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Larson CM, Barajas C, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA, Peterson CD. Development of opioid analgesic tolerance in rat to extended-release buprenorphine formulated for laboratory subjects. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298819. [PMID: 38512918 PMCID: PMC10956808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine in an extended-release formulation intended for use in laboratory subjects is frequently administered to rats to provide extended analgesia without repeated handling. While levels of buprenorphine may persist in serum once extended-release buprenorphine has been introduced, exposure to opioids can cause opioid tolerance or opioid-induced hypersensitivity. This work examined the analgesic duration and efficacy of a single administration of extended-release buprenorphine intended for use in laboratory subjects in models of inflammatory pain and post-operative pain and the development of opioid tolerance in rat. After subcutaneous administration of 1 mg/kg extended-release buprenorphine, analgesic efficacy did not persist for the expected 72 hours. No changes were observed in mechanical thresholds in the hindpaws that were contralateral to the injury, suggesting a lack of centrally mediated opioid-induced hypersensitivity. To determine whether opioid tolerance arose acutely after one exposure to extended-release buprenorphine, we conducted the warm water tail flick assay; on Day 1 we administered either saline or extended-release buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) and on Day 3 we quantified the standard buprenorphine dose-response curve (0.1-3 mg/kg). Rats previously given extended-release buprenorphine displayed decreased analgesic responses after administration of standard buprenorphine as compared to the robust efficacy of standard buprenorphine in control subjects. Males appeared to show evidence of acute opioid tolerance, while females previously exposed to opioid did not demonstrate a decreased response at the doses examined. Taken together, these results suggest that opioid tolerance arises quickly in male rats after exposure to the extended-release formulation of buprenorphine. This tolerance may account for the brief period of antinociception observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Barajas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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2
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Smith MC, Belur LR, Karlen AD, Erlanson O, Furcich J, Lund TC, Seelig D, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Kim KH, Buss N, McIvor RS. Comparative dose effectiveness of intravenous and intrathecal AAV9.CB7.hIDS, RGX-121, in mucopolysaccharidosis type II mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101201. [PMID: 38374962 PMCID: PMC10875268 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked recessive lysosomal disease caused by iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) deficiency, leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the emergence of progressive disease. Enzyme replacement therapy is the only currently approved treatment, but it leaves neurological disease unaddressed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-directed administration of AAV9.CB7.hIDS (RGX-121) is an alternative treatment strategy, but it is unknown if this approach will affect both neurologic and systemic manifestations. We compared the effectiveness of intrathecal (i.t.) and intravenous (i.v.) routes of administration (ROAs) at a range of vector doses in a mouse model of MPS II. While lower doses were completely ineffective, a total dose of 1 × 109 gc resulted in appreciable IDS activity levels in plasma but not tissues. Total doses of 1 × 1010 and 1 × 1011 gc by either ROA resulted in supraphysiological plasma IDS activity, substantial IDS activity levels and GAG reduction in nearly all tissues, and normalized zygomatic arch diameter. In the brain, a dose of 1 × 1011 gc i.t. achieved the highest IDS activity levels and the greatest reduction in GAG content, and it prevented neurocognitive deficiency. We conclude that a dose of 1 × 1010 gc normalized metabolic and skeletal outcomes, while neurologic improvement required a dose of 1 × 1011 gc, thereby suggesting the prospect of a similar direct benefit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles C. Smith
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalitha R. Belur
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrea D. Karlen
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia Erlanson
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin Furcich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Troy C. Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Davis Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Nick Buss
- REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - R. Scott McIvor
- Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Churchill CC, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Pflepsen KR, Belur LR, McIvor RS, Vulchanova L, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of arginine decarboxylase to the central nervous system prevents opioid analgesic tolerance. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2024; 4:1269017. [PMID: 38405182 PMCID: PMC10884299 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1269017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Agmatine, a decarboxylated form of L-arginine, prevents opioid analgesic tolerance, dependence, and self-administration when given by both central and systemic routes of administration. Endogenous agmatine has been previously detected in the central nervous system. The presence of a biochemical pathway for agmatine synthesis offers the opportunity for site-specific overexpression of the presumptive synthetic enzyme for local therapeutic effects. In the present study, we evaluated the development of opioid analgesic tolerance in ICR-CD1 mice pre-treated with either vehicle control or intrathecally delivered adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) carrying the gene for human arginine decarboxylase (hADC). Vehicle-treated or AAV-hADC-treated mice were each further divided into two groups which received repeated delivery over three days of either saline or systemically-delivered morphine intended to induce opioid analgesic tolerance. Morphine analgesic dose-response curves were constructed in all subjects on day four using the warm water tail flick assay as the dependent measure. We observed that pre-treatment with AAV-hADC prevented the development of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Peripheral and central nervous system tissues were collected and analyzed for presence of hADC mRNA. In a similar experiment, AAV-hADC pre-treatment prevented the development of analgesic tolerance to a high dose of the opioid neuropeptide endomorphin-2. Intrathecal delivery of anti-agmatine IgG (but not normal IgG) reversed the inhibition of endomorphin-2 analgesic tolerance in AAV-hADC-treated mice. To summarize, we report here the effects of AAV-mediated gene transfer of human ADC (hADC) in models of opioid-induced analgesic tolerance. This study suggests that gene therapy may contribute to reducing opioid analgesic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Churchill
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cristina D. Peterson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelsey R. Pflepsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lalitha R. Belur
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - R. Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - George L. Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Clements BM, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Caye LD, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Biodistribution of Agmatine to Brain and Spinal Cord after Systemic Delivery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:328-336. [PMID: 37770201 PMCID: PMC10658908 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, has been shown to reduce chronic pain behaviors in animal models and in patients. This reduction is due to inhibition of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism of action requires central activity, but the extent to which agmatine crosses biologic barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and intestinal epithelium is incompletely understood. Determination of agmatine distribution is limited by analytical protocols with low sensitivity and/or inefficient preparation. This study validated a novel bioanalytical protocol using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for quantification of agmatine in rat biologic matrices. These protocols were then used to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of agmatine and the extent of distribution to the CNS. Precision and accuracy of the protocol met US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards in surrogate matrix as well as in corrected concentrations in appropriate matrices. The protocol also adequately withstood stability and dilution conditions. Upon application of this protocol to pharmacokinetic study, intravenous agmatine showed a half-life in plasma ranging between 18.9 and 14.9 minutes. Oral administration led to a prolonged plasma half-life (74.4-117 minutes), suggesting flip-flop kinetics, with bioavailability determined to be 29%-35%. Intravenous administration led to a rapid increase in agmatine concentration in brain but a delayed distribution and lower concentrations in spinal cord. However, half-life of agmatine in both tissues is substantially longer than in plasma. These data suggest that agmatine adequately crosses biologic barriers in rat and that brain and spinal cord pharmacokinetics can be functionally distinct. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Agmatine has been shown to be an effective nonopioid therapy for chronic pain, a significantly unmet medical necessity. Here, using a novel bioanalytical protocol for quantification of agmatine, we present the plasma pharmacokinetics and the first report of agmatine oral bioavailability as well as variable pharmacokinetics across different central nervous system tissues. These data provide a distributional rationale for the pharmacological effects of agmatine as well as new evidence for kinetic differences between brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Clements
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lukas D Caye
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics (B.M.C., C.D.P., C.A.F.), Department of Pharmacology (L.D.C., G.L.W., C.A.F.), Department of Neuroscience (K.F.K., G.L.W., C.A.F.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Fairbanks CA, Peterson CD. The opioid receptor: emergence through millennia of pharmaceutical sciences. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:960389. [PMID: 38028425 PMCID: PMC10646403 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.960389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history humanity has searched for an optimal approach to the use of opioids that maximizes analgesia while minimizing side effects. This review reflects upon the conceptualization of the opioid receptor and the critical role that the pharmaceutical sciences played in its revelation. Opium-containing formulations have been delivered by various routes of administration for analgesia and other therapeutic indications for millennia. The concept of a distinct site of opium action evolved as practitioners developed innovative delivery methods, such as intravenous administration, to improve therapeutic outcomes. The introduction of morphine and synthetic opioids engendered the prevalent assumption of a common opioid receptor. Through consideration of structure-activity relationships, spatial geometry, and pharmacological differences of known ligands, the idea of multiple opioid receptors emerged. By accessing the high-affinity property of naloxone, the opioid receptor was identified in central and peripheral nervous system tissue. The endogenous opioid neuropeptides were subsequently discovered. Application of mu-, delta-, and kappa- opioid receptor-selective ligands facilitated the pharmacological characterization and distinctions between the three receptors, which were later cloned and sequenced. Opioid receptor signal transduction pathways were described and attributed to specific physiological outcomes. The crystal structures of mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors bound to receptor-selective ligands have been elucidated. Comparison of these structures reveal locations of ligand binding and engagement of signal transduction pathways. Expanding knowledge regarding the structure and actions of the opioid receptor fuels contemporary strategies for driving the activity of opioid receptors toward maximizing therapeutic and minimizing adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cristina D. Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Gore R, Esmail T, Pflepsen K, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Kitto KF, Riedl MS, Karlen A, McIvor RS, Honda CN, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. AAV-mediated gene transfer to colon-innervating primary afferent neurons. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1225246. [PMID: 37599864 PMCID: PMC10436501 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1225246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of neural circuits underlying visceral pain is hampered by the difficulty in achieving selective manipulations of individual circuit components. In this study, we adapted a dual AAV approach, used for projection-specific transgene expression in the CNS, to explore the potential for targeted delivery of transgenes to primary afferent neurons innervating visceral organs. Focusing on the extrinsic sensory innervation of the mouse colon, we first characterized the extent of dual transduction following intrathecal delivery of one AAV9 vector and intracolonic delivery of a second AAV9 vector. We found that if the two AAV9 vectors were delivered one week apart, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron transduction by the second vector was greatly diminished. Following delivery of the two viruses on the same day, we observed colocalization of the transgenes in DRG neurons, indicating dual transduction. Next, we delivered intrathecally an AAV9 vector encoding the inhibitory chemogenetic actuator hM4D(Gi) in a Cre-recombinase dependent manner, and on the same day injected an AAV9 vector carrying Cre-recombinase in the colon. DRG expression of hM4D(Gi) was demonstrated at the mRNA and protein level. However, we were unable to demonstrate selective inhibition of visceral nociception following hM4D(Gi) activation. Taken together, these results establish a foundation for development of strategies for targeted transduction of primary afferent neurons for neuromodulation of peripheral neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Gore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tina Esmail
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelsey Pflepsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maureen S. Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrea Karlen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - R. Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christopher N. Honda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Peterson CD, Waataja JJ, Kitto KF, Erb SJ, Verma H, Schuster DJ, Churchill CC, Riedl MS, Belur LR, Wolf DA, McIvor RS, Vulchanova L, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Long-term reversal of chronic pain behavior in rodents through elevation of spinal agmatine. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1123-1135. [PMID: 36710491 PMCID: PMC10124077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a significant burden worldwide, and treatments are often limited by safety or efficacy. The decarboxylated form of L-arginine, agmatine, antagonizes N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, inhibits nitric oxide synthase, and reverses behavioral neuroplasticity. We hypothesized that expressing the proposed synthetic enzyme for agmatine in the sensory pathway could reduce chronic pain without motor deficits. Intrathecal delivery of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying the gene for arginine decarboxylase (ADC) prevented the development of chronic neuropathic pain as induced by spared nerve injury in mice and rats and persistently reversed established hypersensitivity 266 days post-injury. Spinal long-term potentiation was inhibited by both exogenous agmatine and AAV-human ADC (hADC) vector pre-treatment but was enhanced in rats treated with anti-agmatine immunoneutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that endogenous agmatine modulates the neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain. Development of approaches to access this inhibitory control of neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain may yield important non-opioid pain-relieving options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan J Waataja
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Caroline C Churchill
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel A Wolf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Clements BM, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Strategically Substituted Agmatine Analogs Reduce Neuropathic Pain and Show Improved Pharmacokinetics Compared to Agmatine. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - George L. Wilcox
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
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9
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Skorput AGJ, Gore R, Schorn R, Riedl MS, Marron Fernandez de Velasco E, Hadlich B, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. Targeting the somatosensory system with AAV9 and AAV2retro viral vectors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264938. [PMID: 35271639 PMCID: PMC8912232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors allow for site-specific and time-dependent genetic manipulation of neurons. However, for successful implementation of AAV vectors, major consideration must be given to the selection of viral serotype and route of delivery for efficient gene transfer into the cell type being investigated. Here we compare the transduction pattern of neurons in the somatosensory system following injection of AAV9 or AAV2retro in the parabrachial complex of the midbrain, the spinal cord dorsal horn, the intrathecal space, and the colon. Transduction was evaluated based on Cre-dependent expression of tdTomato in transgenic reporter mice, following delivery of AAV9 or AAV2retro carrying identical constructs that drive the expression of Cre/GFP. The pattern of distribution of tdTomato expression indicated notable differences in the access of the two AAV serotypes to primary afferent neurons via peripheral delivery in the colon and to spinal projections neurons via intracranial delivery within the parabrachial complex. Additionally, our results highlight the superior sensitivity of detection of neuronal transduction based on reporter expression relative to expression of viral products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. J. Skorput
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Reshma Gore
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rachel Schorn
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maureen S. Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Bailey Hadlich
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Griffith JI, Kim M, Bruce DJ, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Mohammad AS, Rathi S, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL, Elmquist WF. Central Nervous System Distribution of an Opioid Agonist Combination with Synergistic Activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 380:34-46. [PMID: 34663676 PMCID: PMC8969136 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel combinations of specific opioid agonists like loperamide and oxymorphindole targeting the µ- and δ-opioid receptors, respectively, have shown increased potency with minimized opioid-associated risks. However, whether their interaction is pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic in nature has not been determined. This study quantitatively determined whether these drugs have a pharmacokinetic interaction that alters systemic disposition or central nervous system (CNS) distribution. We performed intravenous and oral in vivo pharmacokinetic assessments of both drugs after discrete dosing and administration in combination to determine whether the combination had any effect on systemic pharmacokinetic parameters or CNS exposure. Drugs were administered at 5 or 10 mg/kg i.v. or 30 mg/kg orally to institute for cancer research (ICR) mice and 5 mg/kg i.v. to Friend leukemia virus strain B mice of the following genotypes: wild-type, breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp-/- ) (Bcrp knockout), Mdr1a/b-/- [P-glycoprotein (P-gp) knockout], and Bcrp-/- Mdr1a/b-/- (triple knockout). In the combination, clearance of oxymorphindole (OMI) was reduced by approximately half, and the plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) increased. Consequently, brain and spinal cord AUCs for OMI in the combination also increased proportionately. Both loperamide and OMI are P-gp substrates, but administration of the two drugs in combination does not alter efflux transport at the CNS barriers. Because OMI alone shows appreciable brain penetration but little therapeutic efficacy on its own, and because loperamide's CNS distribution is unchanged in the combination, the mechanism of action for the increased potency of the combination is most likely pharmacodynamic and most likely occurs at receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This combination has favorable characteristics for future development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioids have yet to be replaced as the most effective treatments for moderate-to-severe pain and chronic pain, but their side effects are dangerous. Combinations of opioids with peripheral activity, such as loperamide and oxymorphindole, would be valuable in that they are effective at much lower doses and have reduced risks for dangerous side effects because the µ-opioid receptor agonist is largely excluded from the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Griffith
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Minjee Kim
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Bruce
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Afroz S Mohammad
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sneha Rathi
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William F Elmquist
- Brain Barriers Research Center (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmaceutics (J.I.G., M.K., A.S.M., S.R., C.A.F., W.F.E.), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.), Department of Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., C.A.F., G.L.W.), and Department of Dermatology (G.L.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Elmquist Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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11
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Pflepsen KR, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Riedl MS, McIvor RS, Wilcox GL, Vulchanova L, Fairbanks CA. Biodistribution of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 5 Viral Vectors Following Intrathecal Injection. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3741-3749. [PMID: 34460254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of AAV particles following intrathecal delivery has not yet been clearly defined. The present study evaluated the distribution profile of adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) viral vectors following lumbar intrathecal injection in mice. After a single bolus intrathecal injection, viral DNA concentrations in mouse whole blood, spinal cord, and peripheral tissues were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The kinetics of AAV5 vector in whole blood and the concentration over time in spinal and peripheral tissues were analyzed. Distribution of the AAV5 vector to all levels of the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and into systemic circulation occurred rapidly within 30 min following injection. Vector concentration in whole blood reached a maximum 6 h postinjection with a half-life of approximately 12 h. Area under the curve data revealed the highest concentration of vector distributed to dorsal root ganglia tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed AAV5 particle colocalization with the pia mater at the spinal cord and macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 30 min after injection. These results demonstrate the widespread distribution of AAV5 particles through cerebrospinal fluid and preferential targeting of DRG tissue with possible clearance mechanisms via DRG macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Pflepsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Verma H, Pflepsen K, Delpire E, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Agmatine requires GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors to inhibit the development of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211029171. [PMID: 34210178 PMCID: PMC8255568 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211029171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A decarboxylated form of L-arginine, agmatine, preferentially antagonizes NMDArs containing Glun2B subunits within the spinal cord and lacks motor side effects commonly associated with non-subunit-selective NMDAr antagonism, namely sedation and motor impairment. Spinally delivered agmatine has been previously shown to reduce the development of tactile hypersensitivity arising from spinal nerve ligation. The present study interrogated the dependence of agmatine’s alleviation of neuropathic pain (spared nerve injury (SNI) model) on GluN2B-containing NMDArs. SNI-induced hypersensitivity was induced in mice with significant reduction of levels of spinal GluN2B subunit of the NMDAr and their floxed controls. Agmatine reduced development of SNI-induced tactile hypersensitivity in controls but had no effect in subjects with reduced levels of GluN2B subunits. Ifenprodil, a known GluN2B-subunit-selective antagonist, similarly reduced tactile hypersensitivity in controls but not in the GluN2B-deficient mice. In contrast, MK-801, an NMDA receptor channel blocker, reduced hypersensitivity in both control and GluN2B-deficient mice, consistent with a pharmacological pattern expected from a NMDAr antagonist that does not have preference for GluN2B subtypes. Additionally, we observed that spinally delivered agmatine, ifenprodil and MK-801 inhibited nociceptive behaviors following intrathecal delivery of NMDA in control mice. By contrast, in GluN2B-deficient mice, MK-801 reduced NMDA-evoked nociceptive behaviors, but agmatine had a blunted effect and ifenprodil had no effect. These results demonstrate that agmatine requires the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor for inhibitory pharmacological actions in pre-clinical models of NMDA receptor-dependent hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Graduate Program in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelsey Pflepsen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Graduate Program in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Graduate Program in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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13
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Belur LR, Romero M, Lee J, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Nan Z, Riedl MS, Vulchanova L, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Kozarsky KF, Orchard PJ, Frey WH, Low WC, McIvor RS. Comparative Effectiveness of Intracerebroventricular, Intrathecal, and Intranasal Routes of AAV9 Vector Administration for Genetic Therapy of Neurologic Disease in Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:618360. [PMID: 34040503 PMCID: PMC8141728 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.618360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA). The two current treatments [hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)], are insufficiently effective in addressing neurologic disease, in part due to the inability of lysosomal enzyme to cross the blood brain barrier. With a goal to more effectively treat neurologic disease, we have investigated the effectiveness of AAV-mediated IDUA gene delivery to the brain using several different routes of administration. Animals were treated by either direct intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, by intrathecal (IT) infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid, or by intranasal (IN) instillation of AAV9-IDUA vector. AAV9-IDUA was administered to IDUA-deficient mice that were either immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide (CP), or immunotolerized at birth by weekly injections of human iduronidase. In animals treated by ICV or IT administration, levels of IDUA enzyme ranged from 3- to 1000-fold that of wild type levels in all parts of the microdissected brain. In animals administered vector intranasally, enzyme levels were 100-fold that of wild type in the olfactory bulb, but enzyme expression was close to wild type levels in other parts of the brain. Glycosaminoglycan levels were reduced to normal in ICV and IT treated mice, and in IN treated mice they were normalized in the olfactory bulb, or reduced in other parts of the brain. Immunohistochemical analysis showed extensive IDUA expression in all parts of the brain of ICV treated mice, while IT treated animals showed transduction that was primarily restricted to the hind brain with some sporadic labeling seen in the mid- and fore brain. At 6 months of age, animals were tested for spatial navigation, memory, and neurocognitive function in the Barnes maze; all treated animals were indistinguishable from normal heterozygous control animals, while untreated IDUA deficient animals exhibited significant learning and spatial navigation deficits. We conclude that IT and IN routes are acceptable and alternate routes of administration, respectively, of AAV vector delivery to the brain with effective IDUA expression, while all three routes of administration prevent the emergence of neurocognitive deficiency in a mouse MPS I model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Megan Romero
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Junggu Lee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelly M Podetz-Pedersen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Zhenhong Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - William H Frey
- HealthPartners Neurosciences, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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14
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Bruce DJ, Peterson CD, Kitto KF, Akgün E, Lazzaroni S, Portoghese PS, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Combination of a δ-opioid Receptor Agonist and Loperamide Produces Peripherally-mediated Analgesic Synergy in Mice. Anesthesiology 2020; 131:649-663. [PMID: 31343460 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term use of opioids for analgesia carries significant risk for tolerance, addiction, and diversion. These adverse effects are largely mediated by μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Based on the authors' previous observation that morphine and δ-opioid receptor agonists synergize in spinal cord in a protein kinase Cε-dependent manner, they predicted that this μ-opioid receptor-δ-opioid receptor synergy would take place in the central terminals of nociceptive afferent fibers and generalize to their peripheral terminals. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that loperamide, a highly efficacious μ-opioid receptor agonist that is excluded from the central nervous system, and oxymorphindole, a δ-opioid receptor agonist that was shown to synergize with morphine spinally, would synergistically reverse complete Freund's adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia. METHODS Using the Hargreaves assay for thermal nociception, the von Frey assay for mechanical nociception and the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced model of inflammatory pain, we tested the antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic effect of loperamide, oxymorphindole, or the loperamide-oxymorphindole combination. Animals (Institute for Cancer Research [ICR] CD1 strain mice; n = 511) received drug by systemic injection, intraplantar injection to the injured paw, or a transdermal solution on the injured paw. Dose-response curves for each route of administration and each nociceptive test were generated, and analgesic synergy was assessed by isobolographic analysis. RESULTS In naïve animals, the loperamide-oxymorphindole combination ED50 value was 10 times lower than the theoretical additive ED50 value whether given systemically or locally. In inflamed animals, the combination was 150 times more potent systemically, and 84 times more potent locally. All combinations showed statistically significant synergy when compared to the theoretical additive values, as verified by isobolographic analysis. The antihyperalgesia was ablated by a peripherally-restricted opioid antagonist. CONCLUSIONS From these data we conclude that the loperamide-oxymorphindole combination synergistically reverses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. The authors also conclude that this interaction is mediated by opioid receptors located in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bruce
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (D.J.B., C.A.F., G.L.W.) Neuroscience (C.D.P., K.F.K., S.L., C.A.F., G.L.W.) Pharmaceutics (C.A.F.) Dermatology (G.L.W.) Medicinal Chemistry (E.A., P.S.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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15
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Larson CM, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Defining and Managing Pain in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury Research. Comp Med 2019; 69:510-519. [PMID: 31896392 PMCID: PMC6935700 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurologic conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury are challenging conditions to study in humans. Animal models are necessary to uncover disease processes and develop novel therapies. When attempting to model these or other neurologic diseases, the accompanying anesthesia and analgesia create variables that are not part of the onset of the clinical disease in the human population but are critical components of the postinjury care both in humans and animals. To maximize model validity, researchers must consider whether the disease process or a novel therapy is being studied. Damage to the neurons of the brain or the spinal cord is not painful at the neural tissue itself, but alterations to nociceptive signaling along the pain pathway can induce chronic pain. In addition, trauma or surgery leading to the event is associated with damage to peripheral tissue. Inflammation is inextricably associated with tissue injury. Inflammation is known to evoke nociception in the periphery and drive long-term changes to neurons in the CNS. Analgesics and anesthetics alter these responses yet are required as part of humane animal care. Careful planning for effective drug administration consistent with the standard of care for humans and equivalent animal care is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Departments of Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota;,
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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Abstract
Pain is a clinical syndrome arising from a variety of etiologies in a heterogeneous population, which makes successfully treating the individual patient difficult. Organizations and governments recognize the need for tailored and specific therapies, which drives pain research. This review summarizes the different types of pain assessments currently being used and the various rodent models that have been developed to recapitulate the human pain condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Larson
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - George L Wilcox
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
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17
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Waataja JJ, Peterson CD, Verma H, Goracke-Postle CJ, Séguéla P, Delpire E, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Agmatine preferentially antagonizes GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:662-671. [PMID: 30427758 PMCID: PMC6397392 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00172.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) as a contributor to maladaptive neuroplasticity underlying the maintenance of chronic pain is well established. Agmatine, an NMDAr antagonist, has been shown to reverse tactile hypersensitivity in rodent models of neuropathic pain while lacking the side effects characteristic of global NMDAr antagonism, including sedation and motor impairment, indicating a likely subunit specificity of agmatine's NMDAr inhibition. The present study assessed whether agmatine inhibits subunit-specific NMDAr-mediated current in the dorsal horn of mouse spinal cord slices. We isolated NMDAr-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in small lamina II dorsal horn neurons evoked by optogenetic stimulation of Nav1.8-containing nociceptive afferents. We determined that agmatine abbreviated the amplitude, duration, and decay constant of NMDAr-mediated EPSCs similarly to the application of the GluN2B antagonist ifenprodil. In addition, we developed a site-specific knockdown of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAr. We assessed whether agmatine and ifenprodil were able to inhibit NMDAr-mediated current in the spinal cord dorsal horn of mice lacking the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAr by analysis of electrically evoked EPSCs. In control mouse spinal cord, agmatine and ifenprodil both inhibited amplitude and accelerated the decay kinetics. However, agmatine and ifenprodil failed to attenuate the decay kinetics of NMDAr-mediated EPSCs in the GluN2B-knockdown mouse spinal cord. The present study indicates that agmatine preferentially antagonizes GluN2B-containing NMDArs in mouse dorsal horn neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to report that agmatine preferentially antagonizes the GluN2B receptor subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in spinal cord. The preferential targeting of GluN2B receptor is consistent with the pharmacological profile of agmatine in that it reduces chronic pain without the motor side effects commonly seen with non-subunit-selective NMDA receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Waataja
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Philippe Séguéla
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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18
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Peterson CD, Skorput AGJ, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, Vulchanova L, Fairbanks CA. AAV-Mediated Gene Delivery to the Spinal Cord by Intrathecal Injection. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:199-207. [PMID: 30783975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy targeting the spinal cord is an important tool for analyzing mechanisms of nervous system diseases and the development of gene therapies. Analogous to a lumbar puncture in humans, the rodent spinal cord can be accessed through an efficient, noninvasive injection. Here we describe a method for AAV-mediated gene transfer to cells of the spinal cord by intrathecal injection of small quantities of AAV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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19
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Doolen S, Cook J, Riedl M, Kitto K, Kohsaka S, Honda CN, Fairbanks CA, Taylor BK, Vulchanova L. Complement 3a receptor in dorsal horn microglia mediates pronociceptive neuropeptide signaling. Glia 2017; 65:1976-1989. [PMID: 28850719 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The complement 3a receptor (C3aR1) participates in microglial signaling under pathological conditions and was recently shown to be activated by the neuropeptide TLQP-21. We previously demonstrated that TLQP-21 elicits hyperalgesia and contributes to nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity through an unknown mechanism in the spinal cord. Here we determined that this mechanism requires C3aR1 and that microglia are the cellular target for TLQP-21. We propose a novel neuroimmune signaling pathway involving TLQP-21-induced activation of microglial C3aR1 that then contributes to spinal neuroplasticity and neuropathic pain. This unique dual-ligand activation of C3aR1 by a neuropeptide (TLQP-21) and an immune mediator (C3a) represents a potential broad-spectrum mechanism throughout the CNS for integration of neuroimmune crosstalk at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Doolen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0298
| | - Jennifer Cook
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Maureen Riedl
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Kelley Kitto
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | | | - Christopher N Honda
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Departments of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0298
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
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20
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Laoharawee K, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Nguyen TT, Evenstar LB, Kitto KF, Nan Z, Fairbanks CA, Low WC, Kozarsky KF, McIvor RS. Prevention of Neurocognitive Deficiency in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II Mice by Central Nervous System-Directed, AAV9-Mediated Iduronate Sulfatase Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:626-638. [PMID: 28478695 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive lysosomal disorder caused by defective iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), resulting in accumulation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Enzyme replacement is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy available for MPS II, but it is expensive and does not improve neurologic outcomes in MPS II patients. This study evaluated the effectiveness of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding human IDS delivered intracerebroventricularly in a murine model of MPS II. Supraphysiological levels of IDS were observed in the circulation (160-fold higher than wild type) for at least 28 weeks post injection and in most tested peripheral organs (up to 270-fold) at 10 months post injection. In contrast, only low levels of IDS were observed (7-40% of wild type) in all areas of the brain. Sustained IDS expression had a profound effect on normalization of GAG in all tested tissues and on prevention of hepatomegaly. Additionally, sustained IDS expression in the central nervous system (CNS) had a prominent effect in preventing neurocognitive deficit in MPS II mice treated at 2 months of age. This study demonstrates that CNS-directed, AAV9 mediated gene transfer is a potentially effective treatment for Hunter syndrome, as well as other monogenic disorders with neurologic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanut Laoharawee
- 1 Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Kelly M Podetz-Pedersen
- 1 Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Tam T Nguyen
- 1 Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Laura B Evenstar
- 1 Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Zhenhong Nan
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | - Walter C Low
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
| | | | - R Scott McIvor
- 1 Center for Genome Engineering, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis
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21
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Guedon JMG, Wu S, Zheng X, Churchill CC, Glorioso JC, Liu CH, Liu S, Vulchanova L, Bekker A, Tao YX, Kinchington PR, Goins WF, Fairbanks CA, Hao S. Current gene therapy using viral vectors for chronic pain. Mol Pain 2015; 11:27. [PMID: 25962909 PMCID: PMC4446851 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of chronic pain and the challenges of pharmacotherapy highlight the importance of development of new approaches to pain management. Gene therapy approaches may be complementary to pharmacotherapy for several advantages. Gene therapy strategies may target specific chronic pain mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner. The present collection of articles features distinct gene therapy approaches targeting specific mechanisms identified as important in the specific pain conditions. Dr. Fairbanks group describes commonly used gene therapeutics (herpes simplex viral vector (HSV) and adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)), and addresses biodistribution and potential neurotoxicity in pre-clinical models of vector delivery. Dr. Tao group addresses that downregulation of a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.2) contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Alleviation of chronic pain through restoring Kv1.2 expression in sensory neurons is presented in this review. Drs Goins and Kinchington group describes a strategy to use the replication defective HSV vector to deliver two different gene products (enkephalin and TNF soluble receptor) for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Dr. Hao group addresses the observation that the pro-inflammatory cytokines are an important shared mechanism underlying both neuropathic pain and the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and withdrawal. The use of gene therapy strategies to enhance expression of the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines is summarized. Development of multiple gene therapy strategies may have the benefit of targeting specific pathologies associated with distinct chronic pain conditions (by Guest Editors, Drs. C. Fairbanks and S. Hao).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc G Guedon
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Shaogen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Glorioso
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Ching-Hang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Ave., MSB, F-548, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Neurology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Room 1020 EEI, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - William F Goins
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 424 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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22
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Fairbanks CA, Goracke-Postle CJ. Neurobiological studies of chronic pain and analgesia: Rationale and refinements. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:169-81. [PMID: 25818751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex condition for which the need for specialized research and therapies has been recognized internationally. This review summarizes the context for the international call for expansion of pain research to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain in order to achieve improvements in pain management. The methods for conducting sensory assessment in animal models are discussed and the development of animal models of chronic pain is specifically reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing refinements to more closely mimic a variety of human pain conditions. Pharmacological correspondences between pre-clinical pain models and the human clinical experience are noted. A discussion of the 3Rs Framework (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) and how each may be considered in pain research is featured. Finally, suggestions are provided for engaging principal investigators, IACUC reviewers, and institutions in the development of strong partnerships to simultaneously expand our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying pain and analgesia while ensuring the humane use of animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Fairbanks
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmaceutics, Minneapolis, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Cory J Goracke-Postle
- University of Minnesota, Office of the Vice President for Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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23
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Schuster DJ, Metcalf MD, Kitto KF, Messing RO, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Ligand requirements for involvement of PKCε in synergistic analgesic interactions between spinal μ and δ opioid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:642-53. [PMID: 24827408 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We recently found that PKCε was required for spinal analgesic synergy between two GPCRs, δ opioid receptors and α2 A adrenoceptors, co-located in the same cellular subpopulation. We sought to determine if co-delivery of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists would similarly result in synergy requiring PKCε. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Combinations of μ and δ opioid receptor agonists were co-administered intrathecally by direct lumbar puncture to PKCε-wild-type (PKCε-WT) and -knockout (PKCε-KO) mice. Antinociception was assessed using the hot-water tail-flick assay. Drug interactions were evaluated by isobolographic analysis. KEY RESULTS All agonists produced comparable antinociception in both PKCε-WT and PKCε-KO mice. Of 19 agonist combinations that produced analgesic synergy, only 3 required PKCε for a synergistic interaction. In these three combinations, one of the agonists was morphine, although not all combinations involving morphine required PKCε. Morphine + deltorphin II and morphine + deltorphin I required PKCε for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + deltorphin, did not. Additionally, morphine + oxymorphindole required PKCε for synergy, whereas a similar combination, morphine + oxycodindole, did not. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We discovered biased agonism for a specific signalling pathway at the level of spinally co-delivered opioid agonists. As the bias is only revealed by an appropriate ligand combination and cannot be accounted for by a single drug, it is likely that the receptors these agonists act on are interacting with each other. Our results support the existence of μ and δ opioid receptor heteromers at the spinal level in vivo. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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24
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Schuster DJ, Belur LR, Riedl MS, Schnell SA, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Kitto KF, McIvor RS, Vulchanova L, Fairbanks CA. Supraspinal gene transfer by intrathecal adeno-associated virus serotype 5. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:66. [PMID: 25147505 PMCID: PMC4122912 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the pattern of transgene expression across brain regions after intrathecal delivery of adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5). Labeling in hindbrain appeared to be primarily neuronal, and was detected in sensory nuclei of medulla, pontine nuclei, and all layers of cerebellar cortex. Expression in midbrain was minimal, and generally limited to isolated neurons and astrocytes in the cerebral peduncles. GFP immunoreactivity (-ir) in thalamus was most prominent in medial geniculate nucleus, and otherwise limited to posterior nuclei of the dorsal and lateral margins. Labeling was also observed in neurons and astrocytes of the hippocampal formation and amygdaloid complex. In the hippocampal formation, GFP-ir was found in neuronal cell bodies of the rostral ventral portion, but was largely restricted to fiber-like staining in the molecular layer of dentate gyrus and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the rostral dorsal region. GFP-ir was seen in neurons and astroglia throughout caudal cortex, whereas in rostral regions of neocortex it was limited to isolated neurons and non-neuronal cells. Labeling was also present in olfactory bulb. These results demonstrate that intrathecal delivery of AAV5 vector leads to transgene expression in discrete CNS regions throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the neuraxis. A caudal-to-rostral gradient of decreasing GFP-ir was present in choroid plexus and Purkinje cells, suggesting that spread of virus through cerebrospinal fluid plays a role in the resulting transduction pattern. Other factors contributing to the observed expression pattern likely include variations in cell-surface receptors and inter-parenchymal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Schnell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelly M Podetz-Pedersen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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25
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Schuster DJ, Dykstra JA, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Belur LR, McIvor RS, Elde RP, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. Biodistribution of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector after intrathecal and intravenous delivery in mouse. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:42. [PMID: 24959122 PMCID: PMC4051274 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated gene transfer has been reported in central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. The current study compared the pattern of expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) across the mouse CNS and selected peripheral tissues after intrathecal (i.t.) or intravenous (i.v.) delivery of equivalent doses of single-stranded AAV9 vector. After i.t. delivery, GFP immunoreactivity (-ir) was observed in spinal neurons, primary afferent fibers and corresponding primary sensory neurons at all spinal levels. Robust transduction was seen in small and large dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons as well as trigeminal and vagal primary afferent neurons. Transduction efficiency in sensory ganglia was substantially lower in i.v. treated mice. In brain, i.v. delivery yielded GFP-immunoreactivity (-ir) primarily in spinal trigeminal tract, pituitary, and scattered isolated neurons and astrocytes. In contrast, after i.t. delivery, GFP-ir was widespread throughout CNS, with greater intensity and more abundant neuropil-like staining at 6 weeks compared to 3 weeks. Brain regions with prominent GFP-ir included cranial nerve nuclei, ventral pons, cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, pituitary, choroid plexus, and selected nuclei of midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus. In cortex, GFP-ir was associated with blood vessels, and was seen in both neurons and astrocytes. In the periphery, GFP-ir in colon and ileum was present in the enteric nervous system in both i.v. and i.t. treated mice. Liver and adrenal cortex, but not adrenal medulla, also showed abundant GFP-ir after both routes of delivery. In summary, i.t. delivery yielded higher transduction efficiency in sensory neurons and the CNS. The observation of comparable gene transfer to peripheral tissues using the two routes indicates that a component of i.t. delivered vector is redistributed from the subarachnoid space to the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schuster
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Dykstra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Departments of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Departments of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert P Elde
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Fairbanks CA, Peterson CD, Speltz RH, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Dykstra JA, Braun PD, Sadahiro M, Salton SR, Vulchanova L. The VGF-derived peptide TLQP-21 contributes to inflammatory and nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity. Pain 2014; 155:1229-1237. [PMID: 24657450 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
VGF (nonacronymic) is a granin-like protein that is packaged and proteolytically processed within the regulated secretory pathway. VGF and peptides derived from its processing have been implicated in neuroplasticity associated with learning, memory, depression, and chronic pain. In sensory neurons, VGF is rapidly increased following peripheral nerve injury and inflammation. Several bioactive peptides generated from the C-terminus of VGF have pronociceptive spinal effects. The goal of the present study was to examine the spinal effects of the peptide TLQP-21 and determine whether it participates in spinal mechanisms of persistent pain. Application of exogenous TLQP-21 induced dose-dependent thermal hyperalgesia in the warm-water immersion tail-withdrawal test. This hyperalgesia was inhibited by a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, as well as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. We used immunoneutralization of TLQP-21 to determine the function of the endogenous peptide in mechanisms underlying persistent pain. In mice injected intradermally with complete Freund adjuvant, intrathecal treatment with anti-TLQP-21 immediately prior to or 5hours after induction of inflammation dose-dependently inhibited tactile hypersensitivity and thermal hyperalgesia. Intrathecal anti-TL21 administration also attenuated the development and maintenance of tactile hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. These results provide evidence that endogenous TLQP-21 peptide contributes to the mechanisms of spinal neuroplasticity after inflammation and nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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27
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Ou XM, Udemgba C, Wang N, Dai X, Lomberk G, Seo S, Urrutia R, Wang J, Duncan J, Harris S, Fairbanks CA, Zhang X. Diabetes-causing gene, kruppel-like factor 11, modulates the antinociceptive response of chronic ethanol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:401-8. [PMID: 24428663 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol (EtOH [ethanol]) is an antinociceptive agent, working in part, by reducing sensitivity to painful stimuli. The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 11 (KLF11), a human diabetes-causing gene that also regulates the neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes monoamine oxidase (MAO), has recently been identified as an EtOH-inducible gene. However, its role in antinociception remains unknown. Consequently, we investigated the function of KLF11 in chronic EtOH-induced antinociception using a genetically engineered knockout mouse model. METHODS Wild-type (Klf11(+/+) ) and KLF11 knockout (Klf11(-/-) ) mice were fed a liquid diet containing EtOH for 28 days with increasing amounts of EtOH from 0% up to a final concentration of 6.4%, representing a final diet containing 36% of calories primarily from EtOH. Control mice from both genotypes were fed liquid diet without EtOH for 28 days. The EtOH-induced antinociceptive effect was determined using the tail-flick test before and after EtOH exposure (on day 29). In addition, the enzyme activity and mRNA levels of MAO A and MAO B were measured by real-time RT-PCR and enzyme assays, respectively. RESULTS EtOH produced an antinociceptive response to thermal pain in Klf11(+/+) mice, as expected. In contrast, deletion of KLF11 in the Klf11(-/-) mice abolished the EtOH-induced antinociceptive effect. The mRNA and protein levels of KLF11 were significantly increased in the brain prefrontal cortex of Klf11(+/+) mice exposed to EtOH compared with control Klf11(+/+) mice. Furthermore, MAO enzyme activities were affected differently in Klf11 wild-type versus Klf11 knockout mice exposed to chronic EtOH. Chronic EtOH intake significantly increased MAO B activity in Klf11(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS The data show KLF11 modulation of EtOH-induced antinociception. The KLF11-targeted MAO B enzyme may contribute more significantly to EtOH-induced antinociception. Thus, this study revealed a new role for the KLF11 gene in the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effects of chronic EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Abstract
Systemically and centrally delivered opioids have been comprehensively studied for their effects both in analgesic and addiction models for many decades, primarily in subjects with presumptive normal sensory thresholds. The introduction of disease-based models of persistent hypersensitivity enabled chronic evaluation of opioid analgesic pharmacology under the specific state of chronic pain. These studies have largely (but not uniformly) reported reduced opioid analgesic potency and efficacy under conditions of chronic pain. A comparatively limited set of studies has evaluated the impact of experimentally induced chronic pain on self-administration patterns of opioid and non-opioid analgesics. Similarly, these studies have primarily (but not exclusively) found that responding for opioids is reduced under conditions of chronic pain. Additionally, such experiments have also demonstrated that the condition of chronic pain evokes self-administration or conditioned place preference for non-opioid analgesics. The consensus is that the chronic pain alters responding for opioid and non-opioid analgesics in a manner seemingly related to their respective antiallodynic/antihyperalgesic properties under the specific state of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Wade
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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29
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Wade CL, Krumenacher P, Kitto KF, Peterson CD, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Effect of chronic pain on fentanyl self-administration in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79239. [PMID: 24260176 PMCID: PMC3829846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of opioid addiction in subjects with established chronic pain is an area that is poorly understood. It is critically important to clearly understand the neurobiology associated with propensity toward conversion to addiction under conditions of chronic pain. To pose the question whether the presence of chronic pain influences motivation to self-administer opioids for reward, we applied a combination of rodent models of chronic mechanical hyperalgesia and opioid self-administration. We studied fentanyl self-administration in mice under three conditions that induce chronic mechanical hyperalgesia: inflammation, peripheral nerve injury, and repeated chemotherapeutic injections. Responding for fentanyl was compared among these conditions and their respective standard controls (naïve condition, vehicle injection or sham surgery). Acquisition of fentanyl self-administration behavior was reduced or absent in all three conditions of chronic hyperalgesia relative to control mice with normal sensory thresholds. To control for potential impairment in ability to learn the lever-pressing behavior or perform the associated motor tasks, all three groups were evaluated for acquisition of food-maintained responding. In contrast to the opioid, chronic hyperalgesia did not interfere with the reinforcing effect of food. These studies indicate that the establishment of chronic hyperalgesia is associated with reduced or ablated motivation to seek opioid reward in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Wade
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Perry Krumenacher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cristina D. Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - George L. Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Piletz JE, Aricioglu F, Cheng JT, Fairbanks CA, Gilad VH, Haenisch B, Halaris A, Hong S, Lee JE, Li J, Liu P, Molderings GJ, Rodrigues ALS, Satriano J, Seong GJ, Wilcox G, Wu N, Gilad GM. Agmatine: clinical applications after 100 years in translation. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:880-93. [PMID: 23769988 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) has been known as a natural product for over 100 years, but its biosynthesis in humans was left unexplored owing to long-standing controversy. Only recently has the demonstration of agmatine biosynthesis in mammals revived research, indicating its exceptional modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, including neurotransmitter systems, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and polyamine metabolism, thus providing bases for broad therapeutic applications. This timely review, a concerted effort by 16 independent research groups, draws attention to the substantial preclinical and initial clinical evidence, and highlights challenges and opportunities, for the use of agmatine in treating a spectrum of complex diseases with unmet therapeutic needs, including diabetes mellitus, neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, opioid addiction, mood disorders, cognitive disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Piletz
- Department of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS 39058, USA
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Schuster DJ, Dykstra JA, Riedl MS, Kitto KF, Honda CN, McIvor RS, Fairbanks CA, Vulchanova L. Visualization of spinal afferent innervation in the mouse colon by AAV8-mediated GFP expression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e89-100. [PMID: 23252426 PMCID: PMC3552078 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary afferent neurons whose cell bodies reside in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervate colon and transmit sensory signals from colon to spinal cord under normal conditions and conditions of visceral hypersensitivity. Histologically, these extrinsic afferents cannot be differentiated from intrinsic fibers of enteric neurons because all known markers label neurons of both populations. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are capable of transducing DRG neurons after intrathecal administration. We hypothesized that AAV-driven overexpression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in DRG would enable visualization of extrinsic spinal afferents in colon separately from enteric neurons. METHODS Recombinant AAV serotype 8 (rAAV8) vector carrying the GFP gene was delivered via direct lumbar puncture. Green fluorescent protein labeling in DRG and colon was examined using immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Analysis of colon from rAAV8-GFP-treated mice demonstrated GFP-immunoreactivity (GFP-ir) within mesenteric nerves, smooth muscle layers, myenteric plexus, submucosa, and mucosa, but not in cell bodies of enteric neurons. Notably, GFP-ir colocalized with CGRP and TRPV1 in mucosa, myenteric plexus, and globular-like clusters surrounding nuclei within myenteric ganglia. In addition, GFP-positive fibers were observed in close association with blood vessels of mucosa and submucosa. Analysis of GFP-ir in thoracolumbar and lumbosacral DRG revealed that levels of expression in colon and L6 DRG appeared to be related. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results demonstrate the feasibility of gene transfer to mouse colonic spinal sensory neurons using intrathecal delivery of AAV vectors and the utility of this approach for histological analysis of spinal afferent nerve fibers within colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jaclyn A. Dykstra
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Maureen S. Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - R. Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Neuroscience University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN55108
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Metcalf MD, Yekkirala AS, Powers MD, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL, Portoghese PS. The δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80 selectively activates heteromeric μ-δ opioid receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:505-9. [PMID: 22860219 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexpressed and colocalized μ- and δ-opioid receptors have been established to exist as heteromers in cultured cells and in vivo. However the biological significance of opioid receptor heteromer activation is less clear. To explore this significance, the efficacy of selective activation of opioid receptors by SNC80 was assessed in vitro in cells singly and coexpressing opioid receptors using a chimeric G-protein-mediated calcium fluorescence assay, SNC80 produced a substantially more robust response in cells expressing μ-δ heteromers than in all other cell lines. Intrathecal SNC80 administration in μ- and δ-opioid receptor knockout mice produced diminished antinociceptive activity compared with wild type. The combined in vivo and in vitro results suggest that SNC80 selectively activates μ-δ heteromers to produce maximal antinociception. These data contrast with the current view that SNC80 selectively activates δ-opioid receptor homomers to produce antinociception. Thus, the data suggest that heteromeric μ-δ receptors should be considered as a target when SNC80 is employed as a pharmacological tool in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Metcalf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - Ajay S. Yekkirala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - Michael D. Powers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - Kelley F. Kitto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - George L. Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
| | - Philip S. Portoghese
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, United States
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Abstract
Agmatine is a biogenic amine (l-arginine metabolite) of potential relevance to several central nervous system (CNS) conditions. The identities of transporters underlying agmatine and polyamine disposition in mammalian systems are not well-defined. The SLC-family organic cation transporters (OCT) OCT1 and OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter-1 (MATE1) are transport systems that may be of importance for the cellular disposition of agmatine and putrescine. We investigated the transport of [(3)H]agmatine and [(3)H]putrescine in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably transfected with hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE1. Agmatine transport by hOCT1 and hOCT2 was concentration-dependent, whereas only hOCT2 demonstrated pH-dependent transport. hOCT2 exhibited a greater affinity for agmatine (K(m) = 1.84 ± 0.38 mM) than did hOCT1 (K(m) = 18.73 ± 4.86 mM). Putrescine accumulation was pH- and concentration-dependent in hOCT2-HEK cells (K(m) = 11.29 ± 4.26 mM) but not hOCT1-HEK cells. Agmatine accumulation, in contrast to putrescine, was significantly enhanced by hMATE1 overexpression, and was saturable (K(m) = 240 ± 31 μM; V(max) = 192 ± 10 pmol/min/mg of protein). Intracellular agmatine was also trans-stimulated (effluxed) from hMATE1-HEK cells in the presence of an inward proton-gradient. The hMATE1-mediated transport of agmatine was inhibited by polyamines, the prototypical substrates MPP+ and paraquat, as well as guanidine and arcaine, but not l-arginine. These results suggest that agmatine disposition may be influenced by hOCT2 and hMATE1, two transporters critical in the renal elimination of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tate N Winter
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Vulchanova L, Schuster DJ, Belur LR, Riedl MS, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Kitto KF, Wilcox GL, McIvor RS, Fairbanks CA. Differential adeno-associated virus mediated gene transfer to sensory neurons following intrathecal delivery by direct lumbar puncture. Mol Pain 2010; 6:31. [PMID: 20509925 PMCID: PMC2900238 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal transduction by adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has been demonstrated in cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, and sensory ganglia. Intrathecal delivery of AAV serotypes that transduce neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord offers substantial opportunities to 1) further study mechanisms underlying chronic pain, and 2) develop novel gene-based therapies for the treatment and management of chronic pain using a non-invasive delivery route with established safety margins. In this study we have compared expression patterns of AAV serotype 5 (AAV5)- and AAV serotype 8 (AAV8)-mediated gene transfer to sensory neurons following intrathecal delivery by direct lumbar puncture. Results Intravenous mannitol pre-treatment significantly enhanced transduction of primary sensory neurons after direct lumbar puncture injection of AAV5 (rAAV5-GFP) or AAV8 (rAAV8-GFP) carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. The presence of GFP in DRG neurons was consistent with the following evidence for primary afferent origin of the majority of GFP-positive fibers in spinal cord: 1) GFP-positive axons were evident in both dorsal roots and dorsal columns; and 2) dorsal rhizotomy, which severs the primary afferent input to spinal cord, abolished the majority of GFP labeling in dorsal horn. We found that both rAAV5-GFP and rAAV8-GFP appear to preferentially target large-diameter DRG neurons, while excluding the isolectin-B4 (IB4) -binding population of small diameter neurons. In addition, a larger proportion of CGRP-positive cells was transduced by rAAV5-GFP, compared to rAAV8-GFP. Conclusions The present study demonstrates the feasibility of minimally invasive gene transfer to sensory neurons using direct lumbar puncture and provides evidence for differential targeting of subtypes of DRG neurons by AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Abstract
Stably transfected cell models are routinely used to examine drug-transporter interactions. In one such model of bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells, we observed a significant enhancement of organic cation intracellular accumulation. Therefore, our goal was to further explore the expression and functional consequences of this cation transport system. Transport assays were carried out in wild-type and bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells to examine uptake of [3H]-prazosin (bcrp1 positive control), [3H]-agmatine, [3H]-TEA, and [14C]-choline. RT-PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of bcrp1 and OCT2/OCT3. Western blots were used to evaluate corresponding protein levels. Accumulation studies determined a significant increase in the uptake of the organic cations agmatine, TEA, and choline in bcrp1-transfected cells when compared to wild-type cells. Directional transport of [3H]-agmatine showed a significantly greater apical (A) to basolateral (B) than B-to-A flux in both cell types. In spite of this, the A-to-B flux was significantly lower in bcrp1-transfected cells. RT-PCR revealed 10-fold higher OCT2 mRNA levels in bcrp1-transfected cells, with no changes in OCT3. OCT2 protein expression was approximately 3.5-fold higher in bcrp1-transfected cells. The upregulation of OCT2 in bcrp1-transfected MDCKII cells contributed to a significant enhancement in the uptake of several organic cations. These results are consistent with the endogenous expression of OCT2 in the kidney tubule, and may be related to the expression and function of bcrp1. Our findings illustrate the importance of understanding how endogenous transporters, which may compete for common substrates, may be influenced by the overexpression and enhanced function of recombinant transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Florio SK, Loh C, Huang SM, Iwamaye AE, Kitto KF, Fowler KW, Treiberg JA, Hayflick JS, Walker JM, Fairbanks CA, Lai Y. Disruption of nNOS-PSD95 protein-protein interaction inhibits acute thermal hyperalgesia and chronic mechanical allodynia in rodents. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:494-506. [PMID: 19732061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) contains three PSD95/Dosophilia disc large/ZO-1 homology domains and links neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. This report assesses the effects of disruption of the protein-protein interaction between nNOS and PSD95 on pain sensitivity in rodent models of hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We generated two molecules that interfered with the nNOS-PSD95 interaction: IC87201, a small molecule inhibitor; and tat-nNOS (residues 1-299), a cell permeable fusion protein containing the PSD95 binding domain of nNOS. We then characterized these inhibitors using in vitro and in vivo models of acute hyperalgesia and chronic allodynia, both of which are thought to require nNOS activation. KEY RESULTS IC87201 and tat-nNOS (1-299) inhibited the in vitro binding of nNOS with PSD95, without inhibiting nNOS catalytic activity. Both inhibitors also blocked NMDA-induced 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production in primary hippocampal cultures. Intrathecal administration of either inhibitor potently reversed NMDA-induced thermal hyperalgesia in mice. At anti-hyperalgesic doses, there was no effect on acute pain thresholds or motor coordination. Intrathecal administration of IC87201 and tat-nNOS also reversed mechanical allodynia induced by chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS nNOS-PSD95 interaction is important in maintaining hypersensitivity in acute and chronic pain. Disruption of the nNOS-PSD95 interaction provides a novel approach to obtain selective anti-hyperalgesic compounds.
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Wade CL, Eskridge LL, Nguyen HOX, Kitto KF, Stone LS, Wilcox G, Fairbanks CA. Immunoneutralization of agmatine sensitizes mice to micro-opioid receptor tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:539-46. [PMID: 19684255 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemically or centrally administered agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) prevents, moderates, or reverses opioid-induced tolerance and self-administration, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and sequelae associated with ischemia and spinal cord injury in rodents. These behavioral models invoke the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/nitric-oxide synthase cascade. Agmatine (AG) antagonizes the NMDA receptor and inhibits nitric-oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo, which may explain its effect in models of neural plasticity. Agmatine has been detected biochemically and immunohistochemically in the central nervous system. Consequently, it is conceivable that agmatine operates in an anti-glutamatergic manner in vivo; the role of endogenous agmatine in the central nervous system remains minimally defined. The current study used an immunoneutralization strategy to evaluate the effect of sequestration of endogenous agmatine in acute opioid analgesic tolerance in mice. First, intrathecal pretreatment with an anti-AG IgG (but not normal IgG) reversed an established pharmacological effect of intrathecal agmatine: antagonism of NMDA-evoked behavior. This result justified the use of anti-AG IgG to sequester endogenous agmatine in vivo. Second, intrathecal pretreatment with the anti-AG IgG sensitized mice to induction of acute spinal tolerance of two micro-opioid receptor-selective agonists, [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin and endomorphin-2. A lower dose of either agonist that, under normal conditions, produces moderate or no tolerance was tolerance-inducing after intrathecal pretreatment of anti-AG IgG (but not normal IgG). The effect of the anti-AG IgG lasted for at least 24 h in both NMDA-evoked behavior and the acute opioid tolerance. These results suggest that endogenous spinal agmatine may moderate glutamate-dependent neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Wade
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Fairbanks CA, Stone LS, Wilcox GL. Pharmacological profiles of alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonists identified using genetically altered mice and isobolographic analysis. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:224-38. [PMID: 19393691 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous, descending noradrenergic fibers impose analgesic control over spinal afferent circuitry mediating the rostrad transmission of pain signals. These fibers target alpha 2 adrenergic receptors (alpha(2)ARs) on both primary afferent terminals and secondary neurons, and their activation mediates substantial inhibitory control over this transmission, rivaling that of opioid receptors which share a similar pattern of distribution. The terminals of primary afferent nociceptive neurons and secondary spinal dorsal horn neurons express alpha(2A)AR and alpha(2C)AR subtypes, respectively. Spinal delivery of these agents serves to reduce their side effects, which are mediated largely at supraspinal sites, by concentrating the drugs at the spinal level. Targeting these spinal alpha(2)ARs with one of five selective therapeutic agonists, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, brimonidine, ST91 and moxonidine, produces significant antinociception that can work in concert with opioid agonists to yield synergistic antinociception. Application of several genetically altered mouse lines had facilitated identification of the primary receptor subtypes that likely mediate the antinociceptive effects of these agents. This review provides first an anatomical description of the localization of the three subtypes in the central nervous system, second a detailed account of the pharmacological history of each of the six primary agonists, and finally a comprehensive report of the specific interactions of other GPCR agonists with each of the six principal alpha(2)AR agonists featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Wade CL, Schuster DJ, Domingo KM, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA. Supraspinally-administered agmatine attenuates the development of oral fentanyl self-administration. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 587:135-40. [PMID: 18495108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The decarboxylation product of arginine, agmatine, has effectively reduced or prevented opioid-induced tolerance and dependence when given either systemically (intraperitoneally or subcutaneously) or centrally (intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly). Systemically administered agmatine also reduces the escalation phase of intravenous fentanyl self-administration in rats. The present study assessed whether centrally (intracerebroventricular, i.c.v.) delivered agmatine could prevent the development of fentanyl self-administration in mice. Mice were trained to respond under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule for either fentanyl (0.7 microg/70 microl, p.o.) or food reinforcement. Agmatine (10 nmol/5 microl), injected i.c.v. 12-14 h before the first session and every other evening (12-14 h before session) for 2 weeks, completely attenuated oral fentanyl self-administration (but not food-maintained responding) compared to saline-injected controls. When agmatine was administered after fentanyl self-administration had been established (day 8) it had no attenuating effects on bar pressing. This dose of agmatine does not decrease locomotor activity as assessed by rotarod. The present findings significantly extend the previous observation that agmatine prevents opioid-maintained behavior to a chronic model of oral fentanyl self-administration as well as identifying a supraspinal site of action for agmatine inhibition of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L Wade
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Stone LS, Kitto KF, Eisenach JC, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. ST91 [2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride]-mediated spinal antinociception and synergy with opioids persists in the absence of functional alpha-2A- or alpha-2C-adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:899-906. [PMID: 17855473 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.125526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonists acting at alpha2-adrenergic receptors (alpha2ARs) produce antinociception and synergize with opioids. The alpha2ARs are divided into three subtypes, alpha(2A)AR, alpha(2B)AR, and alpha(2C)AR. Most alpha2AR agonists require alpha(2A)AR activation to produce antinociception and opioid synergy. The same subtype also mediates the side effect of sedation, which limits the clinical utility of these compounds. Identification of a non-alpha(2A)AR-mediated antinociceptive agent would enhance the therapeutic utility of alpha2AR agonists in pain management. Previous studies have suggested that the alpha2AR agonist ST91 [2-(2,6-diethylphenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride] has a nonsedating, non-alpha(2A)AR mechanism of action. We examined the pharmacology of spinal ST91 and its interaction with the delta-opioid agonist deltorphin II (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Glu-Val-Val-Gly amide) in mice lacking either functional alpha(2A)ARs or alpha(2C)ARs. All drugs were administered by direct lumbar puncture, and drug interactions were evaluated using isobolographic analysis. In contrast to the majority of alpha2AR agonists, ST91 potency was only moderately reduced (3-fold) in the absence of the alpha(2A)AR. Studies with the alpha2AR subtype-preferring antagonists BRL-44408 (2-[2H-(1-methyl-1,3-dihydroisoindole)methyl]-4,5-dihydroimidazole maleate) and prazosin [[4-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-2-yl) piperazin-1-yl]-(2-furyl)methanone] and the pan-alpha2AR antagonist SKF-86466 (6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-1-H-3-benzazepine) suggest a shift from alpha(2A)AR to the other alpha2AR subtype(s) in the absence of alpha(2A)AR. Antinociceptive synergy with deltorphin II was preserved in the absence of either alpha(2A)AR or alpha(2C)AR. In conclusion, ST91 activates both alpha(2A)AR and non-alpha(2A)AR subtypes to produce spinal antinociception and opioid synergy. This study confirms that the spinal pharmacology of ST91 differs from that of other alpha2AR agonists and extends those data to include spinal synergy with opioid agonists. The unique profile of ST91 may be advantageous in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill Centre for Research on Pain, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B2, Canada.
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41
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Abstract
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) was originally identified in the CNS as an imidazoline receptor ligand. Further studies demonstrated that agmatine antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase. Intrathecally administered agmatine inhibits opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia evoked by inflammation, nerve injury, and intrathecally administered NMDA. These actions suggest an anti-glutamatergic role for agmatine in the spinal cord. We have previously reported that radiolabeled agmatine is transported into spinal synaptosomes in an energy- and temperature-dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that agmatine is releasable from purified spinal nerve terminals upon depolarization. When exposed to either elevated potassium or capsaicin, tritiated agmatine (but not its precursor L-arginine or its metabolite putrescine) is released in a calcium-dependent manner. Control experiments confirmed that the observed release was specific to depolarization and not due to permeabilization of or degradation of synaptosomes. That capsaicin-evoked stimulation results in agmatine release implicates the participation of primary afferent nerve terminals. Radiolabeled agmatine also accumulates in purified spinal synaptosomal vesicles in a temperature-dependent manner, suggesting that the source of releasable agmatine may be vesicular in origin. These results support the proposal that agmatine may serve as a spinal neuromodulator involved in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Goracke-Postle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USACenter for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron C Overland
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USACenter for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USACenter for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura S Stone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USACenter for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USADepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USACenter for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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42
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Abstract
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) is an endogenous amine found in the CNS that antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase. Intrathecally administered agmatine inhibits hyperalgesia evoked by inflammation, nerve injury and intrathecally administered NMDA. These actions suggest an antiglutamatergic neuromodulatory role for agmatine in the spinal cord. Such a function would require a mechanism of regulated clearance of agmatine such as neuronal or glial uptake. Consistent with this concept, radiolabeled agmatine has been shown to accumulate in synaptosomes, but the mechanism of this transport has not been fully characterized. The present study describes an agmatine uptake system in spinal synaptosomes that appears driven by a polyamine transporter. [(3)H]Agmatine uptake was Ca(2+), energy and temperature dependent. [(3)H]Agmatine transport was not moderated by L-arginine, L-glutamate, glycine, GABA, norepinephrine or serotonin. In contrast, [(3)H]agmatine uptake was concentration dependently inhibited by unlabeled putrescine and by unlabeled spermidine (at significantly higher concentrations). Similarly, [(3)H]putrescine uptake was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by unlabeled agmatine and spermidine. The polyamine analogs paraquat and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) inhibited, whereas the polyamine transport enhancer difluoromethylornithine increased, [(3)H]agmatine transport. Taken together, these results suggest that agmatine transport into spinal synaptosomes may be governed by a polyamine transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Goracke-Postle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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43
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Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA. Supraspinally administered agmatine prevents the development of supraspinal morphine analgesic tolerance. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 536:133-7. [PMID: 16546161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the effect of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered decarboxylated arginine (agmatine) on supraspinally induced chronic morphine analgesic tolerance. Mice pre-treated with a schedule of chronic i.c.v administration of morphine (10 nmol, b.i.d. 3 days) show a 12-fold reduction in the potency of acutely administered i.c.v morphine compared to saline injected controls. Co-administration of agmatine (10 nmol) with one of the two daily morphine injections completely prevents the reduction in i.c.v morphine analgesia. Mice injected with agmatine once daily (but no morphine) do not show a increase in morphine analgesic potency relative to saline controls, indicating that a mere potentiation of acute morphine analgesia cannot account for the agmatine-mediated anti-tolerance effect in those mice subjected to the morphine tolerance induction schedule. These observations agree with previous reports that systemically and intrathecally administered agmatine prevent opioid tolerance, and extend these results to include a supraspinal site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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44
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Abstract
Intrathecal agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) moderates induction of neuropathic pain, spinal cord injury, and opioid tolerance in rodents. An endogenous central nervous system molecule and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist/nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, agmatine may be a neuromodulator. We evaluated depolarization-induced release of agmatine from purified spinal nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Agmatine immunoreactivity was observed colocalized or closely apposed to some synaptophysin- and/or synaptotagmin-labeled structures. A temperature- and concentration-dependent uptake of [3H]-agmatine into synaptosomes was observed, consistent with an uptake mechanism. Potassium-induced depolarization resulted in release of [3H]-agmatine from the synaptosomes in a Ca2+-dependent manner, consistent with a neuromodulatory function. These results agree with previous reports of agmatine uptake into synaptosomes of the brain and extend those results to include stimulated release and a spinal site of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Goracke-Postle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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45
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Roberts JC, Grocholski BM, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of agmatine after spinal administration in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 314:1226-33. [PMID: 15933157 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.086173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous decarboxylation product of arginine that has been previously shown to antagonize the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and inhibit nitric-oxide synthase. Many neuropharmacological studies have shown that exogenous administration of agmatine prevents or reverses biological phenomena dependent on central nervous system glutamatergic systems, including opioid-induced tolerance, opioid self-administration, and chronic pain. However, the central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetic profile of agmatine remains minimally defined. The present study determined the spinal cord pharmacokinetics and acute pharmacodynamics of intrathecally administered agmatine in mice. After a single bolus intrathecal injection, agmatine concentrations in spinal cord (cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral) tissue and serum were quantified by an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection system. Agmatine persisted at near maximum concentrations in all levels of the spinal cord for several hours with a half-life of approximately 12 h. Initial agmatine concentrations in serum were 10% those in CNS. However, the serum half-life was less than 10 min after intrathecal injection of agmatine, consistent with previous preliminary pharmacokinetic reports of systemically administered agmatine. The pharmacodynamic response to agmatine in the NMDA-nociceptive behavior and thermal hyperalgesia tests was assessed. Whereas MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate) inhibits these two responses with equal potency, agmatine inhibits the thermal hyperalgesia with significantly increased potency compared with the nociceptive behavior, suggesting two sites of action. In contrast to the pharmacokinetic results, the agmatine inhibition of both behaviors had a duration of only 10 to 30 min. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of a currently undefined agmatinergic extracellular clearance process in spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Roberts
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA
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46
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King EW, Audette K, Athman GA, Nguyen OXH, Sluka KA, Fairbanks CA. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation activates peripherally located alpha-2A adrenergic receptors. Pain 2005; 115:364-373. [PMID: 15911163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2A and alpha2C adrenergic receptor (AR) subtypes mediate antinociception when activated by the endogenous ligand norepinephrine. These receptors also produce antinociceptive synergy when activated concurrently with opioid receptor activation. The involvement of the opioid receptors in the mechanisms governing transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been well described. While spinal alpha-2 ARs do not appear to be involved in TENS antihyperalgesia in rats, the noradrenergic analgesic system also involves supraspinal and peripheral sites. Thus, a broader evaluation of the potential contribution of alpha-2 AR to TENS is warranted. The current study compared the antihyperalgesic efficacy of high (100 Hz) and low (4 Hz) frequency TENS in mutant mice lacking a functional alpha2A AR against their respective wildtype counterparts. The degree of secondary heat hyperalgesia induced by intra-articular injection of carrageenan/kaolin (3%) mixture did not differ among the experimental groups. However, the antihyperalgesia induced by both low and high frequency TENS was significantly diminished in alpha2A mutant mice compared to controls. The alpha2 adrenergic receptor selective antagonist, SK&F 86466, reversed TENS-mediated antihyperalgesia when delivered intra-articularly, but not when delivered intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly. These data suggest that peripheral alpha2 ARs contribute, in part, to TENS antihyperalgesia. This pharmacodynamic response is consistent with previous anatomical observations that alpha2A ARs are expressed on primary afferent neurons and macrophages near injured tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W King
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Center for Pain Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Graduate Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA Graduate Program in Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA Graduate Program in Pain Research Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA Graduate Program in College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA
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47
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Nguyen HOX, Goracke-Postle CJ, Kaminski LL, Overland AC, Morgan AD, Fairbanks CA. Neuropharmacokinetic and dynamic studies of agmatine (decarboxylated arginine). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1009:82-105. [PMID: 15028573 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1304.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine has been previously proposed to represent a novel neurotransmitter. One of the criteria required to test that hypothesis is that the exogenously administered chemical produces pharmacological effects similar to the physiological effects of the putative neurotransmitter. Since agmatine was first identified in brain, approximately sixty studies of the in vivo effects of exogenously administered agmatine have been reported. Despite the assertion that agmatine functions as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter, the vast majority of experiments have administered agmatine through systemic (rather than central) routes of administration. Systemic delivery of agmatine for studies of centrally mediated phenomenon (e.g., pain, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular responses) relies on the presumption that agmatine (a polar compound) gains appreciable access to the CNS. The mechanism by which agmatine crosses the blood-brain barrier is not well understood. A number of studies have examined the in vivo effects of agmatine following central administration (e.g., intracerebroventricular and intrathecal). This paper summarizes and provides a comparison between the systemic versus central routes of administration for delivery of agmatine in experimental subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Oanh X Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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48
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Abstract
Muscle pain is a prevalent clinical problem but can be difficult to treat because relatively little is known about nervous system mechanisms that mediate and modulate it. This review profiles four new animal models of muscle and deep tissue pain currently being used to elucidate mechanisms of muscle pain and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois J Kehl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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49
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Zwick M, Molliver DC, Lindsay J, Fairbanks CA, Sengoku T, Albers KM, Davis BM. Transgenic mice possessing increased numbers of nociceptors do not exhibit increased behavioral sensitivity in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain 2004; 106:491-500. [PMID: 14659533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
At least two classes of neciceptors can be distinguished based on their growth factor requirements: glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)- and nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent primary afferent neurons. Based on numerous anatomical and biochemical differences, GDNF- and NGF-dependent neurons have been proposed to be involved in the development of different types of persistent pain. To examine this hypothesis we used two lines of transgenic mice that contained a supernormal number of either NGF- or GDNF-dependent neurons (referred to as NGF-OE and GDNF-OE mice, respectively). These mice were tested in a model of inflammatory pain (induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant) and neuropathic pain (using a spinal nerve ligation protocol). Contrary to expectations, neither line of transgenic mice became more hyperalgesic following induction of persistent pain. In fact, NGF-OE mice recovered more rapidly and became hypoalgesic despite extensive paw swelling in the inflammatory pain model. In the neuropathic pain model, only wildtype mice became hyperalgesic. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the NGF-OE and GDNF-OE mice exhibited changes in neuronal-specific mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglia but not the spinal cord dorsal horn. These results indicate that increasing the number of nociceptors results in potent compensatory mechanisms that may begin with changes in the sensory neurons themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Zwick
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Scaife Hall, Room S-843, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Stone LS, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Moxonidine, a Mixed a2-Adrenergic and Imidazoline Receptor Agonist, Identifies a Novel Adrenergic Target for Spinal Analgesia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 1009:378-85. [PMID: 15028616 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1304.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Moxonidine is a mixed alpha(2)-adrenergic and imidazoline receptor agonist with an improved side effect profile compared to clonidine. Intrathecal (i.t.) moxonidine has been found to possess analgesic activity that, in contrast to the majority of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor (alpha(2)AR) agonists, does not require activation of the alpha(2A)AR subtype, which mediates many of the side effects associated with alpha(2)AR use. In addition, moxonidine (i.t.) interacts in a synergistic manner with opioid agonists and this synergy is retained in neuropathic pain states. Moxonidine may therefore be clinically useful in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain, either alone or as a coadjuvant with opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Stone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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