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Martínez P, Santiago B, Alcalá B, Atienza I. Semen searching when sperm is absent. Sci Justice 2015; 55:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fernández-Rodríguez A, Alcalá B, Alvarez-Lafuente R. Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Neisseria meningitidis in formalin-fixed tissues from sudden deaths. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 60:339-46. [PMID: 18068935 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of meningococcal sudden deaths is needed to avoid underestimation of the true incidence of the disease. This study analyzed the usefulness of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol using MGB (3'-minor groove binder) probes to detect Neisseria meningitidis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from sudden deaths where a meningococcal fulminating infection was suspected. The protocol included detection of meningococcal DNA (ctrA gene), multiplex B/C PCR serogrouping (siaD gene), and rapid confirmation of PCR products by microcapillary electrophoresis. Sixty-nine tissues from 15 culture-confirmed meningococcal sudden deaths were analyzed (positive cases). Validation studies were performed. In each positive case, both the ctrA and the B/C siaD genes were detected. The ctrA was detected in 81.2% of the samples, whereas the serogroup (B or C) was identified in 44.9% of them. Therefore, this protocol may improve nonculture diagnosis and case ascertainment in meningococcal disease deaths, particularly when formalin-fixed tissues are the only available specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Fernández-Rodríguez
- Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, c) Luis Cabrera no 9, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Meningococcal disease is a serious and rapidly progressing illness. It is therefore very important to monitor changes in the level of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates. Different aspects such as interpretation of laboratory results, determination of breakpoints predicting treatment failure as well as definition of susceptibility levels in clinical samples using molecular methods are critical points for the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria meningitidis. Within the strategic framework outlined by the EU.MenNet project, several objectives were identified to analyze 'The spread of antibiotic resistant meningococci in Europe', including the extent of antimicrobial resistance, its association with particular meningococcal lineages and geographical areas, as well as molecular characterization of the mechanisms involved, particularly in penicillin resistance. A heterogeneous figure for the frequency of intermediate resistance to penicillin appears across Europe. This heterogeneity may reflect different clonal lineages and/or uneven access to antibiotics in each country. In addition, the use of different criteria for the methodology used for definition cannot be avoided. The description of five specific changes associated with intermediate resistance to penicillin also allows the design of PCR-based tools to objectify results and for application in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Vázquez
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Lepe JA, Salcedo C, Alcalá B, Vázquez JA. [Evolution of Neisseria meningitidis sensitivity to various antimicrobial drugs over the course of chemoprophylaxis during an epidemic outbreak]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006; 24:608-12. [PMID: 17194385 DOI: 10.1157/13095371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of the population MICs for various antimicrobial drugs against Neisseria meningitidis isolates obtained from asymptomatic carriers during a chemoprophylaxis campaign carried out for an epidemic outbreak of meningococcal disease in Nerva, a small town in Huelva province (Spain). MATERIAL AND METHODS A nasopharyngeal carrier study including 427 people was carried out to determine the incidence rate of the epidemic strain among the general population. On the basis of the results, chemoprophylaxis with rifampicin was administered to the population aged 15 to 29 years (age group showing the highest incidence of the epidemic strain among carriers) living in Nerva. Three months later a new carrier study was performed (507 people) to evaluate the effects of chemoprophylaxis. Given the evolution of the outbreak, seven months later a new intervention was required with ciprofloxacin chemoprophylaxis; a second carrier study (399 people) was performed two months later to evaluate its effect. RESULTS The number of strains isolated during the three carrier studies was 59 (13.8%), 33 (6.5%), and 22 (5.5%), respectively. Analysis of the changes in the MIC50 and MIC90 for the various antibiotics from the first to the second carrier study (rifampicin chemoprophylaxis) showed statistical differences only in the distribution of rifampicin MICs. Similarly, when changes from the second to the third study were analyzed (ciprofloxacin chemoprophylaxis), significant variations were detected for the cefotaxime MICs. Nevertheless, although there were changes in the MICs, the percentages of susceptibility from the beginning to the end of the study did not vary. CONCLUSIONS Massive chemoprophylaxis in the age group with the highest incidence of the epidemic strain among carriers did not clearly modify the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates. However, a slight increase in the MIC50 and MIC90 was observed for rifampicin after the first chemoprophylactic intervention and for cefotaxime at the end of the study. Consecutive chemoprophylactic interventions with rifampicin and ciprofloxacin had an impact on the percentage of meningococcal carriers in the overall population, with a clearly decreasing trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Lepe
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital de Riotinto, Huelva, España.
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Arenas J, Abel A, Sánchez S, Alcalá B, Criado MT, Ferreirós CM. Locus NMB0035 codes for a 47-kDa surface-accessible conserved antigen in Neisseria. Int Microbiol 2006; 9:273-80. [PMID: 17236161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A47 kDa neisserial outer-membrane antigenic protein (P47) was purified to homogeneity and used to prepare polyclonal anti-P47 antisera. Protein P47 was identified by MALDI-TOF fingerprinting analysis as the hypothetical lipoprotein NMB0035. Two-dimensional diagonal SDS-PAGE results suggested that, contrary to previous findings, P47 is not strongly associated with other proteins in membrane complexes. Western blotting with the polyclonal monospecific serum showed that linear P47 epitopes were expressed in similar amounts in the 27 Neisseria meningitidis strains tested and, to a lesser extent, in commensal Neisseria, particularly N. lactamica. However, dot-blotting assays with the same serum demonstrated binding variability between meningococcal strains, indicating differences in surface accessibility or steric hindrance by other surface structures. Specific anti-P47 antibodies were bactericidal against the homologous strain but had variable activity against heterologous strains, consistent with the results from dot-blotting experiments. An in-depth study of P47 is necessary to evaluate its potential as a candidate for new vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arenas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abad R, Alcalá B, Salcedo C, Enríquez R, Uría MJ, Diez P, Vázquez JA. Sequencing of the porB gene: a step toward a true characterization of Neisseria meningitidis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:1087-91. [PMID: 17028211 PMCID: PMC1595317 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00211-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Variations in class 2/3 (PorB) proteins form the basis for meningococcal serotyping. Antibodies against these proteins are bactericidal, making serotyping results useful not only for epidemiological surveillance of meningococcal disease but also for identifying potential vaccine components. A total of 20 to 60% of meningococcal B and C isolates from any given population are nontypeable (NT) using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. To analyze the mechanisms responsible for the nonserotypeability characteristic in Neisseria meningitidis, we (i) established the nucleotide sequences of porB gene in 146 meningococcal strains (95 not recognized by the serotyping panel), (ii) identified 18 new allelic variants of the porB gene, (iii) correlated allelic variants with serotypes, (iv) suggest the nontypeability characteristic in those 95 NT strains, and (v) reject the possibility of variation in the levels of PorB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abad
- Reference Laboratory for Neisseria, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Urra E, Alkorta M, Sota M, Alcalá B, Martínez I, Barrón J, Cisterna R. Orogenital transmission of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C confirmed by genotyping techniques. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 24:51-3. [PMID: 15599785 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-004-1257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urethritis caused by Neisseria meningitidis in heterosexual patients is presumed to occur via orogenital contact, but confirmation has not been possible in most cases. Presented here is a case of urethritis caused by N. meningitidis, serogroup C, and the isolation of the same microorganism from the nasopharynx and endocervix of the patient's sexual partner. The similarity of the urethral and nasopharyngeal isolates' electrophoretic patterns, obtained using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, proves the infection was transmitted via orogenital contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Urra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hospital of Cruces, Plaza de Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
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Cano R, Larrauri A, Mateo S, Alcalá B, Salcedo C, Vázquez JA. Impact of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in Spain: an epidemiological and microbiological decision. Euro Surveill 2004; 9:11-5. [PMID: 15318008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The new meningococcal C conjugate vaccine became available in Spain and was included in the infant vaccination schedule in 2000. A catch-up campaign was carried out in children under six years of age. As a consequence, the incidence of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup C has fallen sharply during the last three epidemiological years in Spain. The risk of contracting serogroup C disease in 2002/2003 fell by 58% when compared with the season before the conjugate vaccine was introduced. There was also an important decrease in mortality. Three deaths due to serogroup C occurred in the age groups targeted for vaccination in 2002/2003, compared with 30 deaths in the same age groups in the season before the launch of the vaccine campaign. In the catch-up campaign the vaccine coverage reached values above 92%. For the 2001, 2002 and 2003 routine childhood immunisation programme coverage values ranged from 90% to 95%. During the past three years a total of 111 cases of serogroup C disease have been reported in patients in the vaccine target group. Most of the vaccination failures occurred during the epidemiological year 2002/2003. Eight (53%) vaccine failures occurred in children who had been routinely immunised in infancy, and could be related to a lost of protection with time since vaccination. The isolation of several B:2a:P1.5 strains (ST-11 lineage) is noteworthy. These may have their origin in C:2a:P1.5 strains which, after undergoing genetic recombination at the capsular operon level, express serogroup B. These strains could have relevant epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cano
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Cano R, Larrauri A, Mateo S, Alcalá B, Salcedo C, Vázquez JA. Impact of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in Spain: an epidemiological and microbiological decision. Euro Surveill 2004; 9:5-6. [DOI: 10.2807/esm.09.07.00474-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The new meningococcal C conjugate vaccine became available in Spain and was included in the infant vaccination schedule in 2000. A catch-up campaign was carried out in children under six years of age. As a consequence, the incidence of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup C has fallen sharply during the last three epidemiological years in Spain. The risk of contracting serogroup C disease in 2002/2003 fell by 58% when compared with the season before the conjugate vaccine was introduced. There was also an important decrease in mortality. Three deaths due to serogroup C occurred in the age groups targeted for vaccination in 2002/2003, compared with 30 deaths in the same age groups in the season before the launch of the vaccine campaign. In the catch-up campaign the vaccine coverage reached values above 92%. For the 2001, 2002 and 2003 routine childhood immunisation programme coverage values ranged from 90% to 95%. During the past three years a total of 111 cases of serogroup C disease have been reported in patients in the vaccine target group. Most of the vaccination failures occurred during the epidemiological year 2002/2003. Eight (53%) vaccine failures occurred in children who had been routinely immunised in infancy, and could be related to a lost of protection with time since vaccination. The isolation of several B:2a:P1.5 strains (ST-11 lineage) is noteworthy. These may have their origin in C:2a:P1.5 strains which, after undergoing genetic recombination at the capsular operon level, express serogroup B. These strains could have relevant epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cano
- Surveillance Unit, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Larrauri
- Surveillance Unit, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mateo
- Surveillance Unit, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Alcalá
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid). Spain
| | - C Salcedo
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid). Spain
| | - J A Vázquez
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda (Madrid). Spain
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Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Alcalá B, Uría MJ, Abad R, Enríquez R, Vázquez JA. Sequencing of Neisseria meningitidis penA gene: the key to success in defining penicillin G breakpoints. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:358-9. [PMID: 14693567 PMCID: PMC310191 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.1.358-359.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing of susceptibility to penicillin G by E-test and sequencing of an internal fragment of the penA gene were done for 43 meningococcal strains. Those strains for which the MIC was >/=0.094 micro g/ml showed mosaic alleles, so 0.094 micro g/ml is suggested as the penicillin G intermediate breakpoint when E-test is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Arreaza
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Alcalá B, Salcedo C, de la Fuente L, Arreaza L, Uría MJ, Abad R, Enríquez R, Vázquez JA, Motgé M, de Batlle J. Neisseria meningitidis showing decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: first report in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 53:409. [PMID: 14729735 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alcalá B, Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Antolín I, Borrell N, Cacho J, De Las Cuevas C, Otero L, Sauca G, Vázquez F, Villar H, Vázquez JA. Molecular characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance of gonococcal strains in Spain. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:395-8. [PMID: 12916129 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200305000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several years, the emergence of gonococcal isolates with intermediate or full resistance to fluoroquinolones has become a significant concern in several countries, including Spain. GOAL The goal was to determine the occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Spain during 2000 to 2001 and determine the frequency and patterns of mutations at gyrA, gyrB, and parC genes in these isolates. STUDY DESIGN Eleven ciprofloxacin-resistant strains (with MICs ranging from 1 to 64 micrograms/mL) and two intermediate isolates (with MICs of 0.12 and 0.5 microgram/mL) were found. Mutations were identified by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of the amplified products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Alterations at Ser-91 and Asp-95 in GyrA were detected in all strains except one, an isolate for which the MIC was 0.12 microgram/mL. Alterations in ParC were more variable, and there was no clear correlation between the number of parC mutations and the level of resistance. No alterations at gyrB gene associated with ciprofloxacin resistance were found. The resistance was distributed among different types of strains, suggesting that the increase in the incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains in Spain was not exclusively due to the appearance of a single-strain outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alcalá
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Laboratorio de Referencia de Neisserias, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Arreaza L, Alcalá B, Salcedo C, de la Fuente L, Vázquez JA. Dynamics of the penA gene in serogroup C meningococcal strains. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:1010-4. [PMID: 12660948 DOI: 10.1086/368170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2002] [Revised: 12/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The transpeptidase encoding region of the penA gene was sequenced in 44 meningococcal strains (41 serogroup C [23 characterized as serotype 2b and 18 as serotype 2a] and 3 serogroup B [B:2b:P1.2,5]). All strains were characterized by multilocus sequence typing and were determined to be susceptible or intermediate resistant to penicillin (Pen(s) or Pen(i), respectively). A high degree of homology was found among the penA alleles identified in the Pen(s) strains. All the Pen(i) C:2b strains, which belonged to 2 different clonal complexes, showed the same penA gene allele. This fact suggests that 1 of the clonal complexes acquired that allele, spreading it to the other by horizontal transfer. The same allele also was found in the B:2b strains studied, indicating that 1 of the Pen(i) C:2b strains underwent a capsular switching event. A different mosaic penA allele was identified in the Pen(i) C:2a strains, which belonged to the ET37 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Arreaza
- Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Salcedo C, Arreaza L, Alcalá B, de la Fuente L, Vázquez JA. Development of a multilocus sequence typing method for analysis of Listeria monocytogenes clones. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:757-62. [PMID: 12574278 PMCID: PMC149676 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.2.757-762.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a first step in the development of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method for Listeria monocytogenes. Nine housekeeping genes were analyzed in a set of 62 strains isolated from different sources and geographic locations in Spain. These strains were previously characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Because of low diversity, two loci were discarded from the study. The sequence analysis of the seven remaining genes showed 29 different allelic combinations, with 22 of them represented by only one strain. The results of this sequence analysis were generally consistent with those of PFGE. Because MLST allows the easy comparison and exchange of results obtained in different laboratories, the future application of this new molecular method could be a useful tool for the listeriosis surveillance systems that will allow the identification and distribution of analysis of L. monocytogenes clones in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salcedo
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Alcalá B, Berrón S, Martín E, Vázquez JA. Antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Spain: trends over the last two decades. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:153-6. [PMID: 12493801 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro activities of six antimicrobial agents against 2966 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, isolated in Spain between 1983 and 2001, were determined. The percentages of intermediately susceptible and resistant isolates to penicillin (MIC > or = 0.12 mg/L) and tetracycline (MIC > or = 0.5 mg/L) were very high over the period of study. Strains intermediately susceptible to cefoxitin were identified at a variable percentage during the study. All N. gonorrhoeae isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin and ceftriaxone. Recently, resistance to ciprofloxacin has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arreaza
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Neisserias, Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Arreaza L, Vázquez F, Alcalá B, Otero L, Salcedo C, Vázquez JA. Emergence of gonococcal strains with resistance to azithromycin in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51:190-1. [PMID: 12493814 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alcalá B, Arreaza L, Salcedo C, Uría MJ, De La Fuente L, Vázquez JA. Capsule switching among C:2b:P1.2,5 meningococcal epidemic strains after mass immunization campaign, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:1512-4. [PMID: 12498676 PMCID: PMC2738524 DOI: 10.3201/eid0812.020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass immunization campaign for 18-month to 19-year-olds was undertaken in Spain in 1996-1997 because of an epidemic of serogroup C meningococcal disease associated with a C:2b:P1.2,5 strain belonging to the A4 lineage. Surveillance for the "capsule-switching" phenomenon producing B:2b:P1.2,5 isolates was undertaken. Of 2,975 meningococci characterized, B:2b:P1.2,5 and B:2b:P1.2 antigenic combinations were found in 18 isolates; 15 meningococci were defined as serogroup B belonging to the A4 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Alcalá
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Alcalá B, Salcedo C, Arreaza L, Berrón S, Fuente LDELA, Vázquez JA. The epidemic wave of meningococcal disease in Spain in 1996-1997: probably a consequence of strain displacement. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51:1102-1106. [PMID: 12466409 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-12-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During 1996 and 1997 an epidemic wave of meningococcal disease took place in Spain. Initial studies described the antigenic expression of the epidemic strain as C:2b:P1.2,5 and proposed that it was a variant of the previously identified Spanish C:2b:non-subtypable epidemic strain. To clarify this hypothesis, 1036 C:2b:P1.2(5) and 76 C:2b:NST isolates obtained during 1992-1999 were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The majority of the C:2b:P1.2,5 and C:2b:P1.2 isolates showed one of two very closely related profiles. During the epidemic period, 80% of the C:2b:NST strains showed these two pulsotypes. However, before the epidemic wave, most of these C:2b:NST strains (60%) showed a profile that was found infrequently among C:2b:P1.2,5 and C:2b:P1.2 isolates. A similar evolution was observed in C:2b:P1.5 isolates. Thirty-four C:2b:P1.2(5) and 10 C:2b:NST isolates, exhibiting representative pulsotypes, were subjected to multi-locus sequence typing. Isolates belonging to both A4 and ET-37 lineages were identified. These data point to the possibility that the A4 cluster has displaced the ET-37 complex among serogroup C meningococci in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alcalá
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Salcedo
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Arreaza
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Berrón
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - L DE LA Fuente
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Vázquez
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The in vitro activity of penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin against 286 Neisseria lactamica isolates was determined by agar dilution and the category of susceptibility was analysed in accordance with the criteria used for Neisseria meningitidis. All isolates were considered to have intermediate susceptibility to penicillin. A total of 1.7% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin but all were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Rifampicin MICs ranged between 0.12 and 2 mg/L. Six isolates (2.1%) showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Arreaza
- Servicio de Bacteriología, Laboratorio de Referencia de Meningococos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Arreaza L, Alcalá B, Salcedo C, Vázquez JA. Interruption of siaD in a meningococcal carrier isolate mediated by an insertion sequence. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:465-6. [PMID: 11324585 PMCID: PMC96082 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.465-466.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vela AI, Vázquez J, Gibello A, Blanco MM, Moreno MA, Liébana P, Albendea C, Alcalá B, Mendez A, Domínguez L, Fernández-Garayzábal JF. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Lactococcus garvieae isolated in Spain from lactococcosis outbreaks and comparison with isolates of other countries and sources. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3791-5. [PMID: 11015404 PMCID: PMC87477 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.10.3791-3795.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic analysis results for 84 isolates of Lactococcus garvieae (including 62 strains from trout with lactococcosis from four different countries, 7 strains from cows and water buffalos with subclinical mastitis, 3 from water, and 10 from human clinical samples) are presented. There was great phenotypic heterogeneity (13 different biotypes) based on the acidification of saccharose, tagatose, mannitol, and cyclodextrin and the presence of the enzymes pyroglutamic acid arylamidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. L. garvieae also exhibited high genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), with 19 different pulsotypes among the isolates of L. garvieae studied. Only epidemiologically related strains, like the Spanish and Italian fish isolates and the cow and water buffalo isolates, displayed a close genetic relationship by PFGE, while the strains isolated from sporadic clinical cases, like the human isolates, were genetically unrelated. Overall, a general correlation between phenotypic and genetic data was observed. Epidemiological analysis of biotype and PFGE results indicated that the trout lactococcosis outbreaks in Spain and Portugal and those in France and Italy were produced by genetically unrelated clones. In Spain, two different clones were detected; the outbreaks diagnosed from 1995 onward were produced by a clone (biotype 2, pulsotype A1) which, although genetically related, was different from the one that was responsible for the outbreaks studied between 1991 and 1994 (biotype 1, pulsotype B). The Portuguese isolate had a biochemical profile identical to that of the Spanish strain isolated from 1995 onward and is also genetically closely related to this strain (pulsotype A2). There was a close relationship between the two pulsotypes (E and F) found in the Italian isolates. The French isolate (biotype 3, pulsotype D) was not genetically related to any other L. garvieae fish isolate. These results suggest the existence of diverse infection sources for the different lactococcosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Vela
- Departamento Patología Animal I (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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