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Warda A, Staniszewski LJP, Sabir Z, Livingston S, Sausedo M, Reshi S, Ron E, Applegate MT, Haddad D, Khamisi M, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Development of Bexarotene Analogs for Treating Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas. Cells 2023; 12:2575. [PMID: 37947652 PMCID: PMC10647404 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bexarotene, a drug approved for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), is classified as a rexinoid by its ability to act as a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with high specificity. Rexinoids are capable of inducing RXR homodimerization leading to the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human cancers. Numerous studies have shown that bexarotene is effective in reducing viability and proliferation in CTCL cell lines. However, many treated patients present with cutaneous toxicity, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia due to crossover activity with retinoic acid receptor (RAR), thyroid hormone receptor (TR), and liver X receptor (LXR) signaling, respectively. In this study, 10 novel analogs and three standard compounds were evaluated side-by-side with bexarotene for their ability to drive RXR homodimerization and subsequent binding to the RXR response element (RXRE). In addition, these analogs were assessed for proliferation inhibition of CTCL cells, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity. Furthermore, the most effective analogs were analyzed via qPCR to determine efficacy in modulating expression of two critical tumor suppressor genes, ATF3 and EGR3. Our results suggest that these new compounds may possess similar or enhanced therapeutic potential since they display enhanced RXR activation with equivalent or greater reduction in CTCL cell proliferation, as well as the ability to induce ATF3 and EGR3. This work broadens our understanding of RXR-ligand relationships and permits development of possibly more efficacious pharmaceutical drugs. Modifications of RXR agonists can yield agents with enhanced biological selectivity and potency when compared to the parent compound, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankedo Warda
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Lech J. P. Staniszewski
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Zhela Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Sarah Livingston
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Michael Sausedo
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Sabeeha Reshi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Eyal Ron
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Michael T. Applegate
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Dena Haddad
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Madleen Khamisi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (A.W.); (L.J.P.S.); (Z.S.); (S.L.); (M.S.); (S.R.); (M.T.A.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (P.A.M.); (C.E.W.)
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
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Reich L, Moerland J, Leal AS, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Wagner CE, Liby K. Abstract 1118: The novel rexinoid V-125 reduces tumor growth in the MMTV-Neu model of breast cancer and the A/J model of lung cancer via immunomodulation. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rexinoids are ligands which selectively bind to and activate Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs), regulating the transcription of genes involved in several cancer-relevant biological processes. Rexinoids have anti-neoplastic activity with low toxicities in multiple preclinical studies. Bexarotene, used to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma, is the only FDA-approved rexinoid. Bexarotene has also been evaluated in clinical trials for metastatic breast cancer and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Subsets of patients in these trials exhibited clinical responses despite advanced, late-stage disease and refractoriness to prior therapy. By modifying structures of known efficacious rexinoids, we can improve potency, increase selectivity for RXR, and minimize toxicity. We have screened a series of novel rexinoids, which are selective for RXR with minimal off-target activation. V-125 was selected as our lead based on its performance in an optimized in vitro screening paradigm. V-125 displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity without elevating triglycerides, a known adverse effect of other rexinoids. To validate our screening paradigm, the tumor-preventive effects of V-125 were assessed in two clinically relevant mouse models: the MMTV-Neu model of HER2+ breast cancer and the A/J model of lung carcinogenesis. V-125 significantly (p < 0.001) increased tumor-free survival of MMTV-Neu mice in comparison to controls, resulting in a ~10 week increase in mean time to tumor development. In A/J mice, V-125 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced lung surface tumor number, size, and burden without increasing plasma triglycerides. To assess the treatment efficacy of V-125, MMTV-neu mice with established tumors were treated with V-125 or control diet. Overall survival was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mice treated with V-125 than the control. To characterize the mechanism of V-125, we evaluated a mouse breast cancer PCR array, which demonstrated that V-125 downregulates IL-6 mRNA expression in MMTV-Neu tumors over three-fold, suggesting that V-125 modulates crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells. We have previously shown that rexinoids alter immune cell populations in tumors and modulate secretion of inflammatory cytokines. A growing body of literature also suggests that RXR plays a role in regulating phenotype and function of macrophages. To test the hypothesis that V-125 modulates macrophage populations in the tumor microenvironment, we evaluated the ability of V-125 to differentially skew tumor-educated macrophages. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated with conditioned media from MMTV-Neu tumor cells and treated with V-125, and the expression of phenotypic markers was assessed by qPCR. These studies provide insight into the mechanism of V-125, which has the potential to be effective in reducing cancer growth.
Citation Format: Lyndsey Reich, Jessica Moerland, Ana S. Leal, Di Zhang, Sarah Carapellucci, Carl E. Wagner, Karen Liby. The novel rexinoid V-125 reduces tumor growth in the MMTV-Neu model of breast cancer and the A/J model of lung cancer via immunomodulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1118.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana S. Leal
- 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Di Zhang
- 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | | | | | - Karen Liby
- 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Manhas KR, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Mancenido MV, Debray HZ, Blattman JN. Rexinoids Modulate Effector T Cell Expression of Mucosal Homing Markers CCR9 and α4β7 Integrin and Direct Their Migration In Vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:746484. [PMID: 35154092 PMCID: PMC8829570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.746484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altering T cell trafficking to mucosal regions can enhance immune responses towards pathogenic infections and cancers at these sites, leading to better outcomes. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) promotes T cell migration to mucosal surfaces by inducing transcription of the mucosal-homing receptors CCR9 and α4β7 via binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to function. However, the unstable nature and toxicity of ATRA limit its use as a widespread treatment modality for mucosal diseases. Therefore, identifying alternatives that could reduce or eliminate the use of ATRA are needed. Rexinoids are synthetically derived compounds structurally similar to ATRA. Originally named for their ability to bind RXRs, rexinoids can enhance RAR-mediated gene transcription. Furthermore, rexinoids are more stable than ATRA and possess an improved safety profile, making them attractive candidates for use in clinical settings. Here we show that select novel rexinoids act as ATRA mimics, as they cause increased CCR9 and α4β7 expression and enhanced migration to the CCR9 ligand, CCL25 in vitro, even in the absence of ATRA. Conversely, other rexinoids act synergistically with ATRA, as culturing cells with suboptimal doses of both compounds resulted in CCR9 expression and migration to CCL25. Overall, our findings show that rexinoids can be used independently or synergistically with ATRA to promote mucosal homing of T cells in vitro, and lends support for the prospective clinical use of these compounds in immunotherapeutic approaches for pathogenic infections or cancers at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita R Manhas
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Michelle V Mancenido
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West Campus, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Hannah Z Debray
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Reich LA, Moerland JA, Leal AS, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Liby KT. The rexinoid V-125 reduces tumor growth in preclinical models of breast and lung cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:293. [PMID: 34997154 PMCID: PMC8742020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rexinoids are ligands which activate retinoid X receptors (RXRs), regulating transcription of genes involved in cancer-relevant processes. Rexinoids have anti-neoplastic activity in multiple preclinical studies. Bexarotene, used to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma, is the only FDA-approved rexinoid. Bexarotene has also been evaluated in clinical trials for lung and metastatic breast cancer, wherein subsets of patients responded despite advanced disease. By modifying structures of known rexinoids, we can improve potency and toxicity. We previously screened a series of novel rexinoids and selected V-125 as the lead based on performance in optimized in vitro assays. To validate our screening paradigm, we tested V-125 in clinically relevant mouse models of breast and lung cancer. V-125 significantly (p < 0.001) increased time to tumor development in the MMTV-Neu breast cancer model. Treatment of established mammary tumors with V-125 significantly (p < 0.05) increased overall survival. In the A/J lung cancer model, V-125 significantly (p < 0.01) decreased number, size, and burden of lung tumors. Although bexarotene elevated triglycerides and cholesterol in these models, V-125 demonstrated an improved safety profile. These studies provide evidence that our screening paradigm predicts novel rexinoid efficacy and suggest that V-125 could be developed into a new cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey A Reich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jessica A Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, B430 Life Science Building, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Jurutka PW, di Martino O, Reshi S, Mallick S, Sabir ZL, Staniszewski LJP, Warda A, Maiorella EL, Minasian A, Davidson J, Ibrahim SJ, Raban S, Haddad D, Khamisi M, Suban SL, Dawson BJ, Candia R, Ziller JW, Lee MY, Liu C, Liu W, Marshall PA, Welch JS, Wagner CE. Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid-X-Receptor (RXR) Selective Agonists: Analogs of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahyro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) and 6-(Ethyl(4-isobutoxy-3-isopropylphenyl)amino)nicotinic Acid (NEt-4IB). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212371. [PMID: 34830251 PMCID: PMC8624485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Five novel analogs of 6-(ethyl)(4-isobutoxy-3-isopropylphenyl)amino)nicotinic acid—or NEt-4IB—in addition to seven novel analogs of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene) were prepared and evaluated for selective retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) agonism alongside bexarotene (1), a FDA-approved drug for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Bexarotene treatment elicits side-effects by provoking or disrupting other RXR-dependent pathways. Analogs were assessed by the modeling of binding to RXR and then evaluated in a human cell-based RXR-RXR mammalian-2-hybrid (M2H) system as well as a RXRE-controlled transcriptional system. The analogs were also tested in KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia cells and the EC50 and IC50 values were determined for these compounds. Moreover, the analogs were assessed for activation of LXR in an LXRE system as drivers of ApoE expression and subsequent use as potential therapeutics in neurodegenerative disorders, and the results revealed that these compounds exerted a range of differential LXR-RXR activation and selectivity. Furthermore, several of the novel analogs in this study exhibited reduced RARE cross-signaling, implying RXR selectivity. These results demonstrate that modification of partial agonists such as NEt-4IB and potent rexinoids such as bexarotene can lead to compounds with improved RXR selectivity, decreased cross-signaling of other RXR-dependent nuclear receptors, increased LXRE-heterodimer selectivity, and enhanced anti-proliferative potential in leukemia cell lines compared to therapeutics such as 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Orsola di Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (O.d.M.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Sabeeha Reshi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Sanchita Mallick
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Zhela L. Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Lech J. P. Staniszewski
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Ankedo Warda
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Emma L. Maiorella
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Ani Minasian
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Jesse Davidson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Samir J. Ibrahim
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - San Raban
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Dena Haddad
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Madleen Khamisi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Stephanie L. Suban
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Bradley J. Dawson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Riley Candia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - John S. Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (O.d.M.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-543-6937
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Mallick S, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Heck MC, Sabir ZL, Sabir MS, Dussik CM, Grozic A, Kaneko I, Jurutka PW. Evaluating Novel RXR Agonists That Induce ApoE and Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Cultured Human Glioblastoma Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:857-871. [PMID: 33570383 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in identifying effective and safe drugs for neurodegenerative disorders. Cell culture and animal model work have demonstrated that modulating gene expression through RXR-mediated pathways may mitigate or reverse cognitive decline. However, because RXR is a dimeric partner for several transcription factors, activating off-target transcription is a concern with RXR ligands (rexinoids). This off-target gene modulation leads to unwanted side effects that can include low thyroid function and significant hyperlipidemia. There is a need to develop rexinoids that have binding specificity for subsets of RXR heterodimers, to drive desired gene modulation, but that do not induce spurious effects. Herein, we describe experiments in which we analyze a series of novel and previously reported rexinoids for their ability to modulate specific gene pathways implicated in neurodegenerative disorders employing a U87 cell culture model. We demonstrate that, compared to the FDA-approved rexinoid bexarotene (1), several of these compounds are equally or more effective at stimulating gene expression via LXREs or Nurr1/NBREs and are superior at inducing ApoE and/or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and protein expression, including analogs 8, 9, 13, 14, 20, 23, and 24, suggesting a possible therapeutic role for these compounds in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease (PD). A subset of these potent RXR agonists can synergize with a presumed Nurr1 ligand and antimalarial drug (amodiaquine) to further enhance Nurr1/NBREs-directed transcription. This novel discovery has potential clinical implications for treatment of PD since it suggests that the combination of an RXR agonist and a Nurr1 ligand can significantly enhance RXR-Nurr1 heterodimer activity and drive enhanced therapeutic expression of the TH gene to increase endogenous synthesis of dopamine. These data indicate that is it possible and prudent to develop novel rexinoids for testing of gene expression and side effect profiles for use in potential treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, as individual rexinoids can have markedly different gene expression profiles but similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Mallick
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Michael C. Heck
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Zhela L. Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Marya S. Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Christoper M. Dussik
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Aleksandra Grozic
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85306, United States
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7
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Manhas K, Marshall P, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Blattman JN. Addition of rexinoids during T cell activation enhances mucosal-homing receptor expression and migratory ability of effector cells in vitro. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.232.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Certain vitamins directly impact immune cell migration, indicating potential to function as a vaccine adjuvant. We previously showed that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active form of vitamin A, modifies gut-homing receptor expression on effector T cells upon binding to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which joins with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to function. Giving ATRA during vaccination also resulted in enhanced mucosal protection following viral challenge in murine models. While promising, certain factors limit adding ATRA to a vaccine, including its instability and poor solubility. Rexinoids, synthetic ligands for the RXR, may mimic or better ATRA immune effects by enhancing RAR-mediated transcription. Their improved stability and solubility also indicates a greater potential for clinical use. Here we explored the ability of different rexinoids to program effector T cell expression of gut-homing receptors CCR9, a4b7, and CD103. Naïve T cells from transgenic mice were activated with appropriate peptide and set concentration of each rexinoid. Flow cytometric analysis showed increased expression of gut-homing receptors in the presence of select rexinoids, indicating their ability to act as an ATRA mimic. A cooperative relationship was seen between other rexinoids and ATRA as co-culturing with suboptimal doses of each showed enhanced receptor expression, suggesting they could potentially act with ATRA normally found in serum. Some rexinoids also promoted better effector T cell migration compared to ATRA, following analysis of a transwell migration assay. Overall, our findings support the prospective use of rexinoids as adjuvants during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Manhas
- 1Arizona State University
- 2Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
| | - Pamela Marshall
- 1Arizona State University
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Carl E Wagner
- 1Arizona State University
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- 1Arizona State University
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- 1Arizona State University
- 2Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
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Manhas K, Blattman JN, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Novel Vaccine Adjuvants: Exploring the Potential of Rexinoids to Influence Effector T Cell Homing to Mucosal Sites. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.66.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vaccines are the most successful defense against infectious diseases. Effective vaccines must target induced immune responses to areas of pathogen entry, a primary site being mucosal surfaces. Certain vitamins can directly impact immune cell migration, indicating potential to function as an adjuvant. We previously showed that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the biologically active form of vitamin A, modifies gut-homing receptor expression on effector T cells upon binding to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which joins with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) to function. Giving ATRA during vaccination also resulted in enhanced mucosal protection following viral challenge in murine models. While promising, certain factors limit adding ATRA to a vaccine, including its instability and poor solubility. Rexinoids, synthetic ligands for the RXR, could mimic or better ATRA immune effects by enhancing RAR-mediated transcription. Their improved stability and solubility also allows a greater potential for clinical use. Here we explored the ability of different rexinoids to program effector T cell expression of gut-homing receptors CCR9, α4β7, and CD103. Naïve T cells from transgenic mice were activated with peptide and set concentration of each rexinoid. Flow cytometry showed increased expression of gut-homing receptors in the presence of select rexinoids, indicating their ability to act as an ATRA mimic. A cooperative relationship was also seen between other rexinoids and ATRA as co-culturing with suboptimal doses of each showed enhanced receptor expression, suggesting these rexinoids could potentially act with ATRA normally found in serum. Overall, our findings support the prospective use of rexinoids as adjuvants during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Manhas
- 1Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
- 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- 1Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
- 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Carl E Wagner
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
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9
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Zhang D, Leal AS, Carapellucci S, Shahani PH, Bhogal JS, Ibrahim S, Raban S, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Sporn MB, Wagner CE, Liby KT. Testing Novel Pyrimidinyl Rexinoids: A New Paradigm for Evaluating Rexinoids for Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:211-224. [PMID: 30760500 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rexinoids, selective ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXR), have shown promise in preventing many types of cancer. However, the limited efficacy and undesirable lipidemic side-effects of the only clinically approved rexinoid, bexarotene, drive the search for new and better rexinoids. Here we report the evaluation of novel pyrimidinyl (Py) analogues of two known chemopreventive rexinoids, bexarotene (Bex) and LG100268 (LG268) in a new paradigm. We show that these novel derivatives were more effective agents than bexarotene for preventing lung carcinogenesis induced by a carcinogen. In addition, these new analogues have an improved safety profile. PyBex caused less elevation of plasma triglyceride levels than bexarotene, while PyLG268 reduced plasma cholesterol levels and hepatomegaly compared with LG100268. Notably, this new paradigm mechanistically emphasizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of rexinoids. We reveal new immunomodulatory actions of the above rexinoids, especially their ability to diminish the percentage of macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the lung and to redirect activation of M2 macrophages. The rexinoids also potently inhibit critical inflammatory mediators including IL6, IL1β, CCL9, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, in vitro iNOS and SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) induction assays correlate with in vivo efficacy and toxicity, respectively. Our results not only report novel pyrimidine derivatives of existing rexinoids, but also describe a series of biological screening assays that will guide the synthesis of additional rexinoids. Further progress in rexinoid synthesis, potency, and safety should eventually lead to a clinically acceptable and useful new drug for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Pritika H Shahani
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Jaskaran S Bhogal
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Samir Ibrahim
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - San Raban
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Michael B Sporn
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Carl E Wagner
- Arizona State University, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
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10
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Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Methods to Generate an Array of Novel Rexinoids by SAR on a Potent Retinoid X Receptor Agonist: A Case Study with NEt-TMN. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2019:109-121. [PMID: 31359392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9585-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The methods described in this chapter concern procedures for the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of an array of potent retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) agonists employing 6-(ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic acid (NEt-TMN), and recently reported NEt-TMN analogs, as a case study. These methods have been extensively applied beyond the present case study to generate several analogs of other potent RXR agonists (rexinoids), particularly the RXR agonist known as bexarotene (Bex), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that is also often prescribed, off-label, for breast, lung, and other human cancers. Common side effects with Bex treatment include hypertriglyceridemia and hypothyroidism, because of off-target activation or inhibition of other nuclear receptor pathways impacted by RXR. Because rexinoids are often selective for RXR, versus the retinoic-acid-receptor (RAR), cutaneous toxicity is often avoided as a side effect for rexinoid treatment. Several other potent RXR agonists, and their analogs, have been reported in the literature and rigorously evaluated (often in comparison to Bex) as potential cancer therapeutics with unique activity and side-effect profiles. Some of the more prominent examples include LGD100268, CD3254, and 9-cis-UAB30, to name only a few. Hence, the methods described herein are more widely applicable to a diverse array of RXR agonists.In terms of design, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study is usually performed by modifying three distinct areas of the rexinoid base structure, either of the nonpolar or polar sides of the rexinoid and/or the linkage that joins them. For the synthesis of the modified base-structure analogs, often identical synthetic strategies used to access the base-structure are applied; however, reasonable alternative synthetic routes may need to be explored if the modified analog intermediates encounter bottlenecks where yields are negligible for a given step in the base-structure route. In fact, this particular problem was encountered and successfully resolved in our case study for generating an array of NEt-TMN analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Langland J, Jacobs B, Wagner CE, Ruiz G, Cahill TM. Antiviral activity of metal chelates of caffeic acid and similar compounds towards herpes simplex, VSV-Ebola pseudotyped and vaccinia viruses. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:143-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Hackney Price J, Hanish BJ, Wagner CE, Kaneko I, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA. Dataset on the response of Hut78 cells to novel rexinoids. Data Brief 2018; 20:1797-1803. [PMID: 30294626 PMCID: PMC6169431 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the experimental data supporting analysis of differential gene expression of human cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) cell culture cells (Hut78) treated with bexarotene or a variety of rexinoids, in conjunction with "A Novel Gene Expression Analytics-based Approach to Structure Aided Design of Rexinoids for Development as Next-Generation Cancer Therapeutics" (Hanish et al. 2018). Data presented here include microarray gene expression analysis of a subset of genes. A novel method for analyzing gene expression in the context of a model of ligand mechanism, called the Divergence Score, is described. Analysis to identify the presence of potential retinoid response elements in putative promoter regions of the study genes is also presented.
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Hanish BJ, Hackney Price JF, Kaneko I, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA. A novel gene expression analytics-based approach to structure aided design of rexinoids for development as next-generation cancer therapeutics. Steroids 2018; 135:36-49. [PMID: 29704526 PMCID: PMC5977990 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rexinoids are powerful ligands that bind to retinoid-X-receptors (RXRs) and show great promise as therapeutics for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. However, only one rexinoid, bexarotene (Targretin TM) has been successfully transitioned from the bench to the clinic and used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our goal is to develop novel potent rexinoids with a less untoward side effect profile than bexarotene. To this end, we have synthesized a wide array of rexinoids with EC50 values and biological activity similar to bexarotene. In order to determine their suitability for additional downstream analysis, and to identify potential candidate analogs for clinical translation, we treated human CTCL cells in culture and employed microarray technology to assess gene expression profiles. We analyzed twelve rexinoids and found they could be stratified into three distinct categories based on their gene expression: similar to bexarotene, moderately different from bexarotene, and substantially different from bexarotene. Surprisingly, small changes in the structure of the bexarotene parent compound led to marked differences in gene expression profiles. Furthermore, specific analogs diverged markedly from our hypothesis in expression of genes expected to be important for therapeutic promise. However, promoter analysis of genes whose expression was analyzed indicates general regulatory trends along structural frameworks. Our results suggest that certain structural motifs, particularly the basic frameworks found in analog 4 and analog 9, represent important starting points to exploit in generating additional rexinoids for future study and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentley J Hanish
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jennifer F Hackney Price
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Carl E Wagner
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States.
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Abstract
We review what is currently understood about how the structure of the primary solid component of mucus, the glycoprotein mucin, gives rise to the mechanical and biochemical properties of mucus that are required for it to perform its diverse physiological roles. Macroscale processes such as lubrication require mucus of a certain stiffness and spinnability, which are set by structural features of the mucin network, including the identity and density of cross-links and the degree of glycosylation. At the microscale, these same features affect the mechanical environment experienced by small particles and play a crucial role in establishing an interaction-based filter. Finally, mucin glycans are critical for regulating microbial interactions, serving as receptor binding sites for adhesion, as nutrient sources, and as environmental signals. We conclude by discussing how these structural principles can be used in the design of synthetic mucin-mimetic materials and provide suggestions for directions of future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wagner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K M Wheeler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; .,Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - K Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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15
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Manhas K, Blattman JN, Marshall PA, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Using Rexinoids to Program Effector T cells for Homing to Mucosal Sites of Virus Transmission. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.102.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective defense against infectious diseases. To be most successful, vaccines must target the induced immune response to chief sites of pathogen entry: epithelial and mucosal surfaces. We have previously shown that the biologically active form of Vitamin A, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), can directly modulate the expression of gut mucosal-homing receptors on T cells as binding of ATRA to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which partners with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), promotes transcription of specific genes. Rexinoids, synthetic ligands for the RXR, have potential to mimic or improve the immune effects of vitamin A by enhancing RAR-mediated transcription. Additionally, rexinoids have a greater potential for clinical use due to their improved solubility and stability, making them candidates to incorporate into vaccines. Here, we explored the possibility of different rexinoids to function as adjuvants during vaccination to program effector T cell expression of the gut-homing receptors CCR9, α4β7, and CD103. CD8 T cells obtained from transgenic mice were co-cultured with peptide and set concentration of each rexinoid, followed by flow cytometric analysis of receptor expression. We observed increased expression of gut-homing receptors during activation in the presence of certain rexinoids, indicating that they can mimic the effects of ATRA. Furthermore, we saw a cooperative relationship between other rexinoids and ATRA, as co-culturing with sub-optimal doses of each resulted in enhanced expression. Our findings lend support for the prospective use of these rexinoids as adjuvants during vaccination and in therapeutic approaches against diseases transmitted across mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Manhas
- 1Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
- 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Joseph N. Blattman
- 1Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
- 2School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- 3School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West
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16
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Gray GM, Ma N, Wagner CE, van der Vaart A. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular flooding studies of the retinoid X-receptor ligand binding domain. J Mol Model 2017; 23:98. [PMID: 28251414 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene is an FDA approved retinoid X-receptor (RXR) agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its use in other cancers and Alzheimer's disease is being investigated. The drug causes serious side effects, which might be reduced by chemical modifications of the molecule. To rationalize known agonists and to help identify sites for potential substitutions we present molecular simulations in which the RXR ligand-binding domain was flooded with a large number of drug-like molecules, and molecular dynamics simulations of a series of bexarotene-like ligands bound to the RXR ligand-binding domain. Based on the flooding simulations, two regions of interest for ligand modifications were identified: a hydrophobic area near the bridgehead and another near the fused ring. In addition, positional fluctuations of the phenyl ring were generally smaller than fluctuations of the fused ring of the ligands. Together, these observations suggest that the fused ring might be a good target for the design of higher affinity bexarotene-like ligands, while the phenyl ring is already optimized. In addition, notable differences in ligand position and interactions between the RXRα and RXRβ were observed, as well as differences in hydrogen bonding and solvation, which might be exploited in the development of subspecies-specific ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd., Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave. CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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17
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Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Heck MC. Retinoid X Receptor Selective Agonists and their Synthetic Methods. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 17:742-767. [PMID: 27320333 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160617091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the isolation and identification of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily in 1990, its analysis has ushered in a new understanding of physiological regulation by nuclear receptors, and novel methods to identify other unknown and orphan receptors. Expression of one or more of the three isoforms of RXR-α, β, and γ-can be found in every human cell type. Biologically, RXR plays a critical role through its ability to partner with other nuclear receptors. RXR is able to regulate nutrient metabolism by forming "permissive" heterodimers with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver-X-receptor (LXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), which function when ligands are bound to one or both of the heterodimer partners. Conversely, RXR is able to form "nonpermissive" heterodimers with vitamin D receptor (VDR), thyroid receptor (TR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which function only in the presence of vitamin D, T3 and retinoic acid, respectively. Furthermore, RXR can form homodimers in the presence of a selective agonist, or rexinoid, to regulate gene expression and to either inhibit proliferation or induce apoptosis in human cancers. Thus, over the last 25 years there have been several reports on the design and synthesis of small molecule rexinoids. This review summarizes the synthetic methods for several of the most potent rexinoids thus far reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University Glendale, AZ. United States
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University Glendale, AZ. United States
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University Glendale, AZ. United States
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Heck MC, Wagner CE, Shahani PH, MacNeill M, Grozic A, Darwaiz T, Shimabuku M, Deans DG, Robinson NM, Salama SH, Ziller JW, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW. Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)-Selective Agonists: Analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) and 6-(Ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic Acid (NEt-TMN). J Med Chem 2016; 59:8924-8940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Heck
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Pritika H. Shahani
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Mairi MacNeill
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Aleksandra Grozic
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Tamana Darwaiz
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Micah Shimabuku
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - David G. Deans
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Nathan M. Robinson
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Samer H. Salama
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 576 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ning Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
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Iwagami Y, Huang CK, Olsen MJ, Thomas JM, Jang G, Kim M, Lin Q, Carlson RI, Wagner CE, Dong X, Wands JR. Aspartate β-hydroxylase modulates cellular senescence through glycogen synthase kinase 3β in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2016; 63:1213-26. [PMID: 26683595 PMCID: PMC4805474 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is an enzyme overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors that participates in the malignant transformation process. We determined if ASPH was a therapeutic target by exerting effects on cellular senescence to retard HCC progression. ASPH knockdown or knockout was achieved by short hairpin RNAs or the CRISPR/Cas9 system, respectively, whereas enzymatic inhibition was rendered by a potent second-generation small molecule inhibitor of ASPH. Alterations of cell proliferation, colony formation, and cellular senescence were evaluated in human HCC cell lines. The potential mechanisms for activating cellular senescence were explored using murine subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. Inhibition of ASPH expression and enzymatic activity significantly reduced cell proliferation and colony formation but induced tumor cell senescence. Following inhibition of ASPH activity, phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p16 expression were increased to promote senescence, whereas cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were decreased to reduce cell proliferation. The mechanisms involved demonstrate that ASPH binds to glycogen synthase kinase 3β and inhibits its subsequent interactions with protein kinase B and p38 upstream kinases as shown by coimmunoprecipitation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that small molecule inhibitor treatment of HCC bearing mice resulted in significant dose-dependent reduced tumor growth, induced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhanced p16 expression in tumor cells, and promoted cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a new mechanism that promotes HCC growth and progression by modulating senescence of tumor cells; these findings suggest that ASPH enzymatic activity is a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Chiung-Kuei Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Mark J. Olsen
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308
| | - John-Michael Thomas
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308
| | - Grace Jang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308
| | - Miran Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Qiushi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rolf I. Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903
| | | | - Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jack R. Wands
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Research Center, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903,Correspondence to: Jack R. Wands, M.D., Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, 4 Fl., Providence, RI 02903. ; Tel: 401-444-2795; Fax: 401-444-2939
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Marshall PA, Jurutka PW, Wagner CE, van der Vaart A, Kaneko I, Chavez PI, Ma N, Bhogal JS, Shahani P, Swierski JC, MacNeill M. Analysis of differential secondary effects of novel rexinoids: select rexinoid X receptor ligands demonstrate differentiated side effect profiles. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00122. [PMID: 26038698 PMCID: PMC4448986 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the feasibility of utilizing novel rexinoids for chemotherapeutics and as potential treatments for neurological conditions, we undertook an assessment of the side effect profile of select rexinoid X receptor (RXR) analogs that we reported previously. We assessed pharmacokinetic profiles, lipid and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in rats, and cell culture activity of rexinoids in sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) induction and thyroid hormone inhibition assays. We also performed RNA sequencing of the brain tissues of rats that had been dosed with the compounds. We show here for the first time that potent rexinoid activity can be uncoupled from drastic lipid changes and thyroid axis variations, and we propose that rexinoids can be developed with improved side effect profiles than the parent compound, bexarotene (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave CHE 205, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Pedro I Chavez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University 19555 N 59th Ave., Glendale, Arizona, 86308
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave CHE 205, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| | - Jaskaran S Bhogal
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Pritika Shahani
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Johnathon C Swierski
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Mairi MacNeill
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
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Saad WE, Bleibel W, Adenaw N, Wagner CE, Anderson C, Angle JF, Al-Osaimi AM, Davies MG, Caldwell S. Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Gastric Varices and the Effect of Balloon-occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration on the Platelet Count. J Clin Imaging Sci 2014; 4:24. [PMID: 24987571 PMCID: PMC4060402 DOI: 10.4103/2156-7514.131743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric varices primarily occur in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and splenomegaly and thus are probably associated with thrombocytopenia. However, the prevalence and severity of thrombocytopenia are unknown in this clinical setting. Moreover, one-third of patients after balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) have aggravated splenomegaly, which potentially may cause worsening thrombocytopenia. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and degree of thrombocytopenia in patients with gastric varices associated with gastrorenal shunts undergoing BRTO, to determine the prognostic factors of survival after BRTO (platelet count included), and to assess the effect of BRTO on platelet count over a 1-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective review of 35 patients who underwent BRTO (March 2008-August 2011). Pre- and post-BRTO platelet counts were noted. Potential predictors of bleeding and survival (age, gender, liver disease etiology, platelet count, model for end stage liver disease [MELD]-score, presence of ascites or hepatocellular carcinoma) were analyzed (multivariate analysis). A total of 91% (n = 32/35) of patients had thrombocytopenia (<150,000 platelet/cm(3)) pre-BRTO. Platelet counts at within 48-h, within 2 weeks and at 30-60 days intervals (up to 6 months) after BRTO were compared with the baseline pre-BRTO values. RESULTS 35 Patients with adequate platelet follow-up were found. A total of 92% and 17% of patients had a platelet count of <150,000/cm(3) and <50,000/cm(3), respectively. There was a trend for transient worsening of thrombocytopenia immediately (<48 h) after BRTO, however, this was not statistically significant. Platelet count was not a predictor of post-BRTO rebleeding or patient survival. However, MELD-score, albumin, international normalized ratio (INR), and etiology were predictors of rebleeding. CONCLUSION Thrombocytopenia is very common (>90% of patients) in patients undergoing BRTO. However, BRTO (with occlusion of the gastrorenal shunt) has little effect on the platelet count. Long-term outcomes of BRTO for bleeding gastric varices using sodium tetradecyl sulfate in the USA are impressive with a 4-year variceal rebleed rate and transplant-free survival rate of 9% and 76%, respectively. Platelet count is not a predictor of higher rebleeding or patient survival after BRTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Saad
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - W Bleibel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Owensboro Health Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kentucky, United States
| | - N Adenaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - C E Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - C Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - J F Angle
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - A M Al-Osaimi
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
| | - M G Davies
- Department of Surgery, Methodist Hospital, Cornell-Weiel School of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - S Caldwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Virginia, United States
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Jurutka PW, Kaneko I, Yang J, Bhogal JS, Swierski JC, Tabacaru CR, Montano LA, Huynh CC, Jama RA, Mahelona RD, Sarnowski JT, Marcus LM, Quezada A, Lemming B, Tedesco MA, Fischer AJ, Mohamed SA, Ziller JW, Ma N, Gray GM, van der Vaart A, Marshall PA, Wagner CE. Modeling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potential retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective agonists: novel analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene) and (E)-3-(3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylnaphthalen-7-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (CD3254). J Med Chem 2013; 56:8432-54. [PMID: 24180745 PMCID: PMC3916150 DOI: 10.1021/jm4008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three unreported analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5-6-7-8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), otherwise known as bexarotene, as well as four novel analogues of (E)-3-(3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylnaphthalen-7-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (CD3254), are described and evaluated for their retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective agonism. Compound 1 has FDA approval as a treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), although treatment with 1 can elicit side-effects by disrupting other RXR-heterodimer receptor pathways. Of the seven modeled novel compounds, all analogues stimulate RXR-regulated transcription in mammalian 2 hybrid and RXRE-mediated assays, possess comparable or elevated biological activity based on EC50 profiles, and retain similar or improved apoptotic activity in CTCL assays compared to 1. All novel compounds demonstrate selectivity for RXR and minimal crossover onto the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) compared to all-trans-retinoic acid, with select analogues also reducing inhibition of other RXR-dependent pathways (e.g., VDR-RXR). Our results demonstrate that further improvements in biological potency and selectivity of bexarotene can be achieved through rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 576 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Geoffrey M. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | | | - Carl E. Wagner
- Corresponding author: School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306. Tele: (602) 543-6937. Fax: (6020 543-6073.
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Batie S, Lee JH, Jama RA, Browder DO, Montano LA, Huynh CC, Marcus LM, Tsosie DG, Mohammed Z, Trang V, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW, Wagner CE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of halogenated curcumin analogs as potential nuclear receptor selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:693-702. [PMID: 23276449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of analogs of curcumin, and their analysis in acting as nuclear receptor specific agonists. Curcumin (CM), a turmeric-derived bioactive polyphenol found in curry, has recently been identified as a ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and it is possible that CM exerts some of its bioeffects via direct binding to VDR and/or other proteins in the nuclear receptor superfamily. Using mammalian-two-hybrid (M2H) and vitamin D responsive element (VDRE) biological assay systems, we tested CM and 11 CM synthetic analogs for their ability to activate VDR signaling. The M2H assay revealed that RXR and VDR association was induced by CM and several of its analogs. VDRE-based assays demonstrated that pure curcumin and eight CM analogs activated transcription of a luciferase plasmid at levels approaching that of the endocrine 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) ligand in human colon cancer cells (HCT-116). Additional experiments were performed in HCT-116 utilizing various nuclear receptors and hormone responsive elements to determine the receptor specificity of curcumin binding. CM did not appear to activate transcription in a glucocorticoid responsive system. However, CM along with several analogs elicited transcriptional activation in retinoic acid and retinoid X receptor (RXR) responsive systems. M2H assays using RXR-RXR, VDR-SRC1 and VDR-DRIP revealed that CM and select analogs stimulate RXR homodimerization and VDR-coactivator interactions. These studies may lead to the discovery of novel curcumin analogs that activate nuclear receptors, including RXR, RAR and VDR, resulting in similar health benefits as those for vitamins A and D, such as lowering the risk of epithelial and colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Batie
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306, United States
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Furmick JK, Kaneko I, Walsh AN, Yang J, Bhogal JS, Gray GM, Baso JC, Browder DO, Prentice JL, Montano LA, Huynh CC, Marcus LM, Tsosie DG, Kwon JS, Quezada A, Reyes NM, Lemming B, Saini P, van der Vaart A, Groy TL, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW, Wagner CE. Modeling, synthesis and biological evaluation of potential retinoid X receptor-selective agonists: novel halogenated analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene). ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1551-66. [PMID: 22927238 PMCID: PMC3479356 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of halogenated analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), known commonly as bexarotene, and their evaluation for retinoid X receptor (RXR)-specific agonist performance is described. Compound 1 is FDA approved to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); however, bexarotene treatment can induce hypothyroidism and elevated triglyceride levels, presumably by disrupting RXR heterodimer pathways for other nuclear receptors. The novel halogenated analogues in this study were modeled and assessed for their ability to bind to RXR and stimulate RXR homodimerization in an RXRE-mediated transcriptional assay as well as an RXR mammalian-2-hybrid assay. In an array of eight novel compounds, four analogues were discovered to promote RXR-mediated transcription with EC(50) values similar to that of 1 and are selective RXR agonists. Our approach also uncovered a periodic trend of increased binding and homodimerization of RXR when substituting a halogen atom for a proton ortho to the carboxylic acid on 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Furmick
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Angela N. Walsh
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Joanna Yang
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Jaskaran S. Bhogal
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Geoffrey M. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Juan C. Baso
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Drew O. Browder
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Jessica L.S. Prentice
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Luis A. Montano
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Chanh C. Huynh
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Lisa M. Marcus
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Dorian G. Tsosie
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Jungeun S. Kwon
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Alexis Quezada
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Nicole M. Reyes
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Brittney Lemming
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Puneet Saini
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Thomas L. Groy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306
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Furmick JK, Kaneko I, Walsh AN, Yang J, Bhogal JS, Gray GM, Baso JC, Browder DO, Prentice JLS, Montano LA, Huynh CC, Marcus LM, Tsosie DG, Kwon JS, Quezada A, Reyes NM, Lemming B, Saini P, van der Vaart A, Groy TL, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW, Wagner CE. Inside Cover: Modeling, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid X Receptor-Selective Agonists: Novel Halogenated Analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) (ChemMedChem 9/2012. ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201290042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
In the crystal of the title compound, C9H7FO4, classical carboxylate inversion dimers are linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The packing is consolidated by C—H⋯F and C—H⋯O interactions. The benzene ring and the methoxycarbonyl group are nearly coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 1.5 (3)° between them, whereas the carboxyl group has a dihedral angle of 20.2 (4)° with respect to the benzene ring.
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Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA, Groy TL, van der Vaart A, Ziller JW, Furmick JK, Graeber ME, Matro E, Miguel BV, Tran IT, Kwon J, Tedeschi JN, Moosavi S, Danishyar A, Philp JS, Khamees RO, Jackson JN, Grupe DK, Badshah SL, Hart JW. Modeling, synthesis and biological evaluation of potential retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective agonists: novel analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene). J Med Chem 2009; 52:5950-66. [PMID: 19791803 DOI: 10.1021/jm900496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), commonly known as bexarotene, and their analysis in acting as retinoid X receptor (RXR)-specific agonists. Compound 1 has FDA approval to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); however, its use can cause side effects such as hypothyroidism and increased triglyceride concentrations, presumably by disruption of RXR heterodimerization with other nuclear receptors. The novel analogues in the present study have been evaluated for RXR activation in an RXR mammalian-2-hybrid assay as well as an RXRE-mediated transcriptional assay and for their ability to induce apoptosis as well as for their mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. Analysis of 11 novel compounds revealed the discovery of three analogues that best induce RXR-mediated transcriptional activity, stimulate apoptosis, have comparable K(i) and EC(50) values to 1, and are selective RXR agonists. Our experimental approach suggests that rational drug design can develop new rexinoids with improved biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- Division of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, Arizona 85306, USA.
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Wagner CE, Wang Q, Melamed A, Fairchild CR, Wild R, Heathcock CH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of analogs of altohyrtin C (spongistatin 2). Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | | | - Kenneth J. Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new method for synthesizing the 2-spiro-boraadamantane pyridine complex (2) from 1-ethynylcyclohexylmethyl ether has been developed. The chemistry has been applied to the synthesis of bis-2-spiro-1-boraadamantane.pyridine (1) from trans-1,4-diethynyl-1,4-dimethoxycyclohexane (8). This bis-Lewis acid serves as a self-assembling molecular building block with difunctional Lewis bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Wagner CE, Kim JS, Shea KJ. The Polyhomologation of 1-Boraadamantane: Mapping the Migration Pathways of a Propagating Macrotricyclic Trialkylborane. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:12179-95. [PMID: 14519004 DOI: 10.1021/ja0361291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trialkyl and triaryl organoboranes undergo multiple, repetitive homologations upon reaction with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (1). This multiple homologation reaction, or polyhomologation, produces polymethylene in a living reaction. Applying the polyhomologation reaction to cyclic and polycyclic organoboranes permits the construction of unique oligomeric and polymeric architectures that are not readily accessible by standard olefin polymerization. The polyhomologation of 1-boraadamantane.THF (2) by ylide 1 generates novel macrotricyclic trialkylboranes (3). The oxidation of these macrocyclic organoboranes generates a three-armed star polymethylene polymer (4) incorporating a cis,cis-1,3,5-trisubstituted cyclohexane core. Interestingly, only one-third of the initiators lead to product formation, resulting in an observed degree of polymerization 3 times higher than expected. Close examination of the initial stages of polymerization show that 1-boraadamantane.THF reacts with 1 equiv of 1 to afford a monohomologated product. Subsequent homologations were found to contain branch points leading to isomeric tricyclic products after the third, fourth, and fifth methylene insertions. At these stages of homologation, all of the propagating species result in tricyclic trialkylborane cages with collapsed, inverted pyramidal boron centers that are substantially less reactive toward ylide. Approximately two-thirds of the species discontinue polymerization at these stages. However, one-third of these species continue to propagate and eventually result in the formation of giant macrotricyclic polymers of narrow polydispersity. Molecular modeling and kinetic simulation have aided in the analysis of the probable pathways through which the reaction proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Wagner CE, Mohler ML, Kang GS, Miller DD, Geisert EE, Chang YA, Fleischer EB, Shea KJ. Synthesis of 1-boraadamantaneamine derivatives with selective astrocyte vs C6 glioma antiproliferative activity. A novel class of anti-hepatitis C agents with potential to bind CD81. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2823-33. [PMID: 12825926 DOI: 10.1021/jm020326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A variety of amine complexes with 1-boraadamatane were synthesized and subsequently evaluated for an antiproliferative effect on CD81-enriched cell lines to provide evidence for binding and activation of CD81. CD81 is a member of the tetraspanin family of membrane proteins found in all cell lineages in the liver. CD81 signals for antiproliferation when bound by antibodies. It is known that the HCV-E2 envelope glycoprotein binds to the CD81 protein. While it is unclear whether virus entry into host cells is directly linked to virus attachment via CD81 for HCV, this step in the viral life cycle has recently proven to be an effective point of attack for other viruses including HIV and rhinoviruses. The aim of the current study concerns the synthesis of amantidine analogues by appending primary amines to 1-boraadamantane to evaluate such compounds for CD81-dependent antiproliferation of CD81-enriched cell lines (astrocyte) vs CD81-deficient cell lines (C6 glioma). If the antiproliferative effect of these amantidine analogues proves to be an effect of binding and activating CD81, then these compounds may have the potential to prevent or treat HCV infections. Each compound's potential for preventive and therapeutic activity stems from the compound's potential to block viral attachment, virus-cell fusion, or virus entry into host cells or to counter potential mechanisms of HCV immune evasion. Out of a library of over 500 compounds, including randomly selected small molecules and rationally designed small molecules, only the 1-boraadamantaneamine compounds and structurally similar analogues display a significant antiproliferative effect on the CD81-enriched astrocytes relative to the CD81-deficient cell lines. In fact, 1-boraadamantane.l-phenylalanine methyl ester complex (5), 1-boraadamantane.ethanolamine complex (8), and (S)-2-[(adamantane-1-carbonyl)amino]-3-phenylpropionic acid (15) show a dose-dependent, astrocyte-selective antiproliferative activity in the concentration range 0.1-10 microM. This is consistent with the binding and activation of CD81 and represents a 2-fold improvement compared to the clinically prescribed anti-HCV agent, amantidine, in the same concentration range. Consequently, the 1-boraadamantaneamine derivatives present a promising lead in the development of small molecules with potential to bind to CD81 and treat HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] 1-Boraadamantane.THF (3) reacts with 1 equiv of dimethylsulfoxonium methylide (4) to afford a monohomologated product. The polyhomologation of 1-boraadamantane.THF by ylide 4 followed by oxidative cleavage generates star polymethylene polymers incorporating a cyclohexane core. However, only one-third of the initiators lead to product formation, resulting in an observed degree of polymerization three times higher than expected. The polyhomologation of 3 was found to contain branch points after the fourth and fifth methylene insertions. At the branch points, the propagating species either terminate in tricyclic trialkylborane cages with collapsed, pyramidal inverted boron centers that are unreactive toward ylide or they continue in uninterrupted polymerization and eventually result in the formation of giant "tube-like" structures such as 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Carena M, Heinemeyer S, Wagner CE, Weiglein G. Do electroweak precision data and Higgs-mass constraints rule out a scalar bottom quark with mass of order 5 GeV? Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:4463-4466. [PMID: 11384260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2000] [Revised: 11/03/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the implications of a scalar bottom quark, with a mass of O (5 GeV), within the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Light sbottoms may naturally appear for large tan(beta) and, depending on the decay modes, may have escaped experimental detection. We show that a light sbottom cannot be ruled out by electroweak precision data and the bound on the lightest CP-even Higgs-boson mass. We infer that a light b scenario requires a relatively light scalar top quark whose mass is typically about the top-quark mass. In this scenario the lightest Higgs boson decays predominantly into b pairs and obeys the mass bound m(h) less, similar 123 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carena
- Fermilab, Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500, USA
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Berger EL, Harris BW, Kaplan DE, Sullivan Z, Tait TM, Wagner CE. Low-energy supersymmetry and the Tevatron bottom-quark cross section. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:4231-4234. [PMID: 11328142 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing discrepancy between the bottom-quark production cross section and predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics is addressed. We show that pair production of light gluinos, of mass 12 to 16 GeV, with two-body decays into bottom quarks and light bottom squarks, yields a bottom-quark production rate in agreement with hadron collider data. We examine constraints on this scenario from low-energy data and make predictions that may be tested at the next run of the Fermilab Tevatron collider.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Berger
- High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Abstract
We observed an unusual right-sided aorta during routine laboratory dissection. The short aortic arch passed to the right side of the esophagus and trachea and had four branches, from proximal to distal: left common carotid, right common carotid, right subclavian, left subclavian arteries. The ligamentum arteriosum connected the pulmonary trunk to the left subclavian artery and lay to the left of the esophagus and trachea. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve passed under the ligamentum arteriosum while the right recurrent laryngeal nerve passed under the aortic arch. The descending thoracic aorta was situated near the midline, anterior to the vertebral bodies; consequently, the right posterior intercostal arteries were shorter than normal. The large veins of the thorax and the other thoracic organs appeared normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, KY 40292, USA.
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Abstract
Morphological variations of the thyroid gland are common and generally occur superior to the gland, reflecting its developmental origin. In this report we describe an accessory lobe located inferior to both lateral lobes and the isthmus. The accessory lobe was supplied by a branch of the right inferior thyroid artery and its vein drained via the plexus thyroideus impar. A discussion of thyroid anomalies is presented and a system for classifying variations of thyroid anatomy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Health Sciences Center, Kentucky 40292, USA
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Abstract
During routine laboratory dissections an unusually long ligamentum arteriosum, measuring 40 mm, was observed. Apparently, such a length for an otherwise normal ligamentum has not been reported previously. Forty-three other ligamenta in adults and three in newborn or stillborn infants were also measured having a range of 8 mm to 24 mm (mean 15.47 mm) and 7.5 mm to 11 mm (mean 9.5 mm) respectively. Since short and long ligaments have been reported previously, both in the newborn as well as in the adult, the variability in length of this structure appears normal and without any functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine 40292, USA
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Abstract
The contemporary trend of converting departments of anatomy into departments of cell biology has brought with it the task of examining archive collections and storage facilities to figure out how to best utilize the available space. During one such inspection at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, a human sternum containing a dull metal projectile was uncovered. The projectile was easy to characterize as a bullet that had been deeply embedded in the bone. Less clear, however, were the circumstances detailing how the bullet had become lodged in the sternum, or how long the sternum might have been in storage at the University of Louisville. Radiographs of the sternum revealed a halo of surrounding density that dissipated in intensity from the margins of the bullet. Our initial hypothesis was that lead had been leached from the bullet into the bone matrix. To better assess what in fact contributed to this density, the sternum and the bullet were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine their elemental composition. That the bullet was composed of lead and aluminum was not surprising, but the extent to which the presence and dissolution of the bullet had affected the composition of the bony sternum was not entirely expected. The contribution of metal ions from the bullet to the inorganic matrix of bone was most notable for aluminum but nearly negligible for lead. This finding confirmed that bone affinity for metals is dependent upon the metal and supports previous reports that have suggested that lead is released from bone as soluble blood product during bony remodeling, whereas aluminum results in a significant elevation of bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dwornik
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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Carena M, Dimopoulos S, Wagner CE, Raby S. Fermion masses, mixing angles, and supersymmetric SO(10) unification. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1995; 52:4133-4142. [PMID: 10019638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Russo J, Wagner CE. Comment on "New model of b-quark interactions: A superstring alternative". Phys Rev Lett 1987; 58:1380. [PMID: 10034417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.58.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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