1
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Keller NE, Salvi C, Leiker EK, Gruber MJ, Dunsmoor JE. States of epistemic curiosity interfere with memory for incidental scholastic facts. NPJ Sci Learn 2024; 9:22. [PMID: 38499583 PMCID: PMC10948872 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Curiosity can be a powerful motivator to learn and retain new information. Evidence shows that high states of curiosity elicited by a specific source (i.e., a trivia question) can promote memory for incidental stimuli (non-target) presented close in time. The spreading effect of curiosity states on memory for other information has potential for educational applications. Specifically, it could provide techniques to improve learning for information that did not spark a sense of curiosity on its own. Here, we investigated how high states of curiosity induced through trivia questions affect memory performance for unrelated scholastic facts (e.g., scientific, English, or historical facts) presented in close temporal proximity to the trivia question. Across three task versions, participants viewed trivia questions closely followed in time by a scholastic fact unrelated to the trivia question, either just prior to or immediately following the answer to the trivia question. Participants then completed a surprise multiple-choice memory test (akin to a pop quiz) for the scholastic material. In all three task versions, memory performance was poorer for scholastic facts presented after trivia questions that had elicited high versus low levels of curiosity. These results contradict previous findings showing curiosity-enhanced memory for incidentally presented visual stimuli and suggest that target information that generates a high-curiosity state interferes with encoding complex and unrelated scholastic facts presented close in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Keller
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emily K Leiker
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthias J Gruber
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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2
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Vitello M, Salvi C. Gestalt's Perspective on Insight: A Recap Based on Recent Behavioral and Neuroscientific Evidence. J Intell 2023; 11:224. [PMID: 38132842 PMCID: PMC10743969 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gestalt psychologists' theory of insight problem-solving was based on a direct parallelism between perceptual experience and higher-order forms of cognition (e.g., problem-solving). Similarly, albeit not exclusively, to the sudden recognition of bistable figures, these psychologists contended that problem-solving involves a restructuring of one's initial representation of the problem's elements, leading to a sudden leap of understanding phenomenologically indexed by the "Aha!" feeling. Over the last century, different scholars have discussed the validity of the Gestalt psychologists' perspective, foremost using the behavioral measures available at the time. However, in the last two decades, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of insight problem-solving due to the advancements in cognitive neuroscience. This review aims to provide a retrospective reading of Gestalt theory based on the knowledge accrued by adopting novel paradigms of research and investigating their neurophysiological correlates. Among several key points that the Gestalt psychologists underscored, we focus specifically on the role of the visual system in marking a discrete switch of knowledge into awareness, as well as the perceptual experience and holistic standpoints. While the main goal of this paper is to read the previous theory in light of new evidence, we also hope to initiate an academic discussion and encourage further research about the points we raise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Vitello
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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3
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George T, Salvi C. Putting the framework to work: Comment on "a systematic framework of creative metacognition" by Lebuda & Benedek. Phys Life Rev 2023; 47:203-206. [PMID: 37926025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim George
- ARLIS, University of Maryland, United States.
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
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4
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Salvi C, Iannello P, Cancer A, Cooper SE, McClay M, Dunsmoor JE, Antonietti A. Does social rigidity predict cognitive rigidity? Profiles of socio-cognitive polarization. Psychol Res 2023; 87:2533-2547. [PMID: 37148283 PMCID: PMC10163580 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has proposed a relationship between rigid political ideologies and underlying 'cognitive styles'. However, there remain discrepancies in how both social and cognitive rigidity are defined and measured. Problem-solving, or the ability to generate novel ideas by exploring unusual reasoning paths and challenging rigid perspectives around us, is often used to operationalize cognitive flexibility. Thus, we hypothesized a relation between forms of social rigidity, including Socio-cognitive polarization (i.e., a factor capturing conservative political ideology, absolutism/intolerance of ambiguity, and xenophobia), bullshit receptivity (i.e., overestimating pseudo-profound statements), overclaiming (tendency to self-enhance), and cognitive rigidity (i.e., problem-solving). Our results showed differences in performance on problem-solving tasks between four latent profiles of social rigidity identified in our sample. Specifically, those low in socio-cognitive polarization, bullshit, and overclaiming (i.e., less rigid) performed the best on problem-solving. Thus, we conclude that social and cognitive rigidity may share an underlying socio-cognitive construct, wherein those who are more socially rigid are also more likely to be also cognitively rigid when processing non-social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Iannello
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Cancer
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuel E Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mason McClay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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Laukkonen RE, Webb M, Salvi C, Tangen JM, Slagter HA, Schooler JW. Insight and the selection of ideas. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105363. [PMID: 37598874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Perhaps it is no accident that insight moments accompany some of humanity's most important discoveries in science, medicine, and art. Here we propose that feelings of insight play a central role in (heuristically) selecting an idea from the stream of consciousness by capturing attention and eliciting a sense of intuitive confidence permitting fast action under uncertainty. The mechanisms underlying this Eureka heuristic are explained within an active inference framework. First, implicit restructuring via Bayesian reduction leads to a higher-order prediction error (i.e., the content of insight). Second, dopaminergic precision-weighting of the prediction error accounts for the intuitive confidence, pleasure, and attentional capture (i.e., the feeling of insight). This insight as precision account is consistent with the phenomenology, accuracy, and neural unfolding of insight, as well as its effects on belief and decision-making. We conclude by reflecting on dangers of the Eureka Heuristic, including the arising and entrenchment of false beliefs and the vulnerability of insights under psychoactive substances and misinformation.
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6
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Cancer A, Salvi C, Antonietti A, Iannello P. Not Getting Vaccinated? It Is a Matter of Problem-Solving Abilities and Socio-Cognitive Polarization. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20031721. [PMID: 36767087 PMCID: PMC9914091 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the United States provided a significant contribution to the control of the virus spread. Despite the recommendations by public health institutions, vaccine skepticism and hesitancy contributed to low vaccine uptake, thus possibly disrupting the management of preventable diseases associated with the COVID-19 infection. The process that led individuals to accept COVID-19 vaccines required the ability to gather, synthesize, and weigh-up information within a novel, dynamically changing, complex, and ambiguous context. To deal with such complexity, we hypothesized that both the ability of reflection and flexible adaptation played a fundamental role. Based on previous research on cognitive predictors of vaccine refusal, we decided to investigate the combined role of two constructs, namely, problem-solving skills and socio-cognitive polarization (SCP), on vaccine acceptance and uptake. Two-hundred-seventy-seven US participants completed an online survey aimed to measure problem-solving ability, through a rebus puzzles task, and SCP, through a composite measure of absolutist thinking, political conservatism, and xenophobia. Mediation analyses indicated that SCP mediated the association between problem-solving ability and vaccine acceptance, so lower problem-solving abilities associated with higher polarization predicted vaccine rejection. Thus, our findings suggested that low problem-solving skills may represent a risk factor for COVID-19 vaccine refusal, with cognitive and social rigidity playing a crucial role in undermining the anti-COVID-19 vaccine uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cancer
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Iannello
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
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7
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Salvi C, Barr N, Dunsmoor JE, Grafman J. Insight Problem Solving Ability Predicts Reduced Susceptibility to Fake News, Bullshit, and Overclaiming. Think Reason 2022; 29:760-784. [PMID: 37982007 PMCID: PMC10655953 DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2146191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The information humans are exposed to has grown exponentially. This has placed increased demands upon our information selection strategies resulting in reduced fact-checking and critical-thinking time. Prior research shows that problem solving (traditionally measured using the Cognitive Reflection Test-CRT) negatively correlates with believing in false information. We argue that this result is specifically related to insight problem solving. Solutions via insight are the result of parallel processing, characterized by filtering external noise, and, unlike cognitively controlled thinking, it does not suffer from the cognitive overload associated with processing multiple sources of information. We administered the Compound Remote Associate Test (problems used to investigate insight problem solving) as well as the CRT, 20 fake and real news headlines, the bullshit, and overclaiming scales to a sample of 61 participants. Results show that insight problem solving predicts better identification of fake news and bullshit (over and above traditional measures i.e., the CRT), and is associated with reduced overclaiming. These results have implications for understanding individual differences in susceptibility to believing false information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
- Department of Psychology and Social Sciences, John Cabot University, Rome, Italy
| | - Nathaniel Barr
- School of Humanities and Creativity, Sheridan College, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Salvi C, Leiker EK, Baricca B, Molinari MA, Eleopra R, Nichelli PF, Grafman J, Dunsmoor JE. The Effect of Dopaminergic Replacement Therapy on Creative Thinking and Insight Problem-Solving in Parkinson's Disease Patients. Front Psychol 2021; 12:646448. [PMID: 33763005 PMCID: PMC7984162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients receiving dopaminergic treatment may experience bursts of creativity. Although this phenomenon is sometimes recognized among patients and their clinicians, the association between dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) in PD patients and creativity remains underexplored. It is unclear, for instance, whether DRT affects creativity through convergent or divergent thinking, idea generation, or a general lack of inhibition. It is also unclear whether DRT only augments pre-existing creative attributes or generates creativity de novo. Here, we tested a group of PD patients when “on” and “off” dopaminergic treatment on a series of tests of creative problem-solving (Alternative Uses Task, Compound Remote Associates, Rebus Puzzles), and related their performance to a group of matched healthy controls as well as to their pre-PD creative skills and measures of inhibition/impulsivity. Results did not provide strong evidence that DRT improved creative thinking in PD patients. Rather, PD patients “on” medication showed less flexibility in divergent thinking, generated fewer ideas via insight, and showed worse performance in convergent thinking overall (by making more errors) than healthy controls. Pre-PD creative skills predicted enhanced flexibility and fluency in divergent thinking when PD patients were “on” medication. However, results on convergent thinking were mixed. Finally, PD patients who exhibited deficits in a measure of inhibitory control showed weaker convergent thinking while “on” medication, supporting previous evidence on the importance of inhibitory control in creative problem-solving. Altogether, results do not support the hypothesis that DRT promotes creative thinking in PD. We speculate that bursts of artistic production in PD are perhaps conflated with creativity due to lay conceptions of creativity (i.e., an art-bias).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Emily K Leiker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Beatrix Baricca
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino Estense, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria A Molinari
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino Estense, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Movement Disorders Unit at the IRCCS "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo F Nichelli
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino Estense, Modena University Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurology, Cognitive Neurology, Alzheimer's Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joseph E Dunsmoor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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9
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Salvi C, Simoncini C, Grafman J, Beeman M. Oculometric signature of switch into awareness? Pupil size predicts sudden insight whereas microsaccades predict problem-solving via analysis. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116933. [PMID: 32413459 PMCID: PMC7440842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Gestalt theorists, restructuring is an essential component of insight problem-solving, contributes to the "Aha!" experience, and is similar to the perceptual switch experienced when reinterpreting ambiguous figures. Previous research has demonstrated that pupil diameter increases during the perceptual switch of ambiguous figures, and indexes norepeinephrine functioning mediated by the locus coeruleus. In this study, we investigated if pupil diameter similarly predicts the switch into awareness people experience when solving a problem via insight. Additionally, we explored eye movement dynamics during the same task to investigate if the problem-solving strategies used are linked to specific oculomotor behaviors. In 38 participants, pupil diameter increased about 500 msec prior to solution only in trials for which subjects report having an insight. In contrast, participants increased their microsaccade rate only prior to non-insight solutions. Pupil dilation and microsaccades were not reliably related, but both appear to be robust markers of how people solve problems (with or without insight). The pupil size change seen when people have an "Aha!" moment represents an indicator of the switch into awareness of unconscious processes humans depend upon for insight, and suggests important involvement of norepinephrine, via the locus coeruleus, in sudden insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Claudio Simoncini
- Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Beeman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Abstract
People can solve problems in two main styles: through a methodical analysis, or by a sudden insight (also known as 'Aha!' or 'Eureka!' experience). Analytical solutions are achieved primarily with conscious deliberation in a trial-and-error fashion. 'Aha!' moments, instead, happen suddenly, often without conscious deliberation and are considered a critical facet of creative cognition. Previous research has indicated an association between creativity and risk taking (a personality trait); however, few studies have investigated how a short-term situational state of risk modulates these two different problem-solving styles. In this research, we looked at how both state and trait risks taking is related to different problem-solving styles. To measure risk as a personality trait, we administered the Balloon Analog Risk Task. To investigate risk as a state, we created a scenario, where people had to bet on their problem-solving performance at the beginning of each trial, and we compared the performance of this group with a control group that did not have to bet. The results show no association between risk as a trait and problem-solving style; however, the risk state scenario did produce a shift in dominant problem-solving style with participants in the risk scenario group solving more problems via analysis. We also found that two factors are related to problem-solving accuracy: the amount bet (i.e., when people place higher bets, they solve more problems), and success on the previous trial, especially if the solution was achieved via analysis. Furthermore, the data reveal that when under risk, females are better problem solvers than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Edward Bowden
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI, USA
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11
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Abstract
The scientific approach to the study of creative problem solving has shifted from using classic insight problems (e.g., the Nine-dots problem), towards sets of problems that have more robust psychometric properties, such as the Remote Associate Test (RAT). Because it is homogeneous, compact, quickly solvable, and easy to score, the RAT has been used more frequently in recent creativity studies. We applied the Item Response Theory (IRT) to develop an Italian version of this task. The final 51-item test was reliable (α = .89) and provided information over a wide range of ability levels, as revealed by the IRT analysis. The RAT correlated with five measures of creative performance: The Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM), three classic insight problems, a set of anagrams purposefully developed, the fluency and flexibility scores of the Alternative Uses Task (AUT), and the Creative Achievements Questionnaire (CAQ). The new measure provided is meant to encourage the study of creativity and problem solving in the Italian language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Brain Mapping Group, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Giulio Costantini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Pace
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Palmiero
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
- Neuropsychology Unit, I.R.C.C.S.Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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12
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Abstract
Problem-solving is essential for advances in cultural, social, and scientific knowledge. It is also one of the most challenging cognitive processes to facilitate. Some problem-solving is deliberate, but frequently people solve problems with a sudden insight, also known as a Eureka or "Aha!" moment. The advantage of solving problems via insight is that these solutions are more accurate, relying on a unique pattern of neural activity, compared to deliberative strategies. The right Anterior Temporal Lobe (rATL), putatively involved in semantic integration, is distinctively activated when people experience an insight. The rATL may contribute to the recognition of distant semantic relations that support insight solutions, although fMRI and EEG evidence for its involvement is, by nature, correlational. In this study, we investigate if focal sub-threshold neuromodulation to the rATL facilitates insight problem-solving. In three different groups, using a within- and between-subjects design, we tested the causal role of this brain region in problem-solving, by applying High Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the rATL (active and sham condition) or the left frontopolar region while participants attempted to solve Compound Remote Associates problems before, during and after stimulation. Participants solved a higher percentage of problems, overall, and specifically by insight when they received rATL stimulation, compared to pre-stimulation, and compared to sham and left frontopolar stimulation. These results confirm the crucial role played by the rATL in insight problem-solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Mark Beeman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard McKinley
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neurology, Cognitive Neurology, and Alzheimer's Center, Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Palmiero M, Piccardi L, Nori R, Palermo L, Salvi C, Guariglia C. Editorial: Creativity: Education and Rehabilitation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1500. [PMID: 31293491 PMCID: PMC6606768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Palmiero
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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14
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Santarnecchi E, Sprugnoli G, Bricolo E, Costantini G, Liew SL, Musaeus CS, Salvi C, Pascual-Leone A, Rossi A, Rossi S. Gamma tACS over the temporal lobe increases the occurrence of Eureka! moments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5778. [PMID: 30962465 PMCID: PMC6453961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The solution to a problem might manifest itself as a burst of unexpected, unpredictable clarity. Such Eureka! events, or Insight moments, are among the most fascinating mysteries of human cognition, whose neurophysiological substrate seems to include a role for oscillatory activity within the α and γ bands in the right parietal and temporal brain regions. We tested this hypothesis on thirty-one healthy participants using transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) to externally amplify α (10 Hz) and γ (40 Hz) activity in the right parietal and temporal lobes, respectively. During γ-tACS over the right temporal lobe, we observed an increase in accuracy on a verbal insight task. Furthermore, electroencephalography (EEG) data revealed an increase in γ spectral power over bilateral temporal lobes after stimulation. Additionally, resting-state functional MRI data acquired before the stimulation session suggested a correlation between behavioral response to right temporal lobe tACS and functional connectivity of bilateral temporal lobes, in line with the bilateral increase in γ band revealed by EEG. Overall, results suggest the possibility of enhancing the probability of generating Eureka! moments in humans by means of frequency-specific noninvasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Giulia Sprugnoli
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bricolo
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sook-Lei Liew
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian S Musaeus
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre (DDRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carola Salvi
- Northwestern University, Psychology department, Evanston, IL, USA.,Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Laboratory (Si-BIN Lab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Human Physiology Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Salvi C, Conrardy RD, Bikson M, Beeman M, Grafman J. Abstract #142: Effects of High Definition tDCS on Problem Solving Networks. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Amory H. Danek
- Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Carola Salvi
- Northwestern University
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab of Chicago
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17
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Cohen-Zimerman S, Salvi C, Krueger F, Gordon B, Grafman J. Intelligence across the seventh decade in patients with brain injuries acquired in young adulthood. Trends Neurosci Educ 2018; 13:1-7. [PMID: 30613804 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this longitudinal study, we examined intelligence in a group of Vietnam veterans in their 60 s who suffered combat-related penetrating traumatic brain injuries (pTBI) in their 20 s (n = 120), as well as matched veterans with no brain damage (n = 33). Intelligence was evaluated using the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) administered before the injury occurred and then again at three points in time over the following 45 years. We tested for potential predictors and correlates of late midlife intelligence score, as well as the recent change in score over the seventh decade. The pTBI group had lower intelligence scores than the control group when currently evaluated. Pre-injury intelligence and the presence of a pTBI were the most consistent predictors of current intelligence scores. While exacerbated intellectual decline occurs following a young-adulthood pTBI and affects everyday life, no evidence for late midlife accelerated cognitive decline or dementia was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Cohen-Zimerman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Carola Salvi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barry Gordon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cognitive Science Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Think+Speak Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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18
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Sprugnoli G, Liew S, Bricolo E, Costantini G, Salvi C, Musaeus C, Rossi S, Rossi A, Pascual-Leone A, Santarnecchi E. Going beyond the Eureka moment: enhancement of insightful solutions by means of tACS and tRNS. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
Previous studies showed that liberals and conservatives differ in cognitive style. Liberals are more flexible, and tolerant of complexity and novelty, whereas conservatives are more rigid, are more resistant to change, and prefer clear answers. We administered a set of compound remote associate problems, a task extensively used to differentiate problem-solving styles (via insight or analysis). Using this task, several researches have proven that self-reports, which differentiate between insight and analytic problem-solving, are reliable and are associated with two different neural circuits. In our research we found that participants self-identifying with distinct political orientations demonstrated differences in problem-solving strategy. Liberals solved significantly more problems via insight instead of in a step-by-step analytic fashion. Our findings extend previous observations that self-identified political orientations reflect differences in cognitive styles. More specifically, we show that type of political orientation is associated with problem-solving strategy. The data converge with previous neurobehavioural and cognitive studies indicating a link between cognitive style and the psychological mechanisms that mediate political beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- a Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Irene Cristofori
- b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- b Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory , Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,c Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA.,d Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Mark Beeman
- a Department of Psychology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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20
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Hogeveen J, Salvi C, Grafman J. 'Emotional Intelligence': Lessons from Lesions. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:694-705. [PMID: 27647325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
'Emotional intelligence' (EI) is one of the most highly used psychological terms in popular nomenclature, yet its construct, divergent, and predictive validities are contentiously debated. Despite this debate, the EI construct is composed of a set of emotional abilities - recognizing emotional states in the self and others, using emotions to guide thought and behavior, understanding how emotions shape behavior, and emotion regulation - that undoubtedly influence important social and personal outcomes. In this review, evidence from human lesion studies is reviewed in order to provide insight into the necessary brain regions for each of these core emotional abilities. Critically, we consider how this neuropsychological evidence might help to guide efforts to define and measure EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hogeveen
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - C Salvi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - J Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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21
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Palmiero M, Piccardi L, Nori R, Palermo L, Salvi C, Guariglia C. Editorial: Creativity and Mental Imagery. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1280. [PMID: 27610094 PMCID: PMC4996989 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Palmiero
- Neuropsychology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.SRome, Italy; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'AquilaL'Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Neuropsychology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.SRome, Italy; Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'AquilaL'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern UniversityEvaston, IL, USA; Rehabilitation Institute of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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22
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Abstract
Recent work using the eye movement monitoring technique has demonstrated that when people are engaged in thought they tend to disengage from the external world by blinking or fixating on an empty portion of the visual field, such as a blank wall, or out the window at the sky. This 'looking at nothing' behavior has been observed during thinking that does not explicitly involve visual imagery (mind wandering, insight in problem solving, memory encoding and search) and it is associated with reduced analysis of the external visual environment. Thus, it appears to indicate (and likely facilitate) a shift of attention from external to internal stimuli that benefits creativity and problem solving by reducing the cognitive load and enhancing attention to internally evolving activation. We briefly mention some possible reasons to collect eye movement data in future studies of creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern UniversityEvanston, IL, USA; Rehabilitation Institute of ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Bowden
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI USA
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23
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Abstract
How accurate are insights compared to analytical solutions? In four experiments, we investigated how participants' solving strategies influenced their solution accuracies across different types of problems, including one that was linguistic, one that was visual and two that were mixed visual-linguistic. In each experiment, participants' self-judged insight solutions were, on average, more accurate than their analytic ones. We hypothesised that insight solutions have superior accuracy because they emerge into consciousness in an all-or-nothing fashion when the unconscious solving process is complete, whereas analytic solutions can be guesses based on conscious, prematurely terminated, processing. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that participants' analytic solutions included relatively more incorrect responses (i.e., errors of commission) than timeouts (i.e., errors of omission) compared to their insight responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Salvi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Brain Mapping Group, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emanuela Bricolo
- Department of Psychology, Milano-Bicocca University, Milano, Italy
| | - John Kounios
- Department of Psychology, Stratton Hall, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Bowden
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI, USA
| | - Mark Beeman
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Brain Mapping Group, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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24
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Bricolo E, Salvi C, Martelli M, Arduino LS, Daini R. The effects of crowding on eye movement patterns in reading. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 160:23-34. [PMID: 26143298 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crowding is a phenomenon that characterizes normal periphery limiting letter identification when other letters surround the signal. We investigated the nature of the reading limitation of crowding by analyzing eye-movement patterns. The stimuli consisted of two items varying across trials for letter spacing (spaced, unspaced and increased size), lexicality (words or pseudowords), number of letters (4, 6, 8), and reading modality (oral and silent). In Experiments 1 and 2 (oral and silent reading, respectively) the results show that an increase in letter spacing induced an increase in the number of fixations and in gaze duration, but a reduction in the first fixation duration. More importantly, increasing letter size (Experiment 3) produced the same first fixation duration advantage as empty spacing, indicating that, as predicted by crowding, only center-to-center letter distance, and not spacing per se, matters. Moreover, when the letter size was enlarged the number of fixations did not increase as much as in the previous experiments, suggesting that this measure depends on visual acuity rather than on crowding. Finally, gaze duration, a measure of word recognition, did not change with the letter size enlargement. No qualitative differences were found between oral and silent reading experiments (1 and 2), indicating that the articulatory process did not influence the outcome. Finally, a facilitatory effect of lexicality was found in all conditions, indicating an interaction between perceptual and lexical processing. Overall, our results indicate that crowding influences normal word reading by means of an increase in first fixation duration, a measure of word encoding, which we interpret as a modulatory effect of attention on critical spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bricolo
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carola Salvi
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Martelli
- Psychology Department, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa S Arduino
- Department of Human Sciences, University LUMSA, Rome, Italy; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, ISTC-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Daini
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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25
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Gilsdorf A, Boxall N, Gasimov V, Agayev I, Mammadzade F, Ursu P, Gasimov E, Brown C, Mardel S, Jankovic D, Pimentel G, Amir Ayoub I, Maher Labib Elassal E, Salvi C, Legros D, Pessoa da Silva C, Hay A, Andraghetti R, Rodier G, Ganter B. Two clusters of human infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus in the Republic of Azerbaijan, February–March 2006. Euro Surveill 2006; 11:3-4. [DOI: 10.2807/esm.11.05.00620-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the appearance of influenza A/H5 virus infection in several wild and domestic bird species in the Republic of Azerbaijan in February 2006, two clusters of potential human avian influenza due to A/H5N1 (HAI) cases were detected and reported by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe during the first two weeks of March 2006. On 15 March 2006, WHO led an international team, including infection control, clinical management, epidemiology, laboratory, and communications experts, to support the MoH in investigation and response activities.
As a result of active surveillance, 22 individuals, including six deaths, were evaluated for HAI and associated risk infections in six districts. The investigations revealed eight cases with influenza A/H5N1 virus infection confirmed by a WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza and one probable case for which samples were not available. The cases were in two unrelated clusters in Salyan (seven laboratory confirmed cases, including four deaths) and Tarter districts (one confirmed case and one probable case, both fatal). Close contact with and de-feathering of infected wild swans was considered to be the most plausible source of exposure to influenza A/H5N1 virus in the Salyan cluster, although difficulties in eliciting information were encountered during the investigation, because of the illegality of some of the activities that might have led to the exposures (hunting and trading in wild birds and their products). These cases constitute the first outbreak worldwide where wild birds were the most likely source of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in humans.
The rapid mobilisation of resources to contain the spread of influenza A/H5 in the two districts was achieved through collaboration between the MoH, WHO and its international partners. Control activities were supported by the establishment of a field laboratory with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) capacity to detect influenza A/H5 virus. Daily door-to-door surveillance undertaken in the two affected districts made it unlikely that human cases of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection remained undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gilsdorf
- Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP)
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Boxall
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET)
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Gasimov
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - I Agayev
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan. National Anti-Plague Station, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - F Mammadzade
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
- National Anti-Plague Station, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - P Ursu
- World Health Organization, Azerbaijan
| | - E Gasimov
- World Health Organization, Azerbaijan
| | - C Brown
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Mardel
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Jankovic
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Pimentel
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I Amir Ayoub
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - C Salvi
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Legros
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - A Hay
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, United Kingdom
| | - R Andraghetti
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Rodier
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Ganter
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Gilsdorf A, Boxall N, Gasimov V, Agayev I, Mammadzade F, Ursu P, Gasimov E, Brown C, Mardel S, Jankovic D, Pimentel G, Ayoub IA, Elassal EML, Salvi C, Legros D, Pessoa da Silva C, Hay A, Andraghetti R, Rodier G, Ganter B. Two clusters of human infection with influenza A/H5N1 virus in the Republic of Azerbaijan, February-March 2006. Euro Surveill 2006; 11:122-6. [PMID: 16757853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the appearance of influenza A/H5 virus infection in several wild and domestic bird species in the Republic of Azerbaijan in February 2006, two clusters of potential human avian influenza due to A/H5N1 (HAI) cases were detected and reported by the Ministry of Health (MoH) to the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe during the first two weeks of March 2006. On 15 March 2006, WHO led an international team, including infection control, clinical management, epidemiology, laboratory, and communications experts, to support the MoH in investigation and response activities. As a result of active surveillance, 22 individuals, including six deaths, were evaluated for HAI and associated risk infections in six districts. The investigations revealed eight cases with influenza A/H5N1 virus infection confirmed by a WHO Collaborating Centre for Influenza and one probable case for which samples were not available. The cases were in two unrelated clusters in Salyan (seven laboratory confirmed cases, including four deaths) and Tarter districts (one confirmed case and one probable case, both fatal). Close contact with and de-feathering of infected wild swans was considered to be the most plausible source of exposure to influenza A/H5N1 virus in the Salyan cluster, although difficulties in eliciting information were encountered during the investigation, because of the illegality of some of the activities that might have led to the exposures (hunting and trading in wild birds and their products). These cases constitute the first outbreak worldwide where wild birds were the most likely source of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in humans. The rapid mobilisation of resources to contain the spread of influenza A/H5 in the two districts was achieved through collaboration between the MoH, WHO and its international partners. Control activities were supported by the establishment of a field laboratory with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) capacity to detect influenza A/H5 virus. Daily door-to-door surveillance undertaken in the two affected districts made it unlikely that human cases of influenza A/H5N1 virus infection remained undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gilsdorf
- Robert Koch-Institut, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Rodolfo M, Bassi C, Salvi C, Parmiani G. Therapeutic use of a long-term cytotoxic T cell line recognizing a common tumour-associated antigen: the pattern of in vitro reactivity predicts the in vivo effect on different tumours. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 34:53-62. [PMID: 1760812 PMCID: PMC11038365 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1991] [Accepted: 07/04/1991] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A long-term-cultured cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line (E/88) was obtained from splenic lymphocytes of BALB/c (H-2d) mice bearing the weakly immunogenic colonic carcinoma C26. This line was shown to be alpha/beta TCR + V beta 6 + CD3 + CD8 + CD4- and to recognize a common tumour-associated antigen on syngeneic carcinomas and sarcomas in a major-histocompatibility--complex-restricted and T-cell-receptor(TCR)-mediated fashion. The assessment of cytotoxic activity on a panel of 30 normal and neoplastic target cells of differing etiology and histo-type showed that E/88 CTL lysed syngeneic colon carcinomas and some fibrosarcomas but not leukemias, lymphomas or mammary carcinomas. Clones derived from the E/88 line exhibited the same lytic pattern. Moreover, anti-T3, anti-Lyt2.2, anti-alpha/beta TCR and anti-V beta 6 mAbs as well as anti-H-2d antisera abolished cytotoxicity when used in blocking experiments. The therapeutic activity of E/88 CTL upon in vivo transfer was assessed in mice bearing either experimental or spontaneous metastases of C26. In both models therapy with E/88 lymphocytes in combination or not with interleukin-2 was highly effective. Adoptive immunotherapy carried out with two clones obtained from line E/88 showed comparable therapeutic effects. In addition, treatment of syngeneic mice bearing experimental metastases of in vitro E/88-lysable or E/88-resistant tumours, showed that E/88 CTL can eradicate metastases of the former but not of the latter neoplasms. These data indicate that long-term CTL lines recognizing common tumour-associated antigens can be derived from tumour-bearing animals and used in adoptive immunotherapy of tumours previously shown to be lysed in vitro by these effectors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodolfo
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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28
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Rodolfo M, Salvi C, Bassi C, Parmiani G. Adoptive immunotherapy of a mouse colon carcinoma with recombinant interleukin-2 alone or combined with lymphokine-activated killer cells or tumor-immune lymphocytes. Survival benefit of adjuvant post-surgical treatments and comparison with experimental metastases model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990; 31:28-36. [PMID: 2306753 PMCID: PMC11038853 DOI: 10.1007/bf01742492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/1989] [Accepted: 10/03/1989] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have used a BALB/c colonic adenocarcinoma (C-26) to evaluate the therapeutic potential of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) at high and low dosages in combination with or without lymphokine-activated killers (LAK) or tumor-specific, immune lymphocytes in either an adjuvant spontaneous or an artificial metastasis system. Most (approximately 80%) of the mice that underwent s.c. C-26 tumor excision systemic treatment with low-dose rIL-2 (3 x 10(4) U/day, i.p.) increased the survival rate to 31% as compared to 21% (not significant) in excised controls while administration of high-dose rIL-2 (8 x 10(4) U/day) led to 53% survival (P less than 0.001). Both LAK cells and C-26-tumor-immune lymphocytes given during rIL-2-treatment significantly increased the effects of rIL-2 at the low but not at the high-dose, with tumor-immune effectors resulting in the highest percentage (63%) of cures. When mice bearing 3-day artificial lung metastases of C-26 cells were treated wtih low- or high-dose rIL-2, in combination with or without LAK or tumor-immune lymphocytes, a highly significant reduction or abrogation of the number of lung foci was observed with all treatments, including those involving or tumor-immune lymphocytes alone. Assessment of survival benefit in these mice, however, showed survival prolongation, with 20% cures achieved by low-dose rIL-2 alone and up to 65% cures by LAK in combination with low-dose rIL-2. In this system of artificial metastasis high-dose rIL-2 alone increased the survival time but failed to cure the animals, and the addition of LAK was ineffective whereas that of tumor-immune lymphocytes led to 80% cure. These results suggest that tumor-immune lymphocytes are more effective than LAK when combined with rIL-2 and that caution is necessary in extrapolating findings obtained in artificial metastasis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodolfo
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Istituto Nazionale Tumor, Milan, Italy
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29
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Rodolfo M, Salvi C, Parmiani G. Influence of the donors' clinical status on in vitro and in vivo tumor-cytotoxic activation of interleukin-2-exposed lymphocytes and their circulation in different organs. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989; 28:136-42. [PMID: 2783888 PMCID: PMC11038240 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/1988] [Accepted: 07/25/1988] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In-vitro-generated lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells of BALB/c mice, bearing the syngeneic colon carcinoma C-26 for 7 days, were as efficient as those from normal mice in lysing C-26 cells whereas LAK cells from 14-day tumor-bearing and 5- and 14-day tumor-resected animals had a lower C-26 cytotoxicity. The level of C-26 lysis returned to normal values 30 days after surgery. To identify the best source of LAK cells in vivo, groups of normal mice were treated with 10(4), 3 x 10(4) or 10(5) U/day of interleukin 2 (EL-2) for 7 days intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intravenously (i.v.) (3 x 10(4) dose only). The highest lysis on C-26 was obtained from peritoneal exudate cells of mice given 3 x 10(4) and 10(5) U whereas spleen cells were lytic only when taken from mice treated with 10(5) U IL-2. Peripheral blood lymphocytes lacked any cytotoxicity except for the group of mice which received IL-2 i.v. The kinetics of in vivo LAK activation in different organs showed a peak of anti-(C-26) lytic activity at day 5 in peritoneal exudate cells and spleen cells of mice given IL-2 for 5 days whereas administration of LAK cells alone had no effect: IL-2 plus LAK cells gave a lower peak of LAK activity as compared with IL-2 alone. A lower level of in vivo LAK activation was found in mice whose tumor was resected 5 days before; such impairment was evident even 14 days after surgery. Homing experiments were carried out with i.v. injected 51Cr-labelled LAK cells in normal or tumor-resected mice. In normal mice the highest radioactivity at 30 min was found in the lungs; liver and spleen also showed high radioactivity whereas blood had a negligible amount of radioactivity. Radioactivity declined rapidly in lungs (less than 10% after 24 h) while remaining at appreciable levels in the liver after 24 h and 48 h; spleen showed constant levels of 12%-15%. Homing of LAK cells was altered in mice receiving IL-2 i.p. for 5 days with slower and lower radioactivity peaks in the lung and higher levels in liver. In tumor-excised mice lower levels of radioactivity were found in lungs. These results show that: (a) alterations in LAK activity occur in early-tumor-resected and large-tumor-bearing animals; (b) the route of IL-2 administration is critical in LAK activation in vivo; (c) treatment with IL-2 modifies LAK homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rodolfo
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Jaehne J, Meyer HJ, Wittekind C, Maschek H, Pichlmayr R, Jacobi G, Weiermann G, Vitzthum HG, Schwabe D, Manegold C, Krempien B, Kaufmann M, Bailly M, Doré JF, Fodstad Ø, Kjønniksen I, Brøgger A, Flørenes VA, Pihl A, Aamdal S, Nesland JM, Geldof AA, Rao BR, De Giovanni C, Lollini PL, Del Re B, Scotlandi K, Nicoletti G, Nanni P, Van Muijen GNP, Van Der Wiel-Miezenbeek JM, Cornelissen LMHA, Jansen CFJ, Ruiter DJ, Kieler J, Oda Y, Tokuriki Y, Tenang EM, Lamb JF, Galante E, Zanoni F, Galluzzi D, Cerrotta A, Martelli G, Guzzon A, Reduzzi D, Barberá-Guillem E, Barceló JR, Urcelay B, Alonso-Varona AI, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Bassukas ID, Maurer-Schultze B, Storeng R, Manzotti C, Pratesi G, Schachert G, Fidler IJ, Grimstad IA, Rutt GT, Riesinger P, Frank J, Neumann G, Wissler JH, Bastert G, Liebrich W, Lehner B, Gonzer S, Schlag P, Vehmeyer K, Hajto T, Gabius HJ, Funke I, Schlimok G, Bock B, Dreps A, Schweiberer B, Riethmüller G, Nicolai U, Vykoupil KF, Wolf M, Havemann K, Georgii A, Bertrand S, N'Guyen MJ, Siracky J, Kysela B, Siracka E, Pflüger E, Schirrmacher V, Boyano MD, Hanania N, Poupon MF, Sherbet GV, Lakshmi MS, Van Roy F, Vleminckx K, Fiers W, Dragonetti C, De Bruyne G, Messiaen L, Mareel M, Kuhn S, Choritz H, Schmid U, Bihl H, Griesbach A, Matzku S, Eccles SA, Purvies HP, Miller FR, McEachern D, Ponton A, Waghorne C, Coulombe B, Kerbel RS, Breitman M, Skup D, Gingras MC, Jarolim L, Wright JA, Greenberg AH, N'Guyen MJ, Allavena G, Melchiori A, Aresu O, Percario M, Parodi S, Schmidt J, Kars P, Chader G, Albini A, Zöller M, Lissitzky JC, Bouzon M, Martin PM, Grossi IM, Taylor JD, Honn KV, Koch B, Baum W, Giedl J, Gabius HJ, Kalden JR, Hakim AA, LadÁnyi A, Timár J, Moczar E, Lapis K, Müller K, Wolf MF, Benz B, Schumacher K, Kemmner W, Morgenthaler J, Brossmer R, Hagmar B, Burns G, Erkell§ LJ, Ryd W, Paku S, Rot A, Hilario E, Unda F, Simón J, Aliño SF, Sargent NSE, Burger MM, Altevogt P, Kowitz A, Chopra H, Bandlow G, Nagel GA, Lotan R, Carralero D, Lotan D, Raz A, Skubitz APN, Koliakos GG, Furcht LT, Charonis AS, Hamann A, Jablonski-Westrich D, Jonas P, Harder R, Butcher EC, Thiele HG, Breillout F, Antoine E, Lascaux V, Boxberger HJ, Paweletz N, Bracke M, Vyncke B, Opdenakker G, Castronovo V, Foidart JM, Camacho M, Fras AF, Llorens A, Rutllant ML, Erkell LJ, Brunner G, Heredia A, Imhoff JM, Burtin P, Nakajima M, Lunec J, Parker C, Fennelly JA, Smith K, Roossien FF, La Rivière G, Roos E, Erdel M, Trefz G, Spiess E, Ebert W, Verhaegen S, Remels L, Verschueren H, Dekegel D, De Baetselier P, Van Hecke D, Hannecart-Pokorni E, Falkvoll KH, Alonso A, Baroja A, Sebbag U, Barbera-Guillem E, Behrens J, Mareel MM, Birchmeier W, Waterhouse P, Khokha R, Chambers A, Yagel S, Lala PK, Denhardt DT, Hennes R, Frantzen F, Keller R, Schwartz-Albiez R, Fondaneche MC, Mignatti P, Tsuboi R, Robbins E, Rifkin DB, Overall CM, Sacchi A, Falcioni R, Piaggio G, Rizzo MG, Perrotti N, Kennel SJ, Girschick H, Müller-Hermelink HK, Vollmers HP, Wenzel A, Liu S, Günthert U, Wesch V, Giles M, Ponta H, Herrlich P, Stade B, Hupke U, Holzmann B, Johnson JP, Sauer A, Roller E, Klumpp B, Güttler N, Lison A, Walk A, Redini F, Moczar M, Leoni F, Da Dalt MG, Ménard S, Canevari S, Miotti S, Tagliabue E, Colnaghi MI, Ostmeier H, Suter L, Possati L, Rosciani C, Recanatini E, Beatrici V, Diambrini M, Polito M, Rothbächer U, Eisenbach L, Plaksin D, Gelber C, Kushtai G, Gubbay J, Feldman M, Benke R, Benedetto A, Elia G, Sala A, Belardelli F, Lehmann JM, Ladanyi A, Hanisch FG, Sölter J, Jansen V, Böhmer G, Peter-Katalinic J, Uhlenbruck G, O'Connor R, Müller J, Kirchner T, Bover B, Tucker G, Valles AM, Gavrilovic J, Thiery JP, Kaufmann AM, Volm M, Edel G, Zühlsdorf M, Voss H, Wörmann B, Hiddemann W, De Neve W, Van Den Berge D, Van Loon R, Storme G, Zacharski LR, Wojtukiewicz MZ, Memoli V, Kisiel W, Kudryk BJ, Stump D, Piñol G, Gonzalez-Garrigues M, Fabra A, Marti F, Rueda F, Lichtner RB, Khazaie K, Timar J, Greenzhevskaya SN, Shmalko YP, Hill SE, Rees RC, MacNeil S, Millon R, Muller D, Eber M, Abecassis J, Betzler M, Bahtsky KP, Umansky VY, Krivorotov AA, Balitskaya EK, Pridatko OE, Smelkova MI, Smirnov IM, Korczak B, Fisher C, Thody AJ, Young SD, Hill RP, Frixen U, Gopas J, Segal S, Hammerling G, Bar-Eli M, Rager-Zisman B, Har-Vardi I, Alon Y, Hämmerling GJ, Perez M, Algarra I, Collado MD, Peran E, Caballero A, Garrido F, Turner GA, Blackmore M, Stern PL, Thompson S, Levin I, Kuperman O, Eyal A, Kaneti J, Notter M, Knuth A, Martin M, Chauffert B, Caignard A, Hammann A, Martin F, Dearden MT, Pelletier H, Dransfield I, Jacob G, Rogers K, Pérez-Yarza G, Cañavate ML, Lucas R, Bouwens L, Mantovani G, Serri FG, Macciò A, Zucca MV, Del Giacco GS, Pérez M, Kärre K, Apt D, Traversari C, Sensi M, Carbone G, Parmiani G, Hainaut P, Weynants P, Degiovanni G, Boon T, Marquardt P, Stulle K, Wölfel T, Herin M, Van den Eynde B, Klehmann E, Büschenfelde KHMZ, Samija M, Gerenčer M, Eljuga D, Bašić I, Heacock CS, Blake AM, D'Aleo CJ, Alvarez VL, Gresser I, Maury C, Moss J, Woodrow D, von Ardenne M, Krüger W, Möller P, Schachert HK, Itaya T, Frost P, Rodolfo M, Salvi C, Bassi C, Huland E, Huland H, Sersa G, Willingham V, Hunter N, Milas L, Schild H, von Hoegen P, Mentges B, Bätz W, Suzuki N, Mizukoshi T, Sava G, Ceschia V, Zabucchi G, Farkas-Himsley H, Schaal O, Klenner T, Keppler B, Alvarez-Diaz A, Bizzari JP, Barbera-Guillem F, Osterloh B, Bartkowski R, LÖhrke H, Schwahn E, Schafmayer A, Goerttler K, Cillo C, Ling V, Giavazzi R, Vecchi A, Luini W, Garofalo A, Iwakawa M, Arundel C, Tofilon P, Giraldi T, Perissin L, Zorzet S, Piccini P, Pacor S, Rapozzi V, Fink U, Zeuner H, Dancygier H, Classen M, Lersch C, Reuter M, Hammer C, Brendel W, Mathé G, Bourut C, Chenu E, Kidani Y, Mauvernay Y, Schally AV, Reizenstein P, Gastiaburu J, Comaru-Schally AM, Cupissol D, Jasmin C, Missot JL, Wingen F, Schmähl D, Pauwels-Vergely C, Poupon MF, Gasic TB, Ewaskiewicz JI, Gasic GJ, Pápay J, Mauvernay R, Schally A, Keiling R, Hagipantelli R, Busuttil M, VoVan ML, Misset JL, Lévi F, Musset M, Ribaud P, Hilgard P, Reissmann T, Stekar J, Voegeli R, Den Otter W, Maas HA, Dullens HFJ, Merriman RL, Tanzer LR, Shackelford KA, Bemis KG, Campbell JB, Matsumoto K. Late abstracts 186–187. Clin Exp Metastasis 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01888832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gatti PL, Salvi C, Zampardi C. [Physiopathology of the masticatory system with particular reference to the apophyseal coronoid relation, temporal muscle, and intercuspidization]. Parodontol Stomatol (Nuova) 1985; 24:111-4. [PMID: 3939328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gatti PL, Salvi C, Zampardi C, Muller E. [Radiographic verification of the occlusal plane in fixed dentures (I)]. Parodontol Stomatol (Nuova) 1984; 23:133-4. [PMID: 6443432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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