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Bellamkonda S, Gopalan NP, Mala C, Settipalli L. Facial expression recognition on partially occluded faces using component based ensemble stacked CNN. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:985-1008. [PMID: 37522034 PMCID: PMC10374495 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is the basis for many applications including human-computer interaction and surveillance. While developing such applications, it is imperative to understand human emotions for better interaction with machines. Among many FER models developed so far, Ensemble Stacked Convolution Neural Networks (ES-CNN) showed an empirical impact in improving the performance of FER on static images. However, the existing ES-CNN based FER models trained with features extracted from the entire face, are unable to address the issues of ambient parameters such as pose, illumination, occlusions. To mitigate the problem of reduced performance of ES-CNN on partially occluded faces, a Component based ES-CNN (CES-CNN) is proposed. CES-CNN applies ES-CNN on action units of individual face components such as eyes, eyebrows, nose, cheek, mouth, and glabella as one subnet of the network. Max-Voting based ensemble classifier is used to ensemble the decisions of the subnets in order to obtain the optimized recognition accuracy. The proposed CES-CNN is validated by conducting experiments on benchmark datasets and the performance is compared with the state-of-the-art models. It is observed from the experimental results that the proposed model has a significant enhancement in the recognition accuracy compared to the existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaiah Bellamkonda
- Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015 India
| | - N. P. Gopalan
- Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015 India
| | - C. Mala
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015 India
| | - Lavanya Settipalli
- Department of Computer Applications, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620015 India
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Nath S, Mala C. Multidimensional Unified Processing Systems for Industrial Machines and its Controlling Mechanism. Arab J Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Umaa Mageswari S, Mala C, Santhanavijayan A, Deepak G. A non-collaborative approach for modeling ontologies for a generic IoT lab architecture. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02522667.2020.1723935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Umaa Mageswari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. Mala
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India,
| | - A. Santhanavijayan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India,
| | - Gerard Deepak
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India,
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Pfeiffer N, Voykov B, Renieri G, Bell K, Richter P, Weigel M, Thieme H, Wilhelm B, Lorenz K, Feindor M, Wosikowski K, Janicot M, Päckert D, Römmich R, Mala C, Fettes P, Leo E. First-in-human phase I study of ISTH0036, an antisense oligonucleotide selectively targeting transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2), in subjects with open-angle glaucoma undergoing glaucoma filtration surgery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188899. [PMID: 29190672 PMCID: PMC5708654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the safety and tolerability of intravitreal ISTH0036, an antisense oligonucleotide selectively targeting transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2), in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) undergoing trabeculectomy (TE; glaucoma filtration surgery). Methods In this prospective phase I trial glaucoma patients scheduled for TE with mitomycin C (MMC) received a single intravitreal injection of ISTH0036 at the end of surgery in escalating total doses of 6.75 μg, 22.5 μg, 67.5 μg or 225 μg, resulting in calculated intraocular ISTH0036 concentrations in the vitreous humor of approximately 0.3 μM, 1 μM, 3 μM or 10 μM after injection, respectively. Outcomes assessed included: type and frequency of adverse events (AEs), intraocular pressure (IOP), numbers of interventions post trabeculectomy, bleb survival, visual acuity, visual field, electroretinogram (ERG), slit lamp biomicroscopy and optic disc assessment. Results In total, 12 patients were treated in the 4 dose groups. Main ocular AEs observed were corneal erosion, corneal epithelium defect, or too high or too low IOP, among others. No AE was reported to be related to ISTH0036. All other safety-related analyses did not reveal any toxicities of concern, either. The mean medicated preoperative IOP at decision time-point for surgery was 27.3 mmHg +/- 12.6 mmHg (SD). Mean IOP (±SD) for dose levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 were at Day 43 9.8 mmHg ± 1.0 mmHg, 11.3 mmHg ± 6.7 mmHg, 5.5 mmHg ± 3.0 mmHg and 7.5 mmHg ± 2.3 mmHg SD; and at Day 85 9.7 mmHg ± 3.3 mmHg, 14.2 mmHg ± 6.5 mmHg, 5.8 mmHg ± 1.8 mmHg and 7.8 mmHg ± 0.6 mmHg, respectively. In contrast to IOP values for dose levels 1 and 2, IOP values for dose levels 3 and 4 persistently remained below 10 mmHg throughout the observation period. Conclusion This first-in-human trial demonstrates that intravitreal injection of ISTH0036 at the end of TE is safe. Regarding IOP control, single-dose ISTH0036 administration of 67.5 μg or 225 μg at the time of TE resulted in IOP values persistently < 10 mmHg over the three month postoperative observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Pfeiffer
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bogomil Voykov
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Renieri
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Richter
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Weigel
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Thieme
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- STZ Eyetrial, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Dpt. of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- SynteractHCR Deutschland GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugen Leo
- Isarna Therapeutics GmbH, Munich, Germany
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Nithya B, Mala C, Sivasankar E. Channel Status based Sliding Contention Window (CS-SCW) algorithm: A Fuzzy Control Approach for Medium Access in Wireless Networks. Soft comput 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-015-1894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jamieson D, Griffin MJ, Sludden J, Drew Y, Cresti N, Swales K, Merriman M, Allen R, Bevan P, Buerkle M, Mala C, Coyle V, Rodgers L, Dean E, Greystoke A, Banerji U, Wilson RH, Evans TRJ, Anthoney A, Ranson M, Boddy AV, Plummer R. A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, WX-554, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2016; 68:1-10. [PMID: 27693888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a multi-centre phase I study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the orally available small molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor, WX-554, and to determine the optimal biological dose for subsequent trials. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with treatment-refractory, advanced solid tumours, with adequate performance status and organ function were recruited to a dose-escalation study in a standard 3 + 3 design. The starting dose was 25 mg orally once weekly with toxicity, PK and PD guided dose-escalation with potential to explore alternative schedules. RESULTS Forty-one patients with advanced solid tumours refractory to standard therapies and with adequate organ function were recruited in eight cohorts up to doses of 150 mg once weekly and 75 mg twice weekly. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed during the study, and a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not established. The highest dose cohorts demonstrated sustained inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following ex-vivo phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation. There was a decrease of 70 ± 26% in mean phosphorylated (p)ERK in C1 day 8 tumour biopsies when compared with pre-treatment tumour levels in the 75 mg twice a week cohort. Prolonged stable disease (>6 months) was seen in two patients, one with cervical cancer and one with ampullary carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS WX-554 was well tolerated, and an optimal biological dose was established for further investigation in either a once or twice weekly regimens. The recommended phase 2 dose is 75 mg twice weekly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jamieson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Melanie J Griffin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Julieann Sludden
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yvette Drew
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Nicola Cresti
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Karen Swales
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Bevan
- WILEX AG, Grillparzerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carola Mala
- WILEX AG, Grillparzerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Vicky Coyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Northern Ireland Cancer Center, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Lisa Rodgers
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 OYN, UK
| | - Emma Dean
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Alastair Greystoke
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard H Wilson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Northern Ireland Cancer Center, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - T R Jeffery Evans
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 OYN, UK
| | - Alan Anthoney
- St. James's Institute of Oncology, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Malcolm Ranson
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Alan V Boddy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Paul O'Gorman Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
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Goldstein LJ, Oliveira CT, Heinrich B, Stemmer SM, Mala C, Kastner S, Bevan P, Richters L, Schmalfeldt B, Harbeck N. A randomized double-blind phase II study of the combination of oral WX-671 plus capecitabine versus capecitabine monotherapy in first-line HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
508 Background: uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 play a key role in tumor invasion, metastasis and tumor growth. uPA and PAI-1 are biomarkers validated at highest level of evidence in breast tumors and are recommended for clinical decision making by ASCO. WX-UK1 is a competitive inhibitor of uPA with an inhibition constant in the submicromolar range. WX-671 (upamostat) is an oral prodrug of WX-UK1. Methods: Female patients aged >18, with HER2 negative MBC were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive upamostat (200 mg orally daily for 21 days) plus C (1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days) vs. C (same regimen) in 3 week treatment cycles until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. 132 from five countries were enrolled. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of upamostat and C compared to C alone by assessment of progression free survival (PFS). The study also evaluated the objective response rate and safety as well as pharmacokinetics (PK). Efficacy was evaluated by RECIST by independent central read. Results: Median treatment duration was 8 cycles in both arms. In the total study population (intent to treat; ITT) upamostat led to an increase of median PFS from 7.5 months (95% CI: 4.2; 12.8) in the control group to 8.3 months (95% CI: 5.6; 9.6) in the combination therapy. An unexpectedly high rate (50%) of study patients presented within their first two years after initial diagnosis. In patients who had received prior adjuvant chemotherapy, PFS improved from 4.3 months (95% CI: 2.6; 9.7) in the C alone group to 8.3 months (95% CI: 5.6; 10.9) in the upamostat plus C group. The overall response rate was higher in the combination group compared to C alone (20% vs. 12% at Week 24). PK analysis demonstrated no drug-drug interactions between upamostat and C. The combination therapy was safe and well tolerated. Conclusions: This is the first proof of efficacy of an anti-uPA therapy in breast cancer. The heterogeneity of the patients in this study may underestimate the potential treatment effects of upamostat. Additional subset analyses will be presented. Future biomarker-stratified strategies may reveal better efficacy. Clinical trial information: NCT00615940.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Salomon M. Stemmer
- Institute of Oncology, Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Heinemann V, Ebert MP, Laubender RP, Bevan P, Mala C, Boeck S. Phase II randomised proof-of-concept study of the urokinase inhibitor upamostat (WX-671) in combination with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with non-resectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:766-70. [PMID: 23412098 PMCID: PMC3590684 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitor upamostat in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC). Methods: Within a prospective multicenter study, LAPC patients were randomly assigned to receive 1000 mg m−2 of gemcitabine IV weekly either alone (arm A) or in combination with 200 mg (arm B) or 400 mg (arm C) oral upamostat daily. Efficacy endpoints of this proof-of-concept study included response rate, time to first metastasis, progression-free and overall survival (OS). Results: Of the 95 enroled patients, 85 were evaluable for response and 93 for safety. Median OS was 12.5 months (95% CI 8.2–18.2) in arm C, 9.7 months (95% CI 8.4–17.1) in arm B and 9.9 months (95% CI 7.4–12.1) in arm A; corresponding 1-year survival rates were 50.6%, 40.7% and 33.9%, respectively. More patients achieved a partial remission (confirmed responses by RECIST) with upamostat combination therapy (arm C: 12.9% arm B: 7.1% arm A: 3.8%). Overall, only 12 patients progressed by developing detectable distant metastasis (arm A: 4, arm B: 6, arm C: 2). The most common adverse events considered to be related to upamostat were asthenia, fever and nausea. Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study targeting the uPA system in LAPC, the addition of upamostat to gemcitabine was tolerated well; similar survival results were observed for the three treatment arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Heinemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Goldstein LJ, Oliveria CT, Heinrich B, Stemmer SM, Mala C, Selder S, Bevan P, Harbeck N. Abstract P5-20-01: A randomized double-blind phase II study of the combination of oral WX-671 plus capecitabine vs. capecitabine monotherapy in first-line HER2− negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p5-20-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 play a key role in tumor invasion, metastasis and tumor growth. High levels of uPA and PAI-1 in breast tumors are statistically significant prognostic factors of disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS), which were validated at the highest level of evidence, as well as predictors for benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy. WX-UK1 is an active site competitive inhibitor of uPA with an inhibition constant in the submicromolar range. WX-671 (upamostat) is an oral prodrug of WX-UK1. In preclinical animal tumor models, both WX-UK1 and WX-671 have been shown to reduce the growth rate of implanted tumors, to inhibit invasion, and reduce metastases. This current proof of concept study is designed to substantiate the anti-metastatic properties of upamostat for patients appropriate for first line therapy for MBC.
Methods: Female patients aged >18, with HER2 negative MBC appropriate for first line monotherapy with capecitabine, with adequate performance status, organ function, bone marrow reserve without brain metastases were eligible. Patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive upamostat (200mg orally daily for 21 days) plus capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days) vs. capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 14 days) in 3 week treatment cycles until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of upamostat plus capecitabine compared to monotherapy as assessed by comparison of progression free survival. The secondary objectives are OS, objective response rates, safety and tolerability, and to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) of upamostat and capecitabine when combined.
Results: Between August 2008 and April 2011,132 patients were enrolled. 17 patients are still receiving treatment. 26% of the patients are characterized as triple negative, 13% as only Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive and 4% as only Progesteron Receptor (PR) positive. 57 % of the patients are ER and PR positive.
Conclusions: Progression free survival, response rates and safety will be reported. This abstract is being submitted as a placeholder. A completed abstract will be submitted when the analyses are completed.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-20-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJ Goldstein
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - CT Oliveria
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Heinrich
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - SM Stemmer
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Mala
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Selder
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Bevan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N Harbeck
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Instituto Brasilerio Controle Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hamatologisch-Onkologische-Praxis Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany; Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Wilex, Munich, Germany; Univeristy of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Mala C, Neville NG, Haindl E, Buergle M, Schmalix W, Bevan P. A phase I, first-in-human single ascending dose study of the MEK inhibitor WX-554 given to healthy male subjects. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Goldstein LJ, Stemmer SM, Schmalfeldt B, Gottschalk N, Cardoso F, Dushkin H, Mala C, Uebler N, Bevan P, Harbeck N. Phase II, two-arm, double-blind, multicenter, randomized study of the combination of oral WX-671 plus capecitabine versus capecitabine in first-line HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.tps131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Heinemann V, Ebert MP, Pinter T, Bevan P, Neville NG, Mala C. Randomized phase II trial with an uPA inhibitor (WX-671) in patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Meyer JE, Brocks C, Graefe H, Mala C, Thäns N, Bürgle M, Rempel A, Rotter N, Wollenberg B, Lang S. The Oral Serine Protease Inhibitor WX-671 - First Experience in Patients with Advanced Head and Neck Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 3:20-24. [PMID: 20824010 DOI: 10.1159/000151736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens E Meyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein - Campus Lübeck, Germany
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Abstract
13091 Background: WX-671 is an orally available prodrug of WX-UK1, a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits uPA as well as other serine proteases. WX-UK1 (Setyono-Han et al., Thromb Haemost 2005) and WX-671 have shown to efficiently reduce primary tumor growth and metastasis formation in a variety of animal models. First PK and safety data of the prodrug WX-671 were obtained in healthy volunteers. Methods: Male healthy volunteers received WX-671 as hydrogen sulfate given as single oral doses corresponding to 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg WX-671 free base. Each subject received two single doses, the first dose pre-prandially and the second dose one week later post-prandially. PK profiles were obtained over 48h for both the prodrug WX-671 and the active metabolite WX-UK1. Safety was assessed by measuring vital signs, laboratory parameters (hematology, blood chemistry, coagulation) and ECGs. Results: 16 healthy male volunteers were included, four per dose level. Both the Cmax levels as well as the plasma AUCs of both WX-671 and WX-UK1 were overproportionally related with dose levels. Administration with food slightly increased AUCs at the two higher doses. Terminal phase half life was fairly constant for WX-671 at all doses (approximately 5.8 h) and for WX-UK1 at least in the two highest dose groups with 17–21 h. Four subjects out of 16 (25%) experienced a total number of 11 adverse events. These events were nervous system disorders (headache, 7 events) and gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea, 2 events; flatulence, 2 events). All adverse events occurred at the lower dose levels of 50 mg and 100 mg WX-671. No adverse events were observed at the dose levels of 200 and 400 mg WX-671. All adverse events were rated as mild and all subjects completely recovered within a maximum time period of 18h. Conclusions: The administration of oral doses of WX-671 (as hydrogen sulfate) resulted in the formation of WX-UK1 in the plasma uniformly across all individuals. At all dose levels tested, WX-671 was well tolerated systemically as judged by assessment of vital signs, ECG, general safety laboratory and coagulation data as well as by adverse event profiles. Two phase I PK and safety studies with daily dosing over 15 days at the above tested dose levels are currently ongoing, one in healthy volunteers and the other in patients. [Table: see text]
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Bleumer I, Oosterwijk E, Oosterwijk-Wakka JC, Völler MCW, Melchior S, Warnaar SO, Mala C, Beck J, Mulders PFA. A clinical trial with chimeric monoclonal antibody WX-G250 and low dose interleukin-2 pulsing scheme for advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2006; 175:57-62. [PMID: 16406869 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE WX-G250 is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to carbonic anhydrase IX(G250/MN), which is present on greater than 95% of RCCs of the clear cell subtype. The suggested working mechanism of WX-G250 is by ADCC. Because the number of activated ADCC effector cells can be increased by a low dose interleukin-2 pulsing schedule, a multicenter study was initiated to investigate whether WX-G250 combined with LD-IL-2 could lead to an improved clinical outcome in patients with progressive RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 35 patients with progressive clear cell RCC received weekly infusions of WX-G250 for 11 weeks combined with a daily LD-IL-2 regimen. Patients were monitored longitudinally for ADCC capacity. Radiological assessment of metastatic lesions was performed at week 16 and regularly until disease progression. RESULTS A durable clinical benefit was achieved in 8 of 35 patients (23%), including 3 with a partial response and 5 with stabilization at 24 weeks or greater. Mean survival was 22 months. In general treatment was well tolerated with little toxicity. The number of effector cells increased during treatment but lytic capacity per cell did not increase. ADCC and clinical outcome did not appear to correlate. CONCLUSIONS WX-G250 combined with LD-IL-2 in patients with metastatic RCC is safe and well tolerated. With a substantial clinical benefit and a median survival of 22 months in patients with metastatic RCC who have progressive disease at study entry combination therapy showed increased overall survival compared to WX-G250 monotherapy. Survival was at least similar to that of currently used cytokine regimens but with a favorable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bleumer
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Brouwers AH, Buijs WCAM, Mulders PFA, de Mulder PHM, van den Broek WJM, Mala C, Oosterwijk E, Boerman OC, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Radioimmunotherapy with [131I]cG250 in patients with metastasized renal cell cancer: dosimetric analysis and immunologic response. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7178s-7186s. [PMID: 16203819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1004-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A study was designed to define the therapeutic efficacy, safety, and toxicity of two sequential high-dose treatments of radioimmunotherapy with [131I]cG250 in patients with metastasized renal cell carcinoma. Here, we report the dosimetric analysis and the relationship between the development of a human antichimeric antibody response and altered pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients (n = 29) with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma received a low dose (222 MBq) of [131I]cG250 for dosimetric analysis, followed by the first radioimmunotherapy with 2,220 MBq/m2 [131I]cG250 (n = 27) 1 week later. If no grade 4 hematologic toxicity was observed, a second low dose of [131I]cG250 (n = 20) was given 3 months later. Provided that no accelerated blood clearance was observed, a second radioimmunotherapy of [131I]cG250 was administered at an activity-dose level of 1,110 MBq/m2 (n = 3) or 1,665 MBq/m2 (n = 16). After each administration, whole-body images were obtained and the pharmacokinetics and the development of human antichimeric antibody responses were determined. Radiation-absorbed doses were calculated for whole body, red marrow, organs, and metastases. RESULTS No correlation was found between hematologic toxicity and radiation-absorbed dose to the whole body or bone marrow, nor administered activity (MBq and MBq/kg). The tumor-absorbed doses varied largely. An inverse relation between tumor size and radiation-absorbed dose was found. Most tumor lesions received <10 Gy, whereas only lesions <5 g absorbed >50 Gy. A relatively high number of patients developed a human antichimeric antibody response (8 of 27) with altered pharmacokinetics, hampering additional radioimmunotherapies in four of these patients. CONCLUSIONS Dosimetric analysis did not adequately predict the degree of bone marrow toxicity. When human antichimeric antibody developed, the rapid clearance of radioactivity from the blood and body prohibited further treatment. According to the calculated absorbed dose in metastatic lesions, future radioimmunotherapy studies with radiolabeled cG250 should aim at treatment of small-volume disease or treatment in an adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Brouwers AH, Mulders PFA, de Mulder PHM, van den Broek WJM, Buijs WCAM, Mala C, Joosten FBM, Oosterwijk E, Boerman OC, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Lack of Efficacy of Two Consecutive Treatments of Radioimmunotherapy With131I-cG250 in Patients With Metastasized Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:6540-8. [PMID: 16170161 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.07.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeA previous activity dose-escalation study using131I-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 in patients with progressive metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) resulted in occasional therapeutic responses. The present study was designed to determine the safety and therapeutic efficacy of two sequential high-dose treatments with131I-cG250.Patients and MethodsPatients (n = 29) with progressive metastatic RCC received a low dose of131I-cG250 for assessment of preferential targeting of metastatic lesions, followed by the first radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 2220 MBq/m2131I-cG250 (n = 27) 1 week later. If no grade 4 hematologic toxicity was observed, a second low-dose131I-cG250 (n = 20) was given 3 months later. When blood clearance was not accelerated, a second RIT of131I-cG250 was administered at an activity-dose of 1110 MBq/m2(n = 3) or 1665 MBq/m2(n = 16). Patients were monitored weekly for toxicity, and tumor size was evaluated by computed tomography once every 3 months intervals.ResultsThe maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of the second RIT was 1,665 MBq/m2because of dose-limiting hematological toxicity. Based on an intention-to-treat analysis, after two RIT treatments, the disease stabilized in five of 29 patients, whereas it remained progressive in 14 of 29 patients. Two patients received no RIT, and eight of 29 received only one131I-cG250 RIT because of grade 4 hematologic toxicity, formation of human antichimeric antibodies, or disease progression.ConclusionIn patients with progressive end-stage RCC, the MTD of the second treatment was 75% of the MTD of the first RIT. In the majority of patients, two cycles of131I-cG250 could be safely administered without severe toxicity. No objective responses were observed, but occasionally two RIT doses resulted in stabilization of previously progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bevan P, Mala C, Kindler M, Siebels M, Oberneder R, Beck HJ. Results of a phase I/II study with monoclonal antibody CG250 in combination with IFN α-2A in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bevan
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Mala
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Kindler
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Siebels
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Oberneder
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - H.-J. Beck
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany; Onkologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Berlin, Germany; Dep. of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Dept of Hematology, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Bleumer I, Knuth A, Oosterwijk E, Hofmann R, Varga Z, Lamers C, Kruit W, Melchior S, Mala C, Ullrich S, Mulder PD, Mulders PFA, Beck J. A phase II trial of chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 for advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:985-90. [PMID: 14997194 PMCID: PMC2410216 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 (WX-G250) binds to a cell surface antigen found on >90% of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A multicentre phase II study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of WX-G250 in metastatic RCC (mRCC) patients. In all, 36 patients with mRCC were included. WX-G250 was given weekly by intravenous infusion for 12 weeks. Patients with stable disease (SD) or response were eligible to receive additional treatment for 8 weeks. None of the 36 enrolled patients experienced any drug-related grade III or IV toxicity. Only three patients had grade II toxicity possibly related to the study medication. In all, 10 patients had SD and received extended treatment. One complete response and a significant regression was observed during the follow-up of the treatment. Five patients with progressive disease at study entry were stable for more than 6 months after study entry. The median survival after treatment start was 15 months. The weekly schedule of WX-G250 was well tolerated. With a median survival of 15 months after the start of this treatment and two late clinical responses, WX-G250 seems to be able to modulate mRCC. To improve the activity of WX-G250-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the clinical response rate, currently combinations of WX-G250 with cytokines are in phase II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bleumer
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Knuth
- Hospital Northwest, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - E Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Hofmann
- Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Z Varga
- Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - C Lamers
- Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Kruit
- Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Melchior
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Mala
- Wilex AG, Munich, Germany
| | | | - P De Mulder
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P F A Mulders
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - J Beck
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Varga Z, de Mulder P, Kruit W, Hegele A, Hofmann R, Lamers C, Warnaar S, Mala C, Ullrich S, Mulders P. A prospective open-label single-arm phase II study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cG250 in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Folia Biol (Praha) 2004; 49:74-7. [PMID: 12779016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
cG250 is an IgG1 kappa light-chain chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to a cell surface antigen found on 95% of clear-cell renal cancer. A multicentre phase II study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeated doses of cG250. Thirty-six patients with metastatic RCC were included. All patients were nephrectomized for the primary tumour. Twenty-one patients were pretreated (e.g. with IL-2, IFN-alpha). A weekly dose of 50 mg cG250 was given by i.v. infusion for 12 weeks. Patients with SD or tumour response (PR, CR) after 12 weeks of treatment could receive additional treatment for 8 more weeks. None of the 36 enrolled patients had any cG250 grade III or IV toxicity. Only three patients had grade II toxicity possibly related to the study medication. ELISA testing gave no evidence for relevant amounts of HACA. Eleven patients presented with SD and ten were eligible for extension treatment. After the end of the study in the follow-up period, one patient demonstrated a CR in week 38 and another patient with SD showed a significant reduction of the overall tumour load in week 44. Six additional patients with progressive disease at study entry were stable for more than six months after the treatment start. The weekly schedule of i.v. cG250 in patients with metastatic RCC was safe, very well tolerated and non-immunogenic in a 12-week treatment regimen. cG250 showed anti-tumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Varga
- Department of Urology, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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Brouwers AH, Buijs WCAM, Oosterwijk E, Boerman OC, Mala C, De Mulder PHM, Corstens FHM, Mulders PFA, Oyen WJG. Targeting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with the chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 labeled with (131)I or (111)In: an intrapatient comparison. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:3953S-60S. [PMID: 14506194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing evidence that the chimeric monoclonal antibody G250 (cG250) can be internalized by G250 antigen-expressing renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Thus, accumulation in tumors of cG250 labeled with residualizing radionuclides might be higher than that of nonresidualizing (131)I-cG250. Here, we present a study comparing intrapatiently the accumulation of (131)I-cG250 and (111)In-cG250 in RCC metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Five patients were i.v. injected with 222 MBq (111)In-ITC-DTPA-cG250 and 222 MBq (131)I-cG250 on days 0 and 4, respectively. Directly and 4 days after the injection of both antibody preparations, whole body gamma camera images were acquired. The scintigraphic images were analyzed visually and quantitatively. The radioactivity in tissues was calculated and expressed as percentage injected dose in organs or percentage injected dose/g in metastases. For the latter, tumor:blood ratios were also calculated. Twenty-five metastases were analyzed completely. RESULTS At 4 days postinjection, the (111)In-ITC-DTPA-cG250 images revealed more metastatic lesions (n = 47) than (131)I-cG250 (n = 30). Quantitative analysis of the images showed higher activities of (111)In-ITC-DTPA-cG250 than (131)I-cG250 in 20 of 25 lesions. The mean overall half-life of both antibody preparations in plasma was similar. CONCLUSIONS (111)In-ITC-DTPA-cG250 outperformed (131)I-cG250 for visualization of metastatic RCC lesions, not just because of the superior gamma camera characteristics of (111)In, but more importantly, also because higher tumor:blood ratios were obtained. The higher activities of (111)In-ITC-DTPA-cG250 in metastatic lesions might be caused by internalization and subsequent intracellular retention of the radiolabel, implying that in future radioimmunotherapy trials with cG250 in RCC patients, the use of a residualizing radionuclide should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Koch AW, Holstein TW, Mala C, Kurz E, Engel J, David CN. Spinalin, a new glycine- and histidine-rich protein in spines of Hydra nematocysts. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 11):1545-54. [PMID: 9580562 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.11.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present the cloning, expression and immunocytochemical localization of a novel 24 kDa protein, designated spinalin, which is present in the spines and operculum of Hydra nematocysts. Spinalin cDNA clones were identified by in situ hybridization to differentiating nematocytes. Sequencing of a full-length clone revealed the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide, suggesting that the mature protein is sorted via the endoplasmic reticulum to the post-Golgi vacuole in which the nematocyst is formed. The N-terminal region of spinalin (154 residues) is very rich in glycines (48 residues) and histidines (33 residues). A central region of 35 residues contains 19 glycines, occurring mainly as pairs. For both regions a polyglycine-like structure is likely and this may be stabilized by hydrogen bond-mediated chain association. Similar sequences found in loricrins, cytokeratins and avian keratins are postulated to participate in formation of supramolecular structures. Spinalin is terminated by a basic region (6 lysines out of 15 residues) and an acidic region (9 glutamates and 9 aspartates out of 32 residues). Western blot analysis with a polyclonal antibody generated against a recombinant 19 kDa fragment of spinalin showed that spinalin is localized in nematocysts. Following dissociation of the nematocyst's capsule wall with DTT, spinalin was found in the insoluble fraction containing spines and the operculum. Immunocytochemical analysis of developing nematocysts revealed that spinalin first appears in the matrix but then is transferred through the capsule wall at the end of morphogenesis to form spines on the external surface of the inverted tubule and the operculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Koch
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, Switzerland
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Holstein TW, Mala C, Kurz E, Bauer K, Greber M, David CN. The primitive metazoan Hydra expresses antistasin, a serine protease inhibitor of vertebrate blood coagulation: cDNA cloning, cellular localisation and developmental regulation. FEBS Lett 1992; 309:288-92. [PMID: 1516699 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80791-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized cDNAs from Hydra which encode antistasin, a potent inhibitor of factor Xa in the vertebrate blood clotting cascade. Hydra antistasin is expressed in gland cells and represents a major class of transcripts from Hydra's head. Sequence analysis revealed that Hydra antistasin contains 6 internal repeats of a 25-26 amino acid sequence with a highly conserved pattern of 6 cysteine and 2 glycine residues identical to that in leech antistasin. Conservation of antistasin in a lower metazoan provides a potential link between the vertebrate and invertebrate coagulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Holstein
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität München, Germany
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