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Sitati A, Joe E, Pentz B, Grayson C, Jaime C, Gilmore E, Galappaththi E, Hudson A, Alverio GN, Mach KJ, van Aalst M, Simpson N, Schwerdtle PN, Templeman S, Zommers Z, Ajibade I, Chalkasra LSS, Umunay P, Togola I, Khouzam A, Scarpa G, de Perez EC. Climate change adaptation in conflict-affected countries: A systematic assessment of evidence. Discov Sustain 2021; 2:42. [PMID: 35425913 PMCID: PMC8475313 DOI: 10.1007/s43621-021-00052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
People affected by conflict are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks and climate change, yet little is known about climate change adaptation in fragile contexts. While climate events are one of the many contributing drivers of conflict, feedback from conflict increases vulnerability, thereby creating conditions for a vicious cycle of conflict. In this study, we carry out a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, taking from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) dataset to documenting climate change adaptation occurring in 15 conflict-affected countries and compare the findings with records of climate adaptation finance flows and climate-related disasters in each country. Academic literature is sparse for most conflict-affected countries, and available studies tend to have a narrow focus, particularly on agriculture-related adaptation in rural contexts and adaptation by low-income actors. In contrast, multilateral and bilateral funding for climate change adaptation addresses a greater diversity of adaptation needs, including water systems, humanitarian programming, and urban areas. Even among the conflict-affected countries selected, we find disparity, with several countries being the focus of substantial research and funding, and others seeing little to none. Results indicate that people in conflict-affected contexts are adapting to climate change, but there is a pressing need for diverse scholarship across various sectors that documents a broader range of adaptation types and their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sitati
- United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E. Joe
- World Resources Institute, Washington, USA
| | - B. Pentz
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Canada
| | - C. Grayson
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Jaime
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - E. Gilmore
- Department of International Development, Community and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610 USA
| | | | - A. Hudson
- Yale Law School, Yale University, 127 Wall St, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Oxford University Centre for the Environment, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QY UK
| | - G. Nagle Alverio
- Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University, Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University, Duke University School of Law, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC 27701 USA
| | - K. J. Mach
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL USA
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - M. van Aalst
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - N. Simpson
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P. Nayna Schwerdtle
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Monash Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences. Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Z. Zommers
- United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), New York, USA
| | - I. Ajibade
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, 1721 SW Broadway, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - L. S. Safaee Chalkasra
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Simard Hall, Rm 047, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- International Development Research Centre, 150 Kent St., Ottawa, ON K1P 0B2 Canada
| | - P. Umunay
- Nature for Climate Branch, Ecosystems Division, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya
- Yale School of Environment, 360 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | | | - A. Khouzam
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - E. Coughlan de Perez
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, USA
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Dandekar SS, Ebenezer ND, Grayson C, Chapple JP, Egan CA, Holder GE, Jenkins SA, Fitzke FW, Cheetham ME, Webster AR, Hardcastle AJ. An atypical phenotype of macular and peripapillary retinal atrophy caused by a mutation in the RP2 gene. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:528-32. [PMID: 15031171 PMCID: PMC1772091 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.027979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the molecular basis and describe the phenotype of an atypical retinal dystrophy in a family presenting with bilateral, progressive central visual loss. METHODS Family members were examined. Investigations included Goldman perimetry, electrophysiology, and autofluorescence imaging. Candidate gene screening was performed using SSCP and sequence analysis. The proband's lymphoblastoid cells were examined for protein expression. RESULTS Fundal examination of the proband, his mother, and brother revealed peripapillary and macular atrophy. Autosomal dominant retinal dystrophy was suspected, but less severe disease in the mother led to screening for mutations in X linked genes. A 4 bp microdeletion in exon 3 of the RP2 gene, segregating with disease, was identified. No RP2 protein expression was detected. CONCLUSION The distinct phenotype in this family, caused by this frameshifting mutation in RP2, broadens the phenotypic spectrum of X linked retinitis pigmentosa. The absence of RP2 protein suggests that loss of protein function and not novel gain of function could account for the atypical phenotype. A definitive diagnosis of X linked retinitis pigmentosa permits appropriate genetic counselling with important implications for other family members. Clinicians should have a low threshold for screening RP2 in families with retinal dystrophy, including posterior retinal disease, not immediately suggestive of X linked inheritance.
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Grayson C, Chapple JP, Willison KR, Webster AR, Hardcastle AJ, Cheetham ME. In vitro analysis of aminoglycoside therapy for the Arg120stop nonsense mutation in RP2 patients. J Med Genet 2002; 39:62-7. [PMID: 11826029 PMCID: PMC1734968 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophy is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Recent molecular studies have suggested that protein folding and molecular chaperones might play a major role in the pathogenesis of these degenerations. Incorrect protein folding could be a common consequence of causative mutations in retinal degeneration disease genes, particularly mutations in the visual pigment rhodopsin. Furthermore, several retinal degeneration disease genes have recently been identified as putative facilitators of correct protein folding, molecular chaperones, on the basis of sequence homology. We also consider whether manipulation of chaperone levels or chaperone function might offer potential novel therapies for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Chapple
- Dept of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, UK EC1V 9EL
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Weisbord JS, Koumans EH, Toomey KE, Grayson C, Markowitz LE. Sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy: screening, diagnostic, and treatment practices among prenatal care providers in Georgia. South Med J 2001; 94:47-53. [PMID: 11213942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) during pregnancy are associated with adverse outcomes. We conducted a prenatal care provider survey to determine STD screening, diagnosis, and treatment practices. METHODS Standard questionnaires were mailed to Georgia-licensed obstetrician/ gynecologists, family practitioners, and nurse-midwives (N = 3,082) in 1998. RESULTS Of the 1,300 care providers who returned the survey, 565 (44%) provided prenatal care, 390 (57%) were male, and 396 (70%) were obstetrician/ gynecologists. Overall, 553 prenatal care providers (98%) reported screening all pregnant patients for syphilis, 551 (98%) for hepatitis B, 501 (89%) for trichomonas, 474 (84%) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 401 (71%) for gonorrhea, 403 (71%) for chlamydia, 475 (84%) for group B streptococci, and 130 (23%) for bacterial vaginosis (BV) (high risk). Less than 10% used amplification tests for chlamydia or gonorrhea. Most providers used appropriate regimens to treat STD in pregnant women. A written office policy on testing for BV or HIV was associated with increased screening. CONCLUSIONS Provider education is needed about diagnosis and treatment of STD during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Weisbord
- Epidemiology Program Office, and the Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Chapple JP, Hardcastle AJ, Grayson C, Spackman LA, Willison KR, Cheetham ME. Mutations in the N-terminus of the X-linked retinitis pigmentosa protein RP2 interfere with the normal targeting of the protein to the plasma membrane. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1919-26. [PMID: 10942419 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.13.1919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) gene, RP2, codes for a novel 350 amino acid protein of unknown function. We have identified putative sites for N-terminal acyl modification by myristoylation and palmitoylation in the RP2 protein. The RP2 protein is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues at relatively low levels (0.01% of total protein) and has a predominantly plasma membrane localization in cultured cells, as would be expected if the protein was subject to dual N-terminal acylation. Furthermore, mutagenesis of residues potentially required for N-terminal acylation prevents targeting of RP2 to the plasma membrane and the N-terminal 15 amino acids of the protein appear to be sufficient for this targeting. Our data suggest that the protein is dually acylated and that the palmitoyl moiety is responsible for targeting of the myristoylated protein from intracellular membranes to the plasma membrane. The effect of two mutations, which have been reported as causes of XLRP, R118H and DeltaS6, were investigated. The R118H mutation does not affect the normal plasma membrane localization of RP2; in contrast, the DeltaS6 mutation interferes with the targeting of the protein to the plasma membrane. Therefore, the DeltaS6 mutation may cause XLRP because it prevents normal amounts of RP2 reaching the correct cellular locale, whereas the R118H mutation is in a region of the protein that is vital for another aspect of RP2 function in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Chapple
- Department of Pathology and Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
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Grayson C, Reid SN, Ellis JA, Rutherford A, Sowden JC, Yates JR, Farber DB, Trump D. Retinoschisin, the X-linked retinoschisis protein, is a secreted photoreceptor protein, and is expressed and released by Weri-Rb1 cells. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1873-9. [PMID: 10915776 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.12.1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked retinoschisis is characterized by microcystic-like changes of the macular region and schisis within the inner retinal layers, leading to visual deterioration in males. Many missense and protein-truncating mutations of the causative gene RS1 have now been identified and are thought to be inactivating. RS1 encodes a 224 amino acid protein, retinoschisin, which contains a discoidin domain but is of unknown function. We have generated a polyclonal antibody against a peptide from a unique region within retinoschisin, which detects a protein of approximately 28 kDa in retinal samples reduced with dithiothreitol, but multimers sized >40 kDa under non-reducing conditions. A screen of human tissues with this antibody reveals retinoschisin to be retina specific and the antibody detects a protein of similar size in bovine and murine retinae. We investigated the expression pattern in the retina of both RS1 mRNA (using in situ hybridization with riboprobes) and retinoschisin (using immunohistochemistry). The antisense riboprobe detected RS1 mRNA only in the photoreceptor layer but the protein product of the gene was present both in the photoreceptors and within the inner portions of the retina. Furthermore, differentiated retinoblastoma cells (Weri-Rb1 cells) were found to express RS1 mRNA and to release retinoschisin. These results suggest that retinoschisin is released by photo-receptors and has functions within the inner retinal layers. Thus, X-linked retinoschisis is caused by abnormalities in a putative secreted photoreceptor protein and is the first example of a secreted photo-receptor protein associated with a retinal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Grayson
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Abstract
It was hypothesized that women are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than men because they are more likely to experience chronic negative circumstances (or strain), to have a low sense of mastery, and to engage in ruminative coping. The hypotheses were tested in a 2-wave study of approximately 1,100 community-based adults who were 25 to 75 years old. Chronic strain, low mastery, and rumination were each more common in women than in men and mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Rumination amplified the effects of mastery and, to some extent, chronic strain on depressive symptoms. In addition, chronic strain and rumination had reciprocal effects on each other over time, and low mastery also contributed to more rumination. Finally, depressive symptoms contributed to more rumination and less mastery over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nolen-Hoeksema
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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Abstract
It was hypothesized that women are more vulnerable to depressive symptoms than men because they are more likely to experience chronic negative circumstances (or strain), to have a low sense of mastery, and to engage in ruminative coping. The hypotheses were tested in a 2-wave study of approximately 1,100 community-based adults who were 25 to 75 years old. Chronic strain, low mastery, and rumination were each more common in women than in men and mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Rumination amplified the effects of mastery and, to some extent, chronic strain on depressive symptoms. In addition, chronic strain and rumination had reciprocal effects on each other over time, and low mastery also contributed to more rumination. Finally, depressive symptoms contributed to more rumination and less mastery over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nolen-Hoeksema
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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Reid E, Grayson C, Rubinsztein DC, Rogers MT, Rubinsztein JS. Subclinical cognitive impairment in autosomal dominant "pure" hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Med Genet 1999; 36:797-8. [PMID: 10528866 PMCID: PMC1734245 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.36.10.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Grayson C. Medicare fraud and abuse: a year in review. J Med Assoc Ga 1999; 88:28-31. [PMID: 10544557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Reid E, Grayson C, Rogers MT, Rubinsztein DC. Locus-phenotype correlations in autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. A clinical and molecular genetic study of 28 United Kingdom families. Brain 1999; 122 ( Pt 9):1741-55. [PMID: 10468513 DOI: 10.1093/brain/122.9.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the clinical phenotype of a large collection of families with autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADPHSP), to examine the relative frequency of each of the three known ADPHSP genes within this population, to assess locus-phenotype correlation in ADPHSP and to ascertain whether there are clinical subgroups within genetically defined populations of ADPHSP families. We examined 306 family members, 144 affected, from 28 families with ADPHSP. Linkage analysis at the three known ADPHSP loci allowed us to categorize the families into three groups: (i) those families showing linkage to the chromosome 2 ADPHSP locus (seven families); (ii) those in which linkage to all known loci was excluded (five families); and (iii) those in which linkage results were inconclusive. There was a correlation between linkage group and clinical features, with chromosome 2-linked families having a later age at onset of symptoms (P = 0.001) and later age before commencing walking stick use (P = 0.007) than those families in which linkage to all known ADPHSP loci was excluded. There were no clinical differences between the families showing linkage to the chromosome 2 locus, but there were clinical differences between the families in which linkage to all of the known loci had been excluded (P < 0.0001). We conclude that the chromosome 2 ADPHSP gene is a frequent cause of ADPHSP in UK families, that the responsible gene has not yet been mapped in a significant proportion of families and that certain clinical features of ADPHSP, including age at onset, are at least in part determined by genetic locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reid
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge and Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) is an X-linked condition characterised by congenital cataracts, microphthalmia and/or microcornea, unusual dental morphology, dysmorphic facial features, and developmental delay in some cases. Recent linkage studies have mapped the NHS disease gene to a 3.5-cM interval on Xp22.2 between DXS1053 and DXS443. We previously identified a human homologue of a mouse retinoic-acid-induced gene (RAI2) within the NHS critical flanking interval and have tested the gene as a candidate for Nance-Horan syndrome in nine NHS-affected families. Direct sequencing of the RAI2 gene and predicted promoter region has revealed no mutations in the families screened; RAI2 is therefore unlikely to be associated with NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Walpole
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, United Kingdom
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Shanor PL, Cook DA, Grayson C. To CON or not to CON. J Med Assoc Ga 1998; 87:14. [PMID: 9750071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jansen GR, Grayson C, Hunsaker H. Wheat gluten during pregnancy and lactation: effects on mammary gland development and pup viability. Am J Clin Nutr 1987; 46:250-7. [PMID: 3618529 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/46.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets containing 13% protein supplied by wheat gluten (WG), wheat gluten + lysine + threonine (WGLT), or casein + methionine (CM) were fed to pregnant rats from conception through day 15 of lactation. A crossover design was used with combinations of WG, WGLT, and CM during pregnancy and lactation. Out of six dams fed WG during both pregnancy and lactation and nursing a total of 48 pups on day 1 of lactation, only two pups were still alive on day 15 of lactation. In contrast, CM dams still were nursing 47 pups at this time. Differences in the weight and composition of mammary tissue were directionally similar to and consistent with pup viability. The data obtained confirm the importance of protein quality in the lactation diet and also demonstrate that deficits in mammary gland development occurring during pregnancy may not necessarily be overcome by a nutritionally adequate diet consumed during lactation.
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