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Johnston SC, Wilhelmsen CL, Shamblin J, Kimmel A, Zelko J, Wollen S, Goff AJ. Delayed Disease in Cynomolgus Macaques Exposed to Ebola Virus by an Intranasal Route. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709772. [PMID: 34484210 PMCID: PMC8415412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus remains a significant public health concern due to high morbidity and mortality rates during recurrent outbreaks in endemic areas. Therefore, the development of countermeasures against Ebola virus remains a high priority, and requires the availability of appropriate animal models for efficacy evaluations. The most commonly used nonhuman primate models for efficacy evaluations against Ebola virus utilize the intramuscular or aerosol route of exposure. Although clinical disease signs are similar to human cases, disease progression in these models is much more rapid, and this can pose significant hurdles for countermeasure evaluations. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the Ebola virus disease course that arises after cynomolgus macaques are exposed to Ebola virus by a mucosal route (the intranasal route). Two different doses (10 pfu and 100 pfu) and delivery methodologies (drop-wise and mucosal atomization device) were evaluated on this study. Differences in clinical disease between dose and delivery groups were not noted. However, a delayed disease course was identified for approximately half of the animals on study, and this delayed disease was dose and administration method independent. Therefore, it appears that mucosal exposure with Ebola virus results in a disease course in cynomolgus macaques that more accurately replicates that which is documented for human cases. In summary, the data presented support the need for further development of this model as a possible alternative to parenteral and small-particle aerosol models for the study of human Ebola virus disease and for countermeasure evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Johnston
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Catherine L Wilhelmsen
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Veterinary Medicine Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Adrienne Kimmel
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Justine Zelko
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Suzanne Wollen
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Research Program Office, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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Bozue JA, Chaudhury S, Amemiya K, Chua J, Cote CK, Toothman RG, Dankmeyer JL, Klimko CP, Wilhelmsen CL, Raymond JW, Zavaljevski N, Reifman J, Wallqvist A. Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulence-Factor Deletion Strain of Burkholderia mallei That Provides Partial Protection against Inhalational Glanders in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:21. [PMID: 26955620 PMCID: PMC4767903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei (Bm) is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen classified as a category B biological agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. After respiratory exposure, Bm establishes itself within host macrophages before spreading into major organ systems, which can lead to chronic infection, sepsis, and death. Previously, we combined computational prediction of host-pathogen interactions with yeast two-hybrid experiments and identified novel virulence factor genes in Bm, including BMAA0553, BMAA0728 (tssN), and BMAA1865. In the present study, we used recombinant allelic exchange to construct deletion mutants of BMAA0553 and tssN (ΔBMAA0553 and ΔTssN, respectively) and showed that both deletions completely abrogated virulence at doses of >100 times the LD50 of the wild-type Bm strain. Analysis of ΔBMAA0553- and ΔTssN-infected mice showed starkly reduced bacterial dissemination relative to wild-type Bm, and subsequent in vitro experiments characterized pathogenic phenotypes with respect to intracellular growth, macrophage uptake and phagosomal escape, actin-based motility, and multinucleated giant cell formation. Based on observed in vitro and in vivo phenotypes, we explored the use of ΔTssN as a candidate live-attenuated vaccine. Mice immunized with aerosolized ΔTssN showed a 21-day survival rate of 67% after a high-dose aerosol challenge with the wild-type Bm ATCC 23344 strain, compared to a 0% survival rate for unvaccinated mice. However, analysis of histopathology and bacterial burden showed that while the surviving vaccinated mice were protected from acute infection, Bm was still able to establish a chronic infection. Vaccinated mice showed a modest IgG response, suggesting a limited potential of ΔTssN as a vaccine candidate, but also showed prolonged elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, underscoring the role of cellular and innate immunity in mitigating acute infection in inhalational glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Chua
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Ronald G Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Catherine L Wilhelmsen
- Pathology Division, United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jolynn W Raymond
- Pathology Division, United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Nela Zavaljevski
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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Roy CJ, Reed DS, Wilhelmsen CL, Hartings J, Norris S, Steele KE. Pathogenesis of aerosolized Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus infection in guinea pigs. Virol J 2009; 6:170. [PMID: 19852817 PMCID: PMC2770496 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice and guinea pigs were experimentally exposed to aerosols containing regionally-distinct strains (NJ1959 or ArgM) of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) at two exclusive particle size distributions. Mice were more susceptible to either strain of aerosolized EEEV than were guinea pigs; however, clinical signs indicating encephalitis were more readily observed in the guinea pigs. Lower lethality was observed in both species when EEEV was presented at the larger aerosol distribution (> 6 μm), although the differences in the median lethal dose (LD50) were not significant. Virus isolation and immunohistochemistry indicated that virus invaded the brains of guinea pigs within one day postexposure, regardless of viral strain or particle size distribution. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated that neuroinvasion occurred through the olfactory system, followed by transneuronal spread to all regions of the brain. Olfactory bipolar neurons and neurons throughout the brain were the key viral targets. The main microscopic lesions in infected guinea pigs were neuronal necrosis, inflammation of the meninges and neuropil of the brain, and vasculitis in the brain. These results indicate that guinea pigs experimentally infected by aerosolized EEEV recapitulate several key features of fatal human infection and thus should serve as a suitable animal model for aerosol exposure to EEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.
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Wassef NM, Swartz GM, Berman JD, Wilhelmsen CL, Alving CR. Toxic effects of antileishmanial reverse-phase evaporation liposomes containing dicetyl phosphate in monkeys. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549509031368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mense MG, Borschel RH, Wilhelmsen CL, Pitt ML, Hoover DL. Pathologic changes associated with brucellosis experimentally induced by aerosol exposure in rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ). Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:644-52. [PMID: 15141886 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an aerosol exposure method for induction of brucellosis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). ANIMALS 10 adult rhesus macaques. PROCEDURE 8 rhesus macaques were challenge exposed with 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units of Brucella melitensis 16M by use of an aerosol-exposure technique, and 2 served as control animals. All macaques were euthanatized 63 days after challenge exposure. Gross and microscopic lesions, bacterial burden in target organs, and histologic changes in tissues were evaluated. RESULTS Grossly, spleen weights were increased in exposed macaques, compared with spleen weights in control macaques. Histologically, there was inflammation in the liver, kidneys, spleen, testes, and epididymides in exposed macaques. The spleen and lymph nodes had increased numbers of lymphohistiocytic cells. Morphometrically, the spleen also had an increased ratio of white pulp to red pulp. Areas of hepatitis and amount of splenic white pulp increased with increasing exposure dose. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pathologic findings in rhesus macaques after aerosol exposure to B melitensis are similar to those observed in humans with brucellosis. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE These results may aid in the development of a vaccine against brucellosis that can be used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Mense
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
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Whitnall MH, Wilhelmsen CL, McKinney L, Miner V, Seed TM, Jackson WE. Radioprotective efficacy and acute toxicity of 5-androstenediol after subcutaneous or oral administration in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:595-626. [PMID: 12510793 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that one subcutaneous (sc) injection of 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol (AED) stimulated the innate immune system in mice and prevented mortality due to hemopoietic suppression after whole-body ionizing irradiation with gamma rays. In the present study, we tested whether there was any significant toxicity in mice that might hinder development of this steroid for human use. There were no indications of toxicity in chemical analyses of serum after sc doses as high as 4000 mg/kg. At this dose, 2 of 54 mice died when given AED alone. When 4800 mg/kg was given orally, no deaths resulted. The only adverse findings attributed to AED administration were 1) a moderate elevation of granulocytes in abdominal organs and fat after sc injections of 320 mg/kg; and 2) occasional wasting of skin over the injection site in female B6D2F1 but not male C3H/HeN mice. Significant weight loss (6%) was observed after sc injections of 320 mg/kg but not 160 or 80 mg/kg. When male C3H/HeN mice were injected sc with AED at doses of 0-200 mg/kg 24 h before whole body gamma-irradiation (9 Gy), a significant improvement in survival was observed at doses as low as 5 mg/kg. Oral administration of AED produced significant survival enhancement at a dose of 1600 mg/kg. We conclude that the radioprotective efficacy of AED is accompanied by low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA.
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Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Landauer MR, Wilhelmsen CL, LuAnn M, Sree KK, Srinivasan V, David LG, Seed TM. Protection against γ-Irradiation with 5-Androstenediol. Mil Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/167.suppl_1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Thomas B. Elliott
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Michael R. Landauer
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Catherine L. Wilhelmsen
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - McKinney LuAnn
- Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Kumar K. Sree
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Venkataraman Srinivasan
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Ledney G. David
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Thomas M. Seed
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
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Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Landauer MR, Wilhelmsen CL, McKinney L, Kumar KS, Srinivasan V, Ledney GD, Seed TM. Protection against gamma-irradiation with 5-androstenediol. Mil Med 2002; 167:64-5. [PMID: 11873520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that treatment of gamma-irradiated female B6D2F1 mice with 5-androstenediol (AED) enhanced survival, stimulated myelopoiesis, and ameliorated radiation-induced decreases in circulating neutrophils and platelets. We have now tested survival in male CD2F1 mice, and we have investigated molecular and functional effects on neutrophils and bone marrow stromal cells and screened for toxicity in female B6D2F1 mice. AED (160 mg/kg, subcutaneously, 24 hours before irradiation) enhanced survival in male CD2F1 mice with a dose-reduction factor of 1.23, similar to the dose-reduction factor of 1.26 found previously for female B6D2F1 mice. Expression of CD11b, a developmental marker, was reduced on circulating neutrophils after either in vivo AED administration or whole-body gamma-irradiation (3 Gy), but neutrophil peroxidase activity was unchanged. Stromal cell progenitors (fibroblastoid colony-forming units) were reduced in marrow 5 days after AED injection in nonirradiated mice. Clinical chemistry, histopathology, and behavioral assays showed no evidence of toxicity. We conclude that AED and related steroids are attractive candidates to explore as countermeasures to high- and low-level ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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Landauer MR, Elliott TB, King GL, Bouhaouala SS, Wilhelmsen CL, Ferrell JL, Wang PS, Chap AD, Knudson GB. Performance Decrement after Combined Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Shigella sonnei. Mil Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/166.suppl_2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Landauer
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Thomas B. Elliott
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Gregory L. King
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - S. Samy Bouhaouala
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Catherine L. Wilhelmsen
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - John L. Ferrell
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Peter S. Wang
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Alan D. Chap
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
| | - Gregory B. Knudson
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603
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Landauer MR, Elliott TB, King GL, Bouhaouala SS, Wilhelmsen CL, Ferrell JL, Wang PS, Chap AD, Knudson GB. Performance decrement after combined exposure to ionizing radiation and Shigella sonnei. Mil Med 2001; 166:71-3. [PMID: 11778444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation could increase morbidity from common bacterial infections in military personnel on the modern battlefield. The combined effects of a sublethal dose of ionizing radiation and the bacterial diarrheal agent Shigella sonnei on body weight and forelimb grip strength in mice were assessed over a 30-day period. Individually housed B6D2F1 female mice were divided into four groups: control, sham irradiation + gavage with saline vehicle; 3 Gy 60Co gamma radiation at 0.4 Gy/min radiation + saline gavage; sham irradiation + 1.3 x 10(8) colony-forming units (CFUs) S. sonnei via gavage, administered 4 days postirradiation; and the combination of 3 Gy 60Co gamma radiation + 1.3 x 10(8) CFUs S. sonnei. Behavioral tests were conducted 3 days preirradiation and on days 9, 14, and 22 postirradiation. Body weight was significantly reduced in the radiation + Shigella group on days 5 to 10 postirradiation. Forelimb grip strength was reduced for mice in the radiation + Shigella group on days 9 and 14 postirradiation. These data demonstrate that an exposure to gamma radiation in combination with the bacterial agent S. sonnei can lead to a synergistic loss of body weight and degradation in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Landauer
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Landauer MR, Jackson WE, Wilhelmsen CL, Mckinney L, Kumar KS, Srinivasan V, Ledney GD, Seed TM. In vivo protection against gamma-irradiation with 5-androstenediol. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226:625-7. [PMID: 11444097 DOI: 10.1177/153537020222600707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M H Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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Wilhelmsen CL, Waag DM. Guinea pig abscess/hypersensitivity model for study of adverse vaccination reactions induced by use of Q fever vaccines. Comp Med 2000; 50:374-8. [PMID: 11020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Coxiella burnetii phase-I cellular vaccine is efficacious in humans, imparting nearly complete protection against Q fever. However, this vaccine can also induce sterile abscesses and granulomas at the inoculation site in humans previously sensitized by natural infection or vaccination. To decrease the possibility of vaccinating immune persons, vaccinees are currently screened by skin testing to detect pre-existing Q fever immunity. We developed a model of abscess hypersensitivity in Hartley guinea pigs to assess the likelihood that Q fever vaccines would induce adverse vaccination reactions in previously sensitized individuals. METHODS Guinea pigs (4 to 6/group) were sensitized to C. burnetii by immunization and aerosol challenge, or by intraperitoneal inoculation. Eight weeks later, animals were then vaccinated SC with a Q fever cellular (WCI) or chloroform:methanol residue (CMR) vaccine. Development of adverse reactions at the vaccination site was assessed histologically and by observation of increases in erythema and/or induration. RESULTS The WCI vaccine caused greater magnitude and duration of erythema and induration at the vaccination sites than did the CMR vaccine. In addition, non-immune guinea pigs developed induration when given WCI, but not CMR vaccine. CONCLUSIONS The CMR vaccine may prove a safe alternative to WCI vaccines for use in individuals unscreened for prior immunity to C. burnetii.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelmsen
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Myospherulosis or lipogranuloma formation is frequently iatrogenic and is caused by a petrolatum, lanolin, or paraffin-based ointment becoming trapped within tissue. Four different ointments, including the newly available Bactroban nasal, were studied in a rabbit paranasal sinus model to evaluate their proclivity to induce myospherulosis. The maxillary sinuses of 16 New Zealand white rabbits were bilaterally inoculated with Bactroban, Bactroban nasal, tetracycline, or bacitracin ointments and compared to saline controls in two rabbits. Sinus specimens were harvested at 2 and 4-week intervals and processed for histologic study. Myospherulosis formation was uniformly induced with the Bactroban nasal, bacitracin, and tetracycline ointments in 8/8, 7/8, and 8/8 sinuses, respectively. In contrast, myospherulosis was not induced in the 5/8 of the sinuses using Bactroban. The data from this investigation indicate that Bactroban nasal (paraffin vehicle) is similar to bacitracin and tetracycline ointments (petrolatum and petrolatum-lanolin vehicles) in that they all can cause myospherulosis. In contrast, Bactroban (a water-soluble, polyethylene glycol base) causes myospherulosis to a much smaller extent. Our results emphasize the differences between the two types of Bactroban preparations and provide objective data that can be evaluated by otolaryngologists who apply these ointments following nasal cavity surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Culviner
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Whitnall MH, Elliott TB, Harding RA, Inal CE, Landauer MR, Wilhelmsen CL, McKinney L, Miner VL, Loria RM, Ledney GD, Seed TM. Androstenediol stimulates myelopoiesis and enhances resistance to infection in gamma-irradiated mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 2000; 22:1-14. [PMID: 10684984 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ionizing radiation-induced hemopoietic syndrome is characterized by defects in immune function and increased mortality due to infections and hemorrhage. Since the steroid 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol (5-androstenediol, AED) modulates cytokine expression and increases resistance to bacterial and viral infections in rodents, we tested its ability to promote survival after whole-body ionizing radiation in mice. In unirradiated female B6D2F1 mice, sc AED elevated numbers of circulating neutrophils and platelets and induced proliferation of neutrophil progenitors in bone marrow. In mice exposed to whole-body (60)Co gamma-radiation (3 Gy), AED injected 1 h later ameliorated radiation-induced decreases in circulating neutrophils and platelets and marrow granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells, but had no effect on total numbers of circulating lymphocytes or erythrocytes. In mice irradiated (0, 1 or 3 Gy) and inoculated four days later with Klebsiella pneumoniae, AED injected 2 h after irradiation enhanced 30-d survival. Injecting AED 24 h before irradiation or 2 h after irradiation increased survival to approximately the same extent. In K. pneumoniae-inoculated mice (irradiated at 3-7 Gy) and uninoculated mice (irradiated at 8-12 Gy), AED (160 mg/kg) injected 24 h before irradiation significantly promoted survival with dose reduction factors (DRFs) of 1.18 and 1.26, respectively. 5-Androstene-3beta-ol-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) was markedly less efficacious than AED in augmenting survival, indicating specificity. These results demonstrate for the first time that a DHEA-related steroid stimulates myelopoiesis, and ameliorates neutropenia and thrombocytopenia and enhances resistance to infection after exposure of animals to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Whitnall
- Radiation Casualty Management Team, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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LeClaire RD, Hunt RE, Bavari S, Estep JE, Nelson GO, Wilhelmsen CL. Potentiation of inhaled staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced toxicity by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Toxicol Pathol 1996; 24:619-26. [PMID: 8923684 DOI: 10.1177/019262339602400513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are the established model for evaluating toxic responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), as they react similarly to humans. Rodents are generally considered unresponsive to SEs. Binding affinities and T-cell reactivity suggest that SE binds more efficiently to primate major histocompatability complex class II receptors than to mouse receptors. We investigated the potentiation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) inhalation toxicity by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BALB/c mice. Lethality occurred only when SEB was potentiated by LPS. Neither SEB nor LPS produced lethal effects alone. Temporal responses of interleukin 1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma evoked by inhaled SEB were enhanced by LPS. By 24 hr after intoxication, serum cytokines decreased to baseline levels, and consistent pulmonary perivascular leukocytic infiltrates were evident histologically. Histologic lesions induced by inhalation exposure to SEB by mice, with or without potentiation by LPS, were similar to those in the rhesus monkey. Predominant pulmonary lesions included severe, diffuse interstitial and alveolar pulmonary edema, leukocytic infiltrates, mild perivascular edema, and alveolar fibrin deposition. Although the mechanism of aerosolized SEB-induced toxicity has not been completely resolved, similarities in histologic lesions, cytokine responses, and acute dose-response suggest the LPS-potentiated mouse model may be a credible alternative to the nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D LeClaire
- Toxinology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA
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Abstract
Five unimmunized adult rhesus monkeys weighing 5.9-6.3 kg were challenged with a precalculated, inhaled dose of 20.95-41.8 micrograms/kg of aerosolized ricin. Two males and three females either died or were killed at the onset of respiratory distress between 36 and 48 hours post-ricin inhalation and were necropsied. Consistent gross and microscopic lesions were confined to the thoracic cavity. All monkeys had multifocal to coalescing fibrinopurulent pneumonia, diffuse necrosis, and acute inflammation of airways, and nearly diffuse alveolar flooding, with peribronchovascular edema. All monkeys also had purulent tracheitis, fibrinopurulent pleuritis, and purulent mediastinal lymphadenitis. One male monkey and one female monkey had bilateral adrenocortical necrosis. We attributed the cause of death to asphyxiation following massive pulmonary alveolar flooding. The lesions of acute inhaled ricin intoxication in rhesus monkeys closely resembled those lesions reported in rats with acute inhaled ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelmsen
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Mattix ME, Hunt RE, Wilhelmsen CL, Johnson AJ, Baze WB. Aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced pulmonary lesions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Toxicol Pathol 1995; 23:262-8. [PMID: 7659951 DOI: 10.1177/019262339502300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was studied in the nonhuman primate. Six juvenile rhesus monkeys that received multiple lethal inhaled doses of SEB developed diarrhea and vomiting within 24 hr followed by depression, dyspnea, and shock. Three of 6 animals died by 52 hr. The most striking gross lesion in all 6 monkeys was diffuse severe pulmonary edema. Histologically, edema fluid was present within the peribronchiolar, peribronchial, and perivascular interstitium, alveolar septa, and alveoli. The adventitia of pulmonary vessels was infiltrated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fewer neutrophils. Numerous large lymphocytes with occasional mitotic figures were within pulmonary vessels, often occluding alveolar capillaries. These cells were strongly immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, establishing them as T cells. Ultrastructurally, endothelial cell junctions were intact, and endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes contained numerous pinocytotic vesicles. Alveolar septal interstitial spaces were expanded by edema. The mechanism of these SEB-induced pulmonary lesions was not determined. We hypothesize that cytokine production by activated T cells may have caused vascular permeability changes leading to widespread pulmonary edema and shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Mattix
- Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20307-5100, USA
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Davis KJ, Bell RC, Wilhelmsen CL, Langford MJ, Montali RJ. Immunohistochemical analysis of spontaneous pancreatic islet amyloid deposits in nonhuman primates. Vet Pathol 1994; 31:479-80. [PMID: 7941241 DOI: 10.1177/030098589403100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Davis
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011
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Mattix ME, Mattix RJ, Williams BH, Ribas JL, Wilhelmsen CL. Olfactory ganglioneuroblastoma in a dog: a light, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Vet Pathol 1994; 31:262-5. [PMID: 8203095 DOI: 10.1177/030098589403100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M E Mattix
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000
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Reid RH, Boedeker EC, McQueen CE, Davis D, Tseng LY, Kodak J, Sau K, Wilhelmsen CL, Nellore R, Dalal P. Preclinical evaluation of microencapsulated CFA/II oral vaccine against enterotoxigenic E. coli. Vaccine 1993; 11:159-67. [PMID: 8438614 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90013-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Colonization Factor Antigen (CFA/II) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) prepared under good manufacturing practices (GMP) was successfully incorporated into biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer microspheres (BPM) under GMP and found to be safe and immunogenic when administered intraduodenally to rabbits. Following vaccination, Peyer's patch cells responded by lymphocyte proliferation to in vitro challenge with CFA/II. Also, B cells secreting specific anti-CFA/II antibodies were found in spleens following vaccination. No pathological changes were found following total necropsies of ten rabbits vaccinated with CFA/II BPM. Sixty-three per cent of the CFA/II BPM were between 5 and 10 microns diameter by volume particle size distribution; 1.17% protein content; 2.15% moisture; < 0.01% acetonitrile; 1.6% heptane; 22 non-pathogenic bacteria and three fungi per 1 mg protein dose; and passed the general safety test. We conclude that the CFA/II BPM oral vaccine is immunogenic and safe to begin a Phase I clinical safety study following Investigational New Drug approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Reid
- Department of Gastroenterology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100
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Wilhelmsen CL, Bolin SR, Ridpath JF, Cheville NF, Kluge JP. Lesions and localization of viral antigen in tissues of cattle with experimentally induced or naturally acquired mucosal disease, or with naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 1991; 52:269-75. [PMID: 1849384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissues from cattle that died of experimentally induced mucosal disease (n = 3), naturally acquired mucosal disease (n = 6), or naturally acquired chronic bovine viral diarrhea (n = 4) were examined. Consistent findings were lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid tissues, degeneration of myenteric ganglion cells, and mild adrenalitis. Intracytoplasmic viral antigen was detected in myenteric ganglia and in endocrine glandular cells. Noncytopathic virus was isolated from all cattle, and cytopathic virus was isolated from 12 of 13 cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelmsen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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22
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Kehrli ME, Schmalstieg FC, Anderson DC, Van der Maaten MJ, Hughes BJ, Ackermann MR, Wilhelmsen CL, Brown GB, Stevens MG, Whetstone CA. Molecular definition of the bovine granulocytopathy syndrome: identification of deficiency of the Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) glycoprotein. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51:1826-36. [PMID: 1978618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytosis (34,600 WBC/microliter of blood) was detected in an apparently healthy 7-day-old Holstein heifer. Analysis of blood samples obtained over the next 41 days revealed chronic progressive neutrophilia, which peaked at greater than 85% neutrophils and exceeded 100,000 WBC/microliter. In vitro assessment of isolated blood neutrophils obtained from the heifer at 38 and 45 days of age revealed selected functional abnormalities. Endocytosis of immunoglobulin-opsonized Staphylococcus aureus and killing of this test organism by the calf's neutrophils were significantly diminished, as were phagocytosis-associated superoxide generation, chemiluminescence activity, and myeloperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Diminished H2O2 elaboration by the calf's neutrophils was evident during ingestion of opsonized zymosan or on exposure to phorbol myristate acetate. Extracellular release (secretion) of elastase during ingestion of zymosan was also diminished, although total cell content of elastase was normal, compared with that of neutrophils from age-matched calves, and granular or other morphologic abnormalities of the calf's neutrophils were not evident by ultrastructural examination. Abnormalities of random migration were inconsistently detected, and normal or high degree of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity or natural killing by the calf's neutrophils was observed. Similar in vitro assessment of neutrophils obtained from the calf's dam revealed no functional abnormalities. The calf died at 48 days of age, with persistent fever and chronic diarrhea, despite administration of antibiotics. Histologic examination at necropsy revealed large numbers of intravascular neutrophils in most tissues, including massive neutrophil sequestration in spleen. However, a striking lack of extravascular neutrophils was evident in inflamed submucosa adjacent to intestinal ulcers heavily contaminated with enteric microorganisms. Bone marrow examination revealed diffuse myeloid hyperplasia, but no other abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kehrli
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010
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Wilhelmsen CL, Bolin SR, Ridpath JF, Cheville NF, Kluge JP. Experimental primary postnatal bovine viral diarrhea viral infections in six-month-old calves. Vet Pathol 1990; 27:235-43. [PMID: 2169664 DOI: 10.1177/030098589002700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight clinically healthy calves were inoculated intranasally, four with either noncytopathic or four with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus, and were necropsied 5 or 12 days post-inoculation. The most frequent gross lesion associated with noncytopathic or cytopathic viral infection was proximal colonic mural edema. Consistent microscopic findings were acute to subacute tracheitis, mild enterocolitis with edema, petechial hemorrhages of mesenteric lymph nodes with mild follicular lymphocytic depletion, and paracortical lymphocytic hyperplasia. At necropsy, cytopathic virus was recovered from 4/4 calves and noncytopathic virus was isolated from 2/4 calves. Neutralizing antibodies to noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus were detected in the two calves from which noncytopathic virus was not recovered. Immunohistochemical analysis of lymphoid tissues demonstrated a small, randomly distributed population of mononuclear cells that contained bovine viral diarrhea viral antigen in 7/8 calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wilhelmsen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames
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Boucher JH, Ferguson EW, Wilhelmsen CL, Statham N, McMeekin RR. Erythrocyte alterations endurance exercise in horses. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981; 51:131-4. [PMID: 7263405 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The erythrocytes of 14 conditioned horses participating in a 157-km endurance ride (requiring 14-21 h) were examined before the ride, immediately upon entering the 44-91-, and 130-km rest stops, and at the finish. At the first rest stop (44 km), the mean erythrocyte count increased 41% (P less than 0.001), the mean hematocrit (Hct) increased 30% (P less than 0.001) and the mean hemoglobin (Hb) increased 33% ( P less than 0.001). Although subsequent mean erythrocyte counts, Hct, and Hb values remained significantly elevated above controls, the values decreased 9-9% from the 4-km values later in the ride. These changes suggest a lost of red cells mass during the prolonged exercise. Spiculated red blood cells that increased markedly in number during exercise were also observed in these conditioned horses. The appearance of an increased number of spiculated red cells with exercise was associated with corresponding changes in red cell indices.
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Wilhelmsen CL. An immunohematological study of chronic copper toxicity in sheep. Cornell Vet 1979; 69:225-32. [PMID: 477321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct and indirect Coombs tests were performed on six experimentally chronic copper poisoned sheep and on two control sheep. Initially, all sheep were direct Coombs test negative and five of six experimental and one of two control sheep were indirect Coombs test positive. During intoxication, five of six experimental sheep became direct Coombs test positive while controls remained negative. Eluates, prepared from the red cells of three experimental sheep, sensitized normal sheep red cells, as measured by the indirect Coombs test. Similarly prepared eluates from control sheep were negative.
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