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Carroll D, Watson B, Togami E, Daszak P, Mazet JA, Chrisman CJ, Rubin EM, Wolfe N, Morel CM, Gao GF, Burci GL, Fukuda K, Auewarakul P, Tomori O. Building a global atlas of zoonotic viruses. Bull World Health Organ 2018; 96:292-294. [PMID: 29695886 PMCID: PMC5872013 DOI: 10.2471/blt.17.205005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Carroll
- Pandemic Influenza and other Emerging Threats Unit, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, United States of America (USA)
| | | | - Eri Togami
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Jonna Ak Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cara J Chrisman
- Pandemic Influenza and other Emerging Threats Unit, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, United States of America (USA)
| | | | | | - Carlos M Morel
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gian Luca Burci
- International Law Department, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Keiji Fukuda
- School of Public Health, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oyewale Tomori
- Nigerian Academy of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Beylin D, Chrisman CJ, Weingarten M. Granting you success. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:567-570. [PMID: 21874663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Beylin
- National Cancer Institute Small Business Innovation Research Development Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chrisman CJ, Albuquerque P, Guimaraes AJ, Nieves E, Casadevall A. Phospholipids trigger Cryptococcus neoformans capsular enlargement during interactions with amoebae and macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002047. [PMID: 21637814 PMCID: PMC3102711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A remarkable aspect of the interaction of Cryptococcus
neoformans with mammalian hosts is a consistent increase in capsule
volume. Given that many aspects of the interaction of C.
neoformans with macrophages are also observed with amoebae, we
hypothesized that the capsule enlargement phenomenon also had a protozoan
parallel. Incubation of C. neoformans with Acanthamoeba
castellanii resulted in C. neoformans capsular
enlargement. The phenomenon required contact between fungal and protozoan cells
but did not require amoeba viability. Analysis of amoebae extracts showed that
the likely stimuli for capsule enlargement were protozoan polar lipids. Extracts
from macrophages and mammalian serum also triggered cryptococcal capsular
enlargement. C. neoformans capsule enlargement required
expression of fungal phospholipase B, but not phospholipase C. Purified
phospholipids, in particular, phosphatidylcholine, and derived molecules
triggered capsular enlargement with the subsequent formation of giant cells.
These results implicate phospholipids as a trigger for both C.
neoformans capsule enlargement in vivo and
exopolysaccharide production. The observation that the incubation of C.
neoformans with phospholipids led to the formation of giant cells
provides the means to generate these enigmatic cells in vitro.
Protozoan- or mammalian-derived polar lipids could represent a danger signal for
C. neoformans that triggers capsular enlargement as a
non-specific defense mechanism against potential predatory cells. Hence,
phospholipids are the first host-derived molecules identified to trigger
capsular enlargement. The parallels apparent in the capsular response of
C. neoformans to both amoebae and macrophages provide
additional support for the notion that certain aspects of cryptococcal virulence
emerged as a consequence of environmental interactions with other microorganisms
such as protists. A key event in C. neoformans pathogenesis is capsule enlargement
in mammalian hosts. Historically, this phenomenon was attributed to high
CO2 and iron deprivation but the magnitude of capsular
enlargement observed in vivo cannot be consistently replicated
in vitro. This paper reports that C.
neoformans responds to polar lipid extracts with massive capsule
enlargement, with some cells having dimensions comparable to the giant cells
observed in vivo. Phospholipids are identified in this paper as
the inducers of capsule enlargement. Our work is important because this is the
first host-derived molecule that has been identified as a stimulus of massive
capsule enlargement thus providing a potential mechanism for the capsular
enlargement observed in vivo. Furthermore, the fact that the
signal is common to both macrophages and amoebae suggests that the capsule
enlargement response to phospholipids is a mechanism for fungal sensing of
phagocytic cell predators. This provides another example of a correspondence
between a possible environmental signal and a mechanism of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara J. Chrisman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of
America
| | - Patricia Albuquerque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of
America
| | - Allan J. Guimaraes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of
America
| | - Edward Nieves
- Department of Developmental and Molecular
Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of
America
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of
America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frager SZ, Chrisman CJ, Shakked R, Casadevall A. Paramecium species ingest and kill the cells of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Mycol 2010; 48:775-9. [PMID: 20233022 DOI: 10.3109/13693780903451810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in the field of medical mycology is the origin of virulence in those fungal pathogens acquired directly from the environment. In recent years, it was proposed that the virulence of certain environmental animal-pathogenic microbes, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, originated from selection pressures caused by species-specific predation. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of C. neoformans with three Paramecium spp., all of which are ciliated mobile protists. In contrast to the interaction with amoebae, some Paramecium spp. rapidly ingested C. neoformans and killed the fungus. This study establishes yet another type of protist-fungal interaction supporting the notion that animal-pathogenic fungi in the environment are under constant selection by predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Z Frager
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Zaragoza O, Chrisman CJ, Castelli MV, Frases S, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodríguez-Tudela JL, Casadevall A. Capsule enlargement in Cryptococcus neoformans confers resistance to oxidative stress suggesting a mechanism for intracellular survival. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2043-57. [PMID: 18554313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen. The most distinctive feature of C. neoformans is a polysaccharide capsule that enlarges depending on environmental stimuli. The mechanism by which C. neoformans avoids killing during phagocytosis is unknown. We hypothesized that capsule growth conferred resistance to microbicidal molecules produced by the host during infection, particularly during phagocytosis. We observed that capsule enlargement conferred resistance to reactive oxygen species produced by H(2)O(2) that was not associated with a higher catalase activity, suggesting a new function for the capsule as a scavenger of reactive oxidative intermediates. Soluble capsular polysaccharide protected C. neoformans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae from killing by H(2)O(2). Acapsular mutants had higher susceptibility to free radicals. Capsular polysaccharide acted as an antioxidant in the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction coupled to beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)/phenazine methosulfate (PMS) assay. Capsule enlargement conferred resistance to antimicrobial peptides and the antifungal drug Amphotericin B. Interestingly, the capsule had no effect on susceptibility to azoles and increased susceptibility to fluconazole. Capsule enlargement reduced phagocytosis by environmental predators, although we also noticed that in this system, starvation of C. neoformans cells produced resistance to phagocytosis. Our results suggest that capsular enlargement is a mechanism that enhances C. neoformans survival when ingested by phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Zaragoza
- Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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Kolodsick JE, Toews GB, Jakubzick C, Hogaboam C, Moore TA, McKenzie A, Wilke CA, Chrisman CJ, Moore BB. Protection from fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced fibrosis in IL-13-deficient, but not IL-4-deficient, mice results from impaired collagen synthesis by fibroblasts. J Immunol 2004; 172:4068-76. [PMID: 15034018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intratracheal injection of FITC results in acute lung injury and progresses to fibrosis by day 21 postchallenge. In response to FITC, BALB/c mice produce IL-4 and IL-13 in the lung. To investigate whether IL-4 and/or IL-13 were important profibrotic mediators in this model, we examined the fibrotic response to FITC in mice that were genetically deficient in IL-4 (IL-4(-/-)), IL-13 (IL-13(-/-)), or IL-4 and IL-13 combined (IL-4/13(-/-)). Baseline levels of collagen were similar in all mice. In response to FITC, both BALB/c and IL-4(-/-) mice developed fibrosis, whereas the IL-13(-/-) and IL-4/13(-/-) mice were significantly protected, as measured by total lung collagen levels and histology. Total leukocyte recruitment to the lung was similar in all four strains of mice when measured on days 7, 14, and 21 post-FITC. BALB/c mice showed prominent eosinophilia on day 7 that was absent in IL-4(-/-), IL-13(-/-), and IL-4/13(-/-) mice, suggesting that eosinophilia is not necessary for development of a fibrotic response. There were no significant differences in the percentages of any other leukocytes analyzed between the genotypes. Similarly, protection in IL-13(-/-) mice was not associated with alterations in cytokine or eicosanoid profiles. Interestingly, TGF-beta1 production was not reduced in IL-13(-/-) mice. Analyses of fibroblasts isolated from the four genotypes demonstrated that although there were similar numbers of fibroblasts present in cultures of lung minces, fibroblasts from IL-13-deficient strains have reduced basal and stimulated levels of collagen production. IL-13Ralpha1 expression increases on fibroblasts during fibrotic responses in vivo, and IL-13 increases collagen synthesis in fibroblasts. Thus, IL-13 mediates its profibrotic actions through direct effects on fibroblast production of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Kolodsick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Charbeneau RP, Christensen PJ, Chrisman CJ, Paine R, Toews GB, Peters-Golden M, Moore BB. Impaired synthesis of prostaglandin E2 by lung fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells from GM-CSF-/- mice: implications for fibroproliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L1103-11. [PMID: 12598228 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00350.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a potent suppressor of fibroblast activity. We previously reported that bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was exaggerated in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor knockout (GM-CSF(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type (GM-CSF(+/+)) mice and that increased fibrosis was associated with decreased PGE(2) levels in lung homogenates and alveolar macrophage cultures. Pulmonary fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) represent additional cellular sources of PGE(2) within the lung. Therefore, we examined fibroblasts and AECs from GM-CSF(-/-) mice, and we found that they elaborated significantly less PGE(2) than did cells from GM-CSF(+/+) mice. This defect was associated with reduced expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2), key enzymes in the biosynthesis of PGE(2). Additionally, proliferation of GM-CSF(-/-) fibroblasts was greater than that of GM-CSF(+/+) fibroblasts, and GM-CSF(-/-) AECs were impaired in their ability to inhibit fibroblast proliferation in coculture. The addition of GM-CSF to fibroblasts from GM-CSF(-/-) mice increased PGE(2) production and decreased proliferation. Similarly, AECs isolated from GM-CSF(-/-) mice with transgenic expression of GM-CSF under the surfactant protein C promoter (SpC-GM mice) produced more PGE(2) than did AEC from control mice. Finally, SpC-GM mice were protected from fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that GM-CSF regulates PGE(2) production in pulmonary fibroblasts and AECs and thus plays an important role in limiting fibroproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Charbeneau
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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