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Albert A, Alfaro R, Alvarez C, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Avila Rojas D, Ayala Solares HA, Babu R, Belmont-Moreno E, Brisbois C, Caballero-Mora KS, Capistrán T, Carramiñana A, Casanova S, Chaparro-Amaro O, Cotti U, Cotzomi J, Coutiño de León S, De la Fuente E, Diaz Hernandez R, Dingus BL, DuVernois MA, Durocher M, Díaz-Vélez JC, Ellsworth RW, Engel K, Espinoza C, Fan KL, Fang K, Fernández Alonso M, Fleischhack H, Fraija N, García-González JA, Garfias F, González MM, Goodman JA, Harding JP, Hernandez S, Hinton J, Huang D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F, Hüntemeyer P, Iriarte A, Joshi V, Kaufmann S, Lee J, Linnemann JT, Longinotti AL, Luis-Raya G, Malone K, Martinez O, Martínez-Castro J, Matthews JA, Miranda-Romagnoli P, Morales-Soto JA, Moreno E, Mostafá M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Olivera-Nieto L, Omodei N, Pérez Araujo Y, Pérez-Pérez EG, Rho CD, Rosa-González D, Ruiz-Velasco E, Salazar H, Salazar-Gallegos D, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Serna-Franco J, Smith AJ, Son Y, Springer RW, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Torres-Escobedo R, Turner R, Ureña-Mena F, Varela E, Villaseñor L, Wang X, Watson IJ, Willox E, Yun-Cárcamo S, Zhou H, de León C, Beacom JF, Linden T, Ng KCY, Peter AHG, Zhou B. Discovery of Gamma Rays from the Quiescent Sun with HAWC. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:051201. [PMID: 37595214 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the first detection of a TeV γ-ray flux from the solar disk (6.3σ), based on 6.1 years of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory. The 0.5-2.6 TeV spectrum is well fit by a power law, dN/dE=A(E/1 TeV)^{-γ}, with A=(1.6±0.3)×10^{-12} TeV^{-1} cm^{-2} s^{-1} and γ=3.62±0.14. The flux shows a strong indication of anticorrelation with solar activity. These results extend the bright, hard GeV emission from the disk observed with Fermi-LAT, seemingly due to hadronic Galactic cosmic rays showering on nuclei in the solar atmosphere. However, current theoretical models are unable to explain the details of how solar magnetic fields shape these interactions. HAWC's TeV detection thus deepens the mysteries of the solar-disk emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Albert
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - R Alfaro
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - C Alvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
| | | | - D Avila Rojas
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - H A Ayala Solares
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - R Babu
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - E Belmont-Moreno
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - C Brisbois
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - T Capistrán
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Carramiñana
- Instituto Nacional de Astrof'isica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Casanova
- Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej im Henryka Niewodniczanskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - O Chaparro-Amaro
- Centro de Investigaci'on en Computaci'on, Instituto Polit'ecnico Nacional, M'exico City, M'exico
| | - U Cotti
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - J Cotzomi
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Coutiño de León
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - E De la Fuente
- Departamento de F'isica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactase Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - R Diaz Hernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Astrof'isica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - B L Dingus
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Durocher
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Departamento de F'isica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactase Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - R W Ellsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - K Engel
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - C Espinoza
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - K Fang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Fernández Alonso
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - H Fleischhack
- Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - N Fraija
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J A García-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Avenue Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico, 64849
| | - F Garfias
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M M González
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J P Harding
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - S Hernandez
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Hinton
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Huang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - P Hüntemeyer
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - A Iriarte
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - V Joshi
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kaufmann
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - J Lee
- University of Seoul, Seoul, Rep. of Korea
| | - J T Linnemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A L Longinotti
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - G Luis-Raya
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - K Malone
- Space Science and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - O Martinez
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - J Martínez-Castro
- Centro de Investigaci'on en Computaci'on, Instituto Polit'ecnico Nacional, M'exico City, M'exico
| | - J A Matthews
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - J A Morales-Soto
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - E Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - M Mostafá
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A Nayerhoda
- Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej im Henryka Niewodniczanskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - L Nellen
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - L Olivera-Nieto
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Omodei
- Department of Physics, Stanford University: Stanford, CA 94305-4060, USA
| | - Y Pérez Araujo
- Instituto de Astronom'ia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - C D Rho
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - D Rosa-González
- Instituto Nacional de Astrof'isica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - E Ruiz-Velasco
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - D Salazar-Gallegos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A Sandoval
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Serna-Franco
- Instituto de F'isica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Y Son
- University of Seoul, Seoul, Rep. of Korea
| | - R W Springer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - O Tibolla
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Astrof'isica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - R Torres-Escobedo
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - R Turner
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - F Ureña-Mena
- Instituto Nacional de Astrof'isica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - E Varela
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - L Villaseñor
- Facultad de Ciencias F'isico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - X Wang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - I J Watson
- University of Seoul, Seoul, Rep. of Korea
| | - E Willox
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - S Yun-Cárcamo
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - C de León
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - J F Beacom
- Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Linden
- The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K C Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - A H G Peter
- Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP), Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - B Zhou
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Scussel A, Marcondes-Braga F, Espinoza C, De Marchi D, Avila M, Duque A, de Paulo A, Mangini S, de Campos I, Seguro L, Gaiotto F, Bacal F. The Role of High-Sensitive Troponin in Identifying Patients with Cardiac Allograft Rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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Menjivar RE, Nwosu ZC, Du W, Donahue KL, Hong HS, Espinoza C, Brown K, Velez-Delgado A, Yan W, Lima F, Bischoff A, Kadiyala P, Salas-Escabillas D, Crawford HC, Bednar F, Carpenter E, Zhang Y, Halbrook CJ, Lyssiotis CA, Pasca di Magliano M. Arginase 1 is a key driver of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer. eLife 2023; 12:e80721. [PMID: 36727849 PMCID: PMC10260021 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive fibroinflammatory stroma rich in macrophages is a hallmark of pancreatic cancer. In this disease, it is well appreciated that macrophages are immunosuppressive and contribute to the poor response to immunotherapy; however, the mechanisms of immune suppression are complex and not fully understood. Immunosuppressive macrophages are classically defined by the expression of the enzyme Arginase 1 (ARG1), which we demonstrated is potently expressed in pancreatic tumor-associated macrophages from both human patients and mouse models. While routinely used as a polarization marker, ARG1 also catabolizes arginine, an amino acid required for T cell activation and proliferation. To investigate this metabolic function, we used a genetic and a pharmacologic approach to target Arg1 in pancreatic cancer. Genetic inactivation of Arg1 in macrophages, using a dual recombinase genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer, delayed formation of invasive disease, while increasing CD8+ T cell infiltration. Additionally, Arg1 deletion induced compensatory mechanisms, including Arg1 overexpression in epithelial cells, namely Tuft cells, and Arg2 overexpression in a subset of macrophages. To overcome these compensatory mechanisms, we used a pharmacological approach to inhibit arginase. Treatment of established tumors with the arginase inhibitor CB-1158 exhibited further increased CD8+ T cell infiltration, beyond that seen with the macrophage-specific knockout, and sensitized the tumors to anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade. Our data demonstrate that Arg1 drives immune suppression in pancreatic cancer by depleting arginine and inhibiting T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Menjivar
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Zeribe C Nwosu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Wenting Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Katelyn L Donahue
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Hanna S Hong
- Department of Immunology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Kristee Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Ashley Velez-Delgado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Fatima Lima
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Allison Bischoff
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Immunology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | | | | | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Eileen Carpenter
- Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterolog, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterolog, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer CenterDetroitUnited States
- Rogel Cancer CenterAnn ArborUnited States
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Carpenter ES, Elhossiny AM, Kadiyala P, Li J, McGue J, Griffith B, Zhang Y, Edwards J, Nelson S, Lima F, Donahue KL, Du W, Bischoff AC, Alomari D, Watkoske H, Mattea M, The S, Espinoza C, Barrett M, Sonnenday CJ, Olden N, Peterson N, Gunchick V, Sahai V, Rao A, Bednar F, Shi J, Frankel TL, Di Magliano MP. Analysis of donor pancreata defines the transcriptomic signature and microenvironment of early pre-neoplastic pancreatic lesions. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.13.523300. [PMID: 36712058 PMCID: PMC9882230 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The adult healthy human pancreas has been poorly studied given lack of indication to obtain tissue from the pancreas in the absence of disease and rapid postmortem degradation. We obtained pancreata from brain dead donors thus avoiding any warm ischemia time. The 30 donors were diverse in age and race and had no known pancreas disease. Histopathological analysis of the samples revealed PanIN lesions in most individuals irrespective of age. Using a combination of multiplex immunohistochemistry, single cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics, we provide the first ever characterization of the unique microenvironment of the adult human pancreas and of sporadic PanIN lesions. We compared healthy pancreata to pancreatic cancer and peritumoral tissue and observed distinct transcriptomic signatures in fibroblasts, and, to a lesser extent, macrophages. PanIN epithelial cells from healthy pancreata were remarkably transcriptionally similar to cancer cells, suggesting that neoplastic pathways are initiated early in tumorigenesis. Statement of significance The causes underlying the onset of pancreatic cancer remain largely unknown, hampering early detection and prevention strategies. Here, we show that PanIN are abundant in healthy individuals and present at a much higher rate than the incidence of pancreatic cancer, setting the stage for efforts to elucidate the microenvironmental and cell intrinsic factors that restrain, or, conversely, promote, malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen S Carpenter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ahmed M Elhossiny
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jay Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jake McGue
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brian Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jacob Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Fatima Lima
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Wenting Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Danyah Alomari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hannah Watkoske
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael Mattea
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie The
- Cancer Data Science Resource, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Valerie Gunchick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Arvind Rao
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Cancer Data Science Resource, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marina Pasca Di Magliano
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Brown KL, Velez-Delgado A, Nwosu ZC, Donahue K, Kadiyala P, Yang S, Avritt FR, He X, Espinoza C, di Magliano MP. Abstract PR021: CCR1 expression defines pancreatic tumor associated macrophages and drives their immunosuppressive properties. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca22-pr021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) includes abundant fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells, the latter largely immunosuppressive. Immunotherapy approaches have been ineffective in PDA, pointing to the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of immunosuppression. We previously identified C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1 (CCR1) as overexpressed in macrophages exposed to pancreatic cancer cell conditioned medium in vitro. By single-cell RNA sequencing, we found CCR1 to be expressed by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and granulocytes in both human and mouse PDA. Conversely, the ligands for CCR1, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligands (CCLs), are produced by tumor associated fibroblasts. Thus, we sought to investigate the functional role of CCR1 in pancreatic cancer using a combination of genetically engineered mouse models and pharmaceutically approaches. In a first set of experiments, we generated KC;CCR1-/- mice (Ptf1a-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D;CCR1-/-) to determine the requirement of CCR1 during oncogenic KRAS induced pancreatic cancer initiation. We did not observe a difference in PanIN formation/progression in KC;CCR1-/- compared to KC mice. However, we observed increased immune infiltration, including CD8 T cells, in KC;CCR1-/- pancreata. In a second set of experiments, we then orthotopically transplanted two independent mouse pancreatic cancer cells derived from the KPC model in syngeneic CCR1 knockout hosts. We observed reduced tumor growth, which was rescued by CD8 T cell depletion, indicating an increase of anti-tumor immunity in mice lacking CCR1. Consistently, we observed elevated cytotoxic Granzyme B expression, as well as an increase of apoptotic cells in tumors harvested from Ccr1-/- mice. Through mass cytometry (CyTOF) and co-immunofluorescence staining we discovered that tumor associated macrophages from CCR1-/- mice expressed less Arginase 1 and CD206, both immunosuppressive markers, compared to macrophages in wild type tumors. In the last set of experiments, we used the CCR1 inhibitor J-113863, administered to mice following establishment of an orthotopically implanted tumor. Similar to the genetic model, CCR1 inhibition resulted in smaller tumors. Further, targeting CCR1 either genetically or using a CCR1 inhibitor synergizes with anti-PDL1 immune checkpoint blockade to reduce tumor growth. Together, our data is consistent with the notion that tumor associated macrophages lacking CCR1 expression are less immunosuppressive, consequently allowing increased CD8 T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Targeting CCR1 in combination with immune checkpoint blockade improves antitumor efficacy in pancreatic cancer.
Citation Format: Yaqing Zhang, Wei Yan, Kristee L. Brown, Ashely Velez-Delgado, Zeribe C. Nwosu, Katelyn Donahue, Padma Kadiyala, Sion Yang, Faith R. Avritt, Xi He, Carlos Espinoza, Marina Pasca di Magliano. CCR1 expression defines pancreatic tumor associated macrophages and drives their immunosuppressive properties [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yan
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sion Yang
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Xi He
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Opsahl ELL, Velez-Delgado A, Donahue KL, Kadiyala P, Espinoza C, Zhang Y, di Magliano MP. Abstract B015: Systemic reprogramming of fibroblasts and immune cells precedes metastatic spread in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca22-b015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS (Kras*) is a near-universal driver of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), and its activity is required for the formation of the PDA precursor lesions, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). PanIN formation is accompanied by fibrosis and immune cell infiltration, creating a precursor tumor microenvironment (PME) that is maintained and evolves through the disease progression. In mice bearing overt pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cells secrete specific factors to prime the liver and lung, forming the premetastatic niche. Presently, it remains to be elucidated at what stage of PDA tumorigenesis the premetastatic niche is initiated, as well as the mechanisms underlying this formation. As PDA patients are commonly diagnosed with metastatic disease, it is imperative to understand the mechanism underlying formation of the premetastatic niche, as well as determinants of metastasis outgrowth. To determine whether Kras*-dependent signals are required for the formation of the premetastatic niche, we used an inducible and reversible murine model of pancreas-specific Kras* expression developed by our group known as the iKras* mouse. We expressed Kras* in the pancreatic epithelium of adult mice for 16 weeks and validated the presence of advanced PanIN lesions without overt malignancy. We then performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the pancreas, liver, and lung of these mice, with liver and lung being common sites of metastasis for pancreatic cancer. We have previously shown that pancreatic fibroblasts are reprogrammed early during carcinogenesis, a finding that holds true at this later timepoint. Interestingly, we observed parallel changes in gene expression in fibroblasts, macrophages, and T cells in the lungs of PanIN bearing mice. Ongoing studies aim to validate the changes seen in the scRNA-seq and functionally evaluate systemic activation of fibroblasts and immune cells within the premetastatic niche.
Citation Format: Emily L. Lasse Opsahl, Ashley Velez-Delgado, Katelyn L. Donahue, Padma Kadiyala, Carlos Espinoza, Yaqing Zhang, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Systemic reprogramming of fibroblasts and immune cells precedes metastatic spread in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr B015.
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Espinoza C, Cabedo MJ, González B, Ramírez C. Leclercia adecarboxylata. Rev Chilena Infectol 2022; 39:319-320. [DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182022000200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Donahue K, Du W, Espinoza C, Carpenter E, Brown K, Steele N, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract PO-102: Fibroblast-derived interleukin-33 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma as a result of tumor cell KRASG12D. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca21-po-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a deadly disease that is difficult to detect early and limited in its therapeutic options. As a result, the five-year survival rate of PDA is only 10%. Expression of the oncogene KRAS is present in over 94% of PDA cases, with the most common KRAS mutation being KRASG12D. Another hallmark of PDA is its reactive, fibroinflammatory tumor microenvironment, which is established in tandem with the earliest stages of tumorigenesis and is essential to the growth and maintenance of the tumor. In this work, we have endeavored to uncover the ways by which tumor cell KRASG12D expression influences extracellular signals that shape the tumor microenvironment to the benefit of the disease, with the overall goal of identifying new potential therapeutic vulnerabilities downstream of KRAS signaling. Importantly, using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and in vitro assays by which tumor cell expression of KrasG12D can be turned on and off, we have found that tumor cell KRASG12D activity stimulates the expression of Interleukin-33 (IL33) in pancreatic fibroblasts through a mechanism requiring both JAK/STAT3 and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling. Through immunohistochemical staining and single cell RNA sequencing of patient tumor samples, we have also confirmed the expression of IL33 in the cancer-associated fibroblast compartment of human PDA. IL33 is a dual function cytokine - it is sequestered in the nucleus where it can impact the cellular transcriptome, and it can also be released to signal to cells expressing its receptor, ST2L. Across the cancer biology field, IL33 expression has been reported to be regulated by different signaling factors, and its impact can be either tumor promoting or tumor restricting depending on the tissue context. In PDA, the role of IL33 is currently unclear, with recent publications alternatively describing it as anti- or pro-tumor. While previous studies have focused on epithelial IL33, we have used a Pdgfra-CreERT2/+;Il33f/f GEMM to knock out Il33 in fibroblasts prior to orthotopic implantation of syngeneic PDA cells. Tumor growth in Il33-deficient mice was reduced, and we observed fewer infiltrating immune cells, including macrophages. As our group and others have previously shown that macrophages are a significant driver of immunosuppression required for the maintenance of PDA, we hypothesized that fibroblast-derived Il33 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis through either direct or indirect recruitment of immunosuppressive macrophages. As we continue to dissect the role of IL33 in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, we aim to fully understand the biological role of IL33 during the onset of carcinogenesis and in advanced disease. Overall, this work will shed new light on the ways by which fibroblasts and macrophages are co-opted by tumor cells as a result of KRASG12D, further elucidating prospective therapeutic avenues that may be exploited in the future.
Citation Format: Katelyn Donahue, Wenting Du, Carlos Espinoza, Eileen Carpenter, Kristee Brown, Nina Steele, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Fibroblast-derived interleukin-33 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma as a result of tumor cell KRASG12D [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-102.
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Carpenter ES, Kemp S, Kadiyala P, Steele N, Elhossiny A, The S, Gunchick V, Nicolle R, Anderson M, Du W, Espinoza C, Kwon R, Wamsteker EJ, Prabhu A, Schulman A, Sahai V, Frankel T, Bednar F, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract PO-098: Longitudinal profiling of pancreatic cancer patients identifies interleukin-8 as a mediator of myeloid-epithelial crosstalk. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca21-po-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. A key hallmark of this disease is that, while tumors initially show susceptibility to standard chemotherapeutic agents, most patients eventually develop resistance, leading to poor survival. While the mechanisms of chemoresistance are unclear, murine studies have implicated the myeloid compartment of the tumor immune microenvironment. Correlative data in human tumors supports this notion, however, mechanistic studies are lacking, thus impairing translation to the clinic. The study of human pancreatic cancer has historically been challenging due to difficulty of fresh biospecimen acquisition, patient heterogeneity, and a diverse tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the vast majority of pancreatic cancer patients do not qualify for surgical resection, further limiting tissue availability. We have overcome these difficulties by developing a pipeline to analyze human tumor samples and matched blood using high-fidelity techniques including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and mass cytometry (CyTOF), together with establishment of organoids from the same tumors. Notably, in this pipeline we can use small amounts of tissue from endoscopic fine needle biopsies, thus allowing us to sample tumors from patients at any disease stage. Results: We performed CyTOF on longitudinally-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 patients and single-cell RNA sequencing on 6 patients in the treatment naïve and on-treatment (FOLFIRINOX) state. CyTOF revealed distinct alterations in the myeloid population, with a shift toward CXCR2hiPD-L1hi granulocytes with FOLFIRINOX treatment over time. Analysis of PBMCs from scRNAseq showed a distinct myeloid gene signature with FOLFIRINOX and in particular highlighted interleukin-8 (IL8), a chemokine involved in myeloid cell chemotaxis that is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Further mapping of IL8 in tumor tissue by scRNAseq showed that it is highly expressed in subpopulations of tumor epithelial cells and tumor-infiltrating granulocytes. IL8-high tumor-infiltrating granulocytes also highly expressed VEGF and CXCR4, suggesting immunosuppressive and angiogenic roles. IL8-high tumor epithelial cells were found to have a basal-like phenotype and also expressed a network of other chemokines including CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, which are known to recruit immunosuppressive myeloid cells. Conclusions: Through longitudinal and multimodal mapping using PDAC patient blood and tumor biospecimens, we have identified IL8 as a potential mediator of epithelial-myeloid crosstalk in PDAC chemoresistance and tumor aggression. Validation studies using an all-human co-culture system of PDAC patient-derived organoids and myeloid cells are currently underway.
Citation Format: Eileen S. Carpenter, Samantha Kemp, Padma Kadiyala, Nina Steele, Ahmed Elhossiny, Stephanie The, Valerie Gunchick, Rémy Nicolle, Michelle Anderson, Wenting Du, Carlos Espinoza, Richard Kwon, Erik-Jan Wamsteker, Anoop Prabhu, Allison Schulman, Vaibhav Sahai, Timothy Frankel, Filip Bednar, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Longitudinal profiling of pancreatic cancer patients identifies interleukin-8 as a mediator of myeloid-epithelial crosstalk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-098.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rémy Nicolle
- 3Tumour Identity Card Program (CIT), French League Against Cancer, Paris, France
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Menjivar RE, Nwosu Z, Du W, Donahue K, Espinoza C, Velez-Delgado A, Brown K, Yan W, Halbrook C, Zhang Y, Lyssiotis C, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract PO-116: Deletion of Arginase 1 in myeloid cells alters the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca21-po-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a deadly disease with a 5-year survival of only 10%. PDA is characterized by an abundant fibroinflammatory stroma that includes abundant fibroblasts and immune cells, mainly myeloid cells. Infiltrating myeloid cells express high levels of Arginase 1 (Arg1), an enzyme that metabolizes L-arginine. Conversely, CD8+ T cells are scarce in PDA, and when present have an overwhelmingly exhausted phenotype. Whether myeloid cell Arginase is a key driver of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment mediate immune suppression in PDA through expression of Arg1. To test this hypothesis, we used a combination of genetically engineered pancreatic cancer mouse models and pharmacological approaches. Using a FlpO- and Cre-based dual recombinase system, we have generated a mouse model that develops pancreatic cancer spontaneously because of oncogenic Kras expression in the epithelium, while at the same time lacking Arg1 expression in the myeloid cell compartment (Ptf1a-FlpO/+;KrasFrt-STOP-Frt-G12D/+;LysMCre;Arg1f/f). To complement the genetic model and inhibit the function of Arginase systemically, we used an Arginase inhibitor (CB-1158, Incyte, Inc.) alone and in combination with an immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD1). Using these multiple approaches, we observed decrease progression to invasive disease in the genetic model, and sensitization to immune checkpoint treatment in the transplantation model. In both settings, changes in tumor growth were accompanied by an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. These changes support the notion that myeloid Arg1 is mediator of immune suppression in PDA, and a potential therapeutic target.
Citation Format: Rosa E. Menjivar, Zeribe Nwosu, Wenting Du, Katelyn Donahue, Carlos Espinoza, Ashley Velez-Delgado, Kristee Brown, Wei Yan, Christopher Halbrook, Yaqing Zhang, Costas Lyssiotis, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Deletion of Arginase 1 in myeloid cells alters the pancreatic cancer microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2021 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-116.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Yan
- 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
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11
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Steele NG, Biffi G, Kemp S, Zhang Y, Drouillard D, Syu L, Hao Y, Oni T, Brosnan E, Elyada E, Doshi A, Hansma C, Espinoza C, Abbas A, The S, Irizarry-Negron V, Halbrook C, Franks N, Hoffman M, Carpenter E, Nwosu Z, Park Y, Crawford H, Lyssiotis C, Frankel T, Rao A, Bednar F, Dlugosz A, Preall J, Tuveson D, Allen B, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract 117: Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling alters fibroblast composition in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease characterized by an extensive fibroinflammatory stroma, which includes abundant cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) populations. PDAC CAFs are heterogeneous, but the nature of this heterogeneity is incompletely understood. The Hedgehog (HH) pathway functions in PDAC in a paracrine manner, with ligands secreted by cancer cells signaling to stromal cells in the microenvironment. Previous reports investigating the role of HH signaling in PDAC have been contradictory, with HH signaling alternately proposed to promote or restrict tumor growth. In light of the newly discovered CAF heterogeneity, we investigated how HH pathway inhibition reprograms the PDAC microenvironment.
Experimental Design: We used a combination of pharmacologic inhibition, gain- and loss- of-function genetic experiments, CyTOF, and single cell RNA-sequencing to study the roles of HH signaling in PDAC.
Results: We find that HH signaling is uniquely activated in fibroblasts and differentially elevated in myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs) compared to inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs). SHH overexpression promotes tumor growth, while HH pathway inhibition with the Smoothened antagonist LDE225 impairs tumor growth. Further, HH pathway inhibition reduces myCAF numbers and increases iCAF numbers, which correlates with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells and an expansion in Tregs, consistent with increased immune suppression.
Conclusions: HH pathway inhibition alters fibroblast composition and immune infiltration in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment.
Citation Format: Nina G. Steele, Giulia Biffi, Samantha Kemp, Yaqing Zhang, Donovan Drouillard, LiJyun Syu, Yuan Hao, Tobiloba Oni, Erin Brosnan, Ela Elyada, Abhishek Doshi, Christa Hansma, Carlos Espinoza, Ahmed Abbas, Stephanie The, Valerie Irizarry-Negron, Christopher Halbrook, Nicole Franks, Megan Hoffman, Eileen Carpenter, Zeribe Nwosu, Youngkyu Park, Howard Crawford, Costas Lyssiotis, Timothy Frankel, Arvind Rao, Filip Bednar, Andrzej Dlugosz, Jonathan Preall, David Tuveson, Benjamin Allen, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling alters fibroblast composition in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 117.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Biffi
- 2Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Hao
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Tobiloba Oni
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Erin Brosnan
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Ela Elyada
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Youngkyu Park
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Tuveson
- 3Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
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Kemp SB, Steele NG, Carpenter ES, Donahue KL, Bushnell GG, Morris AH, The S, Orbach SM, Sirihorachai VR, Nwosu ZC, Espinoza C, Lima F, Brown K, Girgis AA, Gunchick V, Zhang Y, Lyssiotis CA, Frankel TL, Bednar F, Rao A, Sahai V, Shea LD, Crawford HC, Pasca di Magliano M. Pancreatic cancer is marked by complement-high blood monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000935. [PMID: 33782087 PMCID: PMC8091600 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is accompanied by reprogramming of the local microenvironment, but changes at distal sites are poorly understood. We implanted biomaterial scaffolds, which act as an artificial premetastatic niche, into immunocompetent tumor-bearing and control mice, and identified a unique tumor-specific gene expression signature that includes high expression of C1qa, C1qb, Trem2, and Chil3 Single-cell RNA sequencing mapped these genes to two distinct macrophage populations in the scaffolds, one marked by elevated C1qa, C1qb, and Trem2, the other with high Chil3, Ly6c2 and Plac8 In mice, expression of these genes in the corresponding populations was elevated in tumor-associated macrophages compared with macrophages in the normal pancreas. We then analyzed single-cell RNA sequencing from patient samples, and determined expression of C1QA, C1QB, and TREM2 is elevated in human macrophages in primary tumors and liver metastases. Single-cell sequencing analysis of patient blood revealed a substantial enrichment of the same gene signature in monocytes. Taken together, our study identifies two distinct tumor-associated macrophage and monocyte populations that reflects systemic immune changes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kemp
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nina G Steele
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eileen S Carpenter
- Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Grace G Bushnell
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron H Morris
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie The
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sophia M Orbach
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Zeribe C Nwosu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Fatima Lima
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Valerie Gunchick
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Filip Bednar
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Steele NG, Biffi G, Kemp SB, Zhang Y, Drouillard D, Syu L, Hao Y, Oni TE, Brosnan E, Elyada E, Doshi A, Hansma C, Espinoza C, Abbas A, The S, Irizarry-Negron V, Halbrook CJ, Franks NE, Hoffman MT, Brown K, Carpenter ES, Nwosu ZC, Johnson C, Lima F, Anderson MA, Park Y, Crawford HC, Lyssiotis CA, Frankel TL, Rao A, Bednar F, Dlugosz AA, Preall JB, Tuveson DA, Allen BL, Pasca di Magliano M. Inhibition of Hedgehog Signaling Alters Fibroblast Composition in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2023-2037. [PMID: 33495315 PMCID: PMC8026631 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease characterized by an extensive fibroinflammatory stroma, which includes abundant cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) populations. PDAC CAFs are heterogeneous, but the nature of this heterogeneity is incompletely understood. The Hedgehog pathway functions in PDAC in a paracrine manner, with ligands secreted by cancer cells signaling to stromal cells in the microenvironment. Previous reports investigating the role of Hedgehog signaling in PDAC have been contradictory, with Hedgehog signaling alternately proposed to promote or restrict tumor growth. In light of the newly discovered CAF heterogeneity, we investigated how Hedgehog pathway inhibition reprograms the PDAC microenvironment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a combination of pharmacologic inhibition, gain- and loss-of-function genetic experiments, cytometry by time-of-flight, and single-cell RNA sequencing to study the roles of Hedgehog signaling in PDAC. RESULTS We found that Hedgehog signaling is uniquely activated in fibroblasts and differentially elevated in myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAF) compared with inflammatory CAFs (iCAF). Sonic Hedgehog overexpression promotes tumor growth, while Hedgehog pathway inhibition with the smoothened antagonist, LDE225, impairs tumor growth. Furthermore, Hedgehog pathway inhibition reduces myCAF numbers and increases iCAF numbers, which correlates with a decrease in cytotoxic T cells and an expansion in regulatory T cells, consistent with increased immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS Hedgehog pathway inhibition alters fibroblast composition and immune infiltration in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Steele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Giulia Biffi
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Samantha B Kemp
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - LiJyun Syu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yuan Hao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tobiloba E Oni
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Erin Brosnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Ela Elyada
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Abhishek Doshi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Christa Hansma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ahmed Abbas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie The
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicole E Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan T Hoffman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristee Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eileen S Carpenter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zeribe C Nwosu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fatima Lima
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michelle A Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Youngkyu Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Institute of Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kemp SB, Steele NG, Lima F, Espinoza C, Zhang Y, Nwosu Z, Carpenter ES, Hoffman M, Pacheco A, Velez-Delgado A, The S, Crawford HC, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract PO-052: Determining the role of Apolipoprotein E in pancreatic cancer immune suppression. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca20-po-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PDA) is a lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of about 10%. The poor prognosis is, in part, due to patients most often presenting with already metastatic disease. PDA is characterized by an abundant, fibroinflammatory stroma, that contains abundant cancer-associated fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells. Myeloid cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant within the stroma and a key driver of immunosuppression. We and others have identified elevated expression of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in a subset of TAMs. Further, using single cell sequencing of human tumor samples as well as mouse tumors, we determined that ApoE expression is elevated in tumor macrophages compared to macrophages in the normal pancreas. ApoE has been well studied in various biological processes, but its role in pancreatic cancer has not been determined. In this study, we sought to determine whether ApoE had a functional role within the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Based on observations in other systems, we hypothesized that it might be a mediator of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer. We thus implanted mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines in syngeneic wild type C57/BL6 mice or in ApoE-/- mice. We did not observe a change in tumor growth in ApoE-/- mice compared to control. However, histological and Mass Cytometry (CyTOF) analysis revealed changes in the tumor microenvironment in ApoE-/- mice. Tumors from ApoE-/- mice had fewer aSMA+ fibroblasts, and subsequently less collagen deposition. In addition, CyTOF analysis revealed an increase in CD8+ T cell and CD4+ T cell infiltration, along with a decrease in regulatory T cells. Tumors harvested from ApoE-/- mice had lower levels of both Tgfb1 and Cxcl1. Further analysis in vitro, revealed ApoE secreted from tumor-associated macrophages regulates tumor-cell derived Tgfb1 and Cxcl1. Cxcl1 in turns inhibits T cell infiltration in tumors. We are currently conducting mechanistic studies to determine the mediators of the cytokine-regulatory effects of ApoE in cancer cells. Further, we are exploring whether ApoE loss sensitizes tumors in vivo to immunoregulatory agents.
Citation Format: Samantha B. Kemp, Nina G. Steele, Fatima Lima, Carlos Espinoza, Yaqing Zhang, Zeribe Nwosu, Eileen S. Carpenter, Meggie Hoffman, Amanda Pacheco, Ashley Velez-Delgado, Stephanie The, Howard C. Crawford, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Determining the role of Apolipoprotein E in pancreatic cancer immune suppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-052.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatima Lima
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Yaqing Zhang
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zeribe Nwosu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie The
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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15
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Steele NG, Carpenter ES, Kemp SB, Sirihorachai VR, The S, Delrosario L, Lazarus J, Amir EAD, Gunchick V, Espinoza C, Bell S, Harris L, Lima F, Irizarry-Negron V, Paglia D, Macchia J, Chu AKY, Schofield H, Wamsteker EJ, Kwon R, Schulman A, Prabhu A, Law R, Sondhi A, Yu J, Patel A, Donahue K, Nathan H, Cho C, Anderson MA, Sahai V, Lyssiotis CA, Zou W, Allen BL, Rao A, Crawford HC, Bednar F, Frankel TL, Pasca di Magliano M. Multimodal Mapping of the Tumor and Peripheral Blood Immune Landscape in Human Pancreatic Cancer. Nat Cancer 2020; 1:1097-1112. [PMID: 34296197 PMCID: PMC8294470 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment that renders it largely refractory to immunotherapy. We implemented a multimodal analysis approach to elucidate the immune landscape in PDA. Using a combination of CyTOF, single-cell RNA sequencing, and multiplex immunohistochemistry on patient tumors, matched blood, and non-malignant samples, we uncovered a complex network of immune-suppressive cellular interactions. These experiments revealed heterogeneous expression of immune checkpoint receptors in individual patient's T cells and increased markers of CD8+ T cell dysfunction in advanced disease stage. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells had an increased proportion of cells expressing an exhausted expression profile that included upregulation of the immune checkpoint TIGIT, a finding that we validated at the protein level. Our findings point to a profound alteration of the immune landscape of tumors, and to patient-specific immune changes that should be taken into account as combination immunotherapy becomes available for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Steele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eileen S Carpenter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samantha B Kemp
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Stephanie The
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jenny Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Valerie Gunchick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samantha Bell
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lindsey Harris
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Lima
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel Paglia
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin Macchia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angel Ka Yan Chu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Erik-Jan Wamsteker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison Schulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anoop Prabhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Law
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arjun Sondhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arpan Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katelyn Donahue
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hari Nathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clifford Cho
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michelle A Anderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Institute of Data Science (MIDAS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Filip Bednar
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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16
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Surowiec RK, Ferris SF, Apfelbaum A, Espinoza C, Mehta RK, Monchamp K, Sirihorachai VR, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galban S. Transcriptomic Analysis of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) Identifies a Targetable ALDH-Positive Subset of Highly Tumorigenic Cancer Stem-like Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:223-239. [PMID: 33106374 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cancer stem cell (CSC) landscape in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is desperately needed to address treatment resistance and identify novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived DIPG cells demonstrated heterogeneous expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD133 by flow cytometry. Transcriptome-level characterization identified elevated mRNA levels of MYC, E2F, DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, glycolytic metabolism, and mTOR signaling in ALDH+ compared with ALDH-, supporting a stem-like phenotype and indicating a druggable target. ALDH+ cells demonstrated increased proliferation, neurosphere formation, and initiated tumors that resulted in decreased survival when orthotopically implanted. Pharmacologic MAPK/PI3K/mTOR targeting downregulated MYC, E2F, and DDR mRNAs and reduced glycolytic metabolism. In vivo PI3K/mTOR targeting inhibited tumor growth in both flank and an ALDH+ orthotopic tumor model likely by reducing cancer stemness. In summary, we describe existence of ALDH+ DIPGs with proliferative properties due to increased metabolism, which may be regulated by the microenvironment and likely contributing to drug resistance and tumor recurrence. IMPLICATIONS: Characterization of ALDH+ DIPGs coupled with targeting MAPK/PI3K/mTOR signaling provides an impetus for molecularly targeted therapy aimed at addressing the CSC phenotype in DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Surowiec
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah F Ferris
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ranjit K Mehta
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karamoja Monchamp
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Veerin R Sirihorachai
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for RNA Biomedicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stefanie Galban
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Steele N, Abdelmalak KY, Ferris SF, Lee JM, Espinoza C, Zhang Y, Ram S, Galban C, Ramnath N, Frankel TL, di Magliano MP, Galbán S. Abstract 3855: Oncogenic Kras-mediated regulation of the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with an estimated 1.6 million deaths each year. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is with 85% by far the most common subtype of lung cancer, comprising adenocarcinomas and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) genes are common with the worst overall survival for KRAS mutant adenocarcinoma patients. We have established a murine model of lung cancer, wherein expression of oncogenic Kras can be controlled genetically, allowing activation of oncogenic KrasG12D (Kras*) to initiate tumor growth, tumor eradication upon Kras* depletion and re-activation as a means to model relapse. Oncogenic Kras depletion (deactivation) has previously been reported to result in tumor cell apoptosis even in the presence of tumor suppressor loss. However, the mechanisms of apoptosis, the role of the immune system on these changes, and the mechanisms allowing some tumor cells to escape apoptosis, which typically results in tumor relapse, are unknown. Here, we interrogated the immune response in mediating tumor regression and relapse using this genetically engineered models. Multiplex immunohistochemistry as well as CyTOF provided insight into the changes in immune contexture upon Kras* depletion in mice haploinsufficient for tumor suppressor p53 or mutant for p53 (R172H). Interestingly, total number of T cells including cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) was elevated in lung tumors from p53 mutant mice supporting findings of heightened immune activation and overall response to immune therapy with an increased mutational burden. Kras* inactivation and thus inhibition of MAPK signaling resulted in an overall decrease in abundance of CTLs and antigen presenting cells (APC) as well as engagement of CTL with tumor cells and APCs indicating a decrease in immune presence likely due to proceeding tumor cell kill and immune recruitment. However, intracellular distance of CTL with tumor cells indicated active tumor cell kill of the CTLs to eradicate remaining tumor cells. In summary, these findings support recent observation of increased immune activation in tumors with higher mutational load as well as changes mediated by inhibition of MAPK signaling which both maybe harnessed for enhancing future immunotherapies.
Citation Format: Nina Steele, Kristena Y. Abdelmalak, Sarah F. Ferris, Jennifer M. Lee, Carlos Espinoza, Yaqing Zhang, Sundaresh Ram, Craig Galban, Nithya Ramnath, Timothy L. Frankel, Marina Pasca di Magliano, Stefanie Galbán. Oncogenic Kras-mediated regulation of the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3855.
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Ferris SF, Surowiec RK, Espinoza C, Galban S. Abstract 6152: Characterizing cancer stem cells in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a lethal pediatric brain cancer with a five-year survival rate of less than 1%. This is reflective of a 100% tumor reoccurrence emphasizing the need for efficacious therapies. Previous studies have identified Aldehyde dehydrogenase expression (ALDH) as a marker for stemness and an indicator of tumor aggression and therapeutic resistance in many malignancies including adult glioma. Understanding the role of cancer stem-cells in gliomagenesis of DIPG is critical for developing therapies targeting resistance and averting 200-400 pediatric deaths in the US per year. We identified a subpopulation of cells expressing the ALDH cancer stem-cell marker in patient-derived DIPG cell lines with high variability in ALDH expression among the cell lines likely indicating previous treatment and resistance. As expected, proliferation and neurosphere formation as well as neurosphere size were dramatically increased in ALDH+ CSC compared to ALDH- CSC supporting our hypothesis of a tumor initiating, aggressive subpopulation likely conferring therapeutic resistance. To evaluate tumor initiation properties of ALDH+ CSC subpopulation in vivo, implantation of SU-DIPG-7 luciferase expressing cells into the pons of immunocompromised mice (NSG) was performed after sorting for ALDH by FACS. Our results demonstrate tumor initiation and tumor growth in ALDH+ mice as assessed by Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as well as histological analysis. Furthermore, survival of mice implanted with ALDH+ CSCs was significantly reduced compared to mice implanted with ALDH- cells indicating tumor initiating and ‘stem cell' properties of this subpopulation. In summary, we have identified and characterized ALDH+ cancer stem-cells in DIPG which are more aggressive than the non-cancer stem-cell population (ALDH-). These results highlight the need to develop therapies targeting this highly aggressive cancer stem-cell population. Future studies investigating the gene regulation response to treatment in these stem-cell subpopulations could provide valuable insight to co-targeted therapies to address treatment resistance in DIPG.
Citation Format: Sarah F. Ferris, Rachel K. Surowiec, Carlos Espinoza, Stefanie Galban. Characterizing cancer stem cells in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6152.
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19
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Steele N, Carpenter E, Kemp S, Sirihorachai V, The S, Delrosario L, Lazarus J, Amir EA, Gunchick V, Espinoza C, Bell S, Harris L, Irizarry-Negron V, Paglia D, Macchia J, Lima F, Chu AKY, Schofield H, Wamsteker EJ, Kwon R, Schulman A, Prabhu A, law R, Sondhi A, Donahue K, Nathan H, Cho C, Anderson M, Sahai V, Lyssiotis C, Allen B, Rao A, Zou W, Bednar F, Frankel T, Pasca di Magliano M. Abstract 3442: Multimodal mapping of the immune landscape in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related death in the US. Unfortunately, recent clinical trials using immunotherapy targeting the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment have showed disappointing results, as there is no method to predict which patients will respond to therapy. More recently, the development of single cell technology has allowed for in-depth profiling at the cellular level using small amounts of tissue, raising the potential to develop precision medicine tools at time of endoscopic fine needle biopsy.
Results: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) on endoscopic fine needle biopsies from 10 PDAC tumors at time of diagnostic endoscopic biopsy or 6 surgically resected tissues. We also sequenced 3 adjacent or normal pancreas tissues. We captured 8,521 cells from 3 surgical normal adjacent samples and 46,244 cells from PDAC tumors. Mapping of putative interactions between ligands and receptors demonstrated upregulation of key signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, NOTCH, and chemokine signaling within myeloid, epithelial, T, and NK cells. Differential expression analysis in cytotoxic CD8 T cells of PDA patients revealed increased expression of genes involved in T cell activation (GZMB, GZMA), exhaustion (GZMK, EOMES) as well as immune checkpoint pathway upregulation when compared to cytotoxic T cells in adjacent normal pancreatic tissue. Among the most significantly increased genes in CD8 T cells of PDAC tumor was the immune checkpoint TIGIT. Upon further analysis of the CD8 T cells, we found TIGIT was almost exclusively expressed in exhausted CD8 T cells, while other checkpoints such as PD-1 and LAG3 were equally distributed across effector and exhausted T cell populations. Interestingly, we were able to capture patient-specific heterogeneity of gene expression in T cells, suggesting the possibility of individualized T cell gene signatures present in PDAC tumors. We used mass cytometry and immunostaining to validate our transcript-based findings.
Conclusion: Overall, we have successfully performed robust in-depth profiling using single-cell sequencing of PDAC tumors from fine needle biopsies. TIGIT, but not other immune checkpoints, correlates with T cells exhaustion in tumors, revealing an important biological function of this relatively understudied checkpoint. Analysis of our results identified patient-specific heterogeneity of key signaling pathways in different cell compartments of PDAC tumors that have to potential to be leveraged for precision medicine.
Citation Format: Nina Steele, Eileen Carpenter, Samantha Kemp, Veerin Sirihorachai, Stephanie The, Lawrence Delrosario, Jenny Lazarus, El-ad Amir, Valerie Gunchick, Carlos Espinoza, Samantha Bell, Lindsey Harris, Valerie Irizarry-Negron, Dan Paglia, Justin Macchia, Fatima Lima, Angel Ka Yan Chu, Heather Schofield, Erik Jan Wamsteker, Richard Kwon, Allison Schulman, Anoop Prabhu, Ryan law, Arjun Sondhi, Katelyn Donahue, Hari Nathan, Clifford Cho, Michelle Anderson, Vaibhav Sahai, Costas Lyssiotis, Benjamin Allen, Arvind Rao, Weiping Zou, Filip Bednar, Timothy Frankel, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Multimodal mapping of the immune landscape in human pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3442.
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20
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Albert A, Alfaro R, Alvarez C, Angeles Camacho JR, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Arunbabu KP, Avila Rojas D, Ayala Solares HA, Baghmanyan V, Belmont-Moreno E, BenZvi SY, Brisbois C, Caballero-Mora KS, Capistrán T, Carramiñana A, Casanova S, Cotti U, Cotzomi J, Coutiño de León S, De la Fuente E, de León C, Dingus BL, DuVernois MA, Díaz-Vélez JC, Ellsworth RW, Engel K, Espinoza C, Fleischhack H, Fraija N, Galván-Gámez A, Garcia D, García-González JA, Garfias F, González MM, Goodman JA, Harding JP, Hernandez S, Hona B, Huang D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F, Hüntemeyer P, Iriarte A, Joshi V, Lara A, Lee WH, León Vargas H, Linnemann JT, Longinotti AL, Luis-Raya G, Lundeen J, López-Coto R, Malone K, Marinelli SS, Martinez-Castellanos I, Martínez-Castro J, Martínez-Huerta H, Matthews JA, Miranda-Romagnoli P, Morales-Soto JA, Moreno E, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Omodei N, Peisker A, Pérez-Pérez EG, Rho CD, Rivière C, Rosa-González D, Rosenberg M, Ruiz-Velasco E, Salazar H, Salesa Greus F, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Springer RW, Surajbali P, Tabachnick E, Tanner M, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Torres-Escobedo R, Weisgarber T, Yodh G, Zepeda A, Zhou H. Constraints on Lorentz Invariance Violation from HAWC Observations of Gamma Rays above 100 TeV. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:131101. [PMID: 32302173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.131101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because of the high energies and long distances to the sources, astrophysical observations provide a unique opportunity to test possible signatures of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV). Superluminal LIV enables the decay of photons at high energy. The high altitude water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is among the most sensitive gamma-ray instruments currently operating above 10 TeV. HAWC finds evidence of 100 TeV photon emission from at least four astrophysical sources. These observations exclude, for the strongest of the limits set, the LIV energy scale to 2.2×10^{31} eV, over 1800 times the Planck energy and an improvement of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over previous limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Albert
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R Alfaro
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - C Alvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - J R Angeles Camacho
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - K P Arunbabu
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - D Avila Rojas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - H A Ayala Solares
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - V Baghmanyan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 IFJ-PAN, Krakow 31342, Poland
| | - E Belmont-Moreno
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - S Y BenZvi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Brisbois
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | - K S Caballero-Mora
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - T Capistrán
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - A Carramiñana
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - S Casanova
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 IFJ-PAN, Krakow 31342, Poland
| | - U Cotti
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58040, Mexico
| | - J Cotzomi
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - S Coutiño de León
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - E De la Fuente
- Departamento de Física, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | - C de León
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58040, Mexico
| | - B L Dingus
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 46600, Mexico
| | - R W Ellsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - K Engel
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - C Espinoza
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - H Fleischhack
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | - N Fraija
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - A Galván-Gámez
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - D Garcia
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - J A García-González
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - F Garfias
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - M M González
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - J P Harding
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S Hernandez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - B Hona
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | - D Huang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | | | - P Hüntemeyer
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, USA
| | - A Iriarte
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - V Joshi
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Lara
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - W H Lee
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - H León Vargas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - J T Linnemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A L Longinotti
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - G Luis-Raya
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo 42083, Mexico
| | - J Lundeen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R López-Coto
- INFN and Universita di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - K Malone
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - S S Marinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - J Martínez-Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07738, Mexico
| | - H Martínez-Huerta
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Sao Paolo 13566-590, Brasil
| | - J A Matthews
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - J A Morales-Soto
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58040, Mexico
| | - E Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - A Nayerhoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 IFJ-PAN, Krakow 31342, Poland
| | - L Nellen
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - M Newbold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - N Omodei
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Peisker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - E G Pérez-Pérez
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo 42083, Mexico
| | - C D Rho
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Rivière
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - D Rosa-González
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Ruiz-Velasco
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - F Salesa Greus
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 IFJ-PAN, Krakow 31342, Poland
| | - A Sandoval
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Sinnis
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - R W Springer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - P Surajbali
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Tabachnick
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA
| | - M Tanner
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - O Tibolla
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo 42083, Mexico
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla 72840, Mexico
| | - R Torres-Escobedo
- Departamento de Física, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1051, USA
| | - T Weisgarber
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - A Zepeda
- Physics Department, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - H Zhou
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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21
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Abeysekara AU, Albert A, Alfaro R, Angeles Camacho JR, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Arunbabu KP, Avila Rojas D, Ayala Solares HA, Baghmanyan V, Belmont-Moreno E, BenZvi SY, Brisbois C, Caballero-Mora KS, Capistrán T, Carramiñana A, Casanova S, Cotti U, Cotzomi J, Coutiño de León S, De la Fuente E, de León C, Dichiara S, Dingus BL, DuVernois MA, Díaz-Vélez JC, Ellsworth RW, Engel K, Espinoza C, Fleischhack H, Fraija N, Galván-Gámez A, Garcia D, García-González JA, Garfias F, González MM, Goodman JA, Harding JP, Hernandez S, Hinton J, Hona B, Huang D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F, Hüntemeyer P, Iriarte A, Jardin-Blicq A, Joshi V, Kaufmann S, Kieda D, Lara A, Lee WH, León Vargas H, Linnemann JT, Longinotti AL, Luis-Raya G, Lundeen J, López-Coto R, Malone K, Marinelli SS, Martinez O, Martinez-Castellanos I, Martínez-Castro J, Martínez-Huerta H, Matthews JA, Miranda-Romagnoli P, Morales-Soto JA, Moreno E, Mostafá M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Peisker A, Pérez-Pérez EG, Pretz J, Ren Z, Rho CD, Rivière C, Rosa-González D, Rosenberg M, Ruiz-Velasco E, Salesa Greus F, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Springer RW, Surajbali P, Tabachnick E, Tanner M, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Torres-Escobedo R, Villaseñor L, Weisgarber T, Wood J, Yapici T, Zhang H, Zhou H. Multiple Galactic Sources with Emission Above 56 TeV Detected by HAWC. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:021102. [PMID: 32004015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.021102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the first catalog of gamma-ray sources emitting above 56 and 100 TeV with data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory, a wide field-of-view observatory capable of detecting gamma rays up to a few hundred TeV. Nine sources are observed above 56 TeV, all of which are likely galactic in origin. Three sources continue emitting past 100 TeV, making this the highest-energy gamma-ray source catalog to date. We report the integral flux of each of these objects. We also report spectra for three highest-energy sources and discuss the possibility that they are PeVatrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Abeysekara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - A Albert
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - R Alfaro
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J R Angeles Camacho
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - K P Arunbabu
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - D Avila Rojas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - H A Ayala Solares
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - V Baghmanyan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Belmont-Moreno
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - S Y BenZvi
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - C Brisbois
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - T Capistrán
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A Carramiñana
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Casanova
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Cotti
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - J Cotzomi
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Coutiño de León
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - E De la Fuente
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactase Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - C de León
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - S Dichiara
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - B L Dingus
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactase Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - R W Ellsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - K Engel
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - C Espinoza
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - H Fleischhack
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - N Fraija
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Galván-Gámez
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - D Garcia
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J A García-González
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - F Garfias
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M M González
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - J P Harding
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - S Hernandez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Hinton
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Hona
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Huang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | | | - P Hüntemeyer
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - A Iriarte
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Jardin-Blicq
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Joshi
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kaufmann
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - D Kieda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - A Lara
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - W H Lee
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - H León Vargas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J T Linnemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - A L Longinotti
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - G Luis-Raya
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - J Lundeen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - R López-Coto
- INFN and Universita di Padova, via Marzolo 8, Padova, Italy
| | - K Malone
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S S Marinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - O Martinez
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - J Martínez-Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - H Martínez-Huerta
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - J A Matthews
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - J A Morales-Soto
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - E Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - M Mostafá
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Nayerhoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - L Nellen
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M Newbold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - A Peisker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - J Pretz
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Z Ren
- Dept of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - C D Rho
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - C Rivière
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - D Rosa-González
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Ruiz-Velasco
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Salesa Greus
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Sandoval
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Sinnis
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - R W Springer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P Surajbali
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E Tabachnick
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - M Tanner
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - O Tibolla
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - I Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - R Torres-Escobedo
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactase Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - L Villaseñor
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - T Weisgarber
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J Wood
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Hunstville, Alabama, USA
| | - T Yapici
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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22
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Kemp S, Steele N, Carpenter E, Sirihorachai V, Bushnell G, Morris A, Espinoza C, Lima F, Nwosu Z, Orbach S, Shea L, Bednar F, Crawford H, Magliano MPD. Abstract A25: Using biomaterial scaffolds to study the genesis of the immunosuppressive premetastatic niche in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca19-a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. This poor prognosis is, in part, due to patients most often presenting with already metastatic disease. Pancreatic cancer is characterized by an abundant, reactive fibroinflammatory stroma, consisting of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and infiltrating immune cells that send and receive signals to and from other nearby cells, including the tumor cells. The crosstalk between tumor cells and elements of the stroma results in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment both at the primary tumor and the sites of metastases. A key limitation in studying metastatic disease in mouse models is the inability to predict when the cancer cells will ultimately metastasize. In this study biomaterial scaffolds that mimic the premetastatic niche in vivo, by attracting immune cells followed by tumor cells, were used to longitudinally follow the metastasis process in individual animals. Biomaterial scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously to mimic the premetastatic niche in both syngeneic and spontaneous mouse (iKras* p53*) models of pancreatic cancer. Scaffolds were harvested 21 days post implantation and taken for histologic analysis to characterize the cellular infiltrate in response to the primary tumor. Histologic analysis (H&E, Gomori’s trichrome, and multiplex IHC) shows tumor cell colonization in the scaffold along with a robust immune and fibrotic response. To further characterize the scaffold infiltrate in control versus tumor-bearing mice, mass cytometry (CyTOF) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) analysis was performed. CyTOF analysis revealed the most abundant cell population is heterogenous myeloid cells, which are immunosuppressive in nature. Scaffolds from tumor-bearing animals have an increase in fibroblasts, and subsequently have fewer cytotoxic, CD8+ T cells. scRNA seq analysis of the scaffold infiltrate reveals CD8+ T cells from tumor-bearing animals express higher levels of the immune checkpoint, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lower levels of the functional markers, perforin 1 and granzyme B, suggesting the CD8+ T cells are unable to perform their cytotoxic functions. Further analysis revealed a chemokine signaling axis, where fibroblasts recruit distinct subsets of myeloid cells. Taken together, the premetastatic niche (recapitulated by the biomaterial scaffolds) in pancreatic cancer has a high abundance of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, an increase in fibroblasts, and fewer CD8+ T cells, creating an immunosuppressive niche that allows for tumor cell colonization and growth. Future directions include blocking myeloid cell chemotaxis to the scaffold to prevent tumor cell dissemination and reduce metastatic burden.
Citation Format: Samantha Kemp, Nina Steele, Eileen Carpenter, Veerin Sirihorachai, Grace Bushnell, Aaron Morris, Carlos Espinoza, Fatima Lima, Zeribe Nwosu, Sophia Orbach, Lonnie Shea, Filip Bednar, Howard Crawford, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Using biomaterial scaffolds to study the genesis of the immunosuppressive premetastatic niche in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
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23
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Menjivar RE, Halbrook C, Velez A, Lima F, Espinoza C, Galban S, Zhang Y, Lyssiotis C, Magliano MPD. Abstract A31: Investigating the effect of myeloid Arg1 deletion on tumor growth and CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca19-a31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PDA is characterized by an extensive fibroinflammatory stroma. This fibroinflammatory stroma is mainly composed of fibroblasts and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The most abundant infiltrating immune cells are myeloid cells. Myeloid cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and granulocytes are required for PDA tumor growth and maintenance. Myeloid cells have the ability to suppress antitumor T-cell responses in PDA, as depletion of myeloid cells restores CD8+ T-cell immunity. Our previous characterization of myeloid cells infiltrating the neoplastic pancreas has revealed that myeloid cells express high levels of Arginase 1 (Arg1), an enzyme that depletes the amino acid L-arginine from the microenvironment and a signature marker of immunosuppressive macrophages and TAMs. In turn, L-arginine is required for CD8+ T-cell activation. An increase in Arginase levels has been reported also in other cancers, including lung, gastrointestinal, and bladder cancer. Thus, Arg1 expression in myeloid cells might be a key mediator of immune suppression, although this possibility has not been investigated directly in pancreatic cancer. Based on these observations, we test the hypothesis that myeloid cell polarization in the tumor microenvironment mediates immune suppression in PDA through expression of Arginase 1. The objective of this study is to provide novel insights into the role of Arg1 in pancreatic cancer, and the overall goal is to identify new therapeutic targets for combination therapy in pancreatic cancer. We used a genetically engineered mouse model (LysM-Cre;Arg1f/f) to delete the Arg1 gene, specifically from the myeloid cell compartment (LysM+ cells), including macrophages and neutrophils. We orthotopically implanted primary mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines into C57BL/6 LysM-Cre;Arg1f/f and wild-type (WT) mice. We evaluated tumor growth and CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation between LysM-Cre;Arg1f/f and WT control mice. We used MRI imaging to determine tumor volume, and we used immunofluorescence and mass cytometry analysis to investigate changes in immune cell infiltration. We confirmed Arg1 depletion in LysM-Cre;Arg1f/f mice by Western blotting, co-immunofluorescence, and mass cytometry. We observed a decreasing trend in tumor growth and volume in LysM-Cre;Arg1f/f mice, an increase in iNOS expression (a marker of inflammatory macrophages), and an increase in CD8+ T-cell number and activity compared to the WT. These results support the notion that Arg1 might be a moderator of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer.
Citation Format: Rosa E. Menjivar, Christopher Halbrook, Ashley Velez, Fatima Lima, Carlos Espinoza, Stefanie Galban, Yaqing Zhang, Costas Lyssiotis, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Investigating the effect of myeloid Arg1 deletion on tumor growth and CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
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24
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Steele N, Kemp S, Irizarry-Negron V, Sirihorachai V, Abbas A, Carpenter E, Halbrook C, Espinoza C, Lyssiotis C, Crawford H, Frankel T, Bednar F, Allen B, Magliano MPD. Abstract A52: Modulation of Hedgehog signaling alters immune infiltration in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca19-a52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a dismal 5-year survival rate of 9%, making this disease one of the deadliest human malignancies. Primary barriers to the treatment of pancreatic cancer include extensive stromal interactions and sustained immune suppression. Aberrant Hedgehog (HH) pathway activity is a hallmark of pancreatic tumorigenesis. Tumor-derived HH ligands signal in a paracrine fashion to the surrounding stroma to influence tumor growth. Expression of HH ligands increases during PDA progression, and previous work has shown that genetic deletion of Sonic HH from the epithelium of mice with pancreatic tumors results in increased Indian HH (Ihh) expression.
Methods: Ihh was deleted in tumor cells lines (IhhKO) derived from a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer (KrasG12D;Trp;P48-Cre), using CRISPR/Cas-9 gene editing to assess the role of Ihh in the tumor microenvironment. The level of HH signaling was determined using tumor cell co-cultures with Gli1lacZ fibroblasts (derived from mice with a lacZ reporter allele knocked into the Gli1 locus), in which beta galactosidase activity serves as a readout for HH signaling. WT and IhhKO tumor cells were orthotopically transplanted into the pancreas of syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Human pancreas samples were obtained from surgical resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma or fine-needle biopsy procedure (FNB). Immune profiling of mouse and human pancreatic tumors was performed using Cytometry Time-of-Flight analysis, and tumor composition was analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing. In vitro cultures with pancreatic fibroblasts treated with either WT or IhhKO tumor cell conditioned media (CM) were cultured to assess tumor crosstalk.
Results: Tumor cells lacking Ihh were generated through CRISPR/Cas-9 deletion, and this was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Co-culture of IhhKO tumor cells with Gli1lacZ fibroblasts results in decreased Gli1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Immune profiling revealed that tumors lacking Ihh have significantly fewer macrophages (CD11b+/F4/80+), resulting in decreased presence of immunosuppressive factors such as arginase 1 and PDL1. Immune profiling of human PDA revealed similar populations of immunosuppressive myeloid cells present in tumors. In vitro co-cultures demonstrated CCL2 expression was reduced in pancreatic fibroblasts cultured with IhhKO-CM, providing mechanistic insight into the in vivo phenotype observed. Further, scRNA seq analysis suggests that modulation of HH signaling in the tumor microenvironment alters chemokine and immunomodulatory signaling pathways driven by fibroblasts in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment.
Significance of Impact: HH signaling in pancreatic fibroblasts contributes to the establishment of an immune-suppressive environment in pancreatic cancer. Combining methods to target HH signaling and immune checkpoint therapy has translational potential in treating pancreatic cancer patients.
Citation Format: Nina Steele, Samantha Kemp, Valerie Irizarry-Negron, Veerin Sirihorachai, Ahmed Abbas, Eileen Carpenter, Christopher Halbrook, Carlos Espinoza, Costas Lyssiotis, Howard Crawford, Timothy Frankel, Filip Bednar, Ben Allen, Marina Pasca di Magliano. Modulation of Hedgehog signaling alters immune infiltration in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A52.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben Allen
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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25
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Abeysekara AU, Albert A, Alfaro R, Alvarez C, Álvarez JD, Arceo R, Arteaga-Velázquez JC, Avila Rojas D, Ayala Solares HA, Belmont-Moreno E, BenZvi SY, Brisbois C, Caballero-Mora KS, Capistrán T, Carramiñana A, Casanova S, Castillo M, Cotti U, Cotzomi J, Coutiño de León S, De León C, De la Fuente E, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dichiara S, Dingus BL, DuVernois MA, Ellsworth RW, Engel K, Espinoza C, Fang K, Fleischhack H, Fraija N, Galván-Gámez A, García-González JA, Garfias F, González-Muñoz A, González MM, Goodman JA, Hampel-Arias Z, Harding JP, Hernandez S, Hinton J, Hona B, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla F, Hui CM, Hüntemeyer P, Iriarte A, Jardin-Blicq A, Joshi V, Kaufmann S, Kar P, Kunde GJ, Lauer RJ, Lee WH, León Vargas H, Li H, Linnemann JT, Longinotti AL, Luis-Raya G, López-Coto R, Malone K, Marinelli SS, Martinez O, Martinez-Castellanos I, Martínez-Castro J, Matthews JA, Miranda-Romagnoli P, Moreno E, Mostafá M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Pretz J, Pérez-Pérez EG, Ren Z, Rho CD, Rivière C, Rosa-González D, Rosenberg M, Ruiz-Velasco E, Salesa Greus F, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Seglar Arroyo M, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Springer RW, Surajbali P, Taboada I, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Vianello G, Villaseñor L, Weisgarber T, Werner F, Westerhoff S, Wood J, Yapici T, Yodh G, Zepeda A, Zhang H, Zhou H. Publisher Correction: Very-high-energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433. Nature 2018; 564:E38. [PMID: 30482938 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this Letter, owing to a production error, the penultimate version of the PDF was published. The HTML version was always correct. The PDF has been corrected online.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Abeysekara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - A Albert
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - R Alfaro
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Alvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - J D Álvarez
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - R Arceo
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | | | - D Avila Rojas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H A Ayala Solares
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - E Belmont-Moreno
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Y BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Brisbois
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - T Capistrán
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A Carramiñana
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Casanova
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland.,Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Castillo
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - U Cotti
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - J Cotzomi
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - S Coutiño de León
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - C De León
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - E De la Fuente
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Dichiara
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B L Dingus
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - R W Ellsworth
- School of Physics, Astronomy, and Computational Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - K Engel
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - C Espinoza
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K Fang
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - H Fleischhack
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - N Fraija
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Galván-Gámez
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J A García-González
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F Garfias
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A González-Muñoz
- Departamento de Física, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - M M González
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Z Hampel-Arias
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Inter-university Institute for High Energies, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J P Harding
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - S Hernandez
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Hinton
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Hona
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - C M Hui
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Astrophysics Office, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - P Hüntemeyer
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - A Iriarte
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Jardin-Blicq
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Joshi
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kaufmann
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - P Kar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - G J Kunde
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - R J Lauer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - W H Lee
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H León Vargas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Li
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J T Linnemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A L Longinotti
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - G Luis-Raya
- Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca, Pachuca, Mexico
| | | | - K Malone
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - S S Marinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - O Martinez
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - J Martínez-Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J A Matthews
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - E Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - M Mostafá
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A Nayerhoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - L Nellen
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Newbold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - J Pretz
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Z Ren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C D Rho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - C Rivière
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - D Rosa-González
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - M Rosenberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - E Ruiz-Velasco
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Salesa Greus
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, IFJ-PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Sandoval
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Schneider
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - H Schoorlemmer
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Seglar Arroyo
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - G Sinnis
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - A J Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - R W Springer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P Surajbali
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - O Tibolla
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - G Vianello
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - L Villaseñor
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - T Weisgarber
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - F Werner
- Max-Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Wood
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T Yapici
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - A Zepeda
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico.,Physics Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H Zhou
- Physics and Theoretical Divisions, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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Galbán S, Espinoza C, Luker KE, Luker GD, Dort MV, Ross BD. Abstract 3875: Lymphatically directed MAPK/PI3K/mTOR inhibitor for treatment of cancer growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Ras-ERK and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways have profound effects on cancer cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism and motility. Due to the importance of these pathways, a myriad of compounds has been developed to inhibit key signaling nodes including MEK, PI3K and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Evidence has shown that extensive cross-talk and compensation between pathways occurs shifting therapeutic efforts towards strategies to target multiple pathways to improve therapeutic outcomes. However, clinical trials evaluating MAPK and PI3K combination therapies have revealed poor tolerability leading to early discontinuation. Here we show a multifunctional molecular inhibitor (ST-182) capable of simultaneous inhibition of MAPK, PI3K and mTOR pathways. Kinase assays were used to determine IC50s for MEK1, PI3K α, β, δ, γ and mTOR confirming in vitro targeting of these signaling nodes. Phosphorylation changes of ERK and AKT as surrogate markers for kinase inhibition were confirmed in multiple breast cancer cell lines and determined to be independent of their BRCA1 mutational status. Reverse phase protein array performed in MDA-MB-231 cells indicated both efficient MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition and along with differential regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways compared to combination therapy of single agents (MEK plus PI3K inhibitor). Using excised breast cancer tissue from orthotopic mammary tumor mouse models (MDA-MB-231 and AT-3), ST-182 was found to modulate MEK and PI3K/mTOR activities demonstrating in vivo bioavailability confirming simultaneous multifunctional inhibition of Ras/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Innovative Kinase Translocation Reporters (KTR) were used to confirm in vitro and in vivo inhibition of these pathways. Treatment of breast tumor bearing mice daily with ST-182 (400 mg/kg, PO) achieved a significant reduction in volumetric tumor growth versus control animals with no observed systemic toxicity. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in metastatic tumor load in these mouse models underpinning its regulation of EMT proteins. Pharmacokinetics evaluation of ST-182 following oral administration revealed unique physiochemical properties promoting direct lymphatic system uptake as the primary absorption route at an astonishing >95% level rather than traditional portal vein absorption. Significant implications of lymph-directed uptake include circumventing first pass metabolism, enhanced bioavailability and reduction in systemic toxicities. This paradigm shift in drug development is anticipated to open up new opportunities for delivery of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors using lymph-directed compounds to improve clinical outcome of breast cancer along with other tumor types.
Citation Format: Stefanie Galbán, Carlos Espinoza, Kathryn E. Luker, Gary D. Luker, Marcian Van Dort, Brian D. Ross. Lymphatically directed MAPK/PI3K/mTOR inhibitor for treatment of cancer growth and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3875.
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Galbán S, Espinoza C, Bedi K, Maachani UB, Souweidane MM, Ljungman M, Dort MV, Ross BD. Abstract 2073: Transcriptome profiles of cancer stem-like cells in patient-derived diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a rare, but lethal childhood cancer with a 5-year survival less than 1 %. Genetic profiling of DIPG biopsies and post-mortem tissue have recently identified mutations in PI3KCA, PTEN, TP53, ATM/MPL, histones and PDGF receptor overexpression. PI3KCA and PTEN mutations as well as PDGF receptor overexpression indicate upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, representing druggable targets. We recently developed a multifunctional kinase inhibitor (ST-182), which targets the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways which is often upregulated in various malignancies as a compensatory mechanism when PI3K is inhibited. We evaluated ST-182's efficacy for targeting these pathways in patient derived DIPG by western blotting and reverse phase protein array analysis (RPPA). Phosphorylation changes of ERK and AKT, downstream signaling inhibition as well as diminished proliferation was shown in two DIPG cell lines (SU-DIPGIV and XIII) when treated with ST-182, indicating efficacy of co-targeting these pathways as a new therapeutic advance for DIPG.
FACS analysis of DIPG cells (SU-DIPGXIII) identified a large percentage (>10%) of DIPG cells as ALDH positive indicating aggressive stem like features. Characterization of these distinct DIPG populations (ALDH+,-) at the transcriptome level was performed to understand differences in pathway signaling and to identify potential drug resistance mechanisms to ST-182. Utilizing an innovative transcriptome analysis approach, we identified elevated levels of MYC, E2F and DNA repair genes in ALDH+ cells, supporting stem like phenotype of ALDH+ DIPG cells. MYC has long been identified as a crucial player in maintaining embryonic stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal, whereas E2F provide transcriptional control of stem cell fate and DNA repair mechanisms maintain and regulate cancer stem cells. Pharmacological targeting of MAPK/PI3K/mTOR by ST-182 demonstrated up regulation of NFkB, apoptosis, hypoxia, p53 and inflammatory response in ALDH+ and ALDH- cells and down-regulation of MYC, E2F and DNA replication indicating efficacy of targeting these pathways in preventing/reversing stem-like phenotypes in the ALDH+ cell population.
Our findings indicate efficacy of ST-182 for the treatment of ALDH+ cancer stem cells providing impetus for evaluation of molecularly targeted MAPK/PI3K/mTOR therapy. Our comprehensive transcriptome studies provide a new direction for the treatment of DIPG through novel insights into the underlying transcriptomic basis of drug resistant cancer stem cells. Development of new compounds such as ST-182 provides opportunities to implement precision medicine to improve treatment outcomes for DIPG patients.
Citation Format: Stefanie Galbán, Carlos Espinoza, Karan Bedi, Uday B. Maachani, Mark M. Souweidane, Mats Ljungman, Marcian Van Dort, Brian D. Ross. Transcriptome profiles of cancer stem-like cells in patient-derived diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2073.
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Schofield HK, Zeller J, Espinoza C, Halbrook CJ, Del Vecchio A, Magnuson B, Fabo T, Daylan AEC, Kovalenko I, Lee HJ, Yan W, Feng Y, Karim SA, Kremer DM, Kumar-Sinha C, Lyssiotis CA, Ljungman M, Morton JP, Galbán S, Fearon ER, Pasca di Magliano M. Mutant p53R270H drives altered metabolism and increased invasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97422. [PMID: 29367463 PMCID: PMC5821189 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by nearly universal activating mutations in KRAS. Among other somatic mutations, TP53 is mutated in more than 75% of human pancreatic tumors. Genetically engineered mice have proven instrumental in studies of the contribution of individual genes to carcinogenesis. Oncogenic Kras mutations occur early during pancreatic carcinogenesis and are considered an initiating event. In contrast, mutations in p53 occur later during tumor progression. In our model, we recapitulated the order of mutations of the human disease, with p53 mutation following expression of oncogenic Kras. Further, using an inducible and reversible expression allele for mutant p53, we inactivated its expression at different stages of carcinogenesis. Notably, the function of mutant p53 changes at different stages of carcinogenesis. Our work establishes a requirement for mutant p53 for the formation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. In tumors, mutant p53 becomes dispensable for growth. However, it maintains the altered metabolism that characterizes pancreatic cancer and mediates its malignant potential. Further, mutant p53 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer cell invasion. This work generates new mouse models that mimic human pancreatic cancer and expands our understanding of the role of p53 mutation, common in the majority of human malignancies. This study shows that sequential mutations in Kras and Trp53 collaborate in pancreatic cancer and establishes effects of interrupting mutant Trp53 at different tumor stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Schofield
- Department of Surgery.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology.,Medical Scientist Training Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian Magnuson
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tania Fabo
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and
| | | | | | - Saadia A Karim
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and.,Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Radiation Oncology.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric R Fearon
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Human Genetics, and
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology.,Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Galbán S, Al-Holou WN, Wang H, Welton AR, Heist K, Hu XK, Verhaak RG, Zhu Y, Espinoza C, Chenevert TL, Hoff BA, Galbán CJ, Ross BD. MRI-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy of Murine GBM for Spatiotemporal Molecular Genomic Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:9-15. [PMID: 28553660 PMCID: PMC5444878 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumor biopsies that are routinely performed in clinical settings significantly aid in diagnosis and staging. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a methodological image-guided approach that would allow for routine sampling of glioma tissue from orthotopic mouse brain tumor models. A magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsy method is presented to allow for spatially precise stereotaxic sampling of a murine glioma coupled with genome-scale technology to provide unbiased characterization of intra- and intertumoral clonal heterogeneity. Longitudinal and multiregional sampling of intracranial tumors allows for successful collection of tumor biopsy samples, thus allowing for a pathway-enrichment analysis and a transcriptional profiling of RNA sequencing data. Spatiotemporal gene expression pattern variations revealing genomic heterogeneity were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wajd N Al-Holou
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amanda R Welton
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Heist
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xin Kathy Hu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Yuan Zhu
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas L Chenevert
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ben A Hoff
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig J Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Galbán S, Apfelbaum AA, Espinoza C, Heist K, Haley H, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galbán CJ, Luker GD, Dort MV, Ross BD. A Bifunctional MAPK/PI3K Antagonist for Inhibition of Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2340-2350. [PMID: 28775144 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Responses to targeted therapies frequently are brief, with patients relapsing with drug-resistant tumors. For oncogenic MEK and BRAF inhibition, drug resistance commonly occurs through activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and immune checkpoint modulation, providing a robust molecular target for concomitant therapy. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a bifunctional kinase inhibitor (ST-162) that concurrently targets MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. Treatment with ST-162 produced regression of mutant KRAS- or BRAF-addicted xenograft models of colorectal cancer and melanoma and stasis of BRAF/PTEN-mutant melanomas. Combining ST-162 with immune checkpoint blockers further increased efficacy in a syngeneic KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer model. Nascent transcriptome analysis revealed a unique gene set regulated by ST-162 related to melanoma metastasis. Subsequent mouse studies revealed ST-162 was a potent inhibitor of melanoma metastasis to the liver. These findings highlight the significant potential of a single molecule with multikinase activity to achieve tumor control, overcome resistance, and prevent metastases through modulation of interconnected cell signaling pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(11); 2340-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April A Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Heist
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Henry Haley
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig J Galbán
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary D Luker
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marcian Van Dort
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Galban S, Van Dort M, Hao H, Espinoza C, Heist K, Nino C, Galban C, Besirli C, Ross B. Development and evaluation of a novel MAPK and PI3K inhibitor. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Beltran P, Espinoza C, Hernandez C, Chavez D, Reyna W, Cruz G, Perez Campos E. Ascariasis as cause of intestinal occlusion and concurrent appendicitis. Trop Biomed 2016; 33:833-836. [PMID: 33579082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal occlusion by ascariasis is a commonly seen socio-economic status low, is associated with poor sanitary hygiene. It is rare to see a case with both intestinal occlusion and appendicitis at the same time, as described in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Espinoza
- Department of Anesthesiology IMSS HRO-24
| | | | - D Chavez
- Rural Anesthesiology IMSS HRO-24
| | - W Reyna
- Rural Hospital of Opportunities number 24 Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS HRO 24)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Autonomous University Benito Juarez of Oaxaca (UABJO)
| | - G Cruz
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Autonomous University Benito Juarez of Oaxaca (UABJO)
| | - E Perez Campos
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Autonomous University Benito Juarez of Oaxaca (UABJO)
- Immunology and Biochemistry Unit ITO-UNAM
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33
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Espinoza C, Schlechter R, Herrera D, Torres E, Serrano A, Medina C, Arce-Johnson P. Cisgenesis and intragenesis: new tools for improving crops. Biol Res 2016; 46:323-31. [PMID: 24510134 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-97602013000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) could be the answer for many relevant problems affecting crops. However, improving crops through GMO is also often associated with safety concerns, environmental risks and health issues due to the presence of foreign DNA. These limitations have prompted the development of alternative technologies. Recently, cisgenesis and intragenesis have been developed as new tools aimed to modify crops. While cisgenesis involves genetic modification using a complete copy of natural genes with their regulatory elements that belong exclusively to sexually compatible plants, intragenesis refers to the transference of new combinations of genes and regulatory sequences belonging to that particular species. So far, application of cisgenesis and intragenesis as alternatives to conventional transgenesis are limited to a few species, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of the regulatory sequences required. The grape is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide and is the most economically relevant crop in Chile. Its genomic sequence has been completed, making available new sources of information to improve grape traits by genetic manipulation. This review is focused on the current alternatives to transgenesis in plants, including new approaches to develop marker-free crops, their application to economically relevant crops and future perspectives in the area. Also, the identification of grapevine promoters with a wide range of expression profiles is shown. The expression pattern of these genes was analyzed in different tissues and developmental stages, as well as under several stresses and stimuli, giving a broad range of expression patterns, including genes expressed exclusively during ripening, in response to sugars, senescence and biotic stress, among others. Genes with strong and constitutive expression were also identified. Functional analysis using reporter genes has been conducted in order to confirm the promoter's transcription activity, opening new possibilities for developing cisgenic/intragenic grapevines.
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Moreno J, Espinoza C, Simpson R, Petzold G, Nuñez H, Gianelli M. Application of ohmic heating/vacuum impregnation treatments and air drying to develop an apple snack enriched in folic acid. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mehra S, Movahed A, Espinoza C, Marcu CB. Horseshoe thrombus in a patient with mechanical prosthetic mitral valve: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:838-842. [PMID: 26380832 PMCID: PMC4568534 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i9.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with prosthetic cardiac valves are at high risk for thromboembolic complications and need life long anticoagulation with warfarin, which can be associated with variable dose requirements and fluctuating level of systemic anticoagulation and may predispose to thromboembolic and or hemorrhagic complications. Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion is essential for prompt diagnosis. Transthoracic echocardiography, and if required transesophageal echocardiography are the main diagnostic imaging modalities. Medically stable patients can be managed with thrombolytic therapy and anticoagulation, while some patients may require surgical thrombectomy or valve replacement. We present a case report of a patient with prosthetic mitral valve and an unusually large left atrial thrombus with both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications.
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Beckord B, Berkowitz R, Espinoza C, Anand N. Systemic thrombolysis: cure for prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis in the comorbid, non-surgical candidate. Case Reports 2014; 2014:bcr-2013-203071. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-203071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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37
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Grados J, Espinoza C, Ramírez JJ, Centeno P. Siete nuevos registros de Arctiini (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) para Perú. Rev peru biol 2013. [DOI: 10.15381/rpb.v20i2.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Espinoza C, Lomax S, Windsor P. The effect of a topical anesthetic on the sensitivity of calf dehorning wounds. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2894-902. [PMID: 23477817 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of a topical local anesthetic on the sensitivity of dehorning wounds in calves. Thirty 2-mo-old Holstein-Friesian calves were randomly allocated to sham dehorning control (CON), scoop dehorning without treatment with topical anesthetic (SnoTA), or scoop dehorning with an application of a topical anesthetic (STA). Sensitivity was measured by providing mechanical stimulation to the dehorned wound and peri-wound area using von Frey monofilaments calibrated at 10 and 300 g. Calf responses were categorized as absent, minor, moderate, or severe. Sensitivity measurements were performed before treatment and at various time points up to 24h posttreatment. Sham dehorned calves displayed unchanging absent or minor responses to stimulation. Regardless of whether topical anesthetic was applied, scoop dehorned calves were more likely to display minor, moderate, or severe responses than sham dehorned control calves, and responses tended to be most extreme at 4h postdehorning. Calves in the STA group tended to be less likely to display minor, moderate, or severe responses than calves in the SnoTA group at most time points (exception at 4h postdehorning). Responses were significantly more likely to be less severe in STA calves than in SnoTA calves at 40 min and 1.5h following dehorning. Thus, the use of the topical anesthetic for calves reduced the short-term sensitivity of scoop dehorning wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinoza
- The University of Sydney, Private Bag 4003 Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
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Diaz V, Silva C, Antinao J, Espinoza C, Henriquez S, Parra C. Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jacob in Chile. Morbility and Mortality (P03.260). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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Merrill FE, Campos E, Espinoza C, Hogan G, Hollander B, Lopez J, Mariam FG, Morley D, Morris CL, Murray M, Saunders A, Schwartz C, Thompson TN. Magnifying lens for 800 MeV proton radiography. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:103709. [PMID: 22047305 DOI: 10.1063/1.3652974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the design and performance of a magnifying magnetic-lens system designed, built, and commissioned at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for 800 MeV flash proton radiography. The technique of flash proton radiography has been developed at LANL to study material properties under dynamic loading conditions through the analysis of time sequences of proton radiographs. The requirements of this growing experimental program have resulted in the need for improvements in spatial radiographic resolution. To meet these needs, a new magnetic lens system, consisting of four permanent magnet quadrupoles, has been developed. This new lens system was designed to reduce the second order chromatic aberrations, the dominant source of image blur in 800 MeV proton radiography, as well as magnifying the image to reduce the blur contribution from the detector and camera systems. The recently commissioned lens system performed as designed, providing nearly a factor of three improvement in radiographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA.
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41
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Espinoza C, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giavitto G, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Katsuta J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Lyne AG, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Noutsos A, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stappers BW, Stecker FW, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Theureau G, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yamazaki R, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Gamma-Ray Emission from the Shell of Supernova Remnant W44 Revealed by the Fermi LAT. Science 2010; 327:1103-6. [PMID: 20056857 DOI: 10.1126/science.1182787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS–108, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B. M. Baughman
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - T. H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I–20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - C. Espinoza
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Giavitto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - S. Guiriec
- University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M. S. Jackson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - J. Katsuta
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - N. Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. L. Kocian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. G. Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Meurer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - A. Noutsos
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - L. S. Rochester
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Y. Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Sander
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Incorporated, Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F. W. Stecker
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Takahashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - O. Tibolla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D–69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I–10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - C. Venter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - N. Vilchez
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R. Yamazaki
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Ylinen
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE–391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Camacho N, Espinoza C, Rodríguez C, Rodríguez E. Isolates of Clostridium perfringens recovered from Costa Rican patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are mostly enterotoxin-negative and susceptible to first-choice antimicrobials. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:343-347. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the prevalence of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens among adults suffering from antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in a Costa Rican hospital, faecal samples were analysed from 104 patients by a cultivation approach. The 29 strains obtained, which accounted for an isolation frequency of 28 %, were genotyped and investigated with regard to their in vitro susceptibility to penicillin, imipenem, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol and metronidazole using an agar-dilution method. A multiplex PCR for detection of the toxins α, β and ϵ predictably classified all faecal isolates as biotype A. An agglutination assay revealed that only one isolate synthesized detectable amounts of enterotoxin (detection rate 3 %). This result was confirmed by a PCR targeting the cpe gene. The spores of the only CPE+ isolate did not germinate after incubation for 30 min at temperatures above 80 °C. Most isolates were susceptible to first-choice antimicrobials. However, unusual MICs for penicillin (16 μg ml−1) and metronidazole (512 μg ml−1) were detected in one and three isolates, respectively. The low incidence of enterotoxigenic strains suggests that C. perfringens was not a major primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in this hospital during the sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natassia Camacho
- Research Laboratory in Anaerobic Bacteriology (LIBA), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Research Laboratory in Anaerobic Bacteriology (LIBA), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - César Rodríguez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Research Laboratory in Anaerobic Bacteriology (LIBA), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Evelyn Rodríguez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
- Research Laboratory in Anaerobic Bacteriology (LIBA), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2060, San José, Costa Rica
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Artigas L, Otero E, Paranhos R, Gómez M, Piccini C, Costagliola M, Silva R, Suárez P, Gallardo V, Hernández-Becerril D, Chistoserdov A, Vieira R, Perez- Cenci M, Ternon J, Beker B, Thyssen M, Dionisi H, Do Rosario Marinho-Jaussaud I, Gonzalez A, Hurtado C, Parra J, Alonso C, Hozbor C, Peressutti S, Negri R, Espinoza C, Cardoso A, Martins O, Covacevich F, Berón C, Salerno G. Towards a Latin American and Caribbean international census of marine microbes (LACar ? ICoMM): overview and discussion on some current research directions. REV BIOL TROP 2007. [DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v56i0.5587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Espinoza C, Medina C, Somerville S, Arce-Johnson P. Senescence-associated genes induced during compatible viral interactions with grapevine and Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:3197-212. [PMID: 17761729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The senescence process is the last stage in leaf development and is characterized by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism and the degeneration of cellular structures. Several reports of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have appeared, and an overlap in some of the genes induced during senescence and pathogen infections has been observed. For example, the enhanced expression of SAGs in response to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses that trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) or during infections induced by virulent fungi and bacteria that elicit necrotic symptoms has been observed. The present work broadens the search for SAGs induced during compatible viral interactions with both the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and a commercially important grapevine cultivar. The transcript profiles of Arabidopsis ecotype Uk-4 infected with tobacco mosaic virus strain Cg (TMV-Cg) and Vitis vinifera cv. Carménère infected with grapevine leafroll-associated virus strain 3 (GLRaV-3) were analysed using microarray slides of the reference species Arabidopsis. A large number of SAGs exhibited altered expression during these two compatible interactions. Among the SAGs were genes that encode proteins such as proteases, lipases, proteins involved in the mobilization of nutrients and minerals, transporters, transcription factors, proteins related to translation and antioxidant enzymes, among others. Thus, part of the plant's response to virus infection appears to be the activation of the senescence programme. Finally, it was demonstrated that several virus-induced genes are also expressed at elevated levels during natural senescence in healthy plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Chile
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Arauz A, Hoyos L, Espinoza C, Cantú C, Barinagarrementeria F, Román G. Dissection of Cervical Arteries: Long-Term Follow-Up Study of 130 Consecutive Cases. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 22:150-4. [PMID: 16691024 DOI: 10.1159/000093244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We describe the natural history, functional prognosis and long-term recurrences of patients with dissection of cervical arteries (DCA) in a sequential observational study. METHODS We describe 130 patients with angiographically-proven DCA admitted to the Neurology Institute in Mexico City (Mexico), and analyzed clinical and neuroimaging data, treatment and outcome. Treatment with either anticoagulation or aspirin was decided by the primary physician. Primary outcome measures were recurrence (stroke and death) and clinical outcome at 6 months. Follow-up studies were performed to determine recanalization. RESULTS Mean age was 35.4 years; 4 patients died (3%) and 126 were followed for 3,906 person/years; 17 patients (13%) had a heralding ischemic cerebral event (6 strokes, 11 TIAS) about 8 days before the diagnosis of DCA. After diagnosis, recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 6 patients (4.8%) within the 2 first weeks (1.5 persons/1,000 follow-up years). No significant differences were found between aspirin and anticoagulation. Recanalization was more frequent in vertebral dissections. Complete recanalization of vertebral dissections was associated with a favorable prognosis [OR 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-8.8; p = 0.02)]. CONCLUSIONS In Mexico, DCA affects young adults and may present with a heralding stroke or TIA. We found rare, early ischemic recurrences. Vertebral territory dissections had better prognosis than carotid ones, particularly in patients with demonstrated complete recanalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arauz
- Stroke Clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Espinoza C, Vega A, Medina C, Schlauch K, Cramer G, Arce-Johnson P. Gene expression associated with compatible viral diseases in grapevine cultivars. Funct Integr Genomics 2006; 7:95-110. [PMID: 16775684 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-006-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases affect grapevine cultures without inducing any resistance response. Thus, these plants develop systemic diseases and are chronically infected. Molecular events associated with viral compatible infections responsible for disease establishment and symptoms development are poorly understood. In this study, we surveyed viral infection in grapevines at a transcriptional level. Gene expression in the Vitis vinifera red wine cultivars Carménère and Cabernet-Sauvignon naturally infected with GLRaV-3 were evaluated using a genome-wide expression profiling with the Vitis vinifera GeneChip from Affymetrix. We describe numerous genes that are induced or repressed in viral infected grapevines leaves. Changes in gene expression involved a wide spectrum of biological functions, including processes of translation and protein targeting, metabolism, transport, and cell defense. Considering cellular localization, the membrane and endomembrane systems appeared with the highest number of induced genes, while chloroplastic genes were mostly repressed. As most induced genes associated with the membranous system are involved in transport, the possible effect of virus in this process is discussed. Responses of both cultivars are analyzed and the results are compared with published data from other species. This is the first study of global gene profiling in grapevine in response to viral infections using DNA microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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Troncoso R, Espinoza C, Sánchez-Estrada A, Tiznado M, García HS. Analysis of the isothiocyanates present in cabbage leaves extract and their potential application to control Alternaria rot in bell peppers. Food Res Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Espinoza C, Camaño A, Díaz R. Spatial and temporal comparison of copper bioaccumulation in the mussel Aulacomya ater (Molina) from Jorgillo location (23 degrees 45'S; 79 degrees 27'W) and Dichato location (36 degrees 32'S; 71 degrees 56'W), Chile. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2004; 73:1049-1056. [PMID: 15674719 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-004-0531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigación Pesquera, 8 Región S.A., Av. Casilla 350, Talcahuano, Chile
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Espinoza C, Strauss F, Devoto. Acute signaling pathways of the human corpus luteum are dependent on protein kinase A/C activation. Effect of GnRH antagonist. Fertil Steril 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.07.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Repo-Carrasco R, Espinoza C, Jacobsen SE. Nutritional Value and Use of the Andean Crops Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and Kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule). Food Reviews International 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/fri-120018884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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