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Pozo P, Isla J, Asiain A, Navarro D, Gortázar C. Contribution of herd management, biosecurity, and environmental factors to the risk of bovine tuberculosis in a historically low prevalence region. Animal 2024; 18:101105. [PMID: 38417216 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eradication of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in certain historically low-prevalence regions remains elusive. A complete characterisation of the husbandry practices, biosecurity, and environment where farms are located is crucial to implement targeted in-farm risk mitigation protocols. Here, a detailed survey performed in 94 dairy cattle farms located in Navarra, a low-prevalence region of Spain between 2016 and 2020 was carried out. Data on 73 biosecurity, farm-, and environmental-level factors potentially associated with the risk of bTB occurrence were evaluated using an ordinal logistic regression model: farms were classified based on their prevalence index, a score linked to each farm to account for the severity and recurrence of bTB cases: 22.3% of the farms had a score of 1, 21.3% a score of 2, 26.6% a score of ≥ 3, and 29.8% were negative herds. A statistically significant association between a higher prevalence index and the frequency of badger sightings along with the lease of pastures to sheep during Winter was identified. Farms that detected badgers on a monthly to daily basis in the surroundings and those that leased pastures for sheep flocks during Winter were four [odds ratio, 95% CI (4.3; 1.1-17.5)] and three (3.1; 1.0-9.9) times more likely to have the highest prevalence index, respectively (predicted probabilityprevalence index≥3 = 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Conversely, farms that used a vehicle to transport animals from holdings to pastures were less likely (0.1; <0.1-0.3) to present higher levels of prevalence index compared with farms that used none (on foot). Results suggested that the combined effect of farm- and environmental-level risk factors identified here may be hampering disease eradication in Navarra, highlighting the need to implement targeted protocols on farms and grazing plots. An increased awareness of monitoring sheep and wildlife in direct or indirect contact with cattle herds in historically low bTB prevalence areas should be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pozo
- Grupo SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC. CSIC-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - J Isla
- Sabiotec. Edificio Polivalente UCLM, local 1.22, UCLM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Asiain
- Sección de Sanidad Animal. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente. Gobierno de Navarra, 31002 Pamplona, Spain
| | - D Navarro
- Negociado de Epizootiología-Servicio de Ganadería. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente. Gobierno de Navarra, 31002 Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- Grupo SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC. CSIC-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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2
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Boklund A, Dhollander S, Chesnoiu Vasile T, Abrahantes JC, Bøtner A, Gogin A, Gonzalez Villeta LC, Gortázar C, More SJ, Papanikolaou A, Roberts H, Stegeman A, Ståhl K, Thulke HH, Viltrop A, Van der Stede Y, Mortensen S. Risk factors for African swine fever incursion in Romanian domestic farms during 2019. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10215. [PMID: 32576841 PMCID: PMC7311386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) entered Georgia in 2007 and the EU in 2014. In the EU, the virus primarily spread in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the period from 2014-2018. However, from the summer 2018, numerous domestic pig farms in Romania were affected by ASF. In contrast to the existing knowledge on ASF transmission routes, the understanding of risk factors and the importance of different transmission routes is still limited. In the period from May to September 2019, 655 Romanian pig farms were included in a matched case-control study investigating possible risk factors for ASF incursion in commercial and backyard pig farms. The results showed that close proximity to outbreaks in domestic farms was a risk factor in commercial as well as backyard farms. Furthermore, in backyard farms, herd size, wild boar abundance around the farm, number of domestic outbreaks within 2 km around farms, short distance to wild boar cases and visits of professionals working on farms were statistically significant risk factors. Additionally, growing crops around the farm, which could potentially attract wild boar, and feeding forage from ASF affected areas to the pigs were risk factors for ASF incursion in backyard farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boklund
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - S Dhollander
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - T Chesnoiu Vasile
- The National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, Bucharest, Piata Free Press no. 1 Body D1, District 1, Post Code 013 701, Bucharest, Romania
| | - J C Abrahantes
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - A Bøtner
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - A Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, 601125, Volginsky, Russia
| | | | - C Gortázar
- SaBio research group at IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ronda de Toledo 12, 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - A Papanikolaou
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - H Roberts
- Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Exotic Disease Control team, Area 2D, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, England
| | - A Stegeman
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H H Thulke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Ecological Modelling, PG EcoEpi, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Viltrop
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Y Van der Stede
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - S Mortensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Stationsparken 31-33, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
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Abstract
We combine model results with field data for a system of wolves (Canis lupus) that prey on wild boar (Sus scrofa), a wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis, to examine how predation may contribute to disease control in multi-host systems. Results show that predation can lead to a marked reduction in the prevalence of infection without leading to a reduction in host population density since mortality due to predation can be compensated by a reduction in disease induced mortality. A key finding therefore is that a population that harbours a virulent infection can be regulated at a similar density by disease at high prevalence or by predation at low prevalence. Predators may therefore provide a key ecosystem service which should be recognised when considering human-carnivore conflicts and the conservation and re-establishment of carnivore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tanner
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - A White
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - P Acevedo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, Gijón, Spain
- Animal Health Department, University of León, León, Spain
| | - J Marcos
- Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Moreno I, Roy A, Risalde MA, Balseiro A, de Juan L, Romero B, Bezos J, Puentes E, Åkerstedt J, Tessema GT, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Domínguez M. Specificity of serological test for detection of tuberculosis in cattle, goats, sheep and pigs under different epidemiological situations. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:70. [PMID: 30823881 PMCID: PMC6397464 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum antibody detection has potential as a complementary diagnostic tool in animal tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly in multi-host systems. The objective of the present study was to assess the specificity (Sp) of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the new multiprotein complex P22 for the detection of specific antibodies against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in the four most relevant domestic animals acting as MTC hosts: cattle, goat, sheep and pig. We used sera from an officially TB-free (OTF) country, Norway, and from a non-OTF one, Spain. The samples included sera from goats that had been vaccinated against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and sheep from a herd in which Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis had been isolated. RESULTS In cattle, the Sp ranged from 92.5 (IC95% 90.7-94) to 99.4% (IC95% 98.3-99.8) depending on the cut-off used and the origin of the samples (Spain or Norway). Sp in cattle (cut-off point 100) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for Norwegian samples. By contrast, Sp in goats was consistently low at the 100 cut-off [30.9 (CI95%23.4-39.5)-78% (CI95% 68.9-85)]. A higher cut-off of 150 improved Sp in Norwegian goats [97% (CI95% 91.6-99)], but still yielded a poor Sp of 56.1% (CI95% 47.3-64.6) in Spanish goats. In Norway at the 100 cut-off the Sp was 58.3 (CI95% 42.2-72.9) and 90.6% (CI95% 81-95.6) in MAP vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, respectively, indicating interference due to MAP vaccination. Sp in sheep was between 94.4 (CI95% 91.7-96.3) and 100% (CI95% 96.3-100) depending on the cut-off and country, and no diagnostic interference due to infection with C. pseudotuberculosis was recorded. Sp in pigs was 100%, regardless the cut-off point applied, and no significant differences were observed between pigs from Norway and from Spain. CONCLUSIONS Due to its excellent Sp in pigs and acceptable Sp in cattle and sheep, this ELISA may constitute a suitable option for TB screening at herd level, particularly in OTF-countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Roy
- CZ Veterinaria S.A., Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - M. A. Risalde
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceia3), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A. Balseiro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Deva-Gijón, Asturias Spain
| | - L. de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Puentes
- CZ Veterinaria S.A., Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J. Åkerstedt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, Oslo Norway
| | - G. T. Tessema
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Sentrum, Oslo Norway
| | - C. Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L. Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Cano-Terriza D, Risalde MA, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Vicente J, Isla J, Paniagua J, Moreno I, Gortázar C, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, García-Bocanegra I. Management of hunting waste as control measure for tuberculosis in wild ungulates in south-central Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018. [PMID: 29536638 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, habitat change and the intensive management of wild ungulates for hunting have led to an increase in their populations in south-central Spain. This implies a higher generation of hunting waste, which can favour the transmission of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the proper disposal of hunting waste as TB control measure in wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) during the 2008/2009 to 2016/2017 hunting seasons. Blood samples from 664 wild boar and 934 red deer were obtained in 14 game estates in two provinces in Andalusia (Area 1), where the disposal of hunting waste was implemented since the 2012/2013 hunting season. Besides, six game estates in the province of Ciudad Real, in Castilla-La Mancha (Area 2), an adjacent region where this management measure was not implemented during the studied period, were used as controls, sampling 277 wild boar and 427 red deer sera. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), seroprevalence detected in wild boar from Area 1, was significantly higher before the disposal of big game hunting by-products (82.8%; 2008/2009-2012/2013) compared to the second period (61.8%; 2013/2014-2016/2017) (p < .001), after this control measure became established. By contrast, no significant differences between periods were found in wild boar (41.3% versus 44.8%; p = .33) and red deer (14.9% versus 11.6%; p = .19) from Area 2 as well as in red deer (10.8% versus 10.5%; p = .48) from Area 1. The proper disposal of hunting waste contributed to achieve a 25% reduction in MTC seroprevalence in wild boar. These results are of particular relevance regarding wild boar in the current context of re-emerging and emerging diseases such as TB and African Swine Fever in Europe. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of this measure on the health status of livestock and other wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cano-Terriza
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Risalde
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio - Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Isla
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Paniagua
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Moreno
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio - Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J A Infantes-Lorenzo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I García-Bocanegra
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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Gortázar C, Fernández-Calle L, Collazos-Martínez J, Mínguez-González O, Acevedo P. Animal tuberculosis maintenance at low abundance of suitable wildlife reservoir hosts: A case study in northern Spain. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bezos J, Casal C, Álvarez J, Roy A, Romero B, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Bárcena C, Díez A, Juste R, Gortázar C, Puentes E, Aguiló N, Martín C, de Juan L, Domínguez L. Evaluation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO 2 vaccine using a natural tuberculosis infection model in goats. Vet J 2017; 223:60-67. [PMID: 28671074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines against animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for improving the control and eradication of this disease, particularly in those species not subjected to compulsory eradication programmes. In this study, the protection conferred by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 experimental vaccine was evaluated using a natural infection model in goats. Twenty-six goats were distributed in three groups: (1) 10 goats served as a control group; (2) six goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with BCG; and (3) 10 goats were subcutaneously vaccinated with SO2. Four months after vaccination, all groups were merged with goats infected with Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, and tested over a 40 week period using a tuberculin intradermal test and an interferon-γ assay for mycobacterial reactivity. The severity of lesions was determined at post-mortem examination and the bacterial load in tissues were evaluated by culture. The two vaccinated groups had significantly lower lesion and bacterial culture scores than the control group (P<0.05); at the end of the study, the SO2 vaccinated goats had the lowest lesion and culture scores. These results suggest that the SO2 vaccine provides some protection against TB infection acquired from natural exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bezos
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - A Roy
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez-Bertos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Bárcena
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díez
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (SERIDA), Carretera Oviedo, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E Puentes
- BIOFABRI SL, Porriño, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - N Aguiló
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - C Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Zaragoza, ISS Aragón, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Spain
| | - L de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Che'Amat A, Armenteros JA, González-Barrio D, Lima JF, Díez-Delgado I, Barasona JA, Romero B, Lyashchenko KP, Ortiz JA, Gortázar C. Is targeted removal a suitable means for tuberculosis control in wild boar? Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:132-135. [PMID: 27843020 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the suitability of targeted removal as a means for tuberculosis (TB) control on an intensely managed Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunting estate. The 60km2 large study area included one capture (treatment) site, one control site, and one release site. Each site was fenced. In the summers of 2012, 2013 and 2014, 929 wild boar were live-captured on the treatment site. All wild boar were micro-chipped and tested using an animal side lateral flow test immediately after capture in order to detect antibodies to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). The wild boar were released according to their TB status: Seropositive individuals onto the release site (hunted after summer), and seronegative individuals back onto the treatment site. The annual summer seroprevalence of antibodies to the MTC declined significantly in live-captured wild boar piglets from the treatment site, from 44% in 2012 to 27% in 2013 (a reduction of 39%). However, no significant further reduction was recorded in 2014, during the third capture season. Fall-winter MTC infection prevalence was calculated on the basis of the culture results obtained for hunter-harvested wild boar. No significant changes between hunting seasons were recorded on either the treatment site or the control site, and prevalence trends over time were similar on both sites. The fall-winter MTC infection prevalence on the release site increased significantly from 40% in 2011-2012 to 64% in 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 (60% increase). Recaptures indicated a persistently high infection pressure. This experiment, the first attempt to control TB in wild boar through targeted removal, failed to reduce TB prevalence when compared to the control site. However, it generated valuable knowledge on infection pressure and on the consequences of translocating TB-infected wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Che'Amat
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J A Armenteros
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D González-Barrio
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J F Lima
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Sabiotec, Camino de Moledores s.n., Campus Universitario, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - I Díez-Delgado
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Barasona
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - B Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Avenida de Puerta de Hierro, s.n. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J A Ortiz
- Medianilla Red Deer Genetics, Benalup, Cádiz, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n. 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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10
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Díez-Delgado I, Rodríguez O, Boadella M, Garrido J, Sevilla IA, Bezos J, Juste R, Domínguez L, Gortázar C. Parenteral Vaccination with Heat-Inactivated Mycobacterium Bovis
Reduces the Prevalence of Tuberculosis-Compatible Lesions in Farmed Wild Boar. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:e18-e21. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Díez-Delgado
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - O. Rodríguez
- SABIOtec Spin-Off; Edificio Polivalente UCLM; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - M. Boadella
- SABIOtec Spin-Off; Edificio Polivalente UCLM; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - J.M. Garrido
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER); Vizcaya Spain
| | - I. A. Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER); Vizcaya Spain
| | - J. Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - R. Juste
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario (NEIKER); Vizcaya Spain
| | - L. Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - C. Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
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11
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Barasona JA, Vicente J, Díez-Delgado I, Aznar J, Gortázar C, Torres MJ. Environmental Presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Aggregation Points at the Wildlife/Livestock Interface. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1148-1158. [PMID: 26865411 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) cause tuberculosis (TB). Infection is transmitted within and between livestock and wildlife populations, thus hampering TB control. Indirect transmission might be facilitated if MTC bacteria persist in the environment long enough to represent a risk of exposure to different species sharing the same habitat. We have, for the first time, addressed the relationship between environmental MTC persistence and the use of water resources in two TB endemic areas in southern Spain with the objective of identifying the presence of environmental MTC and its driving factors at ungulates' water aggregation points. Camera-trap monitoring and MTC diagnosis (using a new MTC complex-specific PCR technique) were carried out at watering sites. Overall, 55.8% of the water points tested positive for MTC in mud samples on the shore, while 8.9% of them were positive in the case of water samples. A higher percentage of MTC-positive samples was found at those waterholes where cachectic animals were identified using camera-trap monitoring, and at the smallest waterholes. Our results help to understand the role of indirect routes of cross-species TB transmission and highlight the importance of certain environmental features in maintaining infection in multihost systems. This will help to better target actions and implement control strategies for TB at the wildlife/livestock interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barasona
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - I Díez-Delgado
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Aznar
- Departament of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Torres
- Departament of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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12
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Barasona JA, Torres MJ, Aznar J, Gortázar C, Vicente J. DNA Detection Reveals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Shedding Routes in Its Wildlife Reservoir the Eurasian Wild Boar. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:906-915. [PMID: 26663251 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the intensity and frequency of pathogen shedding by hosts determine the probability of infection through direct and indirect contact, the shedding characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in the key host reservoir in Iberia, the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), is crucial. We aimed (i) to describe the natural shedding routes of MTC in free-ranging wild boar by a new semi-automated PCR method and (ii) to determine the association of MTC shedding pattern with tuberculosis (TB) progression and individual factors. MTC shedding (by any of the possible routes) was detected in a total of 30.8% (±7.5) out of the sampled individuals with valid or interpretable test results (n = 39). The proportion of TB-positive shedders according to the route was 13.6% (±7.5) for oral swabs, 4.5% (±4.5) for nasal swabs, 4.5% (±4.4) for faecal swabs and 13.6% (±7.5) for individuals being positive to all swabs concomitantly. The probability of shedding mycobacteria (by any route) statistically associated with TB generalization, and the TB score was significantly higher in individuals testing positive to at least one route compared to negatives. Overall, a diversity of shedding routes in wild boar is possible, and it is remarkable that for the first time, the faecal shedding is confirmed for naturally infected wild boar. Our results are consistent with the role wild boar plays for TB maintenance in host communities and environments in Iberia and confirm that it is an important source of mycobacteria infection by different routes. Finally, we evidenced the use of a new PCR technique to detect MTC DNA in excretions can be practical and defined the target routes for sampling wild boar shedding in future studies, such as interventions to control TB in wild boar that can be measured in terms of impact on mycobacteria excretion and transmission (i.e. vaccination).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barasona
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - J Aznar
- Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Vicente
- SaBio IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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13
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Che’ Amat A, González-Barrio D, Ortiz J, Díez-Delgado I, Boadella M, Barasona J, Bezos J, Romero B, Armenteros J, Lyashchenko K, Venteo A, Rueda P, Gortázar C. Testing Eurasian wild boar piglets for serum antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Oleaga A, Vicente J, Ferroglio E, Pegoraro de Macedo M, Casais R, del Cerro A, Espí A, García E, Gortázar C. Concomitance and interactions of pathogens in the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus). Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Gavier-Widén D, Ståhl K, Neimanis AS, Segerstad CHA, Gortázar C, Rossi S, Kuiken T. African swine fever in wild boar in Europe: a notable challenge. Vet Rec 2015; 176:199-200. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.h699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gavier-Widén
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-75189 Uppsala Sweden
| | - K. Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-75189 Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. S. Neimanis
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-75189 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - C. Gortázar
- SaBio IREC; National Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - S. Rossi
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Micropolis F-05000 Gap France
| | - T. Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus MC Rotterdam 3015 CN The Netherlands
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16
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Muñoz-Mendoza M, Romero B, del Cerro A, Gortázar C, García-Marín JF, Menéndez S, Mourelo J, de Juan L, Sáez JL, Delahay RJ, Balseiro A. Sheep as a Potential Source of Bovine TB: Epidemiology, Pathology and Evaluation of Diagnostic Techniques. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:635-646. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Muñoz-Mendoza
- Subdirección de Ganadería; Consellería do Medio Rural; Xunta de Galicia; Edificio Administrativo San Caetano; Santiago de Compostela A Coruña Spain
| | - B. Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET) y Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Facultad de Veterinaria); Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - A. del Cerro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal; SERIDA; Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario; Gijón Spain
| | - C. Gortázar
- SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | | | - S. Menéndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular del Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producción Animal de Galicia; Xunta de Galicia; Lugo Spain
| | - J. Mourelo
- Subdirección de Ganadería; Consellería do Medio Rural; Xunta de Galicia; Edificio Administrativo San Caetano; Santiago de Compostela A Coruña Spain
| | - L. de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET) y Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Facultad de Veterinaria); Universidad Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - J. L. Sáez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad; Dirección General de Sanidad de la Producción Agraria; Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente; Madrid Spain
| | - R. J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA); Gloucestershire UK
| | - A. Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal; SERIDA; Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario; Gijón Spain
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17
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Martínez-López B, Barasona J, Gortázar C, Rodríguez-Prieto V, Sánchez-Vizcaíno J, Vicente J. Farm-level risk factors for the occurrence, new infection or persistence of tuberculosis in cattle herds from South-Central Spain. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:268-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Cowie CE, Marreos N, Gortázar C, Jaroso R, White PCL, Balseiro A. Shared risk factors for multiple livestock diseases: a case study of bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:491-7. [PMID: 25267287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock diseases can result in reduced farm productivity. The bacterial diseases tuberculosis (TB) and brucellosis may share some transmission characteristics which, if managed in common, would result in more cost-effective management. Here, we identify risk factors shared between these diseases using a case-control approach and information theoretic modelling. One-hundred cattle farmers in Atlantic Spain were interviewed about farm characteristics and management practices. The risk factor shared between both diseases was intra- and inter-herd contact between cattle. Disease-specific risk factors were the presence of wildlife for TB, and cattle movement between farms for brucellosis. An integrated approach to disease management needs to consider cattle movement and farm biosecurity, reinforced by an education campaign to increase farmer awareness. This would be likely to bring benefits in reducing both diseases and improve the efficiency of any interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Cowie
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - N Marreos
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R Jaroso
- SaBio-IREC Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A Balseiro
- SERIDA, Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco, 1225, La Olla, Deva, Gijón, Asturias 33394, Spain
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19
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González-Barrio D, Almería S, Caro MR, Salinas J, Ortiz JA, Gortázar C, Ruiz-Fons F. Coxiella burnetiiShedding by Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:572-4. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. González-Barrio
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group; Spanish National Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - S. Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Facultat de Medicina Veterinaria; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA); UAB-IRTA; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. R. Caro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J. Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | | | - C. Gortázar
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group; Spanish National Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - F. Ruiz-Fons
- Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group; Spanish National Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
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20
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López-Olvera JR, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Serrano E, Vidal D, Vicente J, Fierro Y, Gortázar C. Sex-related differences in body condition and serum biochemical parameters in red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet J 2013; 198:702-6. [PMID: 24262346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium bovis infection is commonly reported in red deer (Cervus elaphus), potential differences in the effects of infection on male and female animals in terms of body condition and clinical biochemistry have not been reported. Between November 2000 and January 2006, serum and biometrical data were collected post-mortem from 88 red deer. M. bovis-infected deer, particularly males, were typically older, heavier and in poorer body condition than uninfected animals. Serum triglyceride, cholesterol (both particularly in males) and total protein concentrations were lower, whereas serum creatinine (more evident in females), and immunoglobulin G and M concentrations were higher in the infected deer. These sex-related differences in the response to M. bovis infection in red deer should be considered when undertaking epidemiological assessments and designing disease control strategies as they may reflect differing roles of male and female animals as potential reservoirs or disseminators of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R López-Olvera
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Facultat de Veterinària (edifici V), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) were recently deemed responsible for an outbreak of human leishmaniasis affecting metropolitan Madrid, Spain. However, the reservoir potential of hares in Europe is poorly known. We report a retrospective survey on Leishmania infantum, the causal agent of zoonotic endemic leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, infection status of Iberian, European (Le. europaeus) and Broom (Le. castroviejoi) hares in Spain. Spleen samples from 94 hares were tested by polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays were performed on positive samples and RFLP patterns compared with those of strains reported in the scientific literature. DNA prevalence in hare spleen samples was 43.6% (95% confidence interval: 33.6-53.6). In all six regions studied at least one positive sample was found. RFLP revealed existence of specific hare strains of L. infantum differing from those reported in wild carnivores in Spain. The widespread presence of L. infantum in the most abundant Spanish hare species and the recent evidence of the ability of naturally infected hares to transmit the pathogen to Phlebotomus perniciosus, its main vector in the western Mediterranean, suggest that hares may have an unexpected role in the epidemiology of L. infantum in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Animal Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E Ferroglio
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Animal Health and Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Surveillance of wildlife health in Europe remains informal and reporting wildlife diseases is not yet coordinated among countries. At a meeting in Brussels on 15 October 2009, delegates from 25 countries provided an overview of the current status of wildlife health surveillance in Europe. This showed that every year in Europe over 18,000 wild animals are examined as part of general surveillance programmes and over 50,000 wild animals are examined in the course of targeted surveillance. The participants at the Brussels meeting agreed to set up a European network for wildlife health surveillance. The goals of this network, which was established in February 2010, are to improve procedures for the rapid exchange of information, harmonise procedures for investigation and diagnosis of wildlife diseases, share relevant expertise, and provide training opportunities for wildlife health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Boadella M, Vicente J, Ruiz-Fons F, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. Effects of culling Eurasian wild boar on the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis and Aujeszky's disease virus. Prev Vet Med 2012; 107:214-21. [PMID: 22743215 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, failure to eradicate a disease in livestock has sometimes been related to wildlife reservoirs of infection. We describe the effects of Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) abundance reduction through increased culling on the prevalence of two chronic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB) and Aujeszky's disease (AD), in a region of South-central Spain (SCS). The two infections studied responded differently to an approximately 50% reduction of wild boar abundance. Wild boar TB prevalence remained stable in control sites, whereas it decreased by 21-48% in treatment sites. In one treatment site, the annual wild boar abundance was positively correlated with the annual percentage of skin test reactor cattle. In another treatment site, red deer (Cervus elaphus) M. bovis infection prevalence decreased after culling wild boar. No significant effect of wild boar culling on wild boar ADV seroprevalence was found. The reduction in wild boar TB was achieved despite no alternative M. bovis host being included in the culling strategy. We advocate that culling could become a part of integrated control strategies including habitat and game management changes and vaccination, contributing to increase their success likelihood, or reducing the total expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boadella
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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24
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Queiros J, Alvarez J, Carta T, Mateos A, Ortiz J, Fernández-de-Mera I, Martín-Hernando M, Gortázar C. Unexpected high responses to tuberculin skin-test in farmed red deer: Implications for tuberculosis control. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:327-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Landi V, Negro J, Vega-Pla J, Gortázar C, García-Aznar Navajas J, Delgado Bermejo J, Martínez Martínez A. Caracterización genética del jabalí de la estación biológica de Doñana. Arch zootec 2011. [DOI: 10.4321/s0004-05922011000300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
AIM To establish the optimal dose of the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and the optimal time for measuring increased skin-fold thickness in red deer following intradermal injection, as an indicator of cell-mediated immune response. METHODS Three doses (10, 50 and 250 microg) of PHA were injected intradermally in the right side of the neck, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected at a fourth site as a control, in 20 captive Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) hinds. Skin-fold thicknesses were measured at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h following injection. RESULTS The highest dose of PHA tested (250 microg) resulted in a clear and long-lasting cellular response; increases in skin-fold thickness between 48 and 84 h post-injection varied minimally and response correlated positively with liveweight. No correlations with liveweight and no clear increases in skin-fold thickness occurred at the lower doses of PHA or the PBS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This technique could be applied with minimal training and without specialised equipment in deer, for immunological and ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Fernández-de-Mera
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain E13071
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28
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Martín-Hernando M, López-Olvera J, Falconi C, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez M, Gortázar C. Detection of Bluetongue Virus-1 and BTV-8 RNA in Experimentally Infected Red Deer. J Comp Pathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Abstract
1. Haematological and plasma biochemical parameters of 66 captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) of both sexes were analysed in order to determine reference values, taking sex and age into account. 2. There were no statistically significant differences in haematocrit, plasma glucose content or creatine kinase activity either with age or between sexes. 3. Plasma cholesterol concentrations showed differences between sexes, whereas the plasma concentrations of urea, uric acid and creatinine were significantly affected by age. 4. Plasma triglyceride and total protein concentrations were affected by both sex and age. 5. A peak at 6 months old in those parameters related to protein metabolism, such as urea, uric acid and creatinine may be related to the end of the growing period and the start of ovulation after moulting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, C1-Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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30
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Sibila M, Mentaberre G, Boadella M, Huerta E, Casas-Díaz E, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Marco I, Lavín S, Segalés J. Serological, pathological and polymerase chain reaction studies on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in the wild boar. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:214-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Jaroso R, Vicente J, Martín-Hernando MP, Aranaz A, Lyashchenko K, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Gortázar C. Ante-mortem testing wild fallow deer for bovine tuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:285-9. [PMID: 20605378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to maximize the sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis detection in living wild fallow deer (Dama dama) under field conditions. We evaluated the rapid test (RT; CervidTB STAT-PAK Assay, Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., USA) in comparison with the comparative cervical skin test (CCT). A total of 134 fallow deer were captured between January and March 2008. At time 0, 0.1 ml of avian purified protein derivative (avian PPD; Cooper-Zeltia, Spain), 0.1 ml bovine PPD (Cooper-Zeltia, Spain), 0.1 ml negative control PBS and 0.1 ml of a positive control (the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin, PHA; containing 250 mg PHA, diluted in PBS) were injected intradermally at four shaved sites in the neck. The skin fold thickness at each injection site was measured at time 0 and 72 h (3 repeats each time). Animals with a skin test response of 2mm or more at the bovine PPD injection site and animals with any visible reactivity in the RT were necropsied and tissues submitted for culture and for histopathology. A total of 36 fallow deer were considered reactors to bovine PPD or to the RT (apparent prevalence 27%). Regarding both bovine PPD reactivity and the skin fold increase at the PHA injection site, we found significant effects of age and sex by age interaction. Adult males had the largest responses. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from lymphoid tissues of 21 fallow deer. Skin test sensitivity, as compared to M. bovis culture confirmed deer, was 80.1% (17/21). But, the CCT alone would have missed 4 of 21 culture confirmed animals. RT sensitivity, based on culture confirmed deer, was also 80.1% (17/21). Similarly, the RT alone would have missed another 4 of 21 culture confirmed deer. However, combining the CCT and the RT allowed for detecting all 21 culture positive fallow deer. We conclude that the combined application of the RT and the skin testing can maximize the sensitivity of bTB detection in living fallow deer, thus facilitating control programs for wildlife disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jaroso
- IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Martín-Hernando M, Torres M, Aznar J, Negro J, Gandía A, Gortázar C. Distribution of Lesions in Red and Fallow Deer Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ballesteros C, Garrido JM, Vicente J, Romero B, Galindo RC, Minguijón E, Villar M, Martín-Hernando MP, Sevilla I, Juste R, Aranaz A, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. First data on Eurasian wild boar response to oral immunization with BCG and challenge with a Mycobacterium bovis field strain. Vaccine 2009; 27:6662-8. [PMID: 19747578 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is considered a reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in south-central Spain. The vaccination of wildlife with BCG offers an alternative to culling and to movement restriction for the control of bTB among wildlife reservoirs. In this study, we hypothesized that oral BCG immunization of wild boar would affect the expression of immunoregulatory genes and confer protection against M. bovis. Three groups were used to describe the infection, pathological findings and gene expression profiles in wild boar: BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-challenged (vaccinated challenged group; N=6), non-vaccinated and M. bovis-challenged (non-vaccinated challenged group; N=4), and non-vaccinated and mock-infected (control group; N=2) animals. M. bovis was isolated from 50% (3/6) and 75% (3/4) of vaccinated challenged and non-vaccinated challenged animals, respectively. All four wild boar from the non-vaccinated challenged group developed bTB-compatible lesions 114 days after challenge. In contrast, only 50% of vaccinated challenged wild boar developed lesions. The PBMC mRNA levels of IL4, RANTES, C3, IFN-gamma and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) were analyzed at several days post-vaccination (dpi). When vaccinated challenged animals were compared to controls, all five genes were significantly upregulated at the time of M. bovis infection at 186dpi but IFN-gamma levels were also upregulated at 11 and 46dpi. The C3 and MUT mRNA levels were higher at 46dpi, and 11 and 186dpi, respectively, in vaccinated protected wild boar when compared to non-vaccinated challenged animals. At the end of the experiment (300dpi), the mRNA levels of selected genes were lower in non-vaccinated challenged animals when compared to control wild boar. Exposing wild boar to a dose of 10(4)cfu of M. bovis by the oropharyngeal route is an adequate protocol to produce an infection model in this species. Our results suggested that oral BCG immunization of wild boar results in the upregulation of immunoregulatory genes that may be associated with protective response to M. bovis infection in this species. More studies on vaccine efficacy, delivery, and safety will be needed to confirm if oral vaccination with BCG could be used in bTB control programs for reducing M. bovis infection and clinical disease in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ballesteros
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, Ronda de Toledo s.n., 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Gavier-Widén D, Cooke MM, Gallagher J, Chambers MA, Gortázar C. A review of infection of wildlife hosts with Mycobacterium bovis and the diagnostic difficulties of the 'no visible lesion' presentation. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:122-31. [PMID: 19521460 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathology, frequency and diagnostic implications of 'no visible lesion' (NVL) tuberculosis (Tb), i.e. infection with Mycobacterium bovis in the absence of macroscopic lesions, are described in a wide taxonomic range of wildlife hosts. Information collected and evaluated on the definition and occurrence of NVL Tb, histopathological characteristics, post-mortem techniques to detect minimal lesions, and diagnostic difficulties revealed most Tb-infected individuals with NVL had minute tuberculous lesions, which were difficult to see by eye. Acid-fast organisms (AFO) were sometimes detected in the lesions. Ideally, mycobacterial culture of pools of lymph nodes and/or oropharyngeal tonsils is necessary for the accurate diagnosis of Tb in the absence of macroscopic lesions. At a very minimum, the diagnostic methods applied for studying the prevalence of Tb in the population should be clearly described, to allow comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gavier-Widén
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Balseiro A, Oleaga À, Orusa R, Robetto S, Domenis L, Zoppi S, Dondo A, Goria M, Gortázar C, García Marín JF. Tuberculosis in roe deer from Spain and Italy. Vet Rec 2009; 164:468-70. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.15.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA); Labarotorio de Sanidad Animal; 33299 Jove Gijón Asturias Spain
| | - À. Oleaga
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA); Labarotorio de Sanidad Animal; 33299 Jove Gijón Asturias Spain
| | - R. Orusa
- Area Territoriale di Aosta/Cermas (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici)
| | - S. Robetto
- Area Territoriale di Aosta/Cermas (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici)
| | - L. Domenis
- Area Territoriale di Aosta/Cermas (Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici)
| | - S. Zoppi
- Area Tecnica Diagnostica Generale Sanità Animale Patologia Animale
| | - A. Dondo
- Area Tecnica Diagnostica Generale Sanità Animale Patologia Animale
| | - M. Goria
- Area Tecnica Biotechnologie e Produzioni; Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte; Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZS PLV); Via Bologna 148 10195 Torino Italy
| | - C. Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Castilla La Mancha-Gobierno de Castilla La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo, s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - J. F. García Marín
- Departamento de Patalogía Animal: Medicina Animal (Anatomía Patológica); Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de León; Campus de Vegazana, s/n 24071 León Spain
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Fernández-de-Mera IG, Vicente J, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Mangold AJ, Naranjo V, Fierro Y, de la Fuente J, Gortázar C. Reduced major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphism in a hunter-managed isolated Iberian red deer population. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Salinas J, Caro MR, Vicente J, Cuello F, Reyes-Garcia AR, Buendía AJ, Rodolakis A, Gortázar C. High prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydophila abortus in wild ungulates using two "in house" blocking-ELISA tests. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:46-53. [PMID: 19010612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the prevalence and relevance of chlamydiae in wild mammals, and even fewer studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of Chlamydophila abortus in wildlife hosts, most probably due to the absence of suitable species-specific serological assays for testing sera from wild animals. In light of this, we have developed two in-house blocking-ELISA tests for detection of antibodies against Chlamydiaceae and C. abortus in wild ungulates, and analyzed the relationship between geographical and biological factors and the prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydiaceae and C. abortus in 434 wild ungulates from Spain, including sera from European wild boar, Red deer, Fallow deer, Roe deer, Mouflon, Barbary sheep, Southern chamois, and Iberian ibex. Serology revealed that 41.7+/-4% of the sera were positive for the b-ELISA-LPS (Chlamydiaceae-specific) and 18.9+/-3% for the b-ELISA-rPOMP (C. abortus-specific). Antibodies against Chlamydiaceae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected in sera from all eight ungulate species, the prevalence ranging from 23 to 60%. Iberian ibex was the only wild ungulate not showing seropositivity to the C. abortus specific polymorphic outer membrane protein (POMP). The prevalence of anti-POMP antibodies in the other seven wild ungulate species ranged from 7 to 40%. While significant seroprevalence differences were detected among species and among sampling regions, no effect of age and sex was observed. The high prevalence levels found should be considered with regards to livestock and human health, and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Acevedo P, Ruiz-Fons F, Vicente J, Reyes-García AR, Alzaga V, Gortázar C. Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats. J Zool (1987) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sobrino R, Martín-Hernando MP, Vicente J, Aurtenetxe O, Garrido JM, Gortázar C. Bovine tuberculosis in a badger (Meles meles
) in Spain. Vet Rec 2008; 163:159-60. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.5.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sobrino
- Instituto de Investigacíon en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - M. P. Martín-Hernando
- Instituto de Investigacíon en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - J. Vicente
- Instituto de Investigacíon en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - O. Aurtenetxe
- NEIKER Instituto Vasco de I+D Agraria; Berreaga 1 48160 Derio Spain
| | - J. M. Garrido
- NEIKER Instituto Vasco de I+D Agraria; Berreaga 1 48160 Derio Spain
| | - C. Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigacíon en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
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Sobrino R, Ferroglio E, Oleaga A, Romano A, Millan J, Revilla M, Arnal M, Trisciuoglio A, Gortázar C. Characterization of widespread canine leishmaniasis among wild carnivores from Spain. Vet Parasitol 2008; 155:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobrino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos , Ronda de Toledo, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Oleaga A, Casais R, González-Quirós P, Prieto M, Gortázar C. Sarcoptic mange in red deer from Spain: Improved surveillance or disease emergence? Vet Parasitol 2008; 154:103-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ruiz-Fons F, Rodríguez O, Mateu E, Vidal D, Gortázar C. Antibody response of wild boar (Sus scrofa
) piglets vaccinated against Aujeszky's disease virus. Vet Rec 2008; 162:484-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.15.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Cuidad Real Spain
| | - O. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Cuidad Real Spain
| | - E. Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomíta Animals; UAB; 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - D. Vidal
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Cuidad Real Spain
| | - C. Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n 13071 Cuidad Real Spain
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Sobrino R, Arnal MC, Luco DF, Gortázar C. Prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from Spain. Vet Microbiol 2008; 126:251-6. [PMID: 17646060 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases can influence the population dynamics of wild carnivores and can have effects on carnivore conservation. Hence, a serologic survey was conducted in an opportunistic sample of 137 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 wolves (Canis lupus) in Spain for 1997-2007 to detect antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV) and against canine parvovirus (CPV) by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against CDV were detected in 18.7% of the analyzed animals and antibodies against CPV in 17.2%. There was no difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between both species, even in the same region (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CPV between foxes (5.1%) and wolves (62.2%) (P<0.05). In fox populations there was a significant difference in antibody prevalence to CDV between geographic areas (Aragón 26.4%, La Mancha 7.8%, P<0.05). In wolf populations there was significantly higher antibody prevalence against CPV (P<0.05) in Castilla y León (100%) than in the Cantabric region (53.3%). There was no significant sex or age-related difference in the antibody prevalence against CDV or CPV in foxes. These results indicate that contact with CDV is widespread among wild canid populations in Spain and that CPV is endemic in the Iberian wolf population. The implications of these results are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobrino
- IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s.n., 50013 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Sobrino R, Cabezón O, Millán J, Pabón M, Arnal MC, Luco DF, Gortázar C, Dubey JP, Almeria S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain. Vet Parasitol 2007; 148:187-92. [PMID: 17689869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples from 282 wild carnivores from different regions of Spain were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test using a cut-off value of 1:25. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 22 of 27 (81.5%) of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), 3 of 6 European wildcats (Felis silvestris), 66 of 102 (64.7%) red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 15 of 32 (46.9%) wolves (Canis lupus), 26 of 37 (70.3%) Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), 17 of 20 (85.0%) stone martens (Martes foina), 4 of 4 pine martens (Martes martes), 6 of 6 Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), 4 of 4 polecats (Mustela putorius), 1 of 1 ferret (Mustela putorius furo), 13 of 21 (61.9%) European genets (Genetta genetta), and 13 of 22 (59.1%) Egyptian mongooses (Herpestes ichneumon). Serological results indicated a widespread exposure to T. gondii among wild carnivores in Spain. The high T. gondii seroprevalence in Iberian lynx and the European wildcat reported here may be of epidemiologic significance because seropositive cats might have shed oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobrino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Villanúa D, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez O, Viñuela J, Gortázar C. How effective is pre-release nematode control in farm-reared red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa? J Helminthol 2007; 81:101-3. [PMID: 17381875 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x07251211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGame bird farming is associated with high parasite levels that reduce farm productivity, reduce survival after releasing, and may pose a health risk for natural populations. The efficacy of albendazole (orally, 20 mg kg− 1) was evaluated in farmed red-legged partridges naturally infected with the nematodes Aonchotheca caudinflata and Heterakis gallinarum. In treated birds body condition improved, nematode egg deposition was reduced and the proportion of gravid A. caudinflata females was reduced, but not the overall worm burdens. Albendazole was found to be 36.8% and 17.1% effective against A. caudinflata and H. gallinarum, respectively. These results indicate that the anthelmintic treatment used normally in Spanish partridge farms is not effective enough to avoid the introduction of parasites into the field after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Villanúa
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Villanúa D, Acevedo P, Höfle U, Rodríguez O, Gortázar C. Changes in parasite transmission stage excretion after pheasant release. J Helminthol 2006; 80:313-8. [PMID: 16923277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The production of parasite transmission stages was investigated in the faeces of 77 farm-bred ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). Coccidian oocysts (Eimeria sp.), and nematode eggs (Heterakis sp., and Capillaria-like eggs) were recovered before and after release but all birds were treated prior to release. Treatment with fenbendazole significantly reduced the abundance of transmission-stage excretion for all parasites, and reduced the prevalence in the case of Eimeria sp. and Heterakis sp. Nonetheless, a significant increase in the excretion abundance for all parasites and in the prevalence of Eimeria sp. and Heterakis sp. was found after release. Eggs of Ascaridia sp. were found only after releasing, suggesting infection ocurred in the wild. A negative relationship was found between the pheasant body condition and Heterakis excretion abundance and a higher abundance of Capillaria sp. eggs in female birds. No significant relationship was found between parasite excretion abundance and pheasant survival. Despite this, results suggest that an increase in the excretion of parasite transmission stages follows the release of captive pheasants into the wild. This can in part explain restocking failures, but also means that autochtonous free-living birds may become exposed to new and potentially harmful pathogens. To avoid these risks it is proposed that improved prophylactic measures should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Villanúa
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Sobrino R, Gonzalez LM, Vicente J, Fernández de Luco D, Garate T, Gortázar C. Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Taeniidae) in the Iberian wolf. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:753-6. [PMID: 16752157 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal contents of 27 Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus) from Spain were screened for the presence of the taenid cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Four animals were found positive (15% prevalence). The intensity of parasitation was variable (mean 71, range 1-147 E. granulosus per host). Gravid individuals were found in all wolves positive with the parasite. Molecular characterization of the parasite material showed that the wolf strain belongs to the G1 genotype. According to the results, we conclude that the Iberian wolf takes part in the maintenance of the life cycle of this zoonotic parasite in Spain and that this fact could have public health relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobrino
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo sn, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Villanúa D, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Gortázar C, Höfle U, Viñuela J. Avoiding bias in parasite excretion estimates: the effect of sampling time and type of faeces. Parasitology 2006; 133:251-9. [PMID: 16707034 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200600031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study of host-parasite relationships usually requires reliable estimates of parasite intensity, which is often estimated from parasite propagule concentration in faeces. However, parasite excretion in faeces may be subject to variation due to endogenous or exogenous factors that must be identified to obtain reliable results. We analysed the effect of the hour of sample collection on propagule counts of 2 intestinal parasites infecting the red-legged partridge: the capillarid nematode Aonchoteca caudinflata and coccidia of the genus Eimeria (Protozoa). Also, we test whether there are differences in propagule counts between caecal and intestinal faeces. Individual faecal samples from infected birds were collected daily at 4 different hours during several days. The hour of the day exerted a very strong effect on propagule counts, excretion of both types of parasites showing a clear and constant increase from dawn to dusk. Also, capillarid eggs were more abundant in intestinal than in caecal faeces, whereas the inverse pattern was found for coccidian oocysts. Standardization of the hour of sample collection or statistical control of this variable is recommendable to prevent bias. Similarly, in bird species with long caeca, consistent collection of one type of faeces may avoid significant errors in parasite burden estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Villanúa
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM) Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Segalés J, Vicente J, Luján L, Toussaint MJM, Gruys E, Gortázar C. Systemic AA-amyloidosis in a European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Suffering from Generalized Tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:135-7. [PMID: 15836445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Summary An adult female wild boar (Sus scrofa) was found moribund in Cabaneros National Park (central Spain). The animal had a markedly emaciated carcass, with body weight of 25.9 kg. At necropsy, most of the parenchymatous organs had widespread variably sized granulomas. Generalized tuberculosis was confirmed by PCR detection of Mycobacterium bovis in the mandibular lymph node. Large amounts of a hyaline, pale eosinophilic material were observed in liver, kidney and intestine. Congo red staining and green birefringence identified amyloid, which was further classified as AA type based on immunohistochemical results. It is speculated that the abundant serum amyloid A derivatives deposited in the tissues as AA-amyloid may be associated with the generalized tuberculosis. This is the first report of amyloidosis in the European wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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