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Magnusson CB, Poulsen KP, Budde JA, Hartmann FA, Aulik NA, Raabis SM, Moreira ASD, Darien BJ, Peek SF. Quality Control of Compounded Crystalloid Fluids for Intravenous Delivery to Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:469-473. [PMID: 29114956 PMCID: PMC5787182 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodic lack of availability and high cost of commercially produced isotonic fluids for intravenous (IV) use in horses have increasingly led to use of home‐made or commercially compound fluids by veterinarians. Data regarding the quality control and safety of compounded fluids would be of benefit to equine veterinarians. Objectives To compare electrolyte concentrations, sterility, and endotoxin contamination of commercially available fluids to 2 forms of compounded isotonic crystalloid fluids intended for IV use in horses. Methods Prospective study. Two methods of preparing compounded crystalloids formulated to replicate commercial Plasma‐Lyte A (Abbott, Chicago, IL) were compared. One formulation was prepared by a hand‐mixed method involving chlorinated drinking water commonly employed by equine practitioners, and the other was prepared by means of ingredients obtained from a commercial compounding pharmacy. The variables for comparison were electrolyte concentrations, sterility, and presence of endotoxin contamination. Results Electrolyte concentrations were consistent within each product but different between types of fluids (P < 0.0001). Hand‐mixed fluids had significantly more bacterial contamination compared to commercial Plasma‐Lyte A (P = 0.0014). One of the hand‐mixed fluid samples had detectable endotoxin contamination. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Chlorinated drinking water is not an acceptable source of water to compound isotonic fluids for IV administration. Equine practitioners should be aware of this risk and obtain the informed consent of their clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Magnusson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - K P Poulsen
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - J A Budde
- UW Veterinary Care Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - F A Hartmann
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - N A Aulik
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - S M Raabis
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - A S D Moreira
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - B J Darien
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - S F Peek
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Brooks VJ, De Wolfe TJ, Paulus TJ, Xu J, Cai J, Keuler NS, Godbee RG, Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Darien BJ. Ethnoveterinary application of Morinda citrifolia fruit puree on a commercial heifer rearing facility with endemic salmonellosis. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012; 10:1-8. [PMID: 24082318 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Morinda citrifolia (noni) puree modulates neonatal calves developmental maturation of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, the effect of noni puree on respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI), health in preweaned dairy calves on a farm with endemic salmonellosis was examined. Two clinical trials were conducted whereby each trial evaluated one processing technique of noni puree. Trials 1 and 2 tested noni versions A and B, respectively. Puree analysis and trial methods were identical to each other, with the calf as the experimental unit. Calves were designated to 1 of 3 treatment groups in each trial and received either: 0, 15 or 30 mL every 12 hr of noni supplement for the first 3 weeks of life. Health scores, weaning age, weight gain from admission to weaning, and weaned by 6 weeks, were used as clinical endpoints for statistical analysis. In trial 1, calves supplemented with 15 mL noni puree of version A every 12 hr had a higher probability of being weaned by 6 weeks of age than control calves (P = 0.04). In trial 2, calves receiving 30 mL of version B every 12 hr had a 54.5% reduction in total medical treatments by 42 days of age when compared to controls (P = 0.02). There was a trend in reduced respiratory (61%), and GI (52%) medical treatments per calf when compared to controls (P = 0.06 and 0.08, respectively). There were no differences in weight gain or mortality for any treatment group in either trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Brooks
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Schäfer M, Sharp P, Brooks VJ, Xu J, Cai J, Keuler NS, Peek SF, Godbee RG, Schultz RD, Darien BJ. Enhanced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli in calves fed Morinda citrifolia (Noni) puree. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:499-502. [PMID: 18346148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adequate colostrum intake and properly used antibiotics can provide much protection for the bovine neonate, increased antibiotic scrutiny and consumer demand for organic products have prompted investigations of natural immunomodulators for enhancing calf health. One plant-based immunomodulator, Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit, is a well-recognized natural product that has a broad range of immunomodulatory effects. HYPOTHESIS Neonatal calves fed noni puree would demonstrate whole blood phagocytic capacity in Gram-negative and Gram-positive in vitro assays. ANIMALS Blood samples from 18 neonatal Holstein bull calves. METHODS Calves were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 comprised control calves, whereas Group 2 received 30 mL of noni puree twice a day in milk replacer. Day 0 blood samples were obtained between 36 and 48 hours of age before the first feeding of puree. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulated blood was collected from each calf on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Bactericidal assays were performed to estimate the percentage killing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. RESULTS Blood samples from noni puree-fed calves displayed significantly more E. coli bacterial killing than did controls on day 14, and although differences were not significant on days 0, 3, and 7, bacterial killing progressively increased over time. There was no significant difference between the groups for S. epidermidis killing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The immunomodulatory effect of noni puree may prove valuable in the future as production animal antibiotic use becomes more restricted. Additional clinical trials are warranted to investigate the clinical application of noni puree in promoting calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schäfer
- Department of Medical and Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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4
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Abstract
A pregnant quarterhorse mare became acutely lame as a result of severe swelling of its right hind leg, thought to have been caused by a fracture or a muscle tear. Diagnostic procedures ruled out a traumatic musculoskeletal cause and a physical examination revealed chronic pastern dermatitis ('scratches'/'grease heel'). Histopathological evaluation of biopsy samples from the right hind leg was consistent with a leucocytoclastic vasculitis, and culture yielded Staphylococcus intermedius. The treatment and infectious causes of pastern dermatitis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Risberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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5
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Peek SF, Slack JA, Darien BJ, Semrad SD, Marques F, Risberga A, Erb HN, Apple FS, McGuirk SM. BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF CARDIAC INJURY IN NORMAL AND SURVIVING VERSUS NON-SURVIVING SEPTICEMIC NEONATAL FOALS. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.t01-37-04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Coombs
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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7
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Watt BC, Cooley AJ, Darien BJ. Congenital hepatoblastoma in a neonatal alpaca cria. Can Vet J 2001; 42:872-4. [PMID: 11708207 PMCID: PMC1476658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A neonatal alpaca cria found to have minimal clinical abnormalities was diagnosed postmortem with an epithelial-type hepatoblastoma with combined embryonal and fetal patterns, based on previously reported morphological features. Camelid neoplasia and domestic animal hepatoblastomas are very rare, with only a single case of congenital hepatoblastoma in a domestic animal previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Watt
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Robinson TM, Manley PA, Sims PA, Albrecht R, Darien BJ. Cytokine and Eicosanoid Production by Cultured Human Monocytes Exposed to Titanium Particulate Debris. Microsc Microanal 1999; 5:344-351. [PMID: 10473679 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927699000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
: Phagocytosis of particulate wear debris from arthroplasties by macrophages induces an inflammatory response that has been linked to implant loosening and premature failure of artificial joints. Inflammatory mediators released by phagocytic macrophages such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening. The objective of this study was to characterize titanium alloy particulates that closely match wear debris found around joint arthroplasties and to study their effects on the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators by cultured monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from healthy human volunteers. Monocytes were cultured in 96-well plates for 24 h, washed, and exposed to three concentrations of titanium particulates and controls from 18-24 h. Supernatants were assayed for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and PGE(2) activity. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) verified the titanium alloy to be Ti6A14V. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed significant titanium particulate heterogeneity with approximately 95% of the particles <1 µm in diameter. SEM and EDX technology was useful in the characterization of the titanium particulates utilized for in vitro models of titanium-induced cytokine release by monocytes. Incubation of titanium particulates (in concentrations similar to those found around loosened prosthetic joints) with cultured monocytes significantly increased their production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- TM Robinson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706-1102
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Forrest
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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Kruse-Elliott KT, Chaban K, Grossman JE, Tomasko S, Kamke C, Darien B. Low molecular weight heparin alters porcine neutrophil responses to platelet-activating factor. Shock 1998; 10:198-202. [PMID: 9744648 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-199809000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of inflammation and heparin has anti-inflammatory effects, we hypothesized that low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) would inhibit PAF-induced activation and chemotaxis in porcine neutrophils. Citrated blood was obtained from pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs, and neutrophils were isolated over a 55%/65% Percoll gradient. The effect of LMWH on basal phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide (SO) release, as well as its effect on PAF priming for PMA-induced SO release, were investigated. Additionally, the effect of LMWH on PAF-induced chemotaxis of neutrophils across transwell membranes was evaluated. Baseline SO release in response to PMA was .351+/-.046 nmol/10(6) cells/min, and this was decreased to .289+/-.034 nmol/10(6) cells/min by pretreatment with 50 U/mL LMWH. PMA-induced SO production was increased by .240+/-.042 nmol/10(6) cells/min when cells were primed with 10 microM PAF. This priming effect of PAF was reduced significantly by pretreatment of neutrophils with LMWH at 10 and 50 U/mL. Chemotaxis of neutrophils in response to 100 microM PAF was significantly decreased to 70.02+/-6.4% (n = 8) of the control response by pretreatment of cells with 50 U/mL LMWH. We conclude that LMWH has anti-inflammatory effects on porcine neutrophils, which includes attenuation of cell activation and chemotaxis in response to the lipid-derived inflammatory mediator, PAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Kruse-Elliott
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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11
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Darien BJ, Fareed J, Centgraf KS, Hart AP, MacWilliams PS, Clayton MK, Wolf H, Kruse-Elliott KT. Low molecular weight heparin prevents the pulmonary hemodynamic and pathomorphologic effects of endotoxin in a porcine acute lung injury model. Shock 1998; 9:274-81. [PMID: 9565256 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-199804000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) activity, platelet and neutrophil degranulation and margination, and increased vascular permeability are central to the pathophysiology of endotoxin-mediated acute lung injury. Nonanticoagulant activities of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) include solubilization of the TNF-alpha receptor protein, inhibition of neutrophil adhesion, and regulation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) biosynthesis. In this study, we evaluated the ability of LMWH to modulate TNF-alpha and TXB2 activity during endotoxemia and the subsequent effects on pulmonary hemodynamics. Domestic pigs 8-10 weeks old were anesthetized and catheterized for standard cardiopulmonary measurements and the lungs harvested for cuff:vessel ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, and permeability index. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four groups: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (n = 6), given .5 microg/kg/h Escherichia coli LPS intravenously for 6 h; saline control (n = 5); LMWH (n = 5), given .5 mg/kg LMWH for 30 min, followed by .5 mg/kg/h; and LMWH + LPS (same dosages, n = 6). Administration of LPS resulted in increased plasma TNF-alpha and TXB2 activity; increased pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and alveolar-arterial oxygen tension; decreased systemic arterial oxygen tension; and pulmonary edema. The cardiopulmonary parameters for the LMWH-treated pigs did not differ from those of the saline-treated control pigs. Pretreatment with LMWH attenuated the LPS-mediated TNF-alpha and TXB2 activity and attenuated LPS-mediated pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia and neutrophil emigration, and edema formation. In conclusion, the data show that the protective effects of LMWH in this model of acute lung injury are associated with altered neutrophil adhesion and TNF-alpha and thromboxane activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.
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12
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Darien BJ, Saban MR, Hart AP, MacWilliams PS, Clayton MK, Kruse-Elliott KT. Morphometric analysis of oleic acid-induced permeability pulmonary edema: correlation with gravimetric lung water. Shock 1997; 8:61-7. [PMID: 9249914 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-199707000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The technique used most commonly to quantitate pulmonary edema in in vivo animal models is postmortem gravimetric analysis (wet:dry) ratio. To determine whether lung water can be quantitated morphometrically, as accurately as by the commonly used gravimetric analysis, perivascular edema (cuff) area to vessel area ratio was correlated to wet:dry ratio. Anesthetized pigs were given either oleic acid (20 mg/kg/h, intravenously) or physiologic saline. At 4 h, lungs were excised and cuff:vessel and wet:dry ratio analysis was performed. The intermediate lobe was clamped across its main stem bronchus to maintain peak inspiratory inflation, excised, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -70 degrees C until cryostat sectioning and quantification of perivascular interstitial edema (cuff) area. Gravimetric analysis (wet:dry ratio) was performed on the remaining lung. Mean cuff:vessel and wet:dry analyzes showed that lung water increased significantly (p < .01) in the oleic-acid treated group (4.9 +/- .22 and 6.78 +/- .47, respectively), compared with the saline group (.03 +/- .02 and 2.55 +/- .27, respectively). The correlation coefficient between mean cuff:vessel and wet:dry ratios was .86 (p = .0016). This study demonstrates that cuff:vessel ratio analysis can be used to identify the distribution of edema fluid versus vessel diameter, and seems to be as effective a technique as gravimetric analysis to quantitate lung water changes in acute lung injury models. Moreover cuff:vessel ratio analysis can differentiate modest changes in pulmonary edema by direct quantitation, an important end-point not provided by wet:dry analysis. Therefore, it may be a more sensitive technique when investigating therapeutic interventions in in vivo models of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1102, USA
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13
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McAnulty JF, Stone WC, Darien BJ. The effects of ischemia and reperfusion on mucosal respiratory function, adenosine triphosphate, electrolyte, and water content in the ascending colon of ponies. Vet Surg 1997; 26:172-81. [PMID: 9150554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1997.tb01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the biochemical integrity of equine colonic mucosa to assess the relative roles of ischemic- and reperfusion-induced damage. STUDY DESIGN Two hours of no-flow ischemia experimentally induced by 720 degrees counterclockwise ascending colon volvulus followed by 2 hours reperfusion after derotation. ANIMALS Ten ponies. METHODS Ascending colon biopsies were obtained every hour for measurement of mucosal adenosine triphosphate (ATP), water, sodium, and potassium content. Additional samples were homogenized for assay of mitochondrial respiratory function. RESULTS ATP content diminished 92% after ischemia and recovered to only 44% of control levels (P < .001 versus controls) after 2 hours reperfusion. Reperfusion increased mucosal water and decreased sodium and potassium content for the duration of the experiment. Both NADH-(pyruvate) and FADH-linked (succinate) respiration decreased after ischemia and did not recover during reperfusion indicating electron transport chain dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Two hours ischemia induced severe metabolic dysfunction in equine colon mucosa which persisted throughout reperfusion. Unequivocal evidence of injury specific to reperfusion was not observed in this study suggesting that much of the damage observed during reperfusion may be a continuation of injury induced during the ischemic period and not specific to reperfusion per se. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that greater efforts to metabolically support ischemically injured mucosa may be an important aspect of obtaining improved survival of horses affected by ascending colon volvulus (ACV).
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Affiliation(s)
- J F McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Triplett EA, Kruse-Elliott KT, Hart AP, Schram BR, MacWilliams PS, Cooley AJ, Clayton MK, Darien BJ. SK&F 86002, a dual cytokine and eicosanoid inhibitor, attenuates endotoxin-induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction in the pig. Shock 1996; 6:357-64. [PMID: 8946652 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-199611000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and eicosanoids are well documented important mediators of endotoxemia. Bicyclic imidazoles are a novel class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds that display unique pharmacological profiles by reducing cytokine production and arachidonic acid metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the bicyclic imidazole, SK&F 86002, to attenuate endotoxin-induced cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four groups: LPS (n = 5), given .5 microgram/kg/h 055:B5 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intravenously (i.v.) for 6 h; saline (n = 5); SK&F 86002 (n = 3), given 50 mg/kg SK&F 86002 orally 30 min prior to anesthesia; and SK&F 86002 + LPS (n = 5). Administration of LPS resulted in cardiopulmonary dysfunction characterized by decreased stroke volume and arterial oxygen tension, and increased room air alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and peak intratracheal pressure. Additionally, LPS administration was associated with leukopenia and increased pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity. Pretreatment with SK&F 86002 attenuated LPS induced hypotension, hypoxemia and bronchoconstriction and blocked the pulmonary hypertension. SK&F 86002 blocked the LPS-induced increase in myeloperoxidase activity, indicating a reduction in pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, but had no effect on systemic leukopenia. Pretreatment with SK&F 86002 significantly attenuated LPS-induced increases in plasma thromboxane B2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We hypothesize that ameliorating effects of SK&F 86002 in this endotoxin model of cardiopulmonary dysfunction are related to inhibition of cytokine and eicosanoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Triplett
- Department of Medical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Triplett
- Department of Medical, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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16
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Abstract
A 24-hour-old Hackney ony filly developed signs of weakness, depression and a poor suck reflex, with harsh lung sounds over both fields, and a 48-hour-old Arabian colt from a normal birth which had sucked vigorously developed loose stools and became depressed, weak and anorectic. Both foals had serum IgG concentrations greater than 800 mg/dl, but each had a severe neutropenia with a left shift, and blood cultures from both of them yielded Actinobacillus suis. The A suis isolates had different antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and, in the case of the Arabian, the isolate was resistant to commonly used broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102 , USA
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17
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Abstract
The morphologic changes following ascending colon volvulus result from the interaction of inflammatory and coagulation mediators. The objective of this study was to establish a quantifiable histopathologic scoring system to evaluate the serial pathomorphologic changes during ischemia and reperfusion. Such a scoring system could then be applied to subsequent studies designed to attenuate bowel lesions by regulating activity of individual mediators. Ten normal, healthy adult ponies were randomly divided into two equal groups. Following anesthesia and a 30-minute stabilization period, the colon of ponies in the experimental group was twisted 720 degrees for 2 hours of ischemia and then untwisted for 2 hours of reperfusion. The control ponies underwent 4 hours of anesthesia. Full-thickness colonic biopsy specimens were obtained from the antimessenteric border of the pelvic flexure and prepared for light and transmission electron microscopy at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after twisting. The mean histopathology score at 0 hours for control ponies was 1.2 and remained unchanged; the score for the experimental ponies was 1.8 and progressed to 4.2 by 4 hours. At 2 hours of ischemia, there was edema of the submucosa and lamina propria attributable to accumulation of platelets, fibrin, and neutrophils in capillaries of the lamina propria. The morphologic changes in experimental ponies progressed to complete destruction of the mucosa with congestion, hemorrhage, and microvascular thrombosis. Mean histopathology scores of control and experimental ponies were significantly different at 1 hour of ischemia, and lesions progressively worsened through the reperfusion period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Medical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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18
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Darien BJ, Sims PA, Stone WC, Schilly DR, Dubielzig RR, Albrecht RM. Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the ascending colon in ponies: a correlative study utilizing microvascular histopathology and corrosion casting. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7:1311-9; discussion 1320. [PMID: 8023096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Volvulus of the ascending colon (ACV) in the horse results in microvascular injury and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa. This study investigated the site and type of microvascular injury which occurs within the mucosa and submucosa following ACV. Histopathology of volvulus treated ponies demonstrated mucosal necrosis with microvascular hemorrhage and thrombosis. Thrombi occurred within the subepithelial capillaries and edema and hemorrhage developed throughout the mucosa and submucosa. Vascular casts allowed 3-D viewing of samples obtained from the entire pelvic flexure and demonstrated two distinct microvascular changes: 1) disruption of the colonic glandular capillary network occurred concomitantly with the mucosal injury, and 2) extensive endothelial leakage from the submucosal microvasculature contributes to edema formation. Thus, microcorrosion casting of the equine pelvic flexure provided an effective means to characterize the location and severity of vascular leakage and visualize the extent and severity of injury to the capillary network not easily depicted by histopathology. Microvascular casting in conjunction with routine histopathology provided additional information on the pathomorphologic changes in this model of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1102
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Hanson PD, Bartz TA, Stone WC, Darien BJ, Markel MD. Use of a modified Roux-en-Y procedure for treatment of pyloroduodenal obstruction in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 202:1119-22. [PMID: 8473227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A modification of the Roux-en-Y anastomosis procedure was used to bypass a pyloroduodenal mass in a 12-year-old Arabian stallion. Clinical signs had consisted of a 4-week progression of ventral and hind limb edema, hypoproteinemia, fecal occult blood, intermittent abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastric reflux. On exploratory celiotomy, an obstructive mass was found in the pylorus and proximal portion of the duodenum. Gastrojejunostomy and duodenojejunostomy were performed by use of stapled side-to-side anastomosis techniques. Inaccessibility of the obstructed pyloric region prevented resection of the affected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Hanson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Williams MA, Schmidt AR, Carleton CL, Darien BJ, Goyert GL, Sokol RJ, Derksen FJ. Amniotic fluid analysis for ante-partum foetal assessment in the horse. Equine Vet J 1992; 24:236-8. [PMID: 1606938 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Williams
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, East Lansing 48824
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21
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Abstract
Serial transabdominal amniocentesis was performed on eight mares in late gestation. Ultrasonography was used to identify the two placental fluid sacs and the foetus. A biopsy guide attached to the transducer allowed visualisation of the needle path during insertion. Amniotic fluid was obtained in 85 per cent of the attempts, although as mares approached parturition substantial pools of amniotic fluid were more difficult to locate. Two mares aborted during the study probably because of complications of the procedures, whereas six mares produced normal foals at term. The abortions preclude clinical use of this technique currently. However, there was sufficient success in retrieval of amniotic fluid and outcome of pregnancies to continue the study of amniocentesis in larger groups of mares to determine the clinical and research value of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Schmidt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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22
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Darien BJ, Watrous BJ, Huber MJ, Adams JG, Heidel JR, Blythe LL. What is your diagnosis? Avulsion of a portion of the attachment of the Longus capitus muscle from the basisphenoid bone. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1991; 198:1799-800. [PMID: 2071485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-4802
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23
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Abstract
Antithrombin-III (AT-III) activity was measured at the time of admission in 46 horses referred with colic. Differences in AT-III activities between animals treated medically or surgically and survivors or non-survivors were compared. The mean AT-III values for the horses treated medically (76.2 per cent), surgical survivors (69.5 per cent) and surgical non-survivors (55.9 per cent) were significantly different from the reference value for healthy adults (92 to 108 per cent). The mean AT-III activity of the survivors was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that of the nonsurvivors. The majority of the survivors (11 to 13 horses) had AT-III activities exceeding 60 per cent of normal, whereas that of 10 of the 14 non-survivors was less than 60 per cent of normal. There was an apparent distinction between the survivors and non-survivors at approximately 60 per cent of normal AT-III activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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24
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Darien BJ, Brown CM, Walker RD, Williams MA, Derksen FJ. A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse. Equine Vet J 1990; 22:170-3. [PMID: 2361502 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transtracheal aspirate (TTA) aerobic microbiology culture results from 30 ponies were compared to protected catheter brush (PCB) culture results obtained from the same ponies. The PCB procedure resulted in significantly fewer (P less than 0.05) isolates than those obtained by the TTA procedure and the PCB procedure resulted in significantly more samples with no bacteria growth than the TTA procedure. To address the possibility that the volume of tracheobronchial secretion obtained by PCB was insufficient as a microbiological sample, a sterile, double-sheathed, protected aspiration catheter (PAC) was developed. Comparisons were made between TTA and PAC aerobic microbiology culture results from 18 pneumonic foals and weanlings. There were no significant differences between the PAC and TTA procedures with respect to the number of bacteria isolates. It was concluded that the PAC technique may be used as an alternative to TTA for isolation of equine pulmonary bacteria and may be the preferred procedure because of the reduced risk of complications associated with the TTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1314
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25
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Sills RC, Mullaney TP, Stickle RL, Darien BJ, Brown CM. Bilateral granulomatous guttural pouch infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. Vet Pathol 1990; 27:133-5. [PMID: 2345938 DOI: 10.1177/030098589002700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Sills
- Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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26
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Darien BJ, Potempa J, Moore JN, Travis J. Antithrombin III activity (residual thrombin activity) in plasma from non-medicated or heparinized horses. Vet Res Commun 1989; 13:31-46. [PMID: 2773304 DOI: 10.1007/bf00366851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic substrate assays (fluorometric and chromogenic) were used to measure antithrombin-III (AT-III) activity (residual thrombin activity) in non-medicated and heparin (sodium) treated horses. In 18 non-medicated horses the fluorometric substrate assay (FSA) values were similar to previous reports but they reflected inconsistent trends and larger deviations in the heparin-treated groups (Group 2: 40 and 100 U/kg IV, n = 6; Group 3: 240 U/kg IV, n = 5; Group 4: 80 U/kg IV followed by 160 U/kg SC, n = 8) when compared to the chromogenic substrate assay (CSA) values. The CSA values for the 18 non-medicated horses indicated a higher AT-III activity (lower residual thrombin activity) than the FSA. AT-III activity was quantified in 18 non-medicated horses (29 mg/dl) and compared well with values for humans (30 mg/dl) and dogs (40 mg/dl). Plasma heparin concentrations, determined by the FSA, correlated well with the 'therapeutic range' (1.5 fold to 2.5 fold prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) normal value) and values reported for humans. The effect of heparin therapy on AT-III activity in four treatment regimens was evaluated. AT-III activity was not significantly affected (with one exception) by a single dose of intravenous (IV) heparin (40 and 100 U/kg) nor by repeated subcutaneous (SC) injections of heparin (240 U/kg). A transient increase in residual thrombin activity was measured 12 h after an intravenous (80 U/kg) injection of heparin. Large doses of heparin (80 U/kg IV followed by 160 U/kg SC) given every 12 h produced a progressive prolongation of the APTT. In this group the APTT remained prolonged 48 h after the last treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Derksen FJ, Brown CM, Sonea I, Darien BJ, Robinson NE. Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Vet J 1989; 21:23-6. [PMID: 2920696 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparisons were made between transtracheal aspirate (TTA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology obtained from 50 horses with chronic lung disease and from 10 control horses. There was no significant correlation between the TTA cytology and the BAL cytology, suggesting that the cell population in the trachea is not representative of the cell population in the lower airways. In control horses the range of differential cell counts obtained from TTA fluid was remarkably large, whereas the variability in cell populations observed in BAL fluid was smaller. In the principal horses the total and differential cell counts of the TTA and BAL fluids were within the 95 per cent confidence interval in 38 and 24 per cent of cases, respectively; and an increase in percentage neutrophils was most common. It was concluded that BAL may be a useful diagnostic aid when evaluating horses with chronic lung disease, but that the clinical usefulness of cytological evaluations of TTA fluid may be limited in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Derksen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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28
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Abstract
Two horses with cerebrospinal nematodiasis (Micronema deletrix) had signs similar to those of other neurologic diseases resulting from parasitic (fly larvae, protozoa, or other helminths) migration through the central nervous system (CNS). In one horse (horse 1), a 13-year-old Paso Fino stallion, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was slightly xanthochromic (1+), with a pleocytosis (25 nucleated cells/microliter) and a normal protein level (69 mg/dl). A CSF differential cell count showed 15% neutrophils, 56% lymphocytes, 22% macrophages, 5% eosinophils, and 2% basophils. In the other horse (horse 2), a 19-year-old Tennessee Walking Horse stallion, the CSF was modestly xanthochromic (2+), with pleocytosis (81 nucleated cells/microliter) and a modestly elevated protein concentration (114 mg/dl). A CSF differential cell count showed 9% neutrophils, 41% lymphocytes, and 50% macrophages. The CSF changes were consistent with those described for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and verminous encephalitis. The microscopic lesions in both brains contained multifocal areas of malacia and granulomatous inflammation. Meningeal vessels throughout the brain were greatly thickened and inflamed, and they contained parasites. The CSF changes were not specific and histopathologic examination was required for a definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Darien
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens
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Baxter GM, Darien BJ, Wallace CE. Persistent urachal remnant causing intestinal strangulation in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191:555-8. [PMID: 3667414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A persistent urachal remnant causing small intestinal strangulation was found on exploratory laparotomy in a 2-year-old cow with colic. The persistent urachus consisted of a thin cord-like band that was attached ventrally to the umbilical region and caudally to the apex of the bladder. The band had formed an internal loop and had strangulated 6 to 8 cm of the distal portion of the ileum. The persistent urachus was detached manually at the umbilicus, ligated at the apex of the bladder, and removed; intestinal resection was not necessary. The urachal remnant was probably a congenital abnormality that may have become stretched during pregnancy, forming an internal hernial loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Baxter
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens 30602
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30
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BonDurant RH, Darien BJ, Munro CJ, Stabenfeldt GH, Wang P. Photoperiod induction of fertile oestrus and changes in LH and progesterone concentrations in yearling dairy goats (Capra hircus). J Reprod Fertil 1981; 63:1-9. [PMID: 7277307 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0630001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oestrus and ovulation were induced in a group of 19 yearling dairy goats which had been maintained for 70 days on a 19 h/day photoperiod regimen. Six yearling females, raised under natural photoperiod, served as controls. An intact, light-treated male was introduced to each group 42 days after termination of the artificial lighting. Behavioural, endocrine and kidding observations indicated that 15 of the experimental females (79%) ovulated within 21-30 days after introduction of the male, that 12 (63%) conceived at the induced ovulation, and that 10 (53%) gave birth to live kids, while none of the controls ovulated during this time. The breeding season was advanced between 60 and 80 days. In experimental and control nannies there was a brief, small surge (320 +/- 42 pg/ml) of plasma progesterone which occurred 19.5 days after introduction of the male and which closely preceded oestrus in the nannies that ovulated and at 25 days in control females. Ovulatory surges of LH (to 70 ng/ml plasma) were closely associated with oestrus, and remained above basal levels for 9.0 +/- 0.75 h, in 7 experimental females. Two of 6 control nannies also showed LH surges but they did not ovulate.
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Kimsey PB, Darien BJ, Kendrick JW, Franti CE. Bovine trichomoniasis: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980; 177:616-9. [PMID: 7440354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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