1
|
Clark CR, Kelly ML, Palamuthusingam P. Spigelian hernia: a multi-site review of operative outcomes of surgical repair in the adult population. Hernia 2024; 28:537-546. [PMID: 38261159 PMCID: PMC10997718 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-023-02946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spigelian hernias arise at the linear semilunaris and account for approximately 1-2% of abdominal hernias. The aetiology is due to a defect of the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis and when discovered, management is surgical intervention. The aim of this study was to observe operative outcomes for open and minimally invasive repair. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted at two hospitals in Townsville, The Townsville University Hospital and The Mater Private Hospital over a 10-year period (2010 to 2020). A surgical database search (ORMIS & IEMR) was performed at both locations using key search terms, including "spigelian hernia", "laparoscopic", "open". Descriptive statistics were utilised to analyse patient factors and operative outcomes in the public and private setting. RESULTS 43 cases of Spigelian hernias (25 female, 18 male) were reported over the study period. The average age was 66. There were 36 elective cases and 7 emergency cases. A laparoscopic approach was the preferred method of repair, occurring in 74% of cases. Of these cases, the predominant hernial content was fat only. 65% of cases had a history of prior abdominal surgery unrelated to the "Spigelian belt" location. Complications occurred in 19% of cases. Other variables, such as ethnicity, smoking status, defect size, predisposing factors and recurrence rate, were analysed and did not yield statistical significance. CONCLUSION Although a small sample size, the data suggest there is no statistically significant difference between operative outcomes, complication rate and predisposing factors between open and minimally invasive case groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Clark
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- Department of General Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia.
- Department of General Surgery, Mater Hospital Townsville, Townsville, QLD, 4812, Australia.
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
| | - M L Kelly
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - P Palamuthusingam
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Department of General Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
- Department of General Surgery, Mater Hospital Townsville, Townsville, QLD, 4812, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chilver MR, Park HRP, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Williams LM, Gatt JM. Emotional face processing correlates with depression/anxiety symptoms but not wellbeing in non-clinical adults: An event-related potential study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 145:18-26. [PMID: 34844048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Whilst alterations in emotional face processing, as indicated by event-related potentials (ERPs), are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples, it has remained unclear whether they are related to mental wellbeing. The current study aimed to address this question in a non-clinical sample. The analysis included 402 adult twins from the TWIN-E study. The COMPAS-W and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42) were used to measure mental wellbeing and depression/anxiety symptoms, respectively. Participants viewed facial expressions under Unmasked (conscious) and Masked (subliminal) conditions while ERPs were recorded. The associations of emotion processing with mental wellbeing and depression/anxiety symptoms were assessed using multivariate linear mixed models. There was a strong association between depression/anxiety symptoms and the N170 amplitude difference for the Fear - Happy contrast in the Masked condition after controlling for wellbeing scores (B = 0.34, p < .001). Specifically, higher depression/anxiety symptoms were associated with a lack of differentiation between fearful and happy faces. No associations were found between emotional face processing and mental wellbeing scores. These results indicate that even within a non-clinical sample, alterations in emotional ERPs, namely the N170, reflect differences in depression/anxiety symptoms rather than differences in wellbeing. Furthermore, this effect was limited to automatic processing, rather than conscious processing of emotional stimuli, suggesting the observed differences apply only to the subconscious pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers VISN21, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, California, 94304-151-Y, USA
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chilver MR, Keller AS, Park HRP, Jamshidi J, Montalto A, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Harmon-Jones E, Williams LM, Gatt JM. Electroencephalography profiles as a biomarker of wellbeing: A twin study. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:114-121. [PMID: 32450375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to electroencephalography (EEG) power have been reported for psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety, but not for mental wellbeing in a healthy population. This study examined the resting EEG profiles associated with mental wellbeing, and how genetics and environment contribute to these associations using twin modelling. Mental wellbeing was assessed using the COMPAS-W Wellbeing Scale which measures both subjective and psychological wellbeing. In 422 healthy adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins aged 18-61 years, we examined the association between mental wellbeing and EEG power (alpha, beta, theta, delta) using linear mixed models. This was followed by univariate and multivariate twin modelling to assess the heritability of wellbeing and EEG power, and whether the association was driven by shared genetics or environment. A significant association between wellbeing and an interaction of alpha, beta, and delta (ABD) power was found (β = -0.33, p < 0.001) whereby a profile of high alpha and delta and low beta was associated with higher wellbeing, independent of depression and anxiety symptoms. This finding was supported by a five-fold cross-validation analysis. A significant genetic correlation (rG = -0.43) was found to account for 94% of the association between wellbeing and the EEG power interaction. Together, this study has identified a novel EEG profile with a common genetic component that may be a potential biomarker of mental wellbeing. Future studies need to clarify the causal direction of this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Chilver
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Arielle S Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5717, USA
| | - Haeme R P Park
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Arthur Montalto
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5717, USA; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers VISN21, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, California, 94304-151-Y, USA
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gatt JM, Burton KL, Routledge KM, Grasby KL, Korgaonkar MS, Grieve SM, Schofield PR, Harris AW, Clark CR, Williams LM. A negative association between brainstem pontine grey-matter volume, well-being and resilience in healthy twins. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:386-395. [PMID: 30372012 PMCID: PMC6203545 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between well-being, resilience to trauma and the volume of grey-matter regions involved in affective processing (e.g., threat/reward circuits) are largely unexplored, as are the roles of shared genetic and environmental factors derived from multivariate twin modelling. Methods This study presents, to our knowledge, the first exploration of well-being and volumes of grey-matter regions involved in affective processing using a region-of-interest, voxel-based approach in 263 healthy adult twins (60% monozygotic pairs, 61% females, mean age 39.69 yr). To examine patterns for resilience (i.e., positive adaptation following adversity), we evaluated associations between the same brain regions and well-being in a trauma-exposed subgroup. Results We found a correlated effect between increased well-being and reduced grey-matter volume of the pontine nuclei. This association was strongest for individuals with higher resilience to trauma. Multivariate twin modelling suggested that the common variance between the pons volume and well-being scores was due to environmental factors. Limitations We used a cross-sectional sample; results need to be replicated longitudinally and in a larger sample. Conclusion Associations with altered grey matter of the pontine nuclei suggest that basic sensory processes, such as arousal, startle, memory consolidation and/or emotional conditioning, may have a role in well-being and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Gatt
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Karen L.O. Burton
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Kylie M. Routledge
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Katrina L. Grasby
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Stuart M. Grieve
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Anthony W.F. Harris
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - C. Richard Clark
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- From the Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia (Gatt, Burton, Schofield); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Gatt, Burton); the Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia (Routledge, Korgaonkar, Harris); the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Grasby); the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Korgaonkar, Harris, Williams); the Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, and the Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Grieve); the School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (Schofield); the School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia, and Brain Clinics Australia, Unley, South Australia (Clark); the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America (Williams); and the MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California, United States of America (Williams)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Routledge KM, Williams LM, Harris AWF, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. Genetic correlations between wellbeing, depression and anxiety symptoms and behavioral responses to the emotional faces task in healthy twins. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:385-393. [PMID: 29677622 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is a very limited understanding of how mental wellbeing versus anxiety and depression symptoms are associated with emotion processing behaviour. For the first time, we examined these associations using a behavioural emotion task of positive and negative facial expressions in 1668 healthy adult twins. Linear mixed model results suggested faster reaction times to happy facial expressions was associated with higher wellbeing scores, and slower reaction times with higher depression and anxiety scores. Multivariate twin modelling identified a significant genetic correlation between depression and anxiety symptoms and reaction time to happy facial expressions, in the absence of any significant correlations with wellbeing. We also found a significant negative phenotypic relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms and accuracy for identifying neutral emotions, although the genetic or environment correlations were not significant in the multivariate model. Overall, the phenotypic relationships between speed of identifying happy facial expressions and wellbeing on the one hand, versus depression and anxiety symptoms on the other, were in opposing directions. Twin modelling revealed a small common genetic correlation between response to happy faces and depression and anxiety symptoms alone, suggesting that wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms show largely independent relationships with emotion processing at the behavioral level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, USA.
| | - Anthony W F Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - C Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Justine M Gatt
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Routledge KM, Burton KLO, Williams LM, Harris A, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. Shared versus distinct genetic contributions of mental wellbeing with depression and anxiety symptoms in healthy twins. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:65-70. [PMID: 27472172 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mental wellbeing and mental illness symptoms are typically conceptualized as opposite ends of a continuum, despite only sharing about a quarter in common variance. We investigated the normative variation in measures of wellbeing and of depression and anxiety in 1486 twins who did not meet clinical criteria for an overt diagnosis. We quantified the shared versus distinct genetic and environmental variance between wellbeing and depression and anxiety symptoms. The majority of participants (93%) reported levels of depression and anxiety symptoms within the healthy range, yet only 23% reported a wellbeing score within the "flourishing" range: the remainder were within the ranges of "moderate" (67%) or "languishing" (10%). In twin models, measures of wellbeing and of depression and anxiety shared 50.09% of variance due to genetic factors and 18.27% due to environmental factors; the rest of the variance was due to unique variation impacting wellbeing or depression and anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that an absence of clinically-significant symptoms of depression and anxiety does not necessarily indicate that an individual is flourishing. Both unique and shared genetic and environmental factors may determine why some individuals flourish in the absence of symptoms while others do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Karen L O Burton
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, United States
| | - Anthony Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Routledge KM, Burton KLO, Williams LM, Harris A, Schofield PR, Clark CR, Gatt JM. The shared and unique genetic relationship between mental well-being, depression and anxiety symptoms and cognitive function in healthy twins. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1465-1479. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1232242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie M. Routledge
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen L. O. Burton
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- MIRECC VISN21, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C. Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- Brain Clinics Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justine M. Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Katz DP, Deruiter J, Bhattacharya D, Ahuja M, Bhattacharya S, Clark CR, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Benzylpiperazine: "A messy drug". Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 164:1-7. [PMID: 27207154 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Designer drugs are synthetic structural analogues/congeners of controlled substances with slightly modified chemical structures intended to mimic the pharmacological effects of known drugs of abuse so as to evade drug classification. Benzylpiperazine (BZP), a piperazine derivative, elevates synaptic dopamine and serotonin levels producing stimulatory and hallucinogenic effects, respectively, similar to the well-known drug of abuse, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Furthermore, BZP augments the release of norepinephrine by inhibiting presynaptic autoreceptors, therefore, BZP is a "messy drug" due to its multifaceted regulation of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitters. Initially, pharmaceutical companies used BZP as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of various disease states, but due to its contraindications and abuse potential it was withdrawn from the market. BZP imparts predominately sympathomimetic effects accompanied by serious cardiovascular implications. Addictive properties of BZP include behavioral sensitization, cross sensitization, conditioned place preference and repeated self-administration. Additional testing of piperazine derived drugs is needed due to a scarcity of toxicological data and widely abuse worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Katz
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - J Deruiter
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - D Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - M Ahuja
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - S Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - C R Clark
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - V Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - M Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burton KLO, Williams LM, Richard Clark C, Harris A, Schofield PR, Gatt JM. Sex differences in the shared genetics of dimensions of self-reported depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:35-42. [PMID: 26342886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and their comorbidity varies between males and females for reasons still unknown. This study aims to test whether differences between males and females in self-reported symptoms and their covariation are caused by variations in the magnitude of genetic and environmental factors. METHODS 750 monozygotic and dizygotic healthy twin pairs (18-60 years; M=39.77 years) participated in the TWIN-E project. Univariate and multivariate genetic modelling was undertaken using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42). RESULTS Additive genetics and unique environment contributed to self-reported depression (heritability, h(2): 34%), anxiety (h(2): 30%) and stress (h(2): 34%) scores in univariate models, and to the common latent factor (h(2): 39%) in the multivariate model. No sex differences in magnitude of estimates for DASS-42 scores were found in the univariate model. However when considering correlated depression and anxiety symptomatology only shared genetic factors between depression and anxiety contributed to depression scores in males, but both specific and shared genetic factors contributed to depression scores in females. LIMITATIONS The results are limited to the sample of healthy, community, adult, same sex twin pairs who participated in the study. CONCLUSIONS Differences in males and females in genetic aetiology of self-reported dimensions of depression are only apparent when taking into consideration the covariation with self-reported anxiety. This difference is highlighted by the finding that both common and specific genetic factors contribute to self-reported depression in females but not males. This novel finding may help explain the increased incidence of depression symptoms in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L O Burton
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5717, United States of America
| | - C Richard Clark
- Brain Health Clinics and School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Anthony Harris
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Centre, Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia and Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Barker Street, Randwick, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE (a) To determine the prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorder in ADHD, defined by diagnostic criteria and (b) to compare anxiety as reported by parents and participants with clinician assessment. METHOD Children with ADHD were assessed for comorbid anxiety disorder using the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for Children. Parent report (Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Long version) and self-report (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Brain Resource Inventory for Screening Cases-Child version) scales were used to assess anxiety. The ADHD-Rating Scale IV was used to measure ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Of 134 participants (11.0 ± 2.6 years), 31.3% had comorbid anxiety disorder. Comorbid anxiety disorder was associated with greater severity of ADHD. Anxiety symptoms from parent reports (p < .05) but not from child/self-report (p > .05) correlated with clinician assessment. CONCLUSION Assessment for comorbid anxiety disorder and inclusion of parent rating in this assessment are important components of ADHD treatment in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey W Tsang
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School-Westmead and Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School-Westmead and Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon D Clarke
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School-Westmead and Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia The Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Brain Health Clinics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Lamb
- Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School-Westmead and Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sampieri F, Alcorn J, Allen AL, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes S, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL. Pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate in Lawsonia intracellularis-infected and uninfected rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:486-99. [PMID: 24628462 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral gallium maltolate (GaM) pharmacokinetics (PK) and intestinal tissue (IT) concentrations of elemental gallium ([Ga]) and iron ([Fe]) were investigated in a rabbit model of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). New Zealand white does (uninfected controls and EPE-infected, n = 6/group) were given a single oral GaM dose (50 mg/kg). Serial blood samples were collected from 0 to 216 h post-treatment (PT) and IT samples after euthanasia. Serology, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry confirmed, or excluded, EPE. Blood and IT [Ga] and [Fe] were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. PK parameters were estimated through noncompartmental approaches. For all statistical comparisons on [Ga] and [Fe] α = 5%. The Ga log-linear terminal phase rate constant was lower in EPE rabbits vs. uninfected controls [0.0116 ± 0.004 (SD) vs. 0.0171 ± 0.0028 per hour; P = 0.03]; but half-life (59.4 ± 24.0 vs. 39.4 ± 10.8 h; P = 0.12); Cmax (0.50 ± 0.21 vs. 0.59 ± 0.42 μg/mL; P = 0.45); tmax (1.75 ± 0.41 vs. 0.9 ± 0.37 h; P = 0.20); and oral clearance (6.743 ± 1.887 vs. 7.208 ± 2.565 L/h; P = 0.74) were not. IT's [Ga] and [Fe] were higher (P < 0.0001) in controls. In conclusion, although infection reduces IT [Ga] and [Fe], a 48 h GaM dosing interval is appropriate for multidose studies in EPE rabbits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sampieri
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hall T, Galletly C, Clark CR, Veltmeyer M, Metzger LJ, Gilbertson MW, Orr SP, Pitman RK, McFarlane A. The relationship between Hippocampal asymmetry and working memory processing in combat-related PTSD - a monozygotic twin study. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 2012; 2:21. [PMID: 23198722 PMCID: PMC3582553 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND PTSD is associated with reduction in hippocampal volume and abnormalities in hippocampal function. Hippocampal asymmetry has received less attention, but potentially could indicate lateralised differences in vulnerability to trauma. The P300 event-related potential component reflects the immediate processing of significant environmental stimuli and has generators in several brain regions including the hippocampus. P300 amplitude is generally reduced in people with PTSD. METHODS Our study examined hippocampal volume asymmetry and the relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and P300 amplitude in male monozygotic twins discordant for Vietnam combat exposure. Lateralised hippocampal volume and P300 data were obtained from 70 male participants, of whom 12 had PTSD. We were able to compare (1) combat veterans with current PTSD; (2) their non-combat-exposed co-twins; (3) combat veterans without current PTSD and (4) their non-combat-exposed co-twins. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups in hippocampal asymmetry. There were no group differences in performance of an auditory oddball target detection task or in P300 amplitude. There was a significant positive correlation between P300 amplitude and the magnitude of hippocampal asymmetry in participants with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that greater hippocampal asymmetry in PTSD is associated with a need to allocate more attentional resources when processing significant environmental stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hall
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health Services, Adelaide, South Australia
- Northern Mental Health, Adelaide Metro Mental Health Directorate, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and School of Psychology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Melinda Veltmeyer
- Veterans Affairs Medical Centre Research Service, Manchester, New Hampshire, England
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Mark W Gilbertson
- Veterans Affairs Medical Centre Research Service, Manchester, New Hampshire, England
| | - Scott P Orr
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Forbes F, Galletly C, Liu D, Tyllis P, Clark CR. Assessing Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Comparison of Clinician and Computerized Test Administration. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 2012; 19:9-15. [DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2011.595459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faye Forbes
- a School of Psychology, Flinders University , Bedford Park , Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- b Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- c Northern Mental Health, Central Northern Adelaide Health Service , Salisbury , Australia
| | - Panayiotis Tyllis
- c Northern Mental Health, Central Northern Adelaide Health Service , Salisbury , Australia
| | - C. Richard Clark
- a School of Psychology, Flinders University , Bedford Park , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Whitham EM, Fitzgibbon SP, Lewis TW, Pope KJ, Delosangeles D, Clark CR, Lillie P, Hardy A, Gandevia SC, Willoughby JO. Visual Experiences during Paralysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2011; 5:160. [PMID: 22162967 PMCID: PMC3232712 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Paralyzed human volunteers (n = 6) participated in several studies the primary one of which required full neuromuscular paralysis while awake. After the primary experiment, while still paralyzed and awake, subjects undertook studies of humor and of attempted eye-movement. The attempted eye-movements tested a central, intentional component to one’s internal visual model and are the subject of this report. Methods: Subjects reclined in a supportive chair and were ventilated after paralysis (cisatracurium, 20 mg intravenously). In illumination, subjects were requested to focus alternately on the faces of investigators standing on the left and the right within peripheral vision. In darkness, subjects were instructed to look away from a point source of light. Subjects were to report their experiences after reversal of paralysis. Results: During attempted eye-movement in illumination, one subject had an illusion of environmental movement but four subjects perceived faces as clearly as if they were in central vision. In darkness, four subjects reported movement of the target light in the direction of attempted eye-movements and three could control the movement of the light at will. Conclusion: The hypothesis that internal visual models receive intended ocular-movement-information directly from oculomotor centers is strengthened by this evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Whitham
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University and Medical Centre Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsang TW, Kohn MR, Hermens DF, Clarke SD, Clark CR, Efron D, Cranswick N, Lamb C, Williams LM. A randomized controlled trial investigation of a non-stimulant in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ACTION): rationale and design. Trials 2011; 12:77. [PMID: 21396130 PMCID: PMC3068100 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ACTION study (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Controlled Trial Investigation Of a Non-stimulant) is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized cross-over trial of the non-stimulant medication, Atomoxetine, in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The primary aims are to examine the efficacy of atomoxetine for improving cognition and emotional function in ADHD and whether any improvements in these outcomes are more pronounced in participants with comorbid anxiety; and to determine if changes in these outcomes after atomoxetine are more reliable than changes in diagnostic symptoms of ADHD. This manuscript will describe the methodology and rationale for the ACTION study. METHODS Children and adolescents aged 6 - 17 y with ADHD will be enrolled. Clinical interview and validated scales will be used to confirm diagnosis and screen for exclusion criteria, which include concurrent stimulant use, and comorbid psychiatric or neurological conditions other than anxiety. Three assessment sessions will be conducted over the 13-week study period: Session 1 (Baseline, pre-treatment), Session 2 (six weeks, atomoxetine or placebo), and Session 3 (13 weeks, cross-over after one-week washout period). The standardized touch-screen battery, "IntegNeuro™", will be used to assess cognitive and emotional function. The primary measure of response will be symptom ratings, while quality of life will be a secondary outcome. Logistic regression will be used to determine predictors of treatment response, while repeated measures of analysis will determine any differences in effect of atomoxetine and placebo. RESULTS The methodology for the ACTION study has been detailed. CONCLUSIONS The ACTION study is the first controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of atomoxetine using objective cognitive and emotional function markers, and whether these objective measures predict outcomes with atomoxetine in ADHD with and without comorbid anxiety. First enrollment was in March 2008. The outcomes of this study will be a significant step towards a 'personalized medicine' (and therefore a more efficient) approach to ADHD treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTRN12607000535471.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey W Tsang
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Research into Adolescents' Health, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead Hospital and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Previous Address: Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon D Clarke
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Research into Adolescents' Health, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Westmead Hospital and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Richard Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Brain Health Clinics, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- Department of General Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Noel Cranswick
- Clinical Pharmacology and Australian Paediatric Pharmacology Research Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Lamb
- Child Development Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gatt JM, Nemeroff CB, Schofield PR, Paul RH, Clark CR, Gordon E, Williams LM. Early life stress combined with serotonin 3A receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor valine 66 to methionine genotypes impacts emotional brain and arousal correlates of risk for depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:818-24. [PMID: 20728877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression will be the second largest burden of disease by 2020. Developing new tools for identifying risk and ultimately prevention of depression relies on elucidating the integrative relationships between susceptibility markers from gene-stress interactions and how they impact emotional brain and arousal systems. They have largely been studied in isolation. METHODS We examined how genetic (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] valine 66 to methionine [Val66Met] and serotonin receptor gene 3A [HTR3A]) and early life stress susceptibility factors interact in predicting electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry, emotion-elicited heart rate, and self-reported negativity bias, each correlates of risk for depression. Caucasian volunteers (n = 363) were derived from the Brain Resource International Database, via the Brain Research And Integrative Neuroscience Network. RESULTS Individuals with both BDNF methionine and HTR3A CC risk genotypes and early life stressors demonstrated a profile of elevated emotion-elicited heart rate and right frontal hyper-activation with right parietotemporal hypoactivation in EEG asymmetry. Elevations in heart rate were a moderator of negativity bias. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide new evidence that these gene-stress susceptibility factors contribute to a brain-arousal profile indicative of risk for depression. They are a step toward identifying biological markers for detecting risk before overt symptoms. It would be valuable for future studies to examine comorbidity and specificity issues; for instance, whether these gene-stress factors contribute in different ways to the partially distinct EEG asymmetry profiles found with anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Gatt
- Brain Dynamics Center, University of Sydney Medical School and Westmead Millennium Institute, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gatt JM, Williams LM, Schofield PR, Dobson-Stone C, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Clark CR, Gordon E, Nemeroff CB. Impact of the HTR3A gene with early life trauma on emotional brain networks and depressed mood. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:752-9. [PMID: 20694966 DOI: 10.1002/da.20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for mental illnesses such as depression is increasingly conceptualized as the product of gene-environment interactions and their impact on brain structure and function. The role of serotonin 3A receptor gene (HTR3A -42C>T polymorphism) and its interaction with early life stress (ELS) was investigated in view of the receptor's localization to brain regions central to emotion processing. METHODS Fronto-limbic grey matter (GM) loss was measured using magnetic resonance imaging and assessed using voxel-based morphometry analysis in 397 nonclinical individuals from the Brain Resource International Database. Negative mood symptoms were also assessed. RESULTS The HTR3A CC genotype group, compared to the T carriers, demonstrated comparative loss to GM in hippocampal structures, which extended to the frontal cortices for those CC genotype individuals also exposed to ELS. Elevations in depressed mood were also evident. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the HTR3A CC genotype may be associated with alterations in brain structures central to emotion processing, particularly when exposed to stress, and further highlight the potential role of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. In contrast, those individuals with the T allele, in particular the TT genotype, may be more protected from such alterations combined with minimal exposure to ELS events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Center, Westmead Millennium Institute & Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bluhm RL, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Moores KA, Shaw ME, Lanius RA. Default network connectivity during a working memory task. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:1029-35. [PMID: 20648663 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The default network exhibits correlated activity at rest and has shown decreased activation during performance of cognitive tasks. There has been little investigation of changes in connectivity of this network during task performance. In this study, we examined task-related modulation of connectivity between two seed regions from the default network posterior cingulated cortex (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the rest of the brain in 12 healthy adults. The purpose was to determine (1) whether connectivity within the default network differs between a resting state and performance of a cognitive (working memory) task and (2) whether connectivity differs between these nodes of the default network and other brain regions, particularly those implicated in cognitive tasks. There was little change in connectivity with the other main areas of the default network for either seed region, but moderate task-related changes in connectivity occurred between seed regions and regions outside the default network. For example, connectivity of the mPFC with the right insula and the right superior frontal gyrus decreased during task performance. Increased connectivity during the working memory task occurred between the PCC and bilateral inferior frontal gyri, and between the mPFC and the left inferior frontal gyrus, cuneus, superior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum. Overall, the areas showing greater correlation with the default network seed regions during task than at rest have been previously implicated in working memory tasks. These changes may reflect a decrease in the negative correlations occurring between the default and task-positive networks at rest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Bluhm
- Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Daniels JK, McFarlane AC, Bluhm RL, Moores KA, Clark CR, Shaw ME, Williamson PC, Densmore M, Lanius RA. Switching between executive and default mode networks in posttraumatic stress disorder: alterations in functional connectivity. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010; 35. [PMID: 20569651 PMCID: PMC2895156 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.090175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Working memory processing and resting-state connectivity in the default mode network are altered in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because the ability to effortlessly switch between concentration on a task and an idling state during rest is implicated in both these alterations, we undertook a functional magnetic resonance imaging study with a block design to analyze task-induced modulations in connectivity. METHODS We performed a working memory task and psychophysiologic interaction analyses with the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex as seed regions during fixation in 12 patients with severe, chronic PTSD and 12 healthy controls. RESULTS During the working memory task, the control group showed significantly stronger connectivity with areas implicated in the salience and executive networks, including the right inferior frontal gyrus and the right inferior parietal lobule. The PTSD group showed stronger connectivity with areas implicated in the default mode network, namely enhanced connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the right superior frontal gyrus and between the medial prefrontal cortex and the left parahippocampal gyrus. LIMITATIONS Because we were studying alterations in patients with severe, chronic PTSD, we could not exclude patients taking medication. The small sample size may have limited the power of our analyses. To avoid multiple testing in a small sample, we only used 2 seed regions for our analyses. CONCLUSION The different patterns of connectivity imply significant group differences with task-induced switches (i.e., engaging and disengaging the default mode network and the central-executive network).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Correspondence to: Dr. R.A. Lanius, University Campus, London Health Sciences Centre, 339 Windermere Rd., London ON N6A 5A5; fax 519 663-3935;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kemp AH, Pe Benito L, Quintana DS, Clark CR, McFarlane A, Mayur P, Harris A, Boyce P, Williams LM. Impact of depression heterogeneity on attention: an auditory oddball event related potential study. J Affect Disord 2010; 123:202-7. [PMID: 19740547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is associated with a reduced ability to attend and concentrate, however, the extent to which attentional impairment is dependent on subtype remains to be clarified. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with a well-validated auditory oddball, selective attention task, were recorded to determine the impact of melancholia (n=57) versus non-melancholia (n=48) relative to controls (n=116). RESULTS The key findings were an exaggeration of the P200 to both non-target and target stimuli and a reduction in the P300 to targets in patients with melancholia, relative to patients with non-melancholia and controls. In addition, the N200/P300 complex was slowed in latency corresponding to the slowed behavioural responses to targets in melancholia. Stepwise regression analysis also revealed that depression severity, but not psychomotor slowing, contributed to increases in P200 amplitude. LIMITATIONS This study is cross-sectional and cannot determine whether the observed ERP changes are a state or trait marker, highlighting the need for a longitudinal study of ERP characteristics in different subgroups of depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS Results point to a difficulty in differentiating significant stimuli in the environment in the depressed individual. The combined disruption of early sensory processing (P200) and subsequent context processing (N200/P300 complex) may provide a potential mechanism for the attentional impairment that is frequently observed in depression, particularly in more severe depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Kemp
- The School of Psychology, Brennan MacCallum, Building (A18), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic injury affects millions of people each year. There is little understanding of the extent of psychiatric illness that develops after traumatic injury or of the impact of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) on psychiatric illness. The authors sought to determine the range of new psychiatric disorders occurring after traumatic injury and the influence of mild TBI on psychiatric status. METHOD In this prospective cohort study, patients were drawn from recent admissions to four major trauma hospitals across Australia. A total of 1,084 traumatically injured patients were initially assessed during hospital admission and followed up 3 months (N=932, 86%) and 12 months (N=817, 75%) after injury. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were assessed in hospital. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders, levels of quality of life, and mental health service use were assessed at the follow-ups. The main outcome measures were 3- and 12-month prevalence of axis I psychiatric disorders, levels of quality of life, and mental health service use and lifetime axis I psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Twelve months after injury, 31% of patients reported a psychiatric disorder, and 22% developed a psychiatric disorder that they had never experienced before. The most common new psychiatric disorders were depression (9%), generalized anxiety disorder (9%), posttraumatic stress disorder (6%), and agoraphobia (6%). Patients were more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (odds ratio=1.92, 95% CI=1.08-3.40), panic disorder (odds ratio=2.01, 95% CI=1.03-4.14), social phobia (odds ratio=2.07, 95% CI=1.03-4.16), and agoraphobia (odds ratio=1.94, 95% CI=1.11-3.39) if they had sustained a mild TBI. Functional impairment, rather than mild TBI, was associated with psychiatric illness. CONCLUSIONS A significant range of psychiatric disorders occur after traumatic injury. The identification and treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders are important for optimal adaptation after traumatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sawyer ACP, Clark CR, Keage HAD, Moores KA, Clarke S, Kohn MR, Gordon E. Cognitive and electroencephalographic disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sleep problems: new insights. Psychiatry Res 2009; 170:183-91. [PMID: 19854519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is overlap between the behavioural symptoms and disturbances associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) and sleep problems. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of overlap in cognitive and electrophysiological disturbances identified in children experiencing sleep problems and children with AD/HD or both. Four groups (aged 7-18) were compared: children with combined AD/HD and sleep problems (n=32), children with AD/HD (n=52) or sleep problems (n=36) only, and children with neither disorder (n=119). Electrophysiological and cognitive function measures included: absolute EEG power during eyes open and eyes closed, event-related potential (ERP) components indexing attention and working memory processes (P3), and a number of standard neuropsychological tests. Children with symptoms of both AD/HD and sleep problems had a different profile from those of children with either AD/HD or sleep problems only. These findings suggest it is unlikely that disturbances in brain and cognitive functioning associated with sleep problems also give rise to AD/HD symptomatology and consequent diagnosis. Furthermore, findings suggest that children with symptoms of both AD/HD and sleep problems may have a different underlying aetiology than children with AD/HD-only or sleep problems-only, perhaps requiring unique treatment interventions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Paul RH, Gunstad J, Cooper N, Williams LM, Clark CR, Cohen RA, Lawrence JJ, Gordon E. CROSS-CULTURAL ASSESSMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AND ELECTRICAL BRAIN FUNCTION MEASURES: ADDITIONAL VALIDATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL BRAIN DATABASE. Int J Neurosci 2009; 117:549-68. [PMID: 17365135 DOI: 10.1080/00207450600773665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed significant differences in performance on nonlanguage dependent cognitive tests across international settings among younger individuals, with less pronounced differences evident among older individuals (>54 years of age). The present study examined a broad range of cognitive performance as well as electrophysiological indices of brain function in a multisite and international context. A total of 200 individuals in the United States, 233 individuals in Europe, and 829 individuals in Australia were administered a standardized computerized neuropsychological battery, and complementary electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were completed. Results revealed no significant differences in cognitive function or electrophysiology across the three continents. Similarly, although there was a main effect for age, the interaction between age and continent was not significant in any of the omnibus analyses. These findings indicate a high degree of similarity in neurocognitive and electrophysiological function among individuals residing in developed Western cultures, consistent with a traitlike status and the high heritability of the EEG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Veltmeyer MD, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Moores KA, Bryant RA, Gordon E. Working memory function in post-traumatic stress disorder: An event-related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:1096-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Falconer EM, Felmingham KL, Allen A, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Williams LM, Bryant RA. Developing an integrated brain, behavior and biological response profile in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). J Integr Neurosci 2009; 7:439-56. [PMID: 18988301 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635208001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine a profile of integrated behavioral, brain and autonomic alterations in PTSD. Previous findings suggest that PTSD is associated with changes across electrophysiological (EEG and ERP), autonomic and cognitive/behavioral measures. In particular, PTSD has been associated with reduced cognitive performance, altered cortical arousal (measured by EEG), diminished late ERP component to oddball task targets (reduced P3 amplitude) and increased autonomic arousal relative to healthy controls. The present study examined measures of cognitive function, auditory oddball ERP components, autonomic function (heart rate and skin conductance) and EEG during resting conditions in 44 individuals with PTSD and 44 non-trauma-exposed controls, and predicted that an integrated profile of changes across a number of these measures would show a high level of sensitivity and specificity in discriminating PTSD from controls. Nine variables showing strongly significant (p < 0.002) between-group differences were entered into a discriminant function analysis. Four of these measures successfully discriminated the PTSD and non-PTSD groups: change in tonic arousal, duration of attention switching, working memory reaction time and errors of commission during visuospatial maze learning. Tonic arousal change contributed the most variance in predicting group membership. These results extend previous findings and provide an integrated biomarker profile that characterizes both PTSD and non-PTSD groups with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. This outcome provides a platform for future studies to test how this profile of disturbances in autonomic and information processing may be unique to PTSD or may occur generically across clinical and/or other anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Falconer
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kemp AH, Hopkinson PJ, Hermens DF, Rowe DL, Sumich AL, Clark CR, Drinkenburg W, Abdi N, Penrose R, McFarlane A, Boyce P, Gordon E, Williams LM. Fronto-temporal alterations within the first 200 ms during an attentional task distinguish major depression, non-clinical participants with depressed mood and healthy controls: a potential biomarker? Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:602-14. [PMID: 18181154 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional impairment in depression is a cardinal feature of depression and has been proposed as a candidate endophenotype for major depressive disorder. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by oddball signal detection tasks provide objective markers of selective stimulus processing, and are pertinent endophenotypic markers for depression. While previous studies have sought to determine objective markers for attentional impairment in depression, evidence is inconsistent and may involve heterogeneity in relatively small samples. Here, we brought together oddball ERP recording with source localization of neural correlates of selective attention in outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 78) and participants with depressed mood (PDM; n = 127) relative to healthy controls (CTL; n = 116). The key finding was a dimensional exaggeration of the P200 (140-270 ms) to both target (signal) and non-target (noise) stimuli, most pronounced in MDD, followed by PDM, relative to CTL. This exaggeration was coupled with slower and more variable response times, suggesting that neural systems are attempting to compensate for a difficulty in discriminating signal from noise. P200 alterations were localised to limbic (hippocampal), temporal and ventral prefrontal regions, key components of the signal detection network. A subsequent reduction and delay in the P300 was also revealed for MDD indicating that the pronounced lack of discrimination in clinical depression may also lead to impaired stimulus evaluation. This P200 increase in depression could provide a potential mechanism for the attentional impairment frequently observed in depression and consequent alterations in the P300 may differentiate clinically significant depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Kemp
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Clark CR, Galletly CA, Ash DJ, Moores KA, Penrose RA, McFarlane AC. Evidence-based medicine evaluation of electrophysiological studies of the anxiety disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci 2009; 40:84-112. [PMID: 19534302 DOI: 10.1177/155005940904000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide a systematic, evidence-based medicine (EBM) review of the field of electrophysiology in the anxiety disorders. Presently, electrophysiological studies of anxiety focus primarily on etiological aspects of brain dysfunction. The review highlights many functional similarities across studies, but also identifies patterns that clearly differentiate disorder classifications. Such measures offer clinical utility as reliable and objective indicators of brain dysfunction in individuals and indicate potential as biomarkers for the improvement of diagnostic specificity and for informing treatment decisions and prognostic assessments. Common to most of the anxiety disorders is basal instability in cortical arousal, as reflected in measures of quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Resting electroencephalographic (EEG) measures tend to correlate with symptom sub-patterns and be exacerbated by condition-specific stimulation. Also common to most of the anxiety disorders are condition-specific difficulties with sensory gating and the allocation and deployment of attention. These are clearly evident from evoked potential (EP) and event-related potential (ERP) electrical measures of information processing in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the phobias. Other'ERP measures clearly differentiate the disorders. However, there is considerable variation across studies, with inclusion and exclusion criteria, medication status and control group selection not standardized within condition or across studies. Study numbers generally preclude analysis for confound removal or for the derivation of diagnostic biomarker patterns at this time. The current trend towards development of databases of brain and cognitive function is likely to obviate these difficulties. In particular, electrophysiological measures of function are likely to play a significant role in the development and subsequent adaptations of DSM-V and assist critically in securing improvements in nosological and treatment specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Richard Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Flinders University , Adelaide, Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tlauka M, Clark CR, Liu P, Conway M. Encoding modality and spatial memory retrieval. Brain Cogn 2009; 70:116-22. [PMID: 19216017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the temporal characteristics of event-related brain electrical activity associated with the processing of spatial memories derived from linguistic and tactile information. Participants learned a map by (1) reading a text description of the map, (2) touching a wooden topological representation of the map (hidden from view), or (3) both. Subsequently, the participants' ability to use their spatial knowledge was tested in a spatial orientation task. Differential patterns of brain activity as a function of encoding modality were found at the very early (preconscious) stages of processing. In contrast, an analysis of behavioral performance revealed no differences between the encoding groups. A model of spatial memory retrieval is presented to account for the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tlauka
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Metzger LJ, Clark CR, McFarlane AC, Veltmeyer MD, Lasko NB, Paige SR, Pitman RK, Orr SP. Event-related potentials to auditory stimuli in monozygotic twins discordant for combat: association with PTSD. Psychophysiology 2009; 46:172-8. [PMID: 18803598 PMCID: PMC3807820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated ERP abnormalities related to concentration difficulties in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We used an identical-twin, case-control design to investigate whether these abnormalities reflect pre-trauma vulnerability or the acquired consequence of PTSD. Vietnam combat veterans and their non-combat-exposed, identical twins completed a three-tone oddball task. Veterans with PTSD had delayed target N2 latencies compared to veterans without PTSD. In a small nonmedicated, nonsmoking subsample, veterans with PTSD also had significantly diminished target P3b amplitudes. A mixed-model, random-effects analysis on the nonmedicated, nonsmoking subsample that included the combat-unexposed co-twins showed a significant Diagnosis x Combat Exposure interaction for target P3b amplitude. Results replicate increased N2 latency and diminished P3b amplitude in PTSD and suggest that diminished P3b amplitude is an acquired condition in PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Metzger
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Manchester, New Hampshire 03104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Williams LM, Hermens DF, Palmer D, Kohn M, Clarke S, Keage H, Clark CR, Gordon E. Misinterpreting emotional expressions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for a neural marker and stimulant effects. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:917-26. [PMID: 18272140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to cognitive impairment, there are disruptions to mood and emotion processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but little is known about their neural basis. We examined ADHD disturbances in mood and emotion recognition and underlying neural systems before and after treatment with stimulant medication. METHODS Participants were 51 unmedicated ADHD adolescents and 51 matched healthy control subjects rated for depressed and anxious mood and accuracy for identifying facial expressions of basic emotion. Brain function was recorded using event-related potentials (ERPs) while subjects viewed these expressions. ADHD subjects were retested after 4 weeks, following treatment with methylphenidate (MPH). RESULTS ADHD subjects showed a profile of emotion-related impairment: higher depression and anxiety, deficits in identifying threat-related emotional expressions in particular, and alterations in ERPs. There was a pronounced reduction in occipital activity during the early perceptual analysis of emotional expression (within 120 msec), followed by an exaggeration of activity associated with structural encoding (120-220 msec) and subsequent reduction and slowing of temporal brain activity subserving context processing (300-400 msec). Methylphenidate normalized neural activity and produced some improvement of emotion recognition but had no impact on negative mood. Improvements in neural activity with MPH were consistent predictors of improvement in clinical features of emotional lability and hyperactivity. CONCLUSIONS Objective behavioral and brain function measures of emotion processing may provide a valuable addition to the clinical armamentarium for assessing emotional disturbances in ADHD and the efficacy of stimulants for treating these disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Williams
- Brain Dynamics Centre and Clinics, Westmead Millennium Institute & Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shankman SA, Silverstein SM, Williams LM, Hopkinson PJ, Kemp AH, Felmingham KL, Bryant RA, McFarlane A, Clark CR. Resting electroencephalogram asymmetry and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2008; 21:190-8. [PMID: 18404640 DOI: 10.1002/jts.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The valence-arousal (W. Heller, 1993) and approach-withdrawal (R. J. Davidson, 1998a) models hypothesize that particular patterns of hemispheric brain activity are associated with specific motivational tendencies and psychopathologies. We tested several of these predictions in two groups-a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a "supercontrol" group, selected to be maximally different from those with PTSD. Contrary to almost all hypotheses, individuals with PTSD did not differ from controls on resting electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Particular aspects of PTSD were also not related to EEG hemisphere differences. Our null findings are consistent with the few studies that have examined resting EEG asymmetries in PTSD and suggest that PTSD may be associated with different processes than psychopathologies previously examined in studies of hemispheric brain activity (e.g., major depressive disorder, panic disorder).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A Shankman
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Seckfort DL, Paul R, Grieve SM, Vandenberg B, Bryant RA, Williams LM, Clark CR, Cohen RA, Bruce S, Gordon E. Early Life Stress on Brain Structure and Function Across the Lifespan: A Preliminary Study. Brain Imaging Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-007-9015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Alexander DM, Hermens DF, Keage HA, Clark CR, Williams LM, Kohn MR, Clarke SD, Lamb C, Gordon E. Event-related wave activity in the EEG provides new marker of ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:163-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
Galletly CA, McFarlane AC, Clark CR. Erratum to “Impaired updating of working memory in schizophrenia” [International Journal of Psychophysiology 63 (2007) 265–274]. Int J Psychophysiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Geffen G, Moar KJ, O'hanlon AP, Clark CR, Geffen LB. Performance measures of 16- to 86-year-old males and females on the auditory verbal learning test. Clin Neuropsychol 2007; 4:45-63. [PMID: 29022439 DOI: 10.1080/13854049008401496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) data for 153 adults in age groups spanning seven decades, with approximately equal numbers of males and females and matched for intelligence, education, and occupation. Overall performance deteriorated with increased age, females performing better than males. Older subjects recalled fewer words, were more susceptible to information overload during input, showed diminished retrieval efficiency, and had a decline in memory for the source of items. In contrast, rate of learning, forgetting over 20-min, monitoring of recall, and interference effects remained stable across the age range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Geffen
- a Neuropsychology Research Unit, Julia Farr Centre.,b Psychology Discipline, The Flinders University of South Australia
| | - K J Moar
- a Neuropsychology Research Unit, Julia Farr Centre.,b Psychology Discipline, The Flinders University of South Australia
| | - A P O'hanlon
- a Neuropsychology Research Unit, Julia Farr Centre.,b Psychology Discipline, The Flinders University of South Australia
| | - C R Clark
- a Neuropsychology Research Unit, Julia Farr Centre.,b Psychology Discipline, The Flinders University of South Australia
| | - L B Geffen
- a Neuropsychology Research Unit, Julia Farr Centre.,b Psychology Discipline, The Flinders University of South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Paul R, Grieve SM, Chaudary B, Gordon N, Lawrence J, Cooper N, Clark CR, Kukla M, Mulligan R, Gordon E. Relative contributions of the cerebellar vermis and prefrontal lobe volumes on cognitive function across the adult lifespan. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 30:457-65. [PMID: 17869383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed significant relationships between the vermian regions of the cerebellum and cognitive functions typically associated with prefrontal lobe function. These relationships are believed to be supported by anatomical connections between the distant brain regions. Recent evidence also suggests that age-related reductions in the posterior vermis are associated with age-related decline in frontal lobe cognitive functions, but these studies did not consider concomitant age-related atrophy of the prefrontal lobes. In the present study we addressed this issue by examining cognitive and structural MRI data obtained from 251 adults ranging in age from 18 to 79. Cognition was examined with a computerized cognitive battery and volumes of the cerebellar vermian regions and the prefrontal lobes were determined using quantitative morphometry. Results of the study revealed that both prefrontal and vermian volumes were smaller in older adults compared to younger adults, and both volumes correlated with cognitive performances in the older individuals. However, after controlling for prefrontal volume, the relationships between cognitive function and vermian volumes were eliminated, whereas prefrontal lobe volume remained significantly related to cognitive function after controlling for vermian volumes. These results suggest that while a reduction in cerebellar vermian volume does not significantly relate to normal age-related cognitive decline, prefrontal volume is significantly related to cognitive aging. Our results are consistent with the frontal aging hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hermens DF, Cooper NJ, Clark CR, Debrota D, Clarke SD, Williams LM. An integrative approach to determine the best behavioral and biological markers of methylphenidate. J Integr Neurosci 2007; 6:105-40. [PMID: 17472226 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635207001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To distinguish the most sensitive markers of methylphenidate (MPH) effects on behavior and underlying biology using an integrated cognitive and brain function test battery. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled trial with 32 healthy adult males. Subjects were tested on MPH doses across 18 sessions with subjective mood, objective behavioral and biological endpoints. From a computerized battery of tests, behavioral measures were cognitive performance scores, while biological measures of brain function included electroencephalographs (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) with complementary measures of autonomic arousal. Using mixed modeling analyses; we determined which measures were most affected by MPH dose and correlation analyses determined the associations among them. RESULTS MPH dose had the most pronounced effect on cognitive performance (sustained attention/vigilance), baseline autonomic arousal (heart rate, blood pressure) and baseline brain activity (EEG theta power). The faster reaction time, reduced errors, increased autonomic arousal and reductions in theta showed strong to moderate inter-correlations. MPH least affected subjective mood measures and early sensory ERP components. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that MPH increases cortical and autonomic arousal, facilitating vigilance. The combination of behavioral and biological measures may provide an objective set of markers of MPH response. INTEGRATIVE SIGNIFICANCE This approach has provided additional insight into the mechanism of the stimulant medication, MPH, which would not be achieved by using such measures in isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hermens
- The Brain Dynamics Center, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Clarke SD, Kohn MR, Hermens DF, Rabbinge M, Clark CR, Gordon E, Williams LM. Distinguishing symptom profiles in adolescent ADHD using an objective cognitive test battery. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2007; 19:355-367. [PMID: 17937152 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh.2007.19.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Currently diagnosis and assessment of ADHD relies on clinical interview and subjective ratings. Standardized objective cognitive tests can provide additional information about ADHD and help distinguish symptom profiles. OBJECTIVE To assess the cognition of adolescent ADHD subtypes using a standardized cognitive test battery. STUDY GROUP Seventy-two ADHD combined subtype, 58 ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype and 130 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS Cognitive differences between ADHD subtypes were examined according to 1. symptom dimensions (inattentive versus hyperactivity/impulsivity scores) and 2. category (ADHDcom vs. ADHDin). We examined whether cognitive performance would discriminate symptom profiles (from each other and from healthy controls), and whether these profiles could predict test performance. All subjects completed the standardized and fully computerized IntegNeuro test battery using a touch-screen protocol. These tests span the domains of sensori-motor, attention, executive function, language and memory, and have robust construct validity compared to traditional paper-and-pencil tests. The results highlighted the consistency with which performance varied across symptom profiles, irrespective of categorical or dimensional definitions. ADHDcom was primarily distinguished from ADHDin by increased errors and response variability in response inhibition and (to a lesser extent) selective attention tasks. Inattentive symptoms were more likely to predict cognitive performance and there is an indication that despite the same criteria, these symptoms may be more severe in the ADHDcom subtype. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the specificity of cognitive deficits, which differentiate ADHD subtypes in adolescence. This study provides consistent evidence that accuracy and response variability in an executive function (response inhibition) task may best distinguish the common ADHD subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Clarke
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Whitham EM, Pope KJ, Fitzgibbon SP, Lewis T, Clark CR, Loveless S, Broberg M, Wallace A, DeLosAngeles D, Lillie P, Hardy A, Fronsko R, Pulbrook A, Willoughby JO. Scalp electrical recording during paralysis: quantitative evidence that EEG frequencies above 20 Hz are contaminated by EMG. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1877-88. [PMID: 17574912 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the possible contribution of electromyogram (EMG) to scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms at rest and induced or evoked by cognitive tasks. METHODS Scalp EEG recordings were made on two subjects in presence and absence of complete neuromuscular blockade, sparing the dominant arm. The subjects undertook cognitive tasks in both states to allow direct comparison of electrical recordings. RESULTS EEG rhythms in the paralysed state differed significantly compared with the unparalysed state, with 10- to 200-fold differences in the power of frequencies above 20 Hz during paralysis. CONCLUSIONS Most of the scalp EEG recording above 20 Hz is of EMG origin. Previous studies measuring gamma EEG need to be re-evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE This has a significant impact on measurements of gamma rhythms from the scalp EEG in unparalysed humans. It is to be hoped that signal separation methods will be able to rectify this situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Whitham
- Department of Neurology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
A study was performed to investigate and compare the relative performance of blind signal separation (BSS) algorithms at separating common types of contamination from EEG. The study develops a novel framework for investigating and comparing the relative performance of BSS algorithms that incorporates a realistic EEG simulation with a known mixture of known signals and an objective performance metric. The key finding is that although BSS is an effective and powerful tool for separating and removing contamination from EEG, the quality of the separation is highly dependant on the type of contamination, the degree of contamination, and the choice of BSS algorithm. BSS appears to be most effective at separating muscle and blink contamination and less effective at saccadic and tracking contamination. For all types of contamination, principal components analysis is a strong performer when the contamination is greater in amplitude than the brain signal whereas other algorithms such as second-order blind inference and Infomax are generally better for specific types of contamination of lower amplitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Fitzgibbon
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Whitford TJ, Rennie CJ, Grieve SM, Clark CR, Gordon E, Williams LM. Brain maturation in adolescence: concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:228-37. [PMID: 16767769 PMCID: PMC6871488 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence to early adulthood is a period of dramatic transformation in the healthy human brain. However, the relationship between the concurrent structural and functional changes remains unclear. We investigated the impact of age on both neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in the same healthy subjects (n = 138) aged 10 to 30 years using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. MRI data were segmented into gray and white matter images and parcellated into large-scale regions of interest. Absolute EEG power was quantified for each lobe for the slow-wave, alpha and beta frequency bands. Gray matter volume was found to decrease across the age bracket in the frontal and parietal cortices, with the greatest change occurring in adolescence. EEG activity, particularly in the slow-wave band, showed a similar curvilinear decline to gray matter volume in corresponding cortical regions. An inverse pattern of curvilinearly increasing white matter volume was observed in the parietal lobe. We suggest that the reduction in gray matter primarily reflects a reduction of neuropil, and that the corresponding elimination of active synapses is responsible for the observed reduction in EEG power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Whitford
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
McLaughlin NCR, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Williams LM, Laidlaw D, DiCarlo M, Clark CR, Whelihan W, Cohen RA, Whitford TJ, Gordon E. Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum: a cross-sectional study across the lifespan. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:215-21. [PMID: 17524591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated strong developmental trends of white matter using in vivo neuroimaging. However, few studies have examined white matter using diffusion tensor imaging across the lifespan. In the present study we examined fractional anisotropy and volume in the corpus callosum in four groups (children, adolescents, young adults, and elderly). Results revealed a curvilinear relationship in the analysis of the fractional anisotropy values for these four groups, with fractional anisotropy values increasing in childhood and adolescence, reaching their peak in young adulthood, followed by a non-significant decline in the elderly. Volumetric analysis of corpus callosum regions revealed a similar pattern, with an increase in volume from childhood and adolescence through young adulthood, and a non-significant decrease in volume in the elderly group. These results define the microstructural development of the white matter across the lifespan. Future studies are required to examine the neurobehavioral correlates of these neuroimaging indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C R McLaughlin
- Brown Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gatt JM, Clark CR, Kemp AH, Liddell BJ, Dobson-Stone C, Kuan SA, Schofield PR, Williams LM. A GENOTYPE-ENDOPHENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE PATH MODEL OF DEPRESSED MOOD: INTEGRATING COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL MARKERS. J Integr Neurosci 2007; 6:75-104. [PMID: 17472225 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635207001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Following an integrative neuroscience perspective, we propose that cognitive and emotional functions are integrally linked, and that genetic polymorphisms which impact upon neural processes may have complementary effects on these functions. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 66Met allele may contribute to both cognitive and emotional aspects of the depression phenotype. METHODS In 374 nonclinical subjects, BDNF genotype differences in task-related ERPs, emotion, memory, and EEG cortical arousal were examined. RESULTS Using path modeling, higher negative affect in Met homozygotes was predicted by slow-wave EEG via the mediating effects of neuroticism. Both negative affect and working memory deficits were predicted by disturbances in emotion- and cognitive-related ERPs. This model held across groups with varying levels of depressed mood. DISCUSSION Since impairments in emotion and working memory are core features of major depression, the BDNF Met allele may contribute to vulnerability for this disorder. An integrative approach in which genotypes are considered in combination with brain function and behavioral measures may be important in identifying profile markers of depression. INTEGRATIVE SIGNIFICANCE This study directly demonstrates that cognitive and emotional neural networks are not parallel independent systems, but rather highly integrated with effects on both cognitive performance and emotional behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Gatt
- The Brain Dynamics Center, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rowe DL, Cooper NJ, Liddell BJ, Clark CR, Gordon E, Williams LM. BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CORRELATES OF GENERAL AND SOCIAL COGNITION. J Integr Neurosci 2007; 6:35-74. [PMID: 17472224 DOI: 10.1142/s021963520700143x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To examine how general (e.g., memory, attention) and social (emotional and interpersonal processes) cognition relate to measures of brain function and structure. METHODS PCA was used to identify general and social cognitive factors from Brain Resource International Database in 1,316 subjects. The identified factors were correlated with each subject's corresponding brain structure (MRI) and function (EEG/ERP) data. RESULTS Seven core cognitive factors were identified for general and three for social. General cognition was correlated with global grey matter, while social cognition was negatively correlated with grey matter in fronto-temporal-somatosensory regions. Executive function, information processing speed and verbal memory performance were correlated with delta-theta qEEG, while most general cognitive factors negatively correlated with beta qEEG. Faster information processing speed was correlated with alpha qEEG. Executive function and information processing speed was correlated with negative-going ERP amplitude and slower ERP latency at frontal sites, but at posterior sites negative correlations were found. DISCUSSION In contrast to general cognition, social cognition is identified by different functional (automated) activity and more localized neural structures. Only general cognition, requiring more effortful, controlled processing is related to brain function measures, particularly in frontal cortices. INTEGRATIVE SIGNIFICANCE Recording measures from multiple modalities including MRI, EEG/ERP, social and general cognition within the same subject provides a method of brain profiling for use in cognitive-neurotherapy and pharmacological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Rowe
- The Brain Dynamics Center, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and Western Clinical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gordon E, Liddell BJ, Brown KJ, Bryant R, Clark CR, DAS P, Dobson-Stone C, Falconer E, Felmingham K, Flynn G, Gatt JM, Harris A, Hermens DF, Hopkinson PJ, Kemp AH, Kuan SA, Lazzaro I, Moyle J, Paul RH, Rennie CJ, Schofield P, Whitford T, Williams LM. INTEGRATING OBJECTIVE GENE-BRAIN-BEHAVIOR MARKERS OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. J Integr Neurosci 2007; 6:1-34. [PMID: 17472223 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635207001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little consensus about which objective markers should be used to assess major psychiatric disorders, and predict/evaluate treatment response for these disorders. Clinical practice relies instead on subjective signs and symptoms, such that there is a "translational gap" between research findings and clinical practice. This gap arises from: a) a lack of integrative theoretical models which provide a basis for understanding links between gene-brain-behavior mechanisms and clinical entities; b) the reliance on studying one measure at a time so that linkages between markers are their specificity are not established; and c) the lack of a definitive understanding of what constitutes normative function. Here, we draw on a standardized methodology for acquiring multiple sources of genomic, brain and behavioral data in the same subjects, to propose candidate markers of selected psychiatric disorders: depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dementia disorders. This methodology has been used to establish a standardized international database which provides a comprehensive framework and the basis for testing hypotheses derived from an integrative theoretical model of the brain. Using this normative base, we present preliminary findings for a number of disorders in relation to the proposed markers. Establishing these objective markers will be the first step towards determining their sensitivity, specificity and treatment prediction in individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evian Gordon
- The Brain Resource International Database and the Brain Resource Company, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Grieve SM, Williams LM, Paul RH, Clark CR, Gordon E. Cognitive aging, executive function, and fractional anisotropy: a diffusion tensor MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:226-35. [PMID: 17296985 PMCID: PMC7977408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fractional anisotropy (FA) is a useful measure of connectivity in the brain that can be derived from the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) dataset. This study investigated the relationship between FA and selected measures of cognition across a broad age group to explore a possible structural basis for cognitive changes with age. METHODS FA images were generated from DTI data acquired at 1.5T in 87 healthy subjects (age range, 20-73 years). Relationships between a range of cognitive measures and FA were explored using regional and voxel-based analysis. RESULTS Age and regional average FA were significantly associated in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes but not in the occipital lobe. This negative relationship was especially prominent in the prefrontal regions of the frontal lobe, where FA declined at a rate of approximately 3% per decade. Decreased FA in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes was associated with poorer cognitive performance in executive maze and in an attention-switching task. A voxel-level analysis of these data revealed that the executive function-FA association was particularly strong and regionally delineated over 2 continuous, bilateral areas extending from the prefrontal cortex to the parietal lobe, with projections to the anterior portions of the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a relationship between FA and a measure of executive function-a core cognitive component that is a key feature of cognitive aging. We propose that that FA may provide an early means for the detection of age-related cognitive change and suggest a need for prospective data to explore this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Grieve
- The Brain Resource International Database, The Brain Resource Company, Ultimo, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Galletly CA, McFarlane AC, MacFarlane AS, Clark CR. Impaired updating of working memory in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 63:265-74. [PMID: 17234290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated working memory in schizophrenia, using an auditory target detection task specifically designed to separate out brain activity related to the updating of working memory with new information from activity related to target detection and response. Event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during task performance, using 31 electrodes, from 25 subjects with schizophrenia and 25 matched controls. Subjects with schizophrenia had a reduction in parietal P3 and Late Slow Wave amplitude in the ERP waveforms recorded when the task required subjects to remember a new stimulus. This P3 amplitude attenuation correlated with symptom measures of preoccupation and poor volition. Previous findings of a reduction in P3 amplitude during target detection by subjects with schizophrenia were replicated. These results suggest that there is a specific impairment in the ability to update working memory in schizophrenia, and that this is associated with poverty of engagement with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie A Galletly
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, The Flinders University of South Australia, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zimmerman ME, Brickman AM, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Tate DF, Gunstad J, Cohen RA, Aloia MS, Williams LM, Clark CR, Whitford TJ, Gordon E. The relationship between frontal gray matter volume and cognition varies across the healthy adult lifespan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:823-33. [PMID: 17001022 DOI: 10.1097/01.jgp.0000238502.40963.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-associated decline in gray matter brain volume and cognitive function in healthy adults has been reported in the literature. The goal of the current study is to examine the relationship between age-related changes in regional gray matter volumes and cognitive function in a large, cross-sectional sample of healthy adults across the lifespan. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment were conducted on 148 adults aged 21-76 years. Multiple regression analyses examining the effect of age were performed on magnetic resonance image-derived gray matter brain volumes and standardized cognitive summary scores of attention and executive function. Regression was also performed to test the effect of age, gray matter volumes, and their interaction on the prediction of cognitive performance. RESULTS Age significantly predicted performance on tests of attention (F [1, 146]=50.97, p <0.01, R2=0.26) and executive function (F [1, 146]=126.19, p <0.01, R2=0.46) and gray matter volumes for frontal subregions (lateral, medial, orbital), hippocampus, amygdala, and putamen (F [2, 145]=45.34-23.96, p <0.01-0.02). Lateral frontal (beta=-1.53, t=-2.16, df=131, p <0.03) and orbital frontal (beta=1.24, t=2.08, df=131, p <0.04) regions significantly predicted performance on tests of attention. Lateral frontal (beta=-1.69, t=-2.83, df=131, p <0.01) and the interaction between age and lateral frontal volume (beta=3.76, t=2.49, df=131, p <0.02) significantly predicted executive function. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm age-associated decline in cognitive function and gray matter volumes, particularly in anterior cortical brain regions. Furthermore, the association between lateral frontal gray matter volume and the ability to successfully plan, organize, and execute strategies varies as a function of age across the healthy adult lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brickman AM, Zimmerman ME, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Tate DF, Cohen RA, Williams LM, Clark CR, Gordon E. Regional white matter and neuropsychological functioning across the adult lifespan. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:444-53. [PMID: 16616725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to more fully elucidate the relationship among age, regional white matter, and neuropsychological functioning. METHODS One hundred ninety-nine neurologically healthy adults received MRI and standardized neuropsychological assessment. MR images were spatially normalized and segmented by tissue type; relative white matter values in each of the four cerebral lobes in each hemisphere were computed. Subjects were divided into Younger (ages 21-30), Middle (ages 31-54), and Older (ages 55-79) age groups. RESULTS The Older group had significantly less overall relative white matter than the Middle group, who had significantly less overall relative white matter than the Younger participants (F (2, 193) = 5.42, p = 0.005). Differences in frontal lobe white matter were of largest magnitude, followed by temporal lobe (F (6, 579) = 3.32, p = 0.003). Age and frontal and temporal lobe white matter were primarily associated with performance on neuropsychological tests of executive functioning and memory. Mediational analysis suggested that frontal lobe white matter mediated the relationship between age and performance on tasks of executive functioning and memory. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm age-associated decline in frontal and temporal white matter, and age-related cognitive decline in several domains. Decline in neuropsychological functioning is, in part, mediated by a relative age-related reduction in frontal white matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Clark CR, Paul RH, Williams LM, Arns M, Fallahpour K, Handmer C, Gordon E. Standardized assessment of cognitive functioning during development and aging using an automated touchscreen battery. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2006; 21:449-67. [PMID: 16904862 DOI: 10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of age, gender and education on subjects spanning nine decades on a new cognitive battery of 12 tests. One thousand and seven participants between 6 and 82 completed the battery under standardized conditions using an automated, computerized touchscreen. Sensitive indicators of change were obtained on measures of attention and working memory, learning and memory retrieval, and language, visuospatial function, sensori-motor and executive function. Improvement tended to occur through to the third and fourth decade of life, followed by gradual decrement and/or stabilized performance thereafter. Gender differences were obtained on measures of sustained attention, verbal learning and memory, visuospatial processing and dexterity. Years of education in adults was reflected in performance on measures of verbal function. Overall, the test battery provided sensitive indicators on a range of cognitive functions suitable for the assessment of abnormal cognition, the evaluation of treatment effects and for longitudinal case management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Richard Clark
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|