzole-treated gerbils, this decrease was reversed by 50%. Finally, a clear-cut correlation was found between the deficit in the memory test and the decrease in muscarinic receptor binding in the CA1 fields. These results are compatible with the idea that glutamic acid may be involved in the neuronal degeneration of the hippocampus following ischemia, and could be foreseeable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Binding in vitro of pipequaline (45319 RP) onto plasma proteins and blood cells in man

Serum binding of pipequaline, a new anxiolytic drug, was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. The percent binding in serum is high, 96.3%, and remains constant within the range of therapeutic concentrations. Investigations performed on isolated proteins with a wide range of concentrations showed one site with a high affinity constant (Ka = 450,000 M-1) for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and two sites with a lower affinity constant (Ka = 58,000 M-1) for human serum albumin. Binding to lipoproteins was saturable, with an affinity constant of 22,000 less than or equal to Ka less than or equal to 35,000 M-1. Over the range of therapeutic concentrations, the ratio of pipequaline concentrations in serum and red blood cells remained constant (14.4%) and was shown to be dependent on the free fraction of pipequaline in serum.

Binding sites for a peripheral type benzodiazepine antagonist ([3H]PK 11195) in human iris

Peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites have been characterized on sections of 8 normal human iris/ciliary-body preparations. Saturability was determined at 25 degrees C with [3H] PK 11195 (1 nM) a specific ligand of peripheral type sites. The studies revealed a single class of binding sites for PK 11195 with a nanomolar range affinity (KD = 1.45 nM) and a maximal capacity (Bmax) of 35.5 fmol/mg protein. The displacement potency order of the benzodiazepines tested suggest that these sites belong to the peripheral type: PK 11211 (IC50 = 12 nM) greater than Ro 5-4864 (IC50 = 770 nM) greater than clonazepam (IC50 = 20,000 nM). The present data demonstrate that high affinity binding sites for peripheral type benzodiazepines are present in human iris/ciliary-body. This tissue is therefore a suitable tool for evaluation of the putative functional role of these binding sites.

Quantitative autoradiographic determination of binding sites for a peripheral benzodiazepine ligand ([3H]PK 11195) in human iris

Specific binding sites of peripheral-type benzodiazepines were investigated in human iris/ciliary body (8 eyes). Examination of color-coded prints and densitometric quantification of autoradiograms were performed on slides (20 micron) labelled with [3H]PK 11195 (1 nM) at 25 degrees C. Nonspecific binding was determined with PK 11211 (5 microM) or Ro 5-4864 (5 microM). Binding sites were present on all the slides, with equivalent density in the 3 regions of the preparation (ciliary body, iris, and pupil margin). The numbers of binding sites in ciliary body, iris, and pupil margin, respectively, were: 42.7 +/- 0.2, 30.1 +/- 0.5, and 37.4 +/- 0.4 femtomol/mg protein. Labelling on the pupil margin seemed to coincide with the iris sphincter muscle. The presence of peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites in iris muscular tissue, and particularly in the pupil margin, suggests that the iris preparation may be a valuable tool to detect putative physiological effects of peripheral benzodiazepines on muscular motility.

Circadian rhythm in the membrane of circulating human blood cells: microviscosity and number of benzodiazepine binding sites. A search for regulation by plasma ions, nucleosides, proteins or hormones

Circadian rhythms in both the number of peripheral type binding sites for benzodiazepines in platelet membranes and the microviscosity of the erythrocyte membrane were demonstrated in 7 healthy men. Neither variable appeared to be linked to each other, or regulated by the plasma concentrations of total or free cortisol, testosterone, potassium, magnesium, calcium, cAMP, cGMP or proteins or by the erythrocytic concentration of magnesium or potassium or by the plasma cAMP:cGMP ratio or by the ratio of intra-erythrocyte:plasma concentrations of potassium or magnesium. A highly significant negative correlation was found between the microviscosity of the erythrocyte membrane and the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme, methyltransferase I. Such a correlation was validated both on raw data and on 24 hr-means (r = 0.84; P less than 0.01). A circadian rhythm in the activity of this enzyme was also demonstrated. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was also found between plasma transcortin concentration (TRC) and microviscosity (r = 0.50, P less than 0.01), and between TRC and methyltransferase I activity (r = 0.61, P less than 0.01). Such findings may constitute clues towards the understanding of the regulation of the circadian rhythm in the fluidity of the red blood cell membrane in man and guide future steps with regard to the role of this rhythm upon the availability of drug binding sites at the cell surface.

Photoaffinity labeling of peripheral-type benzodiazepine-binding sites

The use of a novel photoaffinity label for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine-binding site is described. This compound, PK 14105, has high affinity (4 nM) and selectivity for cardiac benzodiazepine-binding sites. Under ultraviolet light, PK 14105 couples covalently to an 18,000-Da membrane protein which apparently corresponds to the (or a part of the) cardiac benzodiazepine-binding site. Since covalent attachment of PK 14105 totally precludes the binding of other ligands to this binding site, it is suggested that, during ultraviolet irradiation, this compound inserts covalently into the binding domain of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine-binding site.

Partial purification and pharmacology of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors

This report describes the results obtained with a new photoaffinity ligand for the "peripheral-type" benzodiazepine binding site (PBS), using a digitonin solubilized preparation from rat heart or adrenals. The specific binding activity of the solubilized adrenal preparation is higher than 50 pmol/mg protein, with binding properties and pharmacological specificity identical to the membrane bound PBS. The apparent molecular weight of the solubilized PBS, determined by gel filtration is 215 KDa. The photoaffinity ligand (PK 14105) is a nitrophenyl derivative of PK 11195, which attaches covalently and specifically to all the PBS when cardiac membranes are irradiated with this compound under ultraviolet light. After photolabelling with [3H]PK 14105 and solubilization in SDS of heart or adrenal membranes, gel electrophoresis indicates the existence of a single protein band whose molecular weight (18 KDa) is unaltered by incubation with sulphydryl-reducing or protein cross-linking agents. This molecule seems to be a low molecular weight, acidic protein. Diethylpyrocarbonate decreases partially (60%) the binding of [3H]PK 11195 without affecting [3H] RO5-4864 binding, which implies a vital histidine residue in the binding domain of [3H]-PK 11195. Treatment with phospholipase A2 or mellitin, a stimulant of endogenous PLA2, led to a selective loss of [3H] RO5-4864 binding with no change in the binding of [3H]PK 11195. Such differences between a benzodiazepine ligand and an isoquinoline ligand suggest that these compounds may induce, on binding, different conformational changes in the PBS, which is compatible with the hypothesis that RO5-4864 and PK 11195 may be an agonist and an antagonist respectively at the PBS.

Labelling of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in human brain with [3H]PK 11195: anatomical and subcellular distribution

The peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site, erstwhile characterized in the rodent and feline brain, has now been characterized in post-mortem human brain using [3H]PK 11195. The kinetics and pharmacological properties of the binding of this ligand are similar to peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites elsewhere. The potency of RO5-4864 for this site in human brain is close to that seen in ruminant and carnivore tissues but considerably lower than in rodent tissues. The regional distribution of these binding sites would suggest a neuronal rather than a glial localization. [3H]PK 11195 bound in a similar fashion to slide-mounted sections of human brain, thus allowing quantitative studies of the regional distribution of peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites to be made. The binding sites were distributed heterogeneously, but were restricted to the grey matter. Highest densities of binding sites were found in forebrain structures. The localization was not limited to any functional system, nor did it resemble any previously described transmitter system. The similarities between peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in human and in feline brain in terms of their pharmacological characteristics and their regional and subcellular distribution suggest that the cat, rather than the rat, may be the better model for studying a possible role for this site in human cerebral function.

Stereoselective inhibition of the binding of [3H]PK 11195 to peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites by a quinolinepropanamide derivative

The specific binding of [3H]PK 11195 to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding site is inhibited by the l-enantiomer of N,N-diethyl-alpha-methyl-2-phenyl-4-quinolinepropanamide ((-)Q1) but not by its d-enantiomer ((+)Q1). (-)Q1 inhibited [3H]PK 11195 binding to several rat tissues with an IC50 of less than 10 nM whereas (+)Q1 was at least 500 times less potent. This stereoselectivity was observed in all the tissues tested (brain, heart, kidney and adrenals). The same stereoselectivity was found for the displacement of the binding of [3H]PK 11195 in vivo, where (-)Q1 had an ID50 between 4-15 mg/kg and (+)Q1 was completely inactive at all doses tested (i.e. up to 40 mg/kg). Neither isomer had appreciable affinity for central-type benzodiazepine binding sites ([3H]diazepam) nor for voltage-sensitive calcium channels ([3H]PN 200210 and [3H]verapamil).

4-Amino-6-chloro-2-piperazinopyrimidines with selective affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors

A series of 4-amino-6-chloro-2-piperazinopyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to interact with alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in vitro in binding assays using [3H]WB-4101, [3H]clonidine, and [3H]idazoxan as radioligands. Some compounds were also tested as inhibitors of [3H]spiroperidol binding. Several members of this series showed high and selective affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The nature of the 4-amino substituent seems to be the most critical factor in determining the potency at these receptors.

PK 11195, an antagonist of peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors, modulates Bay K8644 sensitive but not beta- or H2-receptor sensitive voltage operated calcium channels in the guinea pig heart

In a partially depolarized guinea pig papillary muscle preparation, BAY K8644 stimulated voltage-operated calcium channels, promoting slow action potentials; this effect was dose-dependent over a concentration range of 3 X 10(-7) M to 3 X 10(-6) M. Isoproterenol and histamine also induced slow action potentials by stimulating beta or H2 receptors, respectively. PK 11195, the antagonist of peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors, inhibited the effect of BAY K8644, but not those of histamine or isoproterenol. Moreover, PK 11195 "dose-dependently" antagonized the ability of RO5-4864 to inhibit the slow action potentials elicited by barium chloride. Thus, in the heart, PK 11195, an antagonist of peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors, can modulate voltage-operated calcium channels when they are activated directly, but not when they are activated by stimulation of neurotransmitter receptors.

Modulation of voltage-operated, but not receptor-operated, calcium channels in the rabbit aorta by PK 11195, an antagonist of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors

We compared the effects of PK 11195, an antagonist of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors, on contractions of rabbit aorta by activation of either voltage-operated calcium channels (VOC) using BAY K 8644 (a calcium "agonist") and KCl or receptor-operated channels (ROC) using phenylephrine and B-HT 920, (alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, respectively). In partially depolarized muscle strips, BAY K 8644 induced contractions that were noncompetitively inhibited by PK 11195 (pD'2 = 5.6 +/- 0.15). The effect of this calcium agonist was also antagonized by nitrendipine (competitively) and by yohimbine (noncompetitively), while prazosin was inactive. Contractions induced by KCl were inhibited by nitrendipine and, weakly, by PK 11195. Contractions induced by phenylephrine and B-HT 920 were inhibited competitively by prazosin and yohimbine and noncompetitively by nitrendipine, while PK 11195 was ineffective. It is concluded that PK 11195 behaves as an antagonist of VOC activated by BAY K 8644 and to a lesser extent by KCl depolarization but not of ROC coupled to alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors.

2-Amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole, a possible antagonist of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission--II. Biochemical properties

Two models have been chosen to study the effect of 2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy benzothiazole (PK 26124) on excitatory amino acid neurotransmission: the pool of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the cerebellum and the release of acetylcholine in the striatum and olfactory tubercles. The release of acetylcholine induced by N-methyl-DL-aspartate in the striatum and olfactory tubercles was antagonized by PK 26124 which was less potent on the release of acetylcholine induced electrically. The increase in levels of cGMP in the cerebellum induced by excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and quisqualate was antagonized by PK 26124, but the drug was inactive against N-methyl-DL-aspartate, L-aspartate, kainate and cysteine sulphinate. In vivo it antagonized the increases of cGMP in the cerebellum elicited by all these excitatory compounds. All these results are compatible with a possible antagonism by PK 26124 of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmission and may explain its anticonvulsant properties.

[Biochemical characterization and study by quantitative autoradiography of the binding sites of indalpine, a 5-HT uptake inhibitor, in cat brain]

The [3H]indalpine binding sites have been characterized in slide-mounted cat brain sections. This inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake binds with a very high affinity to sites which have the pharmacological properties of the serotonin carrier. These sites can, however, be differentiated from the [3H]imipramine binding sites by their Na+ dependency and competitive inhibition by serotonin. Quantitative autoradiographic studies demonstrate that indalpine binding sites are localized in structures rich in serotonergic neurons. The widespread distribution of indalpine binding sites in limbic and associative areas is consisted with its well characterized antidepressant activity in human.

Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]indalpine binding sites in the rat brain: I. Pharmacological characterization

The binding of [3H]indalpine (4-[2-(3-indolyl)]ethyl piperidine) to slide-mounted sections of rat brain has been characterized. This 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake blocker binds to sections with high affinity (KD approximately 1 nM). The binding is saturable, and can be displaced by the addition of clomipramine (1 microM). Other drugs inhibiting the uptake of 5-HT also have the capacity to inhibit the binding of [3H]indalpine. A significant correlation (r = 0.86) was found between the capacity of these compounds to inhibit the uptake of 5-HT and their potencies as inhibitors of [3H]indalpine binding. Binding was Na+ - and Cl- -dependent and was inhibited competitively by 5-HT. Furthermore, electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe or medial forebrain bundle, which cause a degeneration of 5-HT cell bodies and fibers, respectively, resulted in a 30-40% reduction in the binding of [3H]indalpine. [3H]Indalpine binds to the 5-HT uptake recognition sites in a different manner from imipramine-like compounds.