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Puyjarinet F, Bégel V, Gény C, Pinto S, Dalla Bella S. Relations between rhythmic impairment in speech and non-verbal domains in Parkinson's disease. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gény C, Abou Samra A, Retailleau P, Iorga BI, Nedev H, Awang K, Roussi F, Litaudon M, Dumontet V. (+)- and (-)-Ecarlottones, Uncommon Chalconoids from Fissistigma latifolium with Pro-Apoptotic Activity. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:3179-3185. [PMID: 29160716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new compounds, (+)- and (-)-ecarlottone (1), (±)-fislatifolione (5), (±)-isofislatifolione (6), and (±)-fislatifolic acid (7), and the known desmethoxyyangonin (2), didymocarpin-A (3), and dehydrodidymocarpin-A (4) were isolated from the stem bark of Fissistigma latifolium, by means of bioassay-guided purification using an in vitro affinity displacement assay based on the modulation of Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid interactions. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic data analysis, and the absolute configurations of compounds (+)-1 and (-)-1 were assigned by comparison of experimental and computed ECD spectra. (-)-Ecarlottone 1 exhibited a potent antagonistic activity on both protein-protein associations with Ki values of 4.8 μM for Bcl-xL/Bak and 2.4 μM for Mcl-1/Bid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gény
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Alma Abou Samra
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hristo Nedev
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Dumontet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Deardorff K, Ray W, Winterstein E, Brown M, McCornack J, Cardenas-Garcia B, Jones K, McNutt S, Fulkerson S, Ferreira D, Gény C, Chen X, Belofsky G, Dondji B. Phenolic Metabolites of Dalea ornata Affect Both Survival and Motility of the Human Pathogenic Hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:2296-303. [PMID: 27584977 PMCID: PMC5260846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms are ubiquitous human parasites, infecting nearly one billion people worldwide, and are the leading cause of anemia and malnutrition in resource-limited countries. Current drug treatments rely on the benzimidazole derivatives albendazole and mebendazole, but there is emerging resistance to these drugs. As part of a larger screening effort, using a hamster-based ex vivo assay, anthelmintic activity toward Ancylostoma ceylanicum was observed in the crude extract of aerial parts of Dalea ornata. These studies have led to the isolation and characterization of phenolic metabolites 1-10. The structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned using electronic circular dichroism data. The new compound, (2S)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-6,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone (1), was weakly active at 7.3 μM, with 17% reduction in survival of the hookworms after 5 days. The rotenoids deguelin (9) and tephrosin (10), predictably perhaps, were the most active, with complete worm mortality observed by day 4 (or earlier) at 6.3 and 6.0 μM, respectively. The effects of 1-10 on hookworm motility and on toxicity to hamster splenocytes were also explored as important measures of treatment potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Deardorff
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - William Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Eric Winterstein
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - MacKenzie Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Jocelyn McCornack
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Brianda Cardenas-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Kiah Jones
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Sarah McNutt
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Shannon Fulkerson
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Charlotte Gény
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Gil Belofsky
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
- Corresponding Authors. Tel: 509-963-2882. Fax: 509-963-1050. . Tel: 509-963-2715. Fax: 509-963-2370.
| | - Blaise Dondji
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington 98926, United States
- Corresponding Authors. Tel: 509-963-2882. Fax: 509-963-1050. . Tel: 509-963-2715. Fax: 509-963-2370.
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Gény C, Rivière G, Bignon J, Birlirakis N, Guittet E, Awang K, Litaudon M, Roussi F, Dumontet V. Anacardic Acids from Knema hookeriana as Modulators of Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid Interactions. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:838-844. [PMID: 27008174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family are key targets in anticancer drug discovery. Disrupting the interaction between anti- and pro-apoptotic members of this protein family was the approach chosen in this study to restore apoptosis. Thus, a biological screening on the modulation of the Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid interactions permitted the selection of Knema hookeriana for further phytochemical investigations. The ethyl acetate extract from the stem bark led to the isolation of six new compounds, three acetophenone derivatives (1-3) and three anacardic acid derivatives (4-6), along with four known anacardic acids (7-10) and two cardanols (11, 12). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis in combination with HRMS experiments. The ability of these compounds to antagonize Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid association was determined, using a protein-protein interaction assay, but only anacardic acid derivatives (4-10) exhibited significant binding properties, with Ki values ranging from 0.2 to 18 μM. Protein-ligand NMR experiments further revealed that anacardic acid 9, the most active compound, does not interact with the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 but instead interacts with pro-apoptotic protein Bid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gény
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Gwladys Rivière
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jérome Bignon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Birlirakis
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guittet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Khaljah Awang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya , Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Dumontet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS-ICSN UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay , Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Tuan NQ, Lee W, Oh J, Kulkarni RR, Gény C, Jung B, Kang H, Bae JS, Na M. Flavanones and Chromones from Salicornia herbacea Mitigate Septic Lethality via Restoration of Vascular Barrier Integrity. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:10121-10130. [PMID: 26522440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Salicornia herbacea is an annual halophytic glasswort that has been employed as a culinary vegetable, salad, and traditional medicinal resource. Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of S. herbacea led to the isolation of two new (1, 2) and known (3) flavanones as well as a new nature-derived (4) and two known chromone derivatives (5, 6). These purified compounds were evaluated for their suppressive potentials against the release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), which has captured attention as a viable target for alleviating serious septic manifestations or septicemia. The phenolic compounds improved the survival rates of cecal ligation and puncture operation (CLP) in murine models, simulating severe septic shock and its related complications, to 40-60%. These results collectively validate that flavanone- and chromone-based secondary metabolites may serve as prospective prodrugs or food additives that may be commercialized for the control of septic complications and lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Tuan
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Phutho College of Pharmacy , Viettri City, Phutho Province, Vietnam
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Roshan Rajan Kulkarni
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Charlotte Gény
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Byeongjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Dang BT, Gény C, Blanchard P, Rouger C, Tonnerre P, Charreau B, Rakolomalala G, Randriamboavonjy JI, Loirand G, Pacaud P, Litaudon M, Richomme P, Séraphin D, Derbré S. Advanced glycation inhibition and protection against endothelial dysfunction induced by coumarins and procyanidins from Mammea neurophylla. Fitoterapia 2014; 96:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Apel C, Gény C, Dumontet V, Birlirakis N, Roussi F, Pham VC, Doan Thi Mai H, Nguyen VH, Chau VM, Litaudon M. Endiandric acid analogues from Beilschmiedia ferruginea as dual inhibitors of Bcl-xL/Bak and Mcl-1/Bid interactions. J Nat Prod 2014; 77:1430-1437. [PMID: 24901800 DOI: 10.1021/np500170v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A rapid screening by (1)H and (1)H-(13)C HSQC NMR spectroscopy of EtOAc extracts of Endiandra and Beilschmiedia species allowed the selection of Beilschmiedia ferruginea leaves and flowers extract for a chemical investigation, leading to the isolation of 11 new tetracyclic endiandric acid analogues, named ferrugineic acids A-K (1-11). Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis in combination with HRMS data. These compounds were assayed for Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 binding affinities. Ferrugineic acids B, C, and J (2, 3, and 10) exhibited significant binding affinity for both antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xL (Ki = 19.2, 12.6, and 19.4 μM, respectively) and Mcl-1 (Ki = 14.0, 13.0, and 5.2 μM, respectively), and ferrugineic acid D (4) showed only significant inhibiting activity for Mcl-1 (Ki = 5.9 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Apel
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS , 1 av de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Desrat S, Remeur C, Gény C, Rivière G, Colas C, Dumontet V, Birlirakis N, Iorga BI, Roussi F. From meiogynin A to the synthesis of dual inhibitors of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 anti-apoptotic proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8593-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chariot P, Brugières P, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Gény C, Binaghi M, Césaro P. Choreic movements and MRI abnormalities in the subthalamic nuclei reversible after administration of coenzyme Q10 and multiple vitamins in a patient with bilateral optic neuropathy. Mov Disord 1999; 14:855-9. [PMID: 10495052 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199909)14:5<855::aid-mds1023>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 37-year-old man developed choreic movements of the limbs over a few months. His medical history included bilateral visual loss detected at the age of 9 and worsening at age 20. Visual field testing showed a central scotoma. Fundus examination showed atrophy of the optic disks and narrowing of vessels. The diagnosis of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) was considered. There was no family history of visual loss or movement disorders. Blood lactate:pyruvate ratio was moderately elevated. Skeletal muscle biopsy was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral hypointense lesions on T1-weighted sequences in the subthalamic nuclei and in the lateral part of the substantia nigra. Linear hyperlucencies in the pyramidal tract facing the lateral part of the ruber nuclei were also demonstrated on T2-weighted sequences. Nine LHON-associated mutations were ruled out by RFLP analysis. Treatment with 250 mg coenzyme Q10 per day and multiple vitamins was initiated. Gradual recovery in movement disorders occurred over 1 year. Lactate to pyruvate ratio normalized. No change of visual function was observed. On magnetic resonance imaging performed 3 years later, lesions of the subthalamic nuclei almost completely disappeared. We think the patient might have an unusual, genetically uncharacterized mitochondrial disorder, combining optic neuropathy and chorea.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chariot
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
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10
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Abstract
Transplantation of human fetal neural cells has been used for several years as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. These therapeutic trials were based on a large number of rat allografts studies, and the species to species extrapolation appeared valid in many respects. One major difference between neurons of various species, however, is their rate of maturation; indeed, human neurons have been proven to grow much more slowly than rat neurons. This has been studied mostly, up to now, at the light microscope level. In an attempt to determine the fine structural correlates of this protracted development and to detail the schedule of morphogenesis and synaptogenesis, human fetal brain stem tissue (at 8 weeks of gestation) was transplanted into a previously lesioned brain area of immunosuppressed adult rats. Transplants, which were allowed to develop for 15 days to 3 months, were analyzed using the electron microscope. At 15 days, small cells containing a large nucleus were surrounded by wide extracellular spaces. At 1 month, grafted neurons displayed a thin rim of cytoplasm and few thin processes. At 2 months, extracellular spaces tended to diminish. Thin processes formed bundles and large processes extended from enlarged neurons. Major changes were observed at 3 months survival as the neuropile filled up with cells and processes and synaptogenesis began. Comparison with a similar ultrastructural study of thalamic rat allografts shows that human cells develop following a pattern similar to that in rat cells but that the duration of each maturation step is largely extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Belkadi
- INSERM Unité 421, IM3, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
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Remy P, Samson Y, Hantraye P, Fontaine A, Defer G, Mangin JF, Fénelon G, Gény C, Ricolfi F, Frouin V. Clinical correlates of [18F]fluorodopa uptake in five grafted parkinsonian patients. Ann Neurol 1995; 38:580-8. [PMID: 7574454 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410380406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of fetal mesencephalic grafts in Parkinson's disease, it is important to know if the grafted cells survive and are functional. Positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodopa ([18F]dopa) have been used to demonstrate the survival of the grafted cells, but the relationship of [18F]dopa uptake changes in the grafted striatum to motor function remains unclear. We investigated this question with 16 serial PET scans in 5 severe parkinsonian patients unilaterally grafted in whom we found a significant and progressive increase of the [18F]dopa uptake in the grafted putamen. The number of patients was too small to assess the sensitivity of [18F]dopa PET scans in individual patients. Yet, by analyzing the 16 serial PET scans we found a correlation between the [18F]dopa uptake (Ki) in the grafted putamen and the percentage of daily time spent "on," suggesting that Ki changes have a functional meaning. In addition, the Ki values were correlated with the contralateral finger dexterity to the same extent in both the grafted and nongrafted putamen. These results indicate that [18F]dopa uptake reflects the motor function of the opposite side of the body, similarly in the grafted and ungrafted putamen, at least in terms of these tasks. Finally, extrapolating from these correlations offers the suggestion that clinical optimal results of the graft could be achieved if the graft brings the Ki values in the putamen to about two standard deviations of mean control values.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Remy
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA/DSV/DRIPP, Orsay, France
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Abstract
A patient presenting the association of anomalous cerebral dominance for language, as revealed by crossed aphasia, and partial visceral situs inversus is described. Although it cannot be excluded that the two abnormalities coincided by chance, it is suggested that they both resulted from a single aberration of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cohen
- Clinique de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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14
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Gény C, Peschanski M. Le virus du SIDA détruit effectivement les neurones. Med Sci (Paris) 1991. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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