1
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Siniscalchi M, Liu J, Gibson JS, Turrell SJ, Aspinall J, Weatherup RS, Pasta M, Speller SC, Grovenor CRM. On the Relative Importance of Li Bulk Diffusivity and Interface Morphology in Determining the Stripped Capacity of Metallic Anodes in Solid-State Batteries. ACS Energy Lett 2022; 7:3593-3599. [PMID: 36277136 PMCID: PMC9578048 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal self-diffusion is too slow to sustain large current densities at the interface with a solid electrolyte, and the resulting formation of voids on stripping is a major limiting factor for the power density of solid-state cells. The enhanced morphological stability of some lithium alloy electrodes has prompted questions on the role of lithium diffusivity in these materials. Here, the lithium diffusivity in Li-Mg alloys is investigated by an isotope tracer method, revealing that the presence of magnesium slows down the diffusion of lithium. For large stripping currents the delithiation process is diffusion-limited, hence a lithium metal electrode yields a larger capacity than a Li-Mg electrode. However, at lower currents we explain the apparent contradiction that more lithium can be extracted from Li-Mg electrodes by showing that the alloy can maintain a more geometrically stable diffusion path to the solid electrolyte surface so that the effective lithium diffusivity is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Joshua S. Gibson
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Turrell
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Jack Aspinall
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | | | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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2
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Linden Y, Iliffe WR, He G, Danaie M, Fischer DX, Eisterer M, Speller SC, Grovenor CRM. Analysing neutron radiation damage in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x high temperature superconductor tapes. J Microsc 2021; 286:3-12. [PMID: 34879153 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Superconducting windings will be necessary in future fusion reactors to generate the strong magnetic fields needed to confine the plasma, and these superconducting materials will inevitably be exposed to neutron damage. It is known that this exposure results in the creation of isolated damage cascades, but the presence of these defects alone is not sufficient to explain the degradation of macroscopic superconducting properties and a quantitative method is needed to assess the subtle lattice damage in between the clusters. We have studied REBCO coated conductors irradiated with neutrons to a cumulative dose of 3.3×1022 n*m-2 that show a degradation of both Tc and Jc values, and use HRTEM analysis to show that this irradiation introduces ∼10 nm amorphous collision cascades. In addition we introduce a new method for the analysis of these images to quantify the degree of lattice disorder in the apparently perfect matrix between these cascades. This method utilises Fast Fourier and Discrete Cosine Transformations of a statistically-relevant number of HRTEM images of pristine, neutron-irradiated, and amorphous samples, and extracts the degree of randomness in terms of entropy values. Our results show that these entropy values in both mid-frequency band FFT and DCT domains correlate with the expected level of lattice damage, with the pristine samples having the lowest and the fully amorphous regions the highest entropy values. Our methodology allows us to quantify 'invisible' lattice damage to and correlate these values to the degradation of superconducting properties, and also has relevance for a wider range of applications in the field of electron microscopy where small changes in lattice perfection need to be measured. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Linden
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - W R Iliffe
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - G He
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - M Danaie
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre (ePSIC), Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
| | - D X Fischer
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Eisterer
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee2, A-1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - S C Speller
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - C R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
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3
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Tarantini C, Kametani F, Balachandran S, Heald SM, Wheatley L, Grovenor CRM, Moody MP, Su YF, Lee PJ, Larbalestier DC. Origin of the enhanced Nb 3Sn performance by combined Hf and Ta doping. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17845. [PMID: 34497329 PMCID: PMC8426368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been an increasing effort in improving the performance of Nb3Sn for high-field applications, in particular for the fabrication of conductors suitable for the realization of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN. This challenging task has led to the investigation of new routes to advance the high-field pinning properties, the irreversibility and the upper critical fields (HIrr and Hc2, respectively). The effect of hafnium addition to the standard Nb-4Ta alloy has been recently demonstrated to be particularly promising and, in this paper, we investigate the origins of the observed improvements of the superconducting properties. Electron microscopy, Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS) and Atom Probe Tomography (APT) characterization clearly show that, in presence of oxygen, both fine Nb3Sn grains and HfO2 nanoparticles form. Although EXAFS is unable to detect significant amounts of Hf in the A15 structure, APT does indeed reveal some residual intragrain metallic Hf. To investigate the layer properties in more detail, we created a microbridge from a thin lamella extracted by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and measured the transport properties of Ta-Hf-doped Nb3Sn. Hc2(0) is enhanced to 30.8 T by the introduction of Hf, ~ 1 T higher than those of only Ta-doped Nb3Sn, and, even more importantly the position of the pinning force maximum exceeds 6 T, against the typical ~ 4.5–4.7 T of the only Ta-doped material. These results show that the improvements generated by Hf addition can significantly enhance the high-field performance, bringing Nb3Sn closer to the requirements necessary for FCC realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tarantini
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| | - Fumitake Kametani
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Shreyas Balachandran
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Steve M Heald
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Laura Wheatley
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Chris R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Yi-Feng Su
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.,Now at Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Peter J Lee
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - David C Larbalestier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
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4
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Doerrer C, Capone I, Narayanan S, Liu J, Grovenor CRM, Pasta M, Grant PS. High Energy Density Single-Crystal NMC/Li 6PS 5Cl Cathodes for All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:37809-37815. [PMID: 34324288 PMCID: PMC8397257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To match the high capacity of metallic anodes, all-solid-state batteries require high energy density, long-lasting composite cathodes such as Ni-Mn-Co (NMC)-based lithium oxides mixed with a solid-state electrolyte (SSE). However in practice, cathode capacity typically fades due to NMC cracking and increasing NMC/SSE interface debonding because of NMC pulverization, which is only partially mitigated by the application of a high cell pressure during cycling. Using smart processing protocols, we report a single-crystal particulate LiNi0.83Mn0.06Co0.11O2 and Li6PS5Cl SSE composite cathode with outstanding discharge capacity of 210 mA h g-1 at 30 °C. A first cycle coulombic efficiency of >85, and >99% thereafter, was achieved despite a 5.5% volume change during cycling. A near-practical discharge capacity at a high areal capacity of 8.7 mA h cm-2 was obtained using an asymmetric anode/cathode cycling pressure of only 2.5 MPa/0.2 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac Capone
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | | | - Junliang Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Patrick S. Grant
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
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5
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Liu J, Li K, Lozano-Perez S, Grovenor CRM. Site-specific specimen preparation for SIMS analysis of radioactive samples. J Microsc 2020; 282:73-83. [PMID: 33196102 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry is an important technique for the study of the composition of a wide range of materials because of the exceptionally high sensitivity that allows the study of trace elements and the ability to distinguish isotopes that can be used as markers for reactions and transport processes. However, when studying nuclear materials, it is often necessary to analyse highly radioactive samples, and only rather few SIMS facilities are available in active environments. In this paper, we present a methodology using focussed ion beam milling to prepare samples from radioactive specimens that are sufficiently large to undertake SIMS mapping experiments over microstructurally significant regions, but with overall activities small enough to be readily transported and analysed by a SIMS instrument in a normal laboratory environment. Radioactive samples prepared using this methodology can also be used for correlative SIMS analysis with other analytical microscopies. SIMS results showing the distributions of deuterium in oxides on in-reactor corroded zirconium alloys are presented to demonstrate the potential of this sample preparation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Kexue Li
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.,Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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6
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Lin YH, Sakai N, Da P, Wu J, Sansom HC, Ramadan AJ, Mahesh S, Liu J, Oliver RDJ, Lim J, Aspitarte L, Sharma K, Madhu PK, Morales-Vilches AB, Nayak PK, Bai S, Gao F, Grovenor CRM, Johnston MB, Labram JG, Durrant JR, Ball JM, Wenger B, Stannowski B, Snaith HJ. A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells. Science 2020; 369:96-102. [PMID: 32631893 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Longevity has been a long-standing concern for hybrid perovskite photovoltaics. We demonstrate high-resilience positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells by incorporating a piperidinium-based ionic compound into the formamidinium-cesium lead-trihalide perovskite absorber. With the bandgap tuned to be well suited for perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells, this piperidinium additive enhances the open-circuit voltage and cell efficiency. This additive also retards compositional segregation into impurity phases and pinhole formation in the perovskite absorber layer during aggressive aging. Under full-spectrum simulated sunlight in ambient atmosphere, our unencapsulated and encapsulated cells retain 80 and 95% of their peak and post-burn-in efficiencies for 1010 and 1200 hours at 60° and 85°C, respectively. Our analysis reveals detailed degradation routes that contribute to the failure of aged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hung Lin
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Nobuya Sakai
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Peimei Da
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Harry C Sansom
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Alexandra J Ramadan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Suhas Mahesh
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Robert D J Oliver
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Jongchul Lim
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Lee Aspitarte
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kshama Sharma
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - P K Madhu
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Anna B Morales-Vilches
- PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pabitra K Nayak
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.,TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Sai Bai
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Michael B Johnston
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - John G Labram
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK.,Sustainable Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings (SPECIFIC), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - James M Ball
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Bernard Wenger
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Bernd Stannowski
- PVcomB, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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7
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Abstract
High-resolution SIMS analysis can be used to explore a wide range of problems in material science and engineering materials, especially when chemical imaging with good spatial resolution (50-100 nm) can be combined with efficient detection of light elements and precise separation of isotopes and isobaric species. Here, applications of the NanoSIMS instrument in the analysis of inorganic materials are reviewed, focusing on areas of current interest in the development of new materials and degradation mechanisms under service conditions. We have chosen examples illustrating NanoSIMS analysis of grain boundary segregation, chemical processes in cracking, and corrosion of nuclear components. An area where NanoSIMS analysis shows potential is in the localization of light elements, in particular, hydrogen and deuterium. Hydrogen embrittlement is a serious problem for industries where safety is critical, including aerospace, nuclear, and oil/gas, so it is imperative to know where in the microstructure hydrogen is located. By charging the metal with deuterium, to avoid uncertainty in the origin of the hydrogen, the microstructural features that can trap hydrogenic species, such as precipitates and grain and phase boundaries, can be determined by NanoSIMS analysis on a microstructurally relevant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexue Li
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | | | - Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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8
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Liu J, Lozano-Perez S, Wilkinson AJ, Grovenor CRM. On the depth resolution of transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) analysis. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 205:5-12. [PMID: 31234103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have analyzed the depth resolution that can be achieved by on-axis transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) using a Zr-Nb alloy. The results indicate that the signals contributing to detectable Kikuchi bands originate from a depth of approximately the mean free path of thermal diffuse scattering (λTDS) from the bottom surface of a thin foil sample. This existing surface sensitivity can thus lead to the observation of different grain structures when opposite sides of a nano-crystalline foil are facing the incident electron beam. These results also provide a guideline for the ideal sample thickness for TKD analysis of ≤ 6λTDS, or 21 times the elastic scattering mean free path (λMFP) for samples of high crystal symmetry. For samples of lower symmetry, a smaller thickness ≤ 3λTDS, or ≤ 10λMFP is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Sergio Lozano-Perez
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Angus J Wilkinson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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9
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Fiducia TAM, Li K, Munshi AH, Barth K, Sampath WS, Grovenor CRM, Walls JM. 3D Distributions of Chlorine and Sulphur Impurities in a Thin-Film Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Sekine R, Moore KL, Matzke M, Vallotton P, Jiang H, Hughes GM, Kirby JK, Donner E, Grovenor CRM, Svendsen C, Lombi E. Complementary Imaging of Silver Nanoparticle Interactions with Green Algae: Dark-Field Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, and Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. ACS Nano 2017; 11:10894-10902. [PMID: 29061049 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing consumer use of engineered nanomaterials has led to significantly increased efforts to understand their potential impact on the environment and living organisms. Currently, no individual technique can provide all the necessary information such as their size, distribution, and chemistry in complex biological systems. Consequently, there is a need to develop complementary instrumental imaging approaches that provide enhanced understanding of these "bio-nano" interactions to overcome the limitations of individual techniques. Here we used a multimodal imaging approach incorporating dark-field light microscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). The aim was to gain insight into the bio-nano interactions of surface-functionalized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, by combining the fidelity, spatial resolution, and elemental identification offered by the three techniques, respectively. Each technique revealed that Ag-NPs interact with the green algae with a dependence on the size (10 nm vs 60 nm) and surface functionality (tannic acid vs branched polyethylenimine, bPEI) of the NPs. Dark-field light microscopy revealed the presence of strong light scatterers on the algal cell surface, and SEM imaging confirmed their nanoparticulate nature and localization at nanoscale resolution. NanoSIMS imaging confirmed their chemical identity as Ag, with the majority of signal concentrated at the cell surface. Furthermore, SEM and NanoSIMS provided evidence of 10 nm bPEI Ag-NP internalization at higher concentrations (40 μg/L), correlating with the highest toxicity observed from these NPs. This multimodal approach thus demonstrated an effective approach to complement dose-response studies in nano-(eco)-toxicological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sekine
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology , Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, The University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Matzke
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology , Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Vallotton
- Institute für Biochemie, ETH Zurich , Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Materials, The University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Biotechnology Program , Waite Campus, Waite Road, Perth, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Gareth M Hughes
- Department of Materials, The University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Jason K Kirby
- CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Biotechnology Program , Waite Campus, Waite Road, Perth, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Chris R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, The University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology , Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
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11
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Hayouka Z, Bella A, Stern T, Ray S, Jiang H, Grovenor CRM, Ryadnov MG. Binary Encoding of Random Peptide Sequences for Selective and Differential Antimicrobial Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8099-8103. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Angelo Bella
- National Physical Laboratory; Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Tal Stern
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Santanu Ray
- SET; University of Brighton; Brighton BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Haibo Jiang
- CMCA; University of Western Australia; Perth 6009 Australia
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12
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Hayouka Z, Bella A, Stern T, Ray S, Jiang H, Grovenor CRM, Ryadnov MG. Binary Encoding of Random Peptide Sequences for Selective and Differential Antimicrobial Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Angelo Bella
- National Physical Laboratory; Teddington TW11 0LW UK
| | - Tal Stern
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Santanu Ray
- SET; University of Brighton; Brighton BN2 4GJ UK
| | - Haibo Jiang
- CMCA; University of Western Australia; Perth 6009 Australia
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13
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Pedrazzini S, London AJ, Gault B, Saxey D, Speller S, Grovenor CRM, Danaie M, Moody MP, Edmondson PD, Bagot PAJ. Nanoscale Stoichiometric Analysis of a High-Temperature Superconductor by Atom Probe Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2017; 23:414-424. [PMID: 28137340 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The functional properties of the high-temperature superconductor Y1Ba2Cu3O7-δ (Y-123) are closely correlated to the exact stoichiometry and oxygen content. Exceeding the critical value of 1 oxygen vacancy for every five unit cells (δ>0.2, which translates to a 1.5 at% deviation from the nominal oxygen stoichiometry of Y7.7Ba15.3Cu23O54-δ ) is sufficient to alter the superconducting properties. Stoichiometry at the nanometer scale, particularly of oxygen and other lighter elements, is extremely difficult to quantify in complex functional ceramics by most currently available analytical techniques. The present study is an analysis and optimization of the experimental conditions required to quantify the local nanoscale stoichiometry of single crystal yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) samples in three dimensions by atom probe tomography (APT). APT analysis required systematic exploration of a wide range of data acquisition and processing conditions to calibrate the measurements. Laser pulse energy, ion identification, and the choice of range widths were all found to influence composition measurements. The final composition obtained from melt-grown crystals with optimized superconducting properties was Y7.9Ba10.4Cu24.4O57.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pedrazzini
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Andrew J London
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - David Saxey
- 3Geoscience Atom Probe, Advanced Resource Characterisation Facility,John de Laeter Centre,Curtin University,Perth,WA 6102,Australia
| | - Susannah Speller
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Chris R M Grovenor
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Mohsen Danaie
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Michael P Moody
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Philip D Edmondson
- 4Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Materials Science & Technology Division,1 Bethel Valley Road,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road, ,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
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14
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Pyne A, Pfeil MP, Bennett I, Ravi J, Iavicoli P, Lamarre B, Roethke A, Ray S, Jiang H, Bella A, Reisinger B, Yin D, Little B, Muñoz-García JC, Cerasoli E, Judge PJ, Faruqui N, Calzolai L, Henrion A, Martyna GJ, Grovenor CRM, Crain J, Hoogenboom BW, Watts A, Ryadnov MG. Engineering monolayer poration for rapid exfoliation of microbial membranes. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1105-1115. [PMID: 28451250 PMCID: PMC5369539 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02925f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mechanism of monolayer poration leading to the rapid exfoliation and lysis of microbial membranes is reported.
The spread of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics continues to stimulate the search for alternative antimicrobial strategies. All forms of life, from bacteria to humans, are postulated to rely on a fundamental host defense mechanism, which exploits the formation of open pores in microbial phospholipid bilayers. Here we predict that transmembrane poration is not necessary for antimicrobial activity and reveal a distinct poration mechanism that targets the outer leaflet of phospholipid bilayers. Using a combination of molecular-scale and real-time imaging, spectroscopy and spectrometry approaches, we introduce a structural motif with a universal insertion mode in reconstituted membranes and live bacteria. We demonstrate that this motif rapidly assembles into monolayer pits that coalesce during progressive membrane exfoliation, leading to bacterial cell death within minutes. The findings offer a new physical basis for designing effective antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pyne
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK . .,London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Marc-Philipp Pfeil
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK . .,Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QU , UK
| | - Isabel Bennett
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Jascindra Ravi
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Patrizia Iavicoli
- European Commission , Joint Research Centre , Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra (VA) , Italy
| | - Baptiste Lamarre
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Anita Roethke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Santanu Ray
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Centre for Microscopy , Characterisation and Analysis , The University of Western Australia , Crawley , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Angelo Bella
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Bernd Reisinger
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Daniel Yin
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK . .,Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QU , UK
| | - Benjamin Little
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3JZ , UK
| | | | - Eleonora Cerasoli
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Peter J Judge
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QU , UK
| | - Nilofar Faruqui
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission , Joint Research Centre , Institute for Health and Consumer Protection , Ispra (VA) , Italy
| | - Andre Henrion
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , 38116 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Glenn J Martyna
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center , Yorktown Heights , NY 10598 , USA
| | | | - Jason Crain
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK . .,School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3JZ , UK
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy , University College London , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Anthony Watts
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QU , UK
| | - Maxim G Ryadnov
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , UK .
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15
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Moore KL, Tosi P, Palmer R, Hawkesford MJ, Grovenor CRM, Shewry PR. The dynamics of protein body formation in developing wheat grain. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:1876-82. [PMID: 26898533 PMCID: PMC4988504 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a major source of protein in the diets of humans and livestock but we know little about the mechanisms that determine the patterns of protein synthesis in the developing endosperm. We have used a combination of enrichment with (15) N glutamine and NanoSIMS imaging to establish that the substrate required for protein synthesis is transported radially from its point of entrance in the endosperm cavity across the starchy endosperm tissues, before becoming concentrated in the cells immediately below the aleurone layer. This transport occurs continuously during grain development but may be slower in the later stages. Although older starchy endosperm cells tend to contain larger protein deposits formed by the fusion of small protein bodies, small highly enriched protein bodies may also be present in the same cells. This shows a continuous process of protein body initiation, in both older and younger starchy endosperm cells and in all regions of the tissue. Immunolabeling with specific antibodies shows that the patterns of enrichment are not related to the contents of gluten proteins in the protein bodies. In addition to providing new information on the dynamics of protein deposition, the study demonstrates the wider utility of NanoSIMS and isotope labelling for studying complex developmental processes in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paola Tosi
- School of Agriculture Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
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16
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Neo DCJ, Zhang N, Tazawa Y, Jiang H, Hughes GM, Grovenor CRM, Assender HE, Watt AAR. Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) as a Hole Transport Layer for Colloidal Quantum Dot Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:12101-12108. [PMID: 27090378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells demonstrate extremely high short-circuit currents (Jsc) and are making decent progress in power conversion efficiencies. However, the low fill factors (FF) and open-circuit voltages have to be addressed with urgency to prevent the stalling of efficiency improvements. This paper highlights the importance of improving hole extraction, which received much less attention as compared to the electron-accepting component of the device architecture (e.g., TiO2 or ZnO). Here, we show the use of semiconducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) to create efficient CQD devices by improving hole transport, removing interfacial barriers, and minimizing shunt pathways, thus resulting in an overall improvement in device performance stemming from better Jsc and FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C J Neo
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nanlin Zhang
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yujiro Tazawa
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia Australia
| | - Gareth M Hughes
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R M Grovenor
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel E Assender
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A R Watt
- Materials Department, University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Castles F, Isakov D, Lui A, Lei Q, Dancer CEJ, Wang Y, Janurudin JM, Speller SC, Grovenor CRM, Grant PS. Microwave dielectric characterisation of 3D-printed BaTiO3/ABS polymer composites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22714. [PMID: 26940381 PMCID: PMC4778131 DOI: 10.1038/srep22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is used extensively in product prototyping and continues to emerge as a viable option for the direct manufacture of final parts. It is known that dielectric materials with relatively high real permittivity—which are required in important technology sectors such as electronics and communications—may be 3D printed using a variety of techniques. Among these, the fused deposition of polymer composites is particularly straightforward but the range of dielectric permittivities available through commercial feedstock materials is limited. Here we report on the fabrication of a series of composites composed of various loadings of BaTiO3 microparticles in the polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which may be used with a commercial desktop 3D printer to produce printed parts containing user-defined regions with high permittivity. The microwave dielectric properties of printed parts with BaTiO3 loadings up to 70 wt% were characterised using a 15 GHz split post dielectric resonator and had real relative permittivities in the range 2.6–8.7 and loss tangents in the range 0.005–0.027. Permittivities were reproducible over the entire process, and matched those of bulk unprinted materials, to within ~1%, suggesting that the technique may be employed as a viable manufacturing process for dielectric composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castles
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D Isakov
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - A Lui
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Q Lei
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - C E J Dancer
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.,International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - J M Janurudin
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - S C Speller
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - C R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - P S Grant
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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18
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Grant PS, Castles F, Lei Q, Wang Y, Janurudin JM, Isakov D, Speller S, Dancer C, Grovenor CRM. Manufacture of electrical and magnetic graded and anisotropic materials for novel manipulations of microwaves. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015. [PMID: 26217051 PMCID: PMC4528831 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatial transformations (ST) provide a design framework to generate a required spatial distribution of electrical and magnetic properties of materials to effect manipulations of electromagnetic waves. To obtain the electromagnetic properties required by these designs, the most common materials approach has involved periodic arrays of metal-containing subwavelength elements. While aspects of ST theory have been confirmed using these structures, they are often disadvantaged by narrowband operation, high losses and difficulties in implementation. An all-dielectric approach involves weaker interactions with applied fields, but may offer more flexibility for practical implementation. This paper investigates manufacturing approaches to produce composite materials that may be conveniently arranged spatially, according to ST-based designs. A key aim is to highlight the limitations and possibilities of various manufacturing approaches, to constrain designs to those that may be achievable. The article focuses on polymer-based nano- and microcomposites in which interactions with microwaves are achieved by loading the polymers with high-permittivity and high-permeability particles, and manufacturing approaches based on spray deposition, extrusion, casting and additive manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Grant
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - F Castles
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Q Lei
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - J M Janurudin
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - D Isakov
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - S Speller
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - C Dancer
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - C R M Grovenor
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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19
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Jiang H, Goulbourne CN, Tatar A, Turlo K, Wu D, Beigneux AP, Grovenor CRM, Fong LG, Young SG. High-resolution imaging of dietary lipids in cells and tissues by NanoSIMS analysis. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2156-66. [PMID: 25143463 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale secondary ion MS (NanoSIMS) imaging makes it possible to visualize stable isotope-labeled lipids in cells and tissues at 50 nm lateral resolution. Here we report the use of NanoSIMS imaging to visualize lipids in mouse cells and tissues. After administering stable isotope-labeled fatty acids to mice by gavage, NanoSIMS imaging allowed us to visualize neutral lipids in cytosolic lipid droplets in intestinal enterocytes, chylomicrons at the basolateral surface of enterocytes, and lipid droplets in cardiomyocytes and adipocytes. After an injection of stable isotope-enriched triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), NanoSIMS imaging documented delivery of lipids to cytosolic lipid droplets in parenchymal cells. Using a combination of backscattered electron (BSE) and NanoSIMS imaging, it was possible to correlate the chemical data provided by NanoSIMS with high-resolution BSE images of cell morphology. This combined imaging approach allowed us to visualize stable isotope-enriched TRLs along the luminal face of heart capillaries and the lipids within heart capillary endothelial cells. We also observed examples of TRLs within the subendothelial spaces of heart capillaries. NanoSIMS imaging provided evidence of defective transport of lipids from the plasma LPs to adipocytes and cardiomyocytes in mice deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HDL binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jiang
- Materials Department, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Angelica Tatar
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kirsten Turlo
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel Wu
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Loren G Fong
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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20
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Jiang H, Favaro E, Goulbourne CN, Rakowska PD, Hughes GM, Ryadnov MG, Fong LG, Young SG, Ferguson DJP, Harris AL, Grovenor CRM. Stable isotope imaging of biological samples with high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and complementary techniques. Methods 2014; 68:317-24. [PMID: 24556558 PMCID: PMC4222523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable isotopes are ideal labels for studying biological processes because they have little or no effect on the biochemical properties of target molecules. The NanoSIMS is a tool that can image the distribution of stable isotope labels with up to 50 nm spatial resolution and with good quantitation. This combination of features has enabled several groups to undertake significant experiments on biological problems in the last decade. Combining the NanoSIMS with other imaging techniques also enables us to obtain not only chemical information but also the structural information needed to understand biological processes. This article describes the methodologies that we have developed to correlate atomic force microscopy and backscattered electron imaging with NanoSIMS experiments to illustrate the imaging of stable isotopes at molecular, cellular, and tissue scales. Our studies make it possible to address 3 biological problems: (1) the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes; (2) glutamine metabolism in cancer cells; and (3) lipoprotein interactions in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Materials Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - E Favaro
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - C N Goulbourne
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - P D Rakowska
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G M Hughes
- Materials Department, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - M G Ryadnov
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - D J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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21
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Baboo S, Bhushan B, Jiang H, Grovenor CRM, Pierre P, Davis BG, Cook PR. Most human proteins made in both nucleus and cytoplasm turn over within minutes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99346. [PMID: 24911415 PMCID: PMC4050049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, protein synthesis can be coupled to transcription, but in eukaryotes it is believed to occur solely in the cytoplasm. Using pulses as short as 5 s, we find that three analogues – L-azidohomoalanine, puromycin (detected after attaching fluors using ‘click’ chemistry or immuno-labeling), and amino acids tagged with ‘heavy’ 15N and 13C (detected using secondary ion mass spectrometry) – are incorporated into the nucleus and cytoplasm in a process sensitive to translational inhibitors. The nuclear incorporation represents a significant fraction of the total, and labels in both compartments have half-lives of less than a minute; results are consistent with most newly-made peptides being destroyed soon after they are made. As nascent RNA bearing a premature termination codon (detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization) is also eliminated by a mechanism sensitive to a translational inhibitor, the nuclear turnover of peptides is probably a by-product of proof-reading the RNA for stop codons (a process known as nonsense-mediated decay). We speculate that the apparently-wasteful turnover of this previously-hidden (‘dark-matter’) world of peptide is involved in regulating protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Baboo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bhaskar Bhushan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Pierre
- Centre d′Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unités Mixtes de Recherche 7280, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter R. Cook
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Goulbourne CN, Gin P, Tatar A, Nobumori C, Hoenger A, Jiang H, Grovenor CRM, Adeyo O, Esko JD, Goldberg IJ, Reue K, Tontonoz P, Bensadoun A, Beigneux AP, Young SG, Fong LG. The GPIHBP1-LPL complex is responsible for the margination of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in capillaries. Cell Metab 2014; 19:849-60. [PMID: 24726386 PMCID: PMC4143151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) undergo lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme that is transported to the capillary lumen by an endothelial cell protein, GPIHBP1. For LPL-mediated lipolysis to occur, TRLs must bind to the lumen of capillaries. This process is often assumed to involve heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), but we suspected that TRL margination might instead require GPIHBP1. Indeed, TRLs marginate along the heart capillaries of wild-type but not Gpihbp1⁻/⁻ mice, as judged by fluorescence microscopy, quantitative assays with infrared-dye-labeled lipoproteins, and EM tomography. Both cell-culture and in vivo studies showed that TRL margination depends on LPL bound to GPIHBP1. Notably, the expression of LPL by endothelial cells in Gpihbp1⁻/⁻ mice did not restore defective TRL margination, implying that the binding of LPL to HSPGs is ineffective in promoting TRL margination. Our studies show that GPIHBP1-bound LPL is the main determinant of TRL margination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Goulbourne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Gin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angelica Tatar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chika Nobumori
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andreas Hoenger
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13PH, UK
| | | | - Oludotun Adeyo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - André Bensadoun
- Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Grovenor CRM, Ni N, Hudson D, Yardley SS, Moore KL, Smith GDW, Lozano-Perez S, Sykes JM. Mechanisms of Oxidation of Fuel Cladding Alloys Revealed by High Resolution APT, TEM and SIMS Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTAqueous corrosion of zirconium alloys has become the major factor limiting prolonged fuel campaigns in nuclear plant. Studies using SEM, TEM and electrochemical impedance measurements have been interpreted as showing a dense inner-most oxide layer, and an increased thickness of the layer has been correlated to a better corrosion resistance. Many authors have reported that an ‘intermediate layer’ at the metal oxide interface has a complex structure or/and stochiometry different to that of both the bulk oxide and bulk metal, sometimes claimed to be a suboxide phase. Diffraction evidence has suggested the presence of both cubic ZrO and rhombohedral Zr3O phases, and compositional analysis has revealed similar variations in local oxygen stoichiometry.We have carried out a systematic investigation of the structure and chemistry of the metal/oxide interface in samples of commercial ZIRLO corroded for times up to 180 days. We have developed new experimental techniques for the study of these interfaces both by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) analysis in the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and by Atom Probe Tomography (APT), and exactly the same samples have been investigated by both techniques. Our results show the development of a clearly defined suboxide layer of stoichiometry close to ZrO, and the subsequent disappearance of this layer at the first of the characteristic ‘breakaway’ transitions in the oxidation kinetics. We can correlate this behaviour with changes in the structure of the oxide layer, and particularly the development of interconnected porosity that links the corroding interface with the aqueous environment. Using high resolution SIMS analysis of isotopically spiked samples we demonstrate the penetration of the oxidising species through these porous outer oxide layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Moore
- Department of Materials; University of Oxford; Oxford; OX1 3PH; UK
| | - Chris R. Hawes
- School of Life Sciences; Oxford Brookes University Headington; Oxford; OX3 0BP; UK
| | | | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden; Hertfordshire; AL5 2JQ; UK
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Moore KL, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, Grovenor CRM. Elemental imaging at the nanoscale: NanoSIMS and complementary techniques for element localisation in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3263-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Moore KL, Schröder M, Wu Z, Martin BGH, Hawes CR, McGrath SP, Hawkesford MJ, Feng Ma J, Zhao FJ, Grovenor CRM. High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry reveals the contrasting subcellular distribution of arsenic and silicon in rice roots. Plant Physiol 2011; 156:913-24. [PMID: 21490163 PMCID: PMC3177285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) takes up arsenite mainly through the silicic acid transport pathway. Understanding the uptake and sequestration of arsenic (As) into the rice plant is important for developing strategies to reduce As concentration in rice grain. In this study, the cellular and subcellular distributions of As and silicon (Si) in rice roots were investigated using high-pressure freezing, high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Rice plants, both the lsi2 mutant lacking the Si/arsenite efflux transporter Lsi2 and its wild-type cultivar, with or without an iron plaque, were treated with arsenate or arsenite. The formation of iron plaque on the root surface resulted in strong accumulation of As and phosphorous on the epidermis. The lsi2 mutant showed stronger As accumulation in the endodermal vacuoles, where the Lsi2 transporter is located in the plasma membranes, than the wild-type line. As also accumulated in the vacuoles of some xylem parenchyma cells and in some pericycle cells, particularly in the wild-type mature root zone. Vacuolar accumulation of As is associated with sulfur, suggesting that As may be stored as arsenite-phytochelatin complexes. Si was localized in the cell walls of the endodermal cells with little apparent effect of the Lsi2 mutation on its distribution. This study reveals the vacuolar sequestration of As in rice roots and contrasting patterns of As and Si subcellular localization, despite both being transported across the plasma membranes by the same transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Karney GB, Butler PG, Scourse JD, Richardson CA, Lau KH, Czernuszka JT, Grovenor CRM. Identification of growth increments in the shell of the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica using backscattered electron imaging. J Microsc 2011; 241:29-36. [PMID: 21118202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Annually resolved growth increments in the shell of the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica have previously been used in combination with geochemical measurements to successfully construct high-resolution proxy records of past marine environmental conditions. However, to ensure the accuracy of these paleoenvironmental reconstructions it is essential that the annual growth series of increments within the examined shells are reliably identified, and can be distinguished from spurious lines caused by nonannual perturbations such as those resulting from storm disturbance. The current methods used for identifying the growth increment series are sometimes compromised because of ambiguity that results from the employed preparation methods. Here it is shown that backscattered electron imaging of polished shell cross sections may be used to clearly discriminate between the two compositionally and structurally distinct increments that comprise 1 year of outer shell growth. This method, involving minimal specimen preparation, is likely to be primarily useful as a validation technique of particular value in cases where increment identification using existing methods is difficult or ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Karney
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
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Lau KH, Christlieb M, Schröder M, Sheldon H, Harris AL, Grovenor CRM. Development of a new bimodal imaging methodology: a combination of fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. J Microsc 2011; 240:21-31. [PMID: 21050210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new experimental methodology to combine mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) with fluorescence microscopy to provide subcellular information on the location of small molecules in cultured cells. We demonstrate this by comparing the distribution of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine in the same cells given by both NanoSIMS analysis and by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Fiducial markers in the substrates ensured that the images formed by SIMS mapping of bromine ions could be co-registered exactly with images from fluorescence microscopy. The NanoSIMS was shown to faithfully reproduce the information from fluorescence microscopy, but at a much higher spatial resolution. We then show preliminary SIMS images on the distribution of ATN-224, a therapeutic copper chelator for which there is no fluorescent marker, co-registered with conventional Lysotracker and Hoechst stains on the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lau
- Department of Materials Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Smart KE, Smith JAC, Kilburn MR, Martin BGH, Hawes C, Grovenor CRM. High-resolution elemental localization in vacuolate plant cells by nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. Plant J 2010; 63:870-9. [PMID: 20561256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By combining the capabilities of advanced sample preparation methodologies with the latest generation of secondary ion mass spectrometry instrumentation, we show that chemical information on the distribution of even dilute species in biological samples can be obtained with spatial resolutions of better than 100 nm. Here, we show the distribution of nickel and other elements in leaf tissue of the nickel hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum lesbiacum prepared by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Smart
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Moore KL, Schröder M, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, McGrath SP, Hawkesford MJ, Shewry PR, Grovenor CRM. NanoSIMS analysis of arsenic and selenium in cereal grain. New Phytol 2010; 185:434-445. [PMID: 19895416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
*Cereals are an important source of selenium (Se) to humans and many people have inadequate intakes of this essential trace element. Conversely, arsenic (As) is toxic and may accumulate in rice grain at levels that pose a health risk. Knowledge of the localization of selenium and arsenic within the cereal grain will aid understanding of their deposition patterns and the impact of processes such as milling. *High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was used to determine the localization of Se in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and As in rice (Oryza sativa). Combined synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) and NanoSIMS analysis utilized the strengths of both techniques. *Selenium was concentrated in the protein surrounding the starch granules in the starchy endosperm cells and more homogeneously distributed in the aleurone cells but with Se-rich hotspots. Arsenic was concentrated in the subaleurone endosperm cells in association with the protein matrix rather than in the aleurone cells. NanoSIMS indicated that the high intensity of As identified in the S-XRF image was localized in micron-sized hotspots near the ovular vascular trace and nucellar projection. *This is the first study showing subcellular localization in grain samples containing parts per million concentrations of Se and As. There is good quantitative agreement between NanoSIMS and S-XRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
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Moore KL, Schröder M, Lombi E, Zhao FJ, McGrath SP, Hawkesford MJ, Shewry PR, Grovenor CRM. NanoSIMS analysis of arsenic and selenium in cereal grain. New Phytol 2010. [PMID: 19895416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
*Cereals are an important source of selenium (Se) to humans and many people have inadequate intakes of this essential trace element. Conversely, arsenic (As) is toxic and may accumulate in rice grain at levels that pose a health risk. Knowledge of the localization of selenium and arsenic within the cereal grain will aid understanding of their deposition patterns and the impact of processes such as milling. *High-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) was used to determine the localization of Se in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and As in rice (Oryza sativa). Combined synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (S-XRF) and NanoSIMS analysis utilized the strengths of both techniques. *Selenium was concentrated in the protein surrounding the starch granules in the starchy endosperm cells and more homogeneously distributed in the aleurone cells but with Se-rich hotspots. Arsenic was concentrated in the subaleurone endosperm cells in association with the protein matrix rather than in the aleurone cells. NanoSIMS indicated that the high intensity of As identified in the S-XRF image was localized in micron-sized hotspots near the ovular vascular trace and nucellar projection. *This is the first study showing subcellular localization in grain samples containing parts per million concentrations of Se and As. There is good quantitative agreement between NanoSIMS and S-XRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Moore
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK.
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Warburton PA, Saleem S, Fenton JC, Korsah M, Grovenor CRM. Dissipative enhancement of the supercurrent in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 intrinsic Josephson junctions. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:217002. [PMID: 20366061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.217002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have measured dissipation-induced localization of the reaction coordinate for a metastable-state decay process in a model system with moderate damping. Specifically, the supercurrent in an array of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 intrinsic Josephson junctions is larger when all the junctions are in the zero-voltage state than when one or more junctions are in the voltage state since the dissipation is larger in the former case.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Warburton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H0AH, United Kingdom.
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Smart KE, Kilburn M, Schroeder M, Martin BGH, Hawes C, Marsh JM, Grovenor CRM. Copper and calcium uptake in colored hair. J Cosmet Sci 2009; 60:337-345. [PMID: 19586601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During hair coloring a number of disulfide bonds in cystine are oxidized (1) to create cysteic acid, forming binding sites for metal ions such as Ca(2+ )and Cu(2+ )from tap water (2). The increased uptake of these metals can have a detrimental impact on fiber properties-for example, reducing shine and causing a poor wet and dry feel (3). In addition, the increased uptake of copper can also contribute to further fiber damage during subsequent coloring due to its ability to take part in metal-induced radical chemistry (4). It is important to know where in the fibers these metals are located in order to either effectively remove these metals or control their chemistry. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) has been used to locate the calcium and copper within hair that has been treated with a colorant and washed multiple times in tap water containing these ions. Untreated hair is used as a baseline standard material. Images with up to 50-nm spatial resolution of the preferential locations of calcium uptake were obtained, showing a high concentration of calcium in the cuticle region of colored hair, specifically in the sulfur-rich regions (A-layer and exocuticle).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Smart
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
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Dark C, Kilburn MR, Hammerl G, Schneider C, Mannhart J, Grovenor CRM. NanoSIMS analysis of Ca doping at a grain boundary in a superconducting YBCO Ca-123/123 bicrystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Erlat AG, Henry BM, Grovenor CRM, Briggs AGD, Chater RJ, Tsukahara Y. Mechanism of Water Vapor Transport through PET/AlOxNy Gas Barrier Films. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036244y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet G. Erlat
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | - Bernard M. Henry
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | | | - Andrew G. D. Briggs
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K
| | | | - Yusuke Tsukahara
- Technical Research Institute, Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Sugito-machi, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama 345, Japan
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