1
|
Zielinski C, Thallinger C, Rödiger A. "What's measured gets done": a call for a European semester for cancer to improve cancer outcomes in Central and Southeastern Europe. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:142. [PMID: 37553609 PMCID: PMC10408064 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality varies widely across Europe, and survival depends on where you live. In particular, the inequality between countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe (CEE) and Western Europe (WE) is striking. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought existing inequalities into sharp focus, and the economic disruption it has caused threatens to deepen them. The Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG) has created a platform with the aim to reduce health inequalities and to improve patient access to cancer care. The subject of discussion is the value of new treatments to create willingness to invest in improving cancer outcomes while managing the budget. The platform includes various stakeholders as scientific leaders, policy makers, payers, patients and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zielinski
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Ohmanngasse 26, HQ, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Ohmanngasse 26, HQ, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, 18-20 Waehringer Guertel, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zielinski CC, Cufer T, Seruga B, Jassem J, Dediu M, Thallinger C. Perspectives for Cancer Care and Research in Central and Eastern Europe. Oncol Res Treat 2023; 46:80-88. [PMID: 36463856 PMCID: PMC10015746 DOI: 10.1159/000528487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrepancies between the outcomes of cancer patients between Western European and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have often been observed. Despite the enormous economic and civilizational progress made in these countries after the abolishment of the communist regime, structural problems persist. SUMMARY The present article reviews the domains of medical oncology education, human resources in oncology, cancer care, and clinical research in CEE in order to comprehensively assess the current situation and needs, describe important initiatives, and also propose ways to improving cancer outcomes in the region. Activities are under way to address these issues in national action plans to divert funding into oncology-related education, research, the purchase of equipment, and the attainment of modern hospital organization and structures. KEY MESSAGE Over the past more than 30 years, CEE countries have made enormous economic and societal progress. Nevertheless, challenges especially in the health care sector persist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph C Zielinski
- Wiener Privatklinik, Central European Academy Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.,Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Cufer
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Seruga
- Medical Oncology Department, SANADOR Oncology Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mircea Dediu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thallinger C, Zielinski CC. Ukraine's neighbouring countries accept the burden of cancer care for refugees. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:e440. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Keritam O, Juhasz V, Schöfer C, Thallinger C, Aretin MB, Schabbauer G, Breuss J, Unseld M, Uhrin P. Determination of Extravasation Effects of Nal-Iri and Trabectedin and Evaluation of Treatment Options for Trabectedin Extravasation in a Preclinical Animal Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875695. [PMID: 35721106 PMCID: PMC9204062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Extravasation during chemotherapy administration can lead to dangerous adverse effects ranging from pain to tissue necrosis. Evidence-based data about prevention and treatment of extravasation injuries of some clinically used compounds still remains elusive. This work aimed to investigate, in a preclinical mouse model, the effects of extravasation of two chemotherapeutic agents, nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-Iri) and trabectedin. In addition, we aimed to study treatment options for injuries induced by extravasation of these substances. Methods: Mice were subcutaneously injected with nal-Iri or trabectedin applied in clinically used concentration. Doxorubicin was used as a positive control. In subsequently performed experiments, hyaluronidase, DMSO and tacrolimus were tested as potential treatments against extravasation-induced injuries by trabectedin. Systemic effects were analyzed by observation and documentation of the health status of mice and local reactions were measured and graded. In addition, hematoxylin-eosin stained histological sections of the treated skin areas were analyzed. Results: Of the two tested substances, only trabectedin showed vesicant effects. Subcutaneous injection of trabectedin caused erythema formation in mice by day two that was progressing to skin ulcerations by day five. Furthermore, we found that topical treatment of mice with tacrolimus or DMSO reduced the vesicant effects of trabectedin. The results observed in vivo were supported microscopically by the analysis of histological sections. Conclusions: We recommend classifying trabectedin as a vesicant agent and nal-Iri as a non-vesicant agent. Furthermore, our results obtained in a preclinical model suggest that tacrolimus and DMSO might be suitable treatment options of trabectedin extravasations, a finding that might be further utilized in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Keritam
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Juhasz
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schöfer
- Department for Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Clinical Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Unseld
- Clinical Division of Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martín M, Zielinski C, Ruiz-Borrego M, Carrasco E, Ciruelos EM, Muñoz M, Bermejo B, Margelí M, Csöszi T, Antón A, Turner N, Casas MI, Morales S, Alba E, Calvo L, de la Haba-Rodríguez J, Ramos M, Murillo L, Santaballa A, Alonso-Romero JL, Sánchez-Rovira P, Corsaro M, Huang X, Thallinger C, Kahan Z, Gil-Gil M. Overall survival with palbociclib plus endocrine therapy versus capecitabine in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer in the PEARL study. Eur J Cancer 2022; 168:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Thallinger C, Berzinec P, Bicakcic E, Dan A, Fabian G, Gales LN, Kuhar CG, Janzic U, Kahan Z, Mencinger M, Penthedourakis G, Sgouros J, Simetic L, Sirbu D, Vosmik M, Wrona A, Zielinski C. Establishment of a virtual transborder tumor board for cancer patients in Central and Southeastern Europe : An initiative of the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG). Wien Klin Wochenschr 2022; 134:697-704. [PMID: 35312859 PMCID: PMC8936045 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-022-02016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a transborder virtual tumor board (VTB) fostering state-of-the-art management of cancer patients by exchanging knowledge and expertise among oncologists in Central and Southeastern Europe (CEE). METHODS We established and implemented a VTB based on the WebEx platform. This allowed for password-protected and secure upload of patient cases to be presented and discussed among colleagues from various oncology centers scattered throughout CEE in order to arrive at a recommendation for further diagnoses and/or treatment. RESULTS A total of 73 cases from 16 oncology centers located in 11 CEE countries were uploaded by 22 physicians; 71 were discussed over the course of 17 virtual meetings between June 2018 and May 2019 and 12 different kinds of malignant diseases were discussed with lung cancer (46.6%), melanoma (19.2%) and bladder cancer (13.6%) being the most commonly presented tumor entities. Of the discussed patients, 93.3% had stage IV disease at the time of presentation, 62.6% received chemotherapy or targeted treatment and 67.1% were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs). The most common causes for presentation and discussion of patient cases were related to the use of ICPIs (80%). CONCLUSION When the need for expertise exceeds locally available resources, web-based VTBs provide a feasible way to discuss patient cases and arrive at conclusions regarding diagnoses and/or treatment across large geographic distances. Moreover, VTBs provide an innovative way for proper, state-of-the-art management of patients with malignant diseases in times of social distancing and the resulting need for restricted interaction during the current SARS-CoV‑2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Ohmanngasse 26, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University Vienna-General Hospital, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Berzinec
- Department of Oncology at the Hospital of St Zoerardus Zobor, Nitra, Teaching Base of the Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Emina Bicakcic
- Oncology Unit, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adelina Dan
- Department of Medical Oncology at Ion Chiricuta Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriella Fabian
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Cvetka Grasic Kuhar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Janzic
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinic Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Zsusanna Kahan
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marina Mencinger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Joseph Sgouros
- 3rd Medical Oncology Department, "Agii Anargiri" General Hospital and Cancer Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Luka Simetic
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Milan Vosmik
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Wrona
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Ohmanngasse 26, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cancer Center, Vienna Hospital Association and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guerrero- Zotano A, Zielinski C, Gil-Gil M, Ruiz-Borrego M, Ciruelos EM, Munoz M, Bermejo B, Margeli M, Antón A, Csöszi T, García-Palomo A, Santaballa A, Alonso JL, Fernández A, Corsaro M, Herranz J, López P, Caballero R, Thallinger C, Martin M. Abstract PS2-01: Plk1 expression & efficacy of palbociclib in advanced hormonal receptor-positive breast cancer patients from PEARL study (GEICAM 2012-03). Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ps2-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: CDK 4/6 inhibitors (CDK 4/6i) with endocrine therapy (ET) combination therapy have improved outcomes in patients (pts) with hormonal receptor positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC). However, most pts eventually develop resistance to these drugs, and one third never respond. Aside from HR positivity, predictive markers of clinical benefit from CDK 4/6i remains elusive. We aimed to identify biomarkers of response to palbociclib (PAL) and analyze potential therapeutic targets to reverse resistance. Methods: PEARL trial is a multicenter phase 3 study that assigned 601 postmenopausal HR+/HER2- ABC pts, whose disease progressed on aromatase inhibitors (AIs), to receive PAL + ET vs capecitabine (CAPE). We performed a differential gene expression analysis in pre-treatment tumors in extreme responders to PAL using the HTG EdgeSeq Oncology Biomarker Panel (HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc.), containing 2534 cancer related genes. Samples were subset in 2 categories: refractory (progressive disease as best response) vs sensitive (progression-free survival (PFS) within the upper quartile). Cox regression and Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) analysis adjusting for multiple comparisons were performed. Results: We analyzed 455 (75.7%) pts with pre-treatment tumors available [from them, PAL + ET arm: 229 (50.3%) pts; CAPE arm: 226 (49.7%) pts]. Fifty genes (false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05) were differentially expressed in pts sensitive vs refractory to PAL (E2F target genes, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell cycle genes, mainly). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of pts based on the expression of these genes revealed two clusters. Cluster 1 is composed mostly of resistant tumors, highly proliferative (Ki67≥20%: 70%) with a great proportion of luminal B (59%) and non-luminal tumors (19%). Cluster 2 is composed of sensitive, low proliferative (Ki67<20%: 58%), mostly luminal A tumors (75%). There was no difference in ESR1 mutations distribution between the two clusters (Table 1). Forty genes were up-regulated and associated with resistance, including CCNE1 and PLK1 (Polo Like Kinase 1). In the whole cohort, pts with high levels (> median) of PLK1 (PLK1-high) treated with PAL, had a worse PFS in a multivariate model (5.7 months (m) vs 9.3 m of median PFS in PLK1-High vs -Low; HR=1.64, 95% CI (1.25-2.34), p=0.0008; adjusted model for confounders: age, site of disease, sites of metastasis, prior chemotherapy and Ki67). There were no differences in population treated with CAPE (9.9 m vs 9.4 m, PLK1-High vs -Low; HR=0.82, 95% CI (0.56-1.21), p=0.3189). In the METABRIC cohort, PLK1-High was associated with worse overall survival in HR+/HER2- BC but not in triple negative nor in HER2+ tumors. Among HR+/HER2- tumors, PLK1 expression was higher in luminal B and HER2-enriched intrinsic subtypes. We interrogated DepMap database and found that in BC cells lines there was an inverse correlation between PLK1 expression and effect on cell viability of CDK4 CRISPR knock-out (Pearson correlation r:0.54, p=0.009), but not of CDK6 knock-out. Also, HR+/HER2-/High Ki67 BC cell lines (HCC1428, EFM19 and MCF7) showed resistance to PAL on cell proliferation assays but sensitivity to the PLK1 inhibitor BI-2536. Conclusion: High expression of PLK1 is associated with intrinsic resistance to PAL and ET, this might be overcome with PLK1 inhibition.
Table 1PATIENT CHARACTERISTICSCluster 1Cluster 2ALLn=57n=47n=104RespondersSensitive42 (73.68%)14 (29.79%)56 (53.85%)Refractory15 (26.32%)33 (70.21%)48 (46.15%)ESR1Mutated9 (15.79%)13 (27.66%)22 (21.15%)Wild type45 (78.95%)34 (72.34%)79 (75.96%)Unknown3 (5.26%)0 (0%)3 (2.88%)PriorQTN42 (73.68%)31 (65.96%)73 (70.19%)Y15 (26.32%)16 (34.04%)31 (29.81%)SubtypeLumA43 (75.44%)10 (21.28%)53 (50.96%)LumB14 (24.56%)28 (59.57%)42 (40.38%)Non Luminal0 (0%)9 (19.15%)9 (8.65%)MetastasisOne21 (36.84%)15 (31.91%)36 (34.62%)Multiple36 (63.16%)32 (68.09%)68 (65.38%)KI67 20%KI67<2033 (57.89%)7 (14.89%)40 (38.46%)KI67≥2016 (28.07%)33 (70.21%)49 (47.12%)Unknown8 (14.04%)7 (14.89%)15 (14.42%)Objective ResponseComplete1 (1.75%)0 (0%)1 (0.96%)Partial16 (28.07%)6 (12.77%)22 (21.15%)Progressive15 (26.32%)33 (70.21%)48 (46.15%)Stable25 (43.86%)8 (17.02%)33 (31.73%)
Citation Format: Angel Guerrero- Zotano, Christoph Zielinski, Miguel Gil-Gil, Manuel Ruiz-Borrego, Eva M. Ciruelos, Montserrat Munoz, Begoña Bermejo, Mireia Margeli, Antonio Antón, Tibor Csöszi, Andrés García-Palomo, Ana Santaballa, Jose Luis Alonso, Antonio Fernández, Massimo Corsaro, Jesús Herranz, Paula López, Rosalia Caballero, Christiane Thallinger, Miguel Martin. Plk1 expression & efficacy of palbociclib in advanced hormonal receptor-positive breast cancer patients from PEARL study (GEICAM 2012-03) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS2-01.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Guerrero- Zotano
- 1Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia (IVO). GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- 2Vienna Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna and Vienna Hospital Association. Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Miguel Gil-Gil
- 3Institut Catalá d’Oncologia (ICO), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Borrego
- 4Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva M. Ciruelos
- 5Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. HM Hospitales. SOLTI Group on Breast Cancer Research. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Munoz
- 6Hospital Universitari Clinic.Translational Genomics and Targeted Theraputics in Solid Tumor (IDIBAPS). GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Bermejo
- 7Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, INCLIVA. CIBERONC-ISCIII. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Margeli
- 8ARGO Group, Catalan Institut of Oncology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Antón
- 9Medical Oncology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Aragon Health Research Institute. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tibor Csöszi
- 10Jász_Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Hetényi Géza, Szolnok, Hungary
| | | | - Ana Santaballa
- 12Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Alonso
- 13Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- 14Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | - Paula López
- 16GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Martin
- 18Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. CIBERONC-ISCIII. GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martin M, Zielinski C, Ruiz-Borrego M, Carrasco E, Turner N, Ciruelos EM, Muñoz M, Bermejo B, Margeli M, Anton A, Kahan Z, Csöszi T, Casas MI, Murillo L, Morales S, Alba E, Gal-Yam E, Guerrero-Zotano A, Calvo L, de la Haba-Rodriguez J, Ramos M, Alvarez I, Garcia-Palomo A, Huang Bartlett C, Koehler M, Caballero R, Corsaro M, Huang X, Garcia-Sáenz JA, Chacón JI, Swift C, Thallinger C, Gil-Gil M. Palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy versus capecitabine in hormonal receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor 2-negative, aromatase inhibitor-resistant metastatic breast cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial-PEARL. Ann Oncol 2020; 32:488-499. [PMID: 33385521 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palbociclib plus endocrine therapy (ET) is the standard treatment of hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, its efficacy has not been compared with that of chemotherapy in a phase III trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS PEARL is a multicentre, phase III randomised study in which patients with aromatase inhibitor (AI)-resistant MBC were included in two consecutive cohorts. In cohort 1, patients were randomised 1 : 1 to palbociclib plus exemestane or capecitabine. On discovering new evidence about estrogen receptor-1 (ESR1) mutations inducing resistance to AIs, the trial was amended to include cohort 2, in which patients were randomised 1 : 1 between palbociclib plus fulvestrant and capecitabine. The stratification criteria were disease site, prior sensitivity to ET, prior chemotherapy for MBC, and country of origin. Co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) in cohort 2 and in wild-type ESR1 patients (cohort 1 + cohort 2). ESR1 hotspot mutations were analysed in baseline circulating tumour DNA. RESULTS From March 2014 to July 2018, 296 and 305 patients were included in cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively. Palbociclib plus ET was not superior to capecitabine in both cohort 2 [median PFS: 7.5 versus 10.0 months; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.50] and wild-type ESR1 patients (median PFS: 8.0 versus 10.6 months; aHR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.87-1.41). The most frequent grade 3-4 toxicities with palbociclib plus exemestane, palbociclib plus fulvestrant and capecitabine, respectively, were neutropenia (57.4%, 55.7% and 5.5%), hand/foot syndrome (0%, 0% and 23.5%), and diarrhoea (1.3%, 1.3% and 7.6%). Palbociclib plus ET offered better quality of life (aHR for time to deterioration of global health status: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53-0.85). CONCLUSIONS There was no statistical superiority of palbociclib plus ET over capecitabine with respect to PFS in MBC patients resistant to AIs. Palbociclib plus ET showed a better safety profile and improved quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Medical Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Medicine Department, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain.
| | - C Zielinski
- Medical Oncology, Central European Cancer Center, Wiener Privatklinik Hospital, Vienna, Austria; CECOG Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ruiz-Borrego
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Carrasco
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Turner
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - E M Ciruelos
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, HM Hospitales Madrid, Madrid, Spain; SOLTI Group on Breast Cancer Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Muñoz
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Bermejo
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Margeli
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; B-ARGO Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - A Anton
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Z Kahan
- Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Csöszi
- Department of Oncology, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Hetenyi Geza Korhaz-Rendelőintezet, Szolnok, Hungary
| | - M I Casas
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Murillo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico de Zaragoza Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S Morales
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Lleida, Spain
| | - E Alba
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; UGCI Medical Oncology, Hospitales Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - E Gal-Yam
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Guerrero-Zotano
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Calvo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - J de la Haba-Rodriguez
- Oncology Biomedical Research National Network (CIBERONC-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba; Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC); Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Ramos
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro Oncológico de Galicia, A Coruña, Coruña, Spain
| | - I Alvarez
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Palomo
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital de León, León, Spain
| | | | - M Koehler
- Pfizer, USA; Repare Therapeutics, Cambridge, USA
| | - R Caballero
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - J A Garcia-Sáenz
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - J I Chacón
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Medical Oncology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - C Swift
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden, London, UK
| | - C Thallinger
- CECOG Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, Vienna, Austria; Department of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Department of Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Gil-Gil
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO) & IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marhold M, Topakian T, Agis H, Bartsch R, Berghoff AS, Brodowicz T, Fuereder T, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Kiesewetter B, Krainer M, Locker GJ, Marosi C, Prager G, Schmidinger M, Thallinger C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Raderer M, Preusser M, Lamm W. Thirteen-year analyses of medical oncology outpatient day clinic data: a changing field. ESMO Open 2020; 5:e000880. [PMID: 33051192 PMCID: PMC7555099 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel treatment modalities like targeted therapy and immunotherapy are currently changing treatment strategies and protocols in the field of medical oncology. Methods Numbers of patients and patient contacts admitted to medical oncology day clinics of a large European academic cancer centre in the period from 2006 to 2018 were analysed using our patient administration system. Results A patient cohort of 9.870 consecutive individual patients with 125.679 patient contacts was descriptively and retrospectively characterised. Mean age was 59.9 years. A substantial increase in both individual patients treated per year (+45.4%; 2006: 1.100; 2018: 1.599) and annual patient contacts (+63.3%; 2006: 8.857; 2018: 14.467) between 2006 and 2018 was detected. Hence and most interestingly, the ratio of visits per patient increased by approximately one visit per patient per year over the last 12 years (+12.4%; 2006: 8.0; 2018: 9.0). Further, a decrease of patient contacts in more prevalent entities like breast cancer was found, while contacts for orphan diseases like myeloma and sarcoma increased substantially. Interestingly, female patients showed more per patient contacts as compared with men (13.5 vs 11.9). Lastly, short-term safety data of outpatient day clinic admissions are reported. Conclusions We present a representative and large set of patient contacts over time that indicates an increasing load in routine clinical work of outpatient cancer care. Increases observed were highest for orphan diseases, likely attributed to centralisation effects and increased treatment complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Marhold
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
| | - Thais Topakian
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Hermine Agis
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Rupert Bartsch
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Brodowicz
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Thorsten Fuereder
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Aysegül Ilhan-Mutlu
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesewetter
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Krainer
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Gottfried J Locker
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Christine Marosi
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Gerald Prager
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Manuela Schmidinger
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Sabine Zöchbauer-Müller
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Raderer
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lamm
- Division of Oncology, Department for Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cufer T, Ciuleanu TE, Berzinec P, Galffy G, Jakopovic M, Jassem J, Jovanovic D, Mihaylova Z, Ostoros G, Thallinger C, Zemanova M, Zielinski C. Access to Novel Drugs for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Central and Southeastern Europe: A Central European Cooperative Oncology Group Analysis. Oncologist 2019; 25:e598-e601. [PMID: 32162818 PMCID: PMC7066717 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) improved substantially in the last decades. Novel targeted and immune‐oncologic drugs were introduced into routine treatment. Despite accelerated development and subsequent drug registrations by the European Medicinal Agency (EMA), novel drugs for NSCLC are poorly accessible in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Material and Methods The Central European Cooperative Oncology Group conducted a survey among experts from 10 CEE countries to provide an overview on the availability of novel drugs for NSCLC and time from registration to reimbursement decision in their countries. Results Although first‐generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors were reimbursed and available in all countries, for other registered therapies—even for ALK inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors in first‐line—there were apparent gaps in availability and/or reimbursement. There was a trend for better availability of drugs with longer time from EMA marketing authorization. Substantial differences in access to novel drugs among CEE countries were observed. In general, the availability of drugs is not in accordance with the Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (MCBS), as defined by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO). Time spans between drug registrations and national decisions on reimbursement vary greatly, from less than 3 months in one country to more than 1 year in the majority of countries. Conclusion The access to novel drugs for NSCLC in CEE countries is suboptimal. To enable access to the most effective compounds within the shortest possible time, reimbursement decisions should be faster and ESMO MCBS should be incorporated into decision making. Access to novel therapies is a factor contributing to disparities in cancer care. Limited drug availability is a challenge in Central and Eastern European countries, where financial and organizational shortages exist. This article reports a survey that investigated access to novel anti‐cancer drugs for non‐small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Cufer
- Medical Faculty Ljubljana, University Clinic GolnikLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Tudor E. Ciuleanu
- Department of Medical Oncology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of OncologyCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Peter Berzinec
- Department of Oncology, Hospital of St Zoerardus ZoborNitraSlovakia
| | - Gabriela Galffy
- Department of Chest Surgery, Pest County Pulmonology HospitalTörökbálintHungary
| | - Marko Jakopovic
- Department for Respiratory Disease Jordanovic, University Hospital Centre ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital of Pulmonology, Clinical Center of SerbiaBelgradeSerbia
| | | | - Gyula Ostoros
- Department of Pulmunology, National Koranyi Institute of PulmunologyBudapestHungary
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna – General HospitalViennaAustria and Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG)
| | - Milada Zemanova
- Department of Oncology, University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Vienna Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna – General HospitalViennaAustria and Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ryska A, Buiga R, Fakirova A, Kern I, Olszewski W, Plank L, Seiwerth S, Toth E, Zivka E, Thallinger C, Zielinski C, Brcic L. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Countries of Central and Southeastern Europe: Diagnostic Procedures and Treatment Reimbursement Surveyed by the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Oncologist 2018; 23:e152-e158. [PMID: 30076278 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This article analyzes the availability of different diagnostic procedures of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the reimbursement landscape of drugs for NSCLC in countries of central and southeastern Europe (CEE). A survey was conducted by the Central European Cooperative Oncology Group. Results of the survey show that both availability and reimbursement of diagnoses of molecular alterations in NSCLC, the detection of which is essential for therapeutic decisions, varies widely between countries of CEE. Not only is "reflex" testing often substituted by analyses performed only "on demand," but reimbursement of such assessments varies widely between unavailability and payments by the health care system or even pharmaceutical companies. It was concluded that a structured access to testing and reimbursement should be the aim in order to provide patients with appropriate therapeutic options. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This article provides an overview of the limitations in lung cancer treatment in countries of central and southeastern Europe, as well as the reimbursement status of various lung cancer treatment regimens in these countries, which directly impacts treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Ryska
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rares Buiga
- "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Albena Fakirova
- Department of Pathology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Lukas Plank
- Department of Pathology, Comenius University Jessenius Medical Faculty University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Institute of Pathology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Erika Toth
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eri Zivka
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Vienna Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Luka Brcic
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martín M, Hoffman J, Ruiz-Borrego M, Muñoz M, Calvo L, Crownover P, García-Sáenz JA, Alba E, Wang D, Thallinger C, Stradella A, Montaño Á, Adamo B, Antolín S, Moreno-Antón F, Falo C, Ruiz V, Martín N, Caballero R, Carrasco E, Gil-Gil M. Abstract P5-21-23: Evaluation of the drug interaction potential of palbociclib and exemestane – Results from the PEARL pharmacokinetic sub-Study. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p5-21-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Palbociclib (PAL) is an oral cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor that is under investigation in multiple oncologic clinical trials and is currently approved for use in combination with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) or fulvestrant (FUL) in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (BC).
The PEARL Study is an ongoing international, open label, controlled, randomized Phase 3 study comparing the efficacy and safety of PAL in combination with endocrine therapy (exemestane [EXE] or FUL) versus capecitabine in postmenopausal women with HR+/ HER2– metastatic BC whose disease progressed on AIs. A secondary objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PAL (125mg QD, 3 weeks on/1 week off) and EXE (25mg QD, continuously) when coadministered. This is the first study to investigate the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of the combination of PAL and the AI EXE.
Methods: Patients (pts) randomized to the PAL+EXE arm of the PEARL Study in seven selected sites had the option of participating in the PK sub-study. Those who enrolled in the PK sub-study received EXE alone in a 7-day lead-in period immediately prior to Cycle 1 Day 1, when both drugs were coadministered on their standard dosing regimens. Sub-study pts were to have 2 pre-dose plasma PK samples drawn at steady-state (ss) during the lead-in period ("EXE Alone") for EXE determination, and 2 ss PK samples drawn for EXE and PAL determination (2 per analyte) during coadministration ("PAL+EXE"). Plasma concentrations of PAL and EXE were measured using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. The withinpatient mean concentration of the PK samples which met ss acceptance criteria (WPM-Ctrough) for each analyte were generated for each treatment period as the input for DDI analyses.
To assess the effect of coadministration of PAL on EXE PK, the WPM-Ctrough of EXE was compared within patients between the "PAL+EXE" (Test) and "EXE Alone" (Reference) treatment periods using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model with treatment as a fixed effect and patient as a random effect. To assess the effect of coadministration of EXE on PAL PK, the WPM-Ctrough of PAL was compared between the "PAL+EXE" period (Test) and historical data (Reference) using an ANOVA model. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were used to assess the impact of demographic differences between analysis populations in covariates known to impact PAL PK on the ANOVA model conclusions.
Results: A total of 26 pts randomized to the PAL+EXE arm were enrolled in the PK sub-study and had PK samples analysed, of which 23 meet ss acceptance criteria. The ratio of the adjusted geometric means for EXE WPM-Ctrough was 106.9% (90%CI: 82.4-138.8), when EXE was administered with PAL, compared with its administration alone. Likewise, the models to assess potential for EXE to perpetrate DDI on PAL PK showed ratios of adjusted geometric means of 102.4% (90%CI: 82.0-127.9) and 111.6% (90%CI: 90.3137.8), when adjusted for covariates.
Conclusion: The PK data indicate a lack of a clinically meaningful DDI between PAL and EXE when the 2 drugs are coadministered.
Sponsor: GEICAM
Citation Format: Martín M, Hoffman J, Ruiz-Borrego M, Muñoz M, Calvo L, Crownover P, García-Sáenz JA, Alba E, Wang D, Thallinger C, Stradella A, Montaño Á, Adamo B, Antolín S, Moreno-Antón F, Falo C, Ruiz V, Martín N, Caballero R, Carrasco E, Gil-Gil M. Evaluation of the drug interaction potential of palbociclib and exemestane – Results from the PEARL pharmacokinetic sub-Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-21-23.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - J Hoffman
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - M Ruiz-Borrego
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - M Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - L Calvo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - P Crownover
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - JA García-Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - E Alba
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - D Wang
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - C Thallinger
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - A Stradella
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - Á Montaño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - B Adamo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - S Antolín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - F Moreno-Antón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - C Falo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - V Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - N Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - R Caballero
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - E Carrasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| | - M Gil-Gil
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer Group, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, CIBERONC-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Pfizer, Inc, CA; Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruna, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Regional y Virgen de la Victoria. IBIMA, Malaga, Spain; Univ. Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria; Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pfizer, Inc., CT
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Watch the video here. Building on our previous educational video on the interaction between cancer and the immune system, we highlight in this video the role of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the tumour microenvironment. We explain the function of important immune cell types found in the tumour microenvironment and how they interact with each other and with cancer cells. Dendritic cells take up tumour antigen and transport it to the regional lymph node for T cell priming. T cells are the main mediators of the adaptive immune system and kill tumour cells via release of cytotoxins. Macrophages are the main effector cells of the innate immune system and have various functions such as phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that bind to PD-1 or PD-L1, so called immune checkpoint inhibitors, prevent the interaction of these immune-suppressive molecules and thus facilitate an effective T cell-mediated antitumour immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Preusser M, Berghoff AS, Thallinger C, Zielinski C. CECOG educational illustrations: the blood-brain barrier and its relevance for targeted cancer therapies and immuno-oncology. ESMO Open 2017; 2:e000194. [PMID: 28761752 PMCID: PMC5519816 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Click here to view the Educational slides.
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from potentially harmful substances and molecules by limiting their influx from the blood stream into the brain parenchyma. Understanding the structure and functioning of the BBB is of major importance for the development of effective medical treatments for primary and secondary brain tumours. Therefore, we provide here a concise and illustrated educational description of the anatomy and physiology of the BBB and current concepts on its role for targeted cancer therapies and immuno-oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Central European Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Central European Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This educational video discusses and visualises the key steps of the complex interaction between cancer and the immune system. Essential steps of the cancer immune cycle take place in the tumour itself and in regional lymph nodes, with immune cells travelling between these distinct sites. Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells migrate into the tumour microenvironment and take up tumour antigens. Antigen-presenting cells travel to regional lymph nodes, where they present the tumour antigens to naïve T cells in order to initiate a tumour-specific T cell response. Activated tumour-specific T cells multiply by clonal expansion and enter the blood flow and travel from the regional lymph node to the tumour site. As soon as activated T cells arrive at the tumor site they start a tumour-specific immune response. Co-inhibitory receptors modulate the immune response and may be exploited by tumour cells to escape immunological destruction. In summary, the cancer immune cycle involves several pivotal steps that are essential for generation of a successful specific antitumour immune response. Importantly, dysfunction of a single step may interrupt the entire cycle, thus impairing the immune-mediated control of tumour growth. Immune modulatory therapies such as vaccines or immune checkpoint modulators target specific steps of the cancer immune cycle with the ultimate aim of facilitating an antitumour immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG) , Vienna , Austria
| | - Anna S Berghoff
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG) , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thallinger C, Lang I, Kuhar CG, Bartsch R, Singer CF, Petruzelka L, Melichar B, Knittelfelder R, Brodowicz T, Zielinski C. Phase II study on the efficacy and safety of Lapatinib administered beyond disease progression and combined with vinorelbine in HER-2/neu- positive advanced breast cancer: results of the CECOG LaVie trial. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:121. [PMID: 26887956 PMCID: PMC4758093 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vinorelbine constitutes effective chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and acts synergistically with trastuzumab in HER-2/neu positive disease. The present study was set out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vinorelbine when combined with lapatinib, an anti-HER2 tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, as late-line regimen administered beyond previous disease progression on prior lapatinib in patients with HER-2/neu- positive MBC. Methods The CECOG LaVie study was designed as open-labeled, single-arm, multicenter phase II trial. Patients had to be pretreated with lapatinib plus chemotherapy, and received lapatinib at a daily dose of 1250 mg in combination with vinorelbine 20 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8 of a three-week cycle until disease progression, intolerable toxicity or withdrawal of consent. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as primary study endpoint; secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), response rate according to RECIST 1.1, and safety. The study was terminated early due to poor accrual. Results A total number of nine patients were included; lapatinib administered beyond disease progression combined with vinorelbine resulted in a median PFS of 7.7 months (95 % CI 0.56-14.91) and a median OS of 23.4 months (95 % CI 16.61–30.13), respectively. Partial remission was seen in one of nine patients, three patients had stable disease of > six months, whereas the remaining five patients had primary disease progression. In two patients, modification of vinorelbine dose due to toxicity became necessary; no dose modification was needed for lapatinib. The majority of reported adverse events (AE) were grade 1 and 2 in severity with diarrhea being the most commonly observed AE Conclusion In this heavily pretreated patient population, combination of vinorelbine plus lapatinib showed encouraging activity and was characterized by an acceptable safety profile. Despite the low patient number, lapatinib plus vinorelbine may constitute a potential treatment option in heavily pretreated patients with HER-2/neu-positive MBC previously exposed to lapatinib. Trial registration EudraCT number 2009-016826-15, (15. 10.2009)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Schlagergasse 6/6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Lang
- National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u. 7-9, H-1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cvetka Grasic Kuhar
- Medical Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rupert Bartsch
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F Singer
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lubos Petruzelka
- Department of Oncology, Charles University Prague, U nemocnice 2, 12808, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacky University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, I.P. Pavlova 6, 77520, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Knittelfelder
- Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Schlagergasse 6/6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Brodowicz
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Schlagergasse 6/6, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Schlagergasse 6/6, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thallinger C, Lang I, Grasic Kuhar C, Bartsch R, Singer CF, Petruzelka LB, Melichar B, Knittelfelder R, Brodowicz T, Zielinski C. Phase II study on the efficacy and safety of lapatinib administered beyond disease progression and combined with vinorelbine in HER-2/ neu: Positive advanced breast cancer (CECOG LaVie Trial). J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e11603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna – General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Lang
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Rupert Bartsch
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lubos B. Petruzelka
- Department of Oncology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Onkologicka Klinika, Lekarska Fakulta Univerzity Palackeho a Fakultni Nemocnice, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Frass M, Friehs H, Thallinger C, Sohal NK, Marosi C, Muchitsch I, Gaertner K, Gleiss A, Schuster E, Oberbaum M. Influence of adjunctive classical homeopathy on global health status and subjective wellbeing in cancer patients - A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23:309-17. [PMID: 26051564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of complementary and alternative medicine has increased over the past decade. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether homeopathy influenced global health status and subjective wellbeing when used as an adjunct to conventional cancer therapy. DESIGN In this pragmatic randomized controlled trial, 410 patients, who were treated by standard anti-neoplastic therapy, were randomized to receive or not receive classical homeopathic adjunctive therapy in addition to standard therapy. The study took place at the Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were global health status and subjective wellbeing as assessed by the patients. At each of three visits (one baseline, two follow-up visits), patients filled in two different questionnaires. RESULTS 373 patients yielded at least one of three measurements. The improvement of global health status between visits 1 and 3 was significantly stronger in the homeopathy group by 7.7 (95% CI 2.3-13.0, p=0.005) when compared with the control group. A significant group difference was also observed with respect to subjective wellbeing by 14.7 (95% CI 8.5-21.0, p<0.001) in favor of the homeopathic as compared with the control group. Control patients showed a significant improvement only in subjective wellbeing between their first and third visits. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the global health status and subjective wellbeing of cancer patients improve significantly when adjunct classical homeopathic treatment is administered in addition to conventional therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frass
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; WissHom (Scientific Society for Homeopathy), Köthen, Germany.
| | - Helmut Friehs
- WissHom (Scientific Society for Homeopathy), Köthen, Germany.
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Narinderjit Kaur Sohal
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christine Marosi
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ilse Muchitsch
- Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists, Department Vienna, HomResearch, Interdisciplinary Homeopathic Research Group, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Gaertner
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ernst Schuster
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Menachem Oberbaum
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Center for Integrative Complementary Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the public perception of cancer care in Poland and Austria. Both countries are members of the European Union (EU) but reflect two extremes in health-related per capita spending. Recently, the EUROCARE-5 study reported on very discrepant cancer outcomes between the two countries. METHODS A one-time survey was conducted to compare the public perception of cancer treatment in Poland and Austria. In total, 3,649 subjects, representing the general population, cancer patients, and cancer patients' family members, were surveyed. RESULTS In both countries, cancer was considered the most challenging problem of the health care system, and health care was indicated as the most important issue influencing political election decisions. Polish compared with Austrian cancer patients gave a significantly lower positive assessment of overall cancer treatment efficacy and detection methods. Cancer cure rates estimated by Polish and Austrian citizens were 29% and 44%, respectively. The majority of all citizens interviewed thought that cancer patients should have access to all available registered cancer drugs. However, only 18% of Poles versus 62% of Austrians agreed with the notion that the available cancer treatment in their countries is of a standard comparable to that of other EU countries. Consequently, 24% of Poles and 7% of Austrians identified financial status, age, gender, and residence as factors influencing the availability of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In both countries, cancer is considered the most challenging problem of the health care system, and health care issues may strongly influence decisions for political elections. Vast differences in the two populations' perceptions of cancer care reflect actual cancer outcomes and the national per capita spending on health-related issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Thallinger
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna-General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magda Mrozik
- GfK - Institute of Opinion and Market Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Kornek
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna-General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Initiative "Leben mit Krebs," Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna-General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Initiative "Leben mit Krebs," Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jaindl M, Grünauer J, Platzer P, Endler G, Thallinger C, Leitgeb J, Kovar FM. The management of bite wounds in children--a retrospective analysis at a level I trauma centre. Injury 2012; 43:2117-21. [PMID: 22607996 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal bite wounds are a significant problem, which have caused several preventable child deaths in clinical practice in the past. The majority of bite wounds is caused by dogs and cats, and also humans have to be considered to lead to those extreme complicated diagnosis in the paediatric patient population. Early estimation of infection risk, adequate antibiotic therapy and, if indicated, surgical treatment, are cornerstones of successful cures of bite wounds. However, antibiotic prophylaxis and wound management are discussed controversially in the current literature. In our study, we retrospectively investigated the bite source, infection risk and treatment options of paediatric bite wounds. METHODS A total of 1592 paediatric trauma patients were analysed over a period of 19 years in this retrospective study at a level I trauma centre, Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Data for this study were obtained from our electronic patient records and follow-up visits. In our database, all paediatric patients triaged to our major urban trauma centre have been entered retrospectively. RESULTS During the 19-year study period, 1592 paediatric trauma patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 7.7 years (range 0-18.9), 878 (55.2%) were males and 714 (44.8%) were females. In our study population, a total of 698 dog bites (43.8%), 694 human bites (43.6%), 138 other bites (8.7%) and 62 cat bites (3.9%) have been observed. A total of 171 wounds (10.7%) have been infected. Surgical intervention was done in 27 wounds (1.7%). CONCLUSION Gender-related incidence in bite wounds for dog and cat could be detected. Second, our findings for originator of bite wounds reflect the findings in the published literature. Total infection rate reached 10.7%, primary antibiotic therapy was administered in 221 cases (13.9%) and secondary antibiotic therapy in 20 (1.3%) cases. Observed infection rate of punctured wounds and wounds greater than 3 cm was 3 times higher than for all other wounds. Our findings need to be proven in further prospective clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jaindl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Laimer D, Dolznig H, Kollmann K, Vesely PW, Schlederer M, Merkel O, Schiefer AI, Hassler MR, Heider S, Amenitsch L, Thallinger C, Staber PB, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Artaker M, Lagger S, Turner SD, Pileri S, Piccaluga PP, Valent P, Messana K, Landra I, Weichhart T, Knapp S, Shehata M, Todaro M, Sexl V, Höfler G, Piva R, Medico E, Ruggeri BA, Cheng M, Eferl R, Egger G, Penninger JM, Jaeger U, Moriggl R, Inghirami G, Kenner L. PDGFR blockade is a rational and effective therapy for NPM-ALK–driven lymphomas. Nat Med 2012; 18:1699-704. [PMID: 23064464 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma found in children and young adults. ALCLs frequently carry a chromosomal translocation that results in expression of the oncoprotein nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK). The key molecular downstream events required for NPM-ALK-triggered lymphoma growth have been only partly unveiled. Here we show that the activator protein 1 family members JUN and JUNB promote lymphoma development and tumor dissemination through transcriptional regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRB) in a mouse model of NPM-ALK-triggered lymphomagenesis. Therapeutic inhibition of PDGFRB markedly prolonged survival of NPM-ALK transgenic mice and increased the efficacy of an ALK-specific inhibitor in transplanted NPM-ALK tumors. Notably, inhibition of PDGFRA and PDGFRB in a patient with refractory late-stage NPM-ALK(+) ALCL resulted in rapid, complete and sustained remission. Together, our data identify PDGFRB as a previously unknown JUN and JUNB target that could be a highly effective therapy for ALCL.
Collapse
|
22
|
Leeb C, Jurga M, McGuckin C, Forraz N, Thallinger C, Moriggl R, Kenner L. New perspectives in stem cell research: beyond embryonic stem cells. Cell Prolif 2011; 44 Suppl 1:9-14. [PMID: 21481037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although stem cell research is a rather new field in modern medicine, media soon popularized it. The reason for this hype lies in the potential of stem cells to drastically increase quality of life through repairing aging and diseased organs. Nevertheless, the essence of stem cell research is to understand how tissues are maintained during adult life. In this article, we summarize the various types of stem cells and their differentiation potential in vivo and in vitro. We review current clinical applications of stem cells and highlight problems encountered when going from animal studies to clinical practice. Furthermore, we describe the current state of induced pluripotent stem cell technology and applications for disease modelling and cell replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Leeb
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mauric O, Thallinger C, Kugler SA, Joukhadar SM, Kovar FM, Konz KH, Graninger W, Joukhadar C. The ability of fluconazole to penetrate into ventilated, healthy and inflamed lung tissue in a model of severe sepsis in rats. Pharmacology 2011; 87:130-4. [PMID: 21502769 DOI: 10.1159/000323738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We measured the extracellular concentrations of fluconazole in lung tissue of septic and healthy rats. METHODS A single intravenous dose of 6 mg/kg total body weight of fluconazole was administered intravenously to rats following insertion of microdialysis probes into lung tissue. Another probe was inserted into skeletal muscle and served as control. RESULTS The mean peak concentration (C(max)), time to C(max), area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 0 to 6 h (fAUC(0-6)) and area under the concentration-versus-time curve from 0 to ∞ of unbound fluconazole for healthy lung were 11.0 ± 2.3 mg/l, 1.9 ± 1.5 h, 47.4 ± 8.6 mg·h/l and 233.7 ± 121.1 mg·h/l, respectively. The corresponding values for inflamed lung were 11.8 ± 1.7 mg/l, 1.5 ± 0.0 h, 52.9 ± 6.2 mg·h/l and 212.6 ± 79.7 mg·h/l, respectively. The mean apparent terminal elimination half-lives of fluconazole ranged from 12.3 to 22.4 h between compartments. The ratios of the fAUC(0-6) for lung to the fAUC(0-6) for plasma were 1.38 ± 0.39 and 1.32 ± 0.04 for healthy and inflamed lung, respectively. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that free fluconazole levels in plasma, the extracellular space fluid of lung tissue and skeletal muscle are almost superimposable during inflammatory and normal conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Mauric
- J&P Medical Research Ltd., Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tzaneva S, Kittler H, Thallinger C, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczema. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009; 25:101-5. [PMID: 19292787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both oral and bath PUVA with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema. However, most studies were retrospective and did not include longer follow-up periods. AIM To compare the therapeutic efficacy, tolerability and duration of remission after oral vs. bath PUVA using 8-MOP in patients with chronic palmoplantar eczema. METHODS Twenty-nine patients were randomly allocated to treatment with oral or bath PUVA. Treatment was given thrice weekly for a maximum of 20 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the improvement in eczema score at the end of treatment. After clearing patients were followed up until relapse or up to 40 months. RESULTS Overall, both PUVA modalities appeared comparably effective. However, after stratifying according to eczema type, significant differences in therapeutic outcome in general as well as in response to the two regimes were found. Dyshidrotic eczema responded better to both treatments (P=0.048) and remained longer in remission than hyperkeratotic eczema. Hyperkeratotic eczema cleared significantly better with oral than with bath PUVA (P=0.03). CONCLUSION Oral PUVA is preferable for patients with hyperkeratotic eczema and bath PUVA for patients with dyshidrotic eczema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Tzaneva
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Traunmüller F, Thallinger C, Hausdorfer J, Lambers C, Tzaneva S, Kampitsch T, Endler G, Joukhadar C. Tigecycline has no effect on cytokine release in an ex vivo endotoxin model of human whole blood. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:583-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Traunmüller F, Fille M, Thallinger C, Joukhadar C. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in peripheral soft tissues. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:72-5. [PMID: 19380214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on clinicians' expectations of high concentrations of telithromycin (TEL) in tissues, combined with its excellent in vitro antimicrobial characteristics, TEL is casually considered as a potential therapeutic option for the therapy of minor cases of soft tissue or bite-wound infections. To clarify this clinically important issue, the present investigation was carried out to measure the pharmacokinetic profile of TEL in the interstitial space fluid (ISF) of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue by means of the microdialysis technique in 10 healthy subjects following repetitive daily doses of 800 mg TEL. These data were compared with free concentrations of TEL determined in plasma. External controls for the present examination were the use of historic, single-dose data collected by our study group utilising identical methods and the same trial subjects. Despite an increase in the median half-life from ca. 3 h after a single dose to ca. 10h at steady-state conditions in all compartments, accumulation of TEL in ISF of soft tissues and plasma was clinically non-relevant. Median free peak concentrations in plasma, skeletal muscle and subcutis were 0.52, 0.13 and 0.19 mg/L, respectively. The median ratios of the tissue to plasma free areas under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 24 h (fAUC(0-24) tissue/fAUC(0-24) plasma) were 0.27 and 0.58 for muscle and subcutis, respectively (P>0.05). The present multiple-dose investigation of TEL is in line with a previous single-dose study confirming that TEL 800 mg/day may not be optimally effective in the therapy of soft tissue infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Traunmüller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Werzowa J, Cejka D, Fuereder T, Dekrout B, Thallinger C, Pehamberger H, Wacheck V, Pratscher B. Suppression of mTOR complex 2-dependent AKT phosphorylation in melanoma cells by combined treatment with rapamycin and LY294002. Br J Dermatol 2008; 160:955-64. [PMID: 19120326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) with rapamycin leads to phosphorylation of AKT in some cancer cells, with unknown biological consequences. The role of this phosphorylation in melanoma is unknown, although preliminary clinical data indicate poor activity of rapalogues in melanoma. OBJECTIVES We aimed at elucidating the role of AKT phosphorylation after mTORC1 inhibition in melanoma cells. METHODS Western blotting, apoptosis assays, cell cycle analyses and viability assays were performed to analyse the effects of rapamycin and LY294002 treatment on melanoma cells. For suppression of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) an siRNA directed against rictor was used. RESULTS Rapamycin showed limited effects on cell viability but resulted in strong and lasting AKT phosphorylation in melanoma cells. Combined PI3K/mTOR inhibition with LY294002 had pronounced effects on viability but also led to increased AKT phosphorylation after prolonged treatment. In contrast, combination of rapamycin plus LY294002 suppressed AKT phosphorylation. Suppression of AKT phosphorylation did not correlate with decreases in cell viability. Inhibition of mTORC2 led to reduced levels of phosphorylated AKT. CONCLUSIONS mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin and with LY294002 can lead to AKT phosphorylation in melanoma cells via mTORC2. Combination of rapamycin and LY294002 suppresses AKT phosphorylation but without significant effect on treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Werzowa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thallinger C, Skorjanec S, Soleiman A, Tzaneva S, Griss J, Rous W, Poeppl W, Weinlich G, Karimian-Teherani D, Joukhadar C. Orally Administered Rapamycin, Dacarbazine or Both for Treatment of Human Melanoma Evaluated in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice. Pharmacology 2008; 82:233-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000156490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Kaehler S, Marsik C, Heinisch B, Thallinger C, Sauermann R, Kazemi-Shirazi L, Wagner O, Joukhadar C. S-ibuprofen effectively inhibits thromboxane B2 levels and platelet function in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated and non-stimulated whole blood. Pharmacology 2007; 81:181-6. [PMID: 18043009 DOI: 10.1159/000111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at testing the effect of S- and R-ibuprofen on thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), collagen-epinephrine closure time (CEPI-CT) and collagen-adenosine 5'-diphosphate closure time (CADP-CT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-stimulated human whole blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood was incubated with S- or R-ibuprofen with and without prior stimulation with LPS. To verify ibuprofen's potential effects on TXB(2), varying ratios of concentrations of S- and R-ibuprofen ranging from 0 to 100% were used. TXB(2) levels were measured by ELISA. The effects of S- and R-ibuprofen enantiomers on platelet aggregability were tested utilizing a PFA-100 apparatus. RESULTS In non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated whole blood, S-ibuprofen markedly decreased TXB(2) levels at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 microg/ml. R-ibuprofen showed its inhibiting effect at concentrations >100 microg/ml. In inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions, CEPI-CT was prolonged at concentrations of 12.5 and 75 microg/ml for S-ibuprofen and at a concentration of 150 microg/ml of combined R- and S-ibuprofen. S-ibuprofen was significantly more effective than R-ibuprofen (p < 0.05). The combined use of S- and R-ibuprofen did not additively or synergistically prolong CEPI-CTs. CADP-CTs remained unaffected by both enantiomers. CONCLUSIONS S-ibuprofen was more effective than the R-ibuprofen enantiomer in inhibiting TXB(2) plasma levels and aggregability of thrombocytes in non-inflammatory and inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kaehler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thallinger C, Buerger C, Plock N, Kljucar S, Wuenscher S, Sauermann R, Kloft C, Joukhadar C. Effect of severity of sepsis on tissue concentrations of linezolid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 61:173-6. [PMID: 17999976 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, we examined whether differences in the severity of sepsis translate to differences in the pharmacokinetic profile of linezolid in plasma and the interstitium of target tissues after a single intravenous dose of 600 mg by means of the microdialysis technique. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 24 patients were included in the trial. Sixteen patients suffered from septic shock and eight patients presented with severe sepsis. Sepsis was diagnosed and verified according to the criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee. Historic data derived from a previous study determining the pharmacokinetic profiles of linezolid in tissues and plasma in young healthy volunteers served as controls. RESULTS In the present study, the AUC for free linezolid from 0 to 24 h (fAUC(0-24)) ranged from 50 to 71 mg x h/L after single-dose administration in patients presenting with severe sepsis or septic shock. The mathematically extrapolated fAUC(0-24) ranged from 100 to 146 mg x h/L for twice-daily administration and a dosing interval of 12 h. No statistically significant difference in key pharmacokinetic parameters was detected between patients suffering from severe sepsis and septic shock (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that the severity of sepsis has no substantial effect on the pharmacokinetic profile of linezolid in plasma and in the interstitium of soft tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Werzowa J, Cejka D, Dekrout B, Fuereder T, Thallinger C, Pehamberger H, Wacheck V, Pratscher B. mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin or LY294002 alone but not in combination leads to AKT phosphorylation via mTORC2 in melanoma cells. BMC Pharmacol 2007. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-7-s2-a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
32
|
Thallinger C, Rothenburger M, Marsik C, Wuenscher S, Popovic M, Endler G, Wagner O, Joukhadar C. Daptomycin does not exert immunomodulatory effects in an experimental endotoxin model of human whole blood. Pharmacology 2007; 81:57-62. [PMID: 17851272 DOI: 10.1159/000108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that distinct classes of antimicrobial agents might exert immunomodulatory effects in experimental settings. Daptomycin is the first member of the class of cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics, which exert their antimicrobial activity via a unique mode of action on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Thus, we tested its ability to influence pro-inflammatory cytokines by use of an established experimental model of human endotoxemia. METHODS A controlled experimental study design with 4 parallel groups was used. Whole blood from 10 healthy male volunteers was incubated either with saline (negative control), daptomycin (40 microg/ml, control), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 pg/ml, positive control), or the combination of daptomycin plus LPS for 4 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized for the measurement of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1 beta, IL-6 (high sensitivity) and TNF-alpha on the mRNA level. Protein concentrations of these respective cytokines were measured in the supernatant using a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS Incubation of whole blood with LPS significantly increased protein and mRNA levels of cytokines compared to baseline (p < 0.05). However, the combination of daptomycin plus LPS did not exert any significant effect on mRNA and protein levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6 (high sensitivity) and TNF-alpha after 2 and 4 h of incubation compared to LPS incubation alone. CONCLUSION Daptomycin does not affect pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early phase of endotoxemia. This is most likely due to the unique mode of action of daptomycin, its low potential to penetrate into human cells and its high affinity to bacterial cytoplasmic membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thallinger C, Werzowa J, Poeppl W, Kovar FM, Pratscher B, Valent P, Quehenberger P, Joukhadar C. Comparison of a treatment strategy combining CCI-779 plus DTIC versus DTIC monotreatment in human melanoma in SCID mice. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:2411-7. [PMID: 17508024 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the antineoplastic potential of a novel treatment strategy combining cell cycle inhibitor-779 (CCI-779) plus dacarbazine (DTIC) versus DTIC monotreatment, the current chemotherapeutic mainstay in combating metastatic melanoma. A controlled four-group parallel study design comprising 24-40 mice per tumor cell line was used in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-mouse xenotransplantation model. SCID mice were injected with 518A2, Mel-JUSO, or 607B human melanoma cells. After they developed tumors, mice received daily CCI-779 or solvent over 14 days. From treatment day 4-8 mice were additionally injected with DTIC or saline. Treatment with CCI-779 plus DTIC was superior to single agent DTIC in two out of three cell lines (P<0.05). The tumor weight reduction was 44+/-17 and 61+/-6% compared with DTIC monotreatment in Mel-JUSO and 607B melanomas, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, in 518A2 xenotransplants, CCI-779 plus DTIC treatment was as effective as DTIC monotreatment. CCI-779 monotherapy exerted no statistically significant antitumor effect. Collectively, these data indicate that CCI-779 has the potential to increase the chemotherapeutic efficacy, as the combination of CCI-779 plus DTIC proved to be more efficacious compared to DTIC monotherapy in two out of three melanoma cell lines in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thallinger C, Poeppl W, Pratscher B, Mayerhofer M, Valent P, Tappeiner G, Joukhadar C. CCI-779 plus cisplatin is highly effective against human melanoma in a SCID mouse xenotranplantation model. Pharmacology 2007; 79:207-13. [PMID: 17377418 DOI: 10.1159/000101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study set out to investigate the antitumor effects of a treatment strategy combining the mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 with cisplatin in vitro and in a human melanoma SCID mouse model. METHODS In vitro 518A2, Mel-JUSO or 607B cell lines were incubated with CCI-779, cisplatin and CCI-779 plus cisplatin. Based on these results, a 4-group, parallel, controlled experimental study design was initiated in vivo. SCID mice were injected with melanoma cells, and after the development of tumors the mice received daily injections of CCI-779 or solvent. On treatment days 2 and 6 cisplatin or mock solution were administered. RESULTS In vitro a synergistic antitumor effect was observed for the treatment regimen of CCI-779 plus cisplatin. In SCID mice after 2 weeks of therapy with CCI-779 plus cisplatin 4 of 6 tumors of the 518A2 cell line were completely eradicated. In the two remaining 518A2 xenografts this treatment strategy reduced the tumor weight by 94 +/- 9% compared to solvent. CCI-779 plus cisplatin also exerted a significant antitumor effect in Mel-JUSO and 607B xenografts compared to mock-treated animals. CONCLUSION We provide circumstantial evidence that the use of CCI-779 plus cisplatin might qualify as a promising strategy in the treatment of human melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thallinger C, Joukhadar C. Cytochrom-P450 mediierte Arzneimittelinteraktionen mit Antibiotika. Wien Med Wochenschr 2006; 156:508-14. [PMID: 17041808 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-006-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on drug interactions with commonly prescribed antibiotics. With each drug coadministered, the likelihood of an adverse interaction increases exponentially. Thus, poly-pharmacotherapy possesses important clinical challenges for clinicians and exposes patients to potentially life-threatening risks. In particular, following co-administration of drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, anticoagulants and antiarrhythmics, which are characterized by narrow therapeutic windows, even small changes in plasma levels can cause serious adverse reactions and/or therapeutic failure. The hepatic and intestinal cytochrome, or CYP-450 enzyme system is responsible for the biotransformation of a multitude of drugs and is frequently involved in drug interactions. The present review therefore presents a comprehensive overview on potential drug interactions with antibiotics, which are mediated by the cytochrome-P450-enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Universitätsklinik für Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin I, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thallinger C, Urbauer E, Lackner E, Graselli U, Kostner K, Wolzt M, Joukhadar C. The ability of statins to protect low density lipoprotein from oxidation in hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 43:551-7. [PMID: 16372516 DOI: 10.5414/cpp43551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear at the present time whether hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; statins) exert a protective effect on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation in vivo. In addition, it is speculated that pharmacological differences between statins may account for differences in their antioxidative capacities. This is of clinical relevance, because there is strong evidence that oxidized LDL initiates the atherosclerosis process. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a controlled, randomized, double-blind study we compared the effects of three different statins (simvastatin, pravastatin and atorvastatin) on the ability to protect LDL from oxidation in 70 hypercholesterolemic but otherwise healthy subjects. Statins were administered in doses which were nearly equi-effective in lowering LDL-cholesterol. Changes in LDL oxidation were measured using diene conjugation (DIENES) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) at entry and three months after beginning therapy with the statins. RESULTS Levels of DIENES, usually generated during the early phases of lipid peroxidation, were significantly reduced by 10.2 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- SEM; p < 0.03), 6.0 +/- 2.0% (p < 0.005) versus baseline in the case of pravastatin and atorvastatin but simvastatin had no significant effect with a mean reduction of 5.5 +/- 6.4% (p > 0.23). Levels of TBARS, reflecting late phases of LDL oxidation, showed no significant changes against baseline (p > 0.34). Pooled data (n = 70) indicated that statins reduce DIENES levels by approximately 9% versus baseline (p < 0.005) but had no significant effect on TBARS levels (p > 0.29) after three months of therapy. CONCLUSION This study showed that atorvastatin and pravastatin were capable of protecting LDL from oxidation in vivo in the early treatment phase. Pooled data levels of DIENES were significantly affected by statin therapy over a period of 3 months. No protective effect appeared to be present in the late phases of oxidation evaluated using measurement of TBARS but it should be noted that the clinical impact of such observations are currently discussed controversially in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heere-Ress E, Boehm J, Thallinger C, Hoeller C, Wacheck V, Birner P, Wolff K, Pehamberger H, Jansen B. Thalidomide enhances the anti-tumor activity of standard chemotherapy in a human melanoma xenotransplatation model. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:201-6. [PMID: 16098027 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that thalidomide's anti-angiogenic properties result in clear anti-tumor activity in a number of human malignancies. We studied thalidomide in a human melanoma severe combined immunodeficiency mouse xenotransplantation model. Thalidomide as a single agent showed a significant tumor reduction of 46% compared with the control group. Thalidomide combined with dacarbazine treatment markedly enhanced the anti-tumor effect of chemotherapy and showed a significant tumor reduction relative to the dacarbazine-only group (61%) and even more tumor reduction (74%) compared with the control group. We also measured clearly reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the thalidomide-treated group. A significantly lower microvessel density was encountered in the thalidomide treatment groups (thalidomide alone or combined with DTIC), underscoring the anti-angiogenic effect of thalidomide as a single agent as well as in combination with chemotherapy in this model. In line with these results, we observed a nearly 3-fold increase of apoptosis for the combination of thalidomide and DTIC compared with the rate of apoptotic cells in DTIC-only-treated melanoma xenotransplants. These data underline the rationale for combining dacarbazine--a cytotoxic agent--and thalidomide--an anti-angiogenic cytostatic agent--as a promising strategy for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Heere-Ress
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hoeller C, Thallinger C, Pratscher B, Bister MD, Schicher N, Loewe R, Heere-Ress E, Roka F, Sexl V, Pehamberger H. The non-receptor-associated tyrosine kinase Syk is a regulator of metastatic behavior in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:1293-9. [PMID: 15955106 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive neoplastic transformations and characterized by a high metastatic potential. The current study was performed to assess the impact of "spleen tyrosine kinase" (Syk), a non-receptor-associated tyrosine kinase, on growth and metastatic behavior of melanoma cells in vitro and in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)-mouse/human-melanoma xenotransplantation model in vivo. Syk was expressed in melanocytes but was found to be downregulated in melanoma cells. Vector-driven expression of Syk in two different melanoma cell lines did not influence growth speed, but significantly reduced the invasive growth potential of both cell lines in a Matrigel assay in vitro. In a SCID-mouse/human melanoma xenotransplantation model, Syk expressing Mel-Juso cells exhibited delayed and reduced tumor growth. After intravenous as well as subcutaneous injection of tumor cells, Syk-transfected cells formed significantly fewer metastatic tumor lesions than control cells. The presented data define Syk as a novel regulator of metastatic behavior of melanoma cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hoeller C, Pratscher B, Thallinger C, Winter D, Fink D, Kovacic B, Sexl V, Wacheck V, Gleave ME, Pehamberger H, Jansen B. Clusterin regulates drug-resistance in melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:1300-7. [PMID: 15955107 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin has recently been shown to act as an antiapoptotic protein that confers drug-resistance in models of epithelial tumors. The aim of our work was to provide an insight into a possible role of clusterin in the regulation of drug-resistance in melanoma. In tissue samples, clusterin expression was low in nevi, but high in primary melanoma and melanoma metastases. Clusterin was also strongly expressed in melanoma cell lines, but was barely detectable in cultured melanocytes. To elucidate a possible role of clusterin in drug-resistance of melanoma, clusterin expression was regulated by either plasmid-driven overexpression or by antisense-mediated downregulation. Clusterin overexpression was associated with an increase in drug-resistance, i.e., with an increased survival of melanoma cells in the presence of cytotoxic drugs. In contrast, downregulation of clusterin by 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl (2'MOE)-modified antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) directed against clusterin mRNA significantly reduced drug-resistance, i.e., decreased survival of melanoma cells in the presence of cytotoxic drugs. To evaluate the effects of clusterin-antisense treatment in vivo, we applied an SCID-mouse/human-melanoma xenotransplantation model. Pre-treatment of mice with the 2'MOE-modified clusterin AS-ODN was associated with a significantly improved tumor response to dacarbazine as compared with animals pretreated with a scrambled control oligonucleotide. Taken together, we show that clusterin is strongly expressed in melanoma. Downregulation of clusterin reduces drug-resistance, i.e., reduces melanoma cell survival in response to cytotoxic drugs in vitro and in vivo. Thus, reducing clusterin expression may provide a novel tool to overcome drug-resistance in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Skvara H, Thallinger C, Wacheck V, Monia BP, Pehamberger H, Jansen B, Selzer E. Mcl-1 blocks radiation-induced apoptosis and inhibits clonogenic cell death. Anticancer Res 2005; 25:2697-703. [PMID: 16080514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, can modulate radio- and/or chemosensitivity of human malignancies. Since no information is available on the role Mcl-1 may play in the radioresponse of tumor cells, the relationship between Mcl-1 expression and response to ionizing radiation (IR) was investigated using an antisense strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human melanoma cells were treated with Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and IR. The effects of antisense treatment alone or in combination with IR on proliferation, induction of apoptosis and clonogenic cell death were evaluated. RESULTS ASO treatment in combination with IR reduced the mean cell numbers 9.5-fold compared to a 2.6-fold reduction after ASO treatment alone and a 1.6- fold reduction after IR alone. The percentages of apoptosis measured (means +/- SD) were 49% +/- 3.0 in antisense/IR-treated cultures compared to 1.3% +/- 0.5, 14.3% +/- 0.5, 7.3% +/- 1.1 and 10.3% +/- 0.6 in ASO controls, in antisense-treated, in IR-treated and in antisense control plus IR-treated cells, respectively. Colony formation assays demonstrated a synergistic effect of Mcl-1 down-regulation with IR. CONCLUSION Mcl-1 expression affects the radioresistance of human melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Skvara
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Thallinger C, Wolschek MF, Maierhofer H, Skvara H, Pehamberger H, Monia BP, Jansen B, Wacheck V, Selzer E. Mcl-1 is a novel therapeutic target for human sarcoma: synergistic inhibition of human sarcoma xenotransplants by a combination of mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides with low-dose cyclophosphamide. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4185-91. [PMID: 15217956 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the role that Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member, plays in solid tumor biology and susceptibility to anticancer therapy. We observed that the Mcl-1 protein is widely expressed in human sarcoma cell lines of different histological origin (n = 7). Because the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins can significantly contribute to the chemoresistance of human malignancies, we used an antisense strategy to address this issue in sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SCID mice (n = 6/group) received s.c. injections of SW872 liposarcoma cells. After development of palpable tumors, mice were treated by s.c.-implanted miniosmotic pumps prefilled with saline or antisense or universal control oligonucleotides (20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks). On days 2, 6, and 10, mice were treated with low-dose cyclophosphamide (35 mg/kg i.p) or saline control. During the experiments, tumor weight was assessed twice weekly by caliper measurements. On day 14, animals were sacrificed. Tumors were weighed and fixed in formalin for immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling analysis. RESULTS Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides specifically reduced Mcl-1 protein expression but produced no reduction in tumor weight compared with saline-treated control animals. Cyclophosphamide monotreatment caused only modest tumor weight reduction compared with saline control. However, use of Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides combined with cyclophosphamide clearly enhanced tumor cell apoptosis and significantly reduced tumor weight by more than two-thirds compared with respective control treatments. CONCLUSION A combination of Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides with low-dose cyclophosphamide provides a synergistic antitumor effect and might qualify as a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance in human sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ziegler S, Kostner K, Thallinger C, Bur A, Brunner M, Wolzt M, Joukhadar C. Wine Ingestion Has No Effect on Lipid Peroxidation Products. Pharmacology 2005; 75:152-6. [PMID: 16166818 DOI: 10.1159/000088291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with beneficial effects on coronary heart disease. This positive effect has been partly attributed to the flavonol contents which promote vasodilatory, anti-aggregatory and antioxidative effects and protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol from oxidation. Thus, the present study was carried out to determine the acute effects of different wines on LDL oxidization in healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy male and female subjects (15/group) on a flavonol-restricted diet were randomly assigned to drink 300 ml wine from one of four different grapes and fermentation processes. Conjugated fatty acid dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as a measure of LDL oxidation in serum at baseline and up to 96 h after wine ingestion. RESULTS At baseline, mean conjugated dienes in serum were 12.5+/-6.2 micromol/l and mean TBARS in serum were 15.7+/-8.1 micromol/l. There were no differences between the groups and no effect of any wine type on conjugated dienes (p=0.15) or TBARS (p=0.38) over time. 96 h following wine ingestion, the mean conjugated dienes were 12.1+/-4.12 micromol/l and mean TBARS were 16.4+/-8.8 micromol/l (pooled data, n=60). CONCLUSION Ingestion of 300 ml wine does not protect LDL from oxidation in vivo in healthy subjects. However, this does not exclude an effect of habitual wine consumption on LDL plasma oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hafner C, Breiteneder H, Ferrone S, Thallinger C, Wagner S, Schmidt WM, Jasinska J, Kundi M, Wolff K, Zielinski CC, Scheiner O, Wiedermann U, Pehamberger H. Suppression of human melanoma tumor growth in SCID mice by a human high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) specific monoclonal antibody. Int J Cancer 2005; 114:426-32. [PMID: 15578703 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The lack of efficacy of available therapies for the treatment of malignant melanoma has emphasized the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent melanoma growth. We have tested whether the anti-HMW-MAA mAb 225.28S is able to inhibit human melanoma tumor growth in SCID mice because in vitro data suggested that this antigen plays a role in spreading, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. Tumors were established by subcutaneous injection of the human melanoma cell line 518A2 into SCID mice. When tumors reached a size of 5 mm, the mAb 225.28S was administered intravenously 4 times in 3 day intervals at 100 microg/injection. Within 14 days after the first administration of the mAb 225.28S, tumor growth was reduced by 52% as compared to control mice. Three hundred and seven genes of >20,000 genes contained on the GeneChip were changed in their expression level at least 2-fold after administration of the mAb 225.28S. The encoded proteins were mostly components or modifiers of the extracellular matrix, tumor suppressors, and melanogenesis associated proteins. Surprisingly, the administration of the control mAb that did not lead to a significant tumor growth inhibition in vivo resulted in the modulation of two-thirds of these genes. This is the first report of suppression of human melanoma tumor growth in SCID mice by the mAb 225.28S. Our results suggest that anti-HMW-MAA mAbs may represent useful reagents to apply passive immunotherapy to patients with malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pirker C, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Elbling L, Thallinger C, Pehamberger H, Micksche M, Berger W. Chromosomal imbalances in primary and metastatic melanomas: over-representation of essential telomerase genes. Melanoma Res 2004; 13:483-92. [PMID: 14512790 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200310000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization was used to map copy number abnormalities in 48 short-term cell cultures established from different stages and types of human melanoma. A variety of random and non-random chromosomal alterations were detected, with gains within chromosomes 20q, 7q, 7p, 20p, 6p and 17q and losses in 9p, 10q, 6q, 10p, 4q, and 11q being the most common observations. In addition, several other chromosomal loci were over- or under-represented in subgroups of melanomas. For example, sequences on 3q26 were over-represented in 33% and on 5p15.33 in 27% of cell cultures, reaching the level of amplification in 12% and 22%, respectively. These regions harbour the two essential genes for the enzyme telomerase: the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) on 5p15.33 and the telomerase RNA component gene (hTERC) on 3q26. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and Southern blot analysis, both genes were shown to be over-represented or amplified in several melanomas. Interestingly, hTERT amplification was abundant in superficial spreading primary melanomas, subcutaneous metastases and malignant effusion-derived cells, but completely absent or very rare in primary nodular melanomas as well as brain, bone and lymph node metastases. Several chromosomes or chromosomal regions harbouring telomerase-suppressing activities (3p, 4, 6 and 10p) were frequently under-represented in melanomas. Our data suggest that genetic alterations at several chromosomal loci might facilitate activation of telomerase during the development of cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Applied and Experimental Oncology, and Division of Cell Biology, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Advanced colon cancer is a malignancy with poor response to various treatment modalities including ionising radiation (IR) and chemotherapy. Both IR and chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to act by inducing apoptosis, a type of cell death antagonised by the Bcl-xL gene product. Since approximately 60% of human colon cancers express Bcl-xL, it was the aim of this study to explore the potential of Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides as a novel radiosensitisation strategy. Caco-2 colon cancer cells were treated with Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotides in combination with IR or cisplatin, and Bcl-xL protein expression, apoptosis, cell viability and clonogenic survival were examined. Bcl-xL antisense oligonucleotide specifically reduced the Bcl-xL protein level by almost 50% in Caco-2 cells. The decreased threshold for the induction of apoptosis resulted in a 300% increase of apoptosis after IR or cisplatin treatment and led to a 60% reduction of cell proliferation beyond response rates achieved with IR. These data suggest that Bcl-xL is an important factor contributing to the treatment resistance of human colon cancer. Specific reduction of Bcl-xL protein levels by antisense oligonucleotides qualifies as a promising therapeutic strategy for colon cancer that may help overcome resistance and improve clinical outcome in this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Wacheck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Selzer
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Günsberg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Lucas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B P Monia
- Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - B Jansen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology/Molecular Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- The Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2733 Heather Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 3J5
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mikula M, Gotzmann J, Fischer ANM, Wolschek MF, Thallinger C, Schulte-Hermann R, Beug H, Mikulits W. The proto-oncoprotein c-Fos negatively regulates hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2003; 22:6725-38. [PMID: 14555986 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes adopt an invasive and metastatic phenotype caused by the cooperation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and oncogenic Ha-Ras. In the initial phase of this process, c-Fos is rapidly induced by TGF-beta, but then decreases to undetectable levels. Here, we investigated the functional implications of c-Fos activation and its contribution to hepatocellular tumorigenesis. By employing conditional c-Fos expression, we observed that continuous activation of c-Fos and consequently AP-1 activity leads to depolarization of differentiated murine epithelial hepatocytes. Most remarkably, this change in morphology was associated with inhibition of proliferation and induction of cell death. Coexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-XL or scavenging of reactive oxygen species was sufficient to prevent the c-Fos-mediated phenotype. In contrast, the cooperation of c-Fos with oncogenic Ha-Ras or a Ras mutant selectively activating the MAPK pathway even enhanced c-Fos-induced effects. Showing the negative role in hepatocellular tumorigenesis, c-Fos repressed oncogenic Ras-driven anchorage-independent growth in vitro and strongly suppressed tumour formation in vivo. Taken together, we demonstrate that c-Fos modulates plasticity of epithelial hepatocytes and acts tumour suppressive in neoplastic hepatocytes by stimulating cell cycle inhibition and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mikula
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Borschke-Gasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Thallinger C, Wolschek MF, Wacheck V, Maierhofer H, Günsberg P, Polterauer P, Pehamberger H, Monia BP, Selzer E, Wolff K, Jansen B. Mcl-1 antisense therapy chemosensitizes human melanoma in a SCID mouse xenotransplantation model. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:1081-6. [PMID: 12787138 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that high expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL can significantly contribute to chemoresistance in a number of human malignancies. Much less is known about the role the more recently described Bcl-2 family member Mcl-1 might play in tumor biology and resistance to chemotherapy. Using an antisense strategy, we here address this issue in melanoma, a paradigm of a treatment-resistant malignancy. After in vitro proof of principle supporting an antisense mechanism of action with specific reduction of Mcl-1 protein as a consequence of nuclear uptake of the Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides employed, antisense and universal control oligonucleotides were administered systemically in combination with dacarbazine in a human melanoma SCID mouse xenotransplantation model. Dacarbazine, available now for more than three decades, still remains the most active single agent for treatment of advanced melanoma. Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides specifically reduced target protein expression as well as the apoptotic threshold of melanoma xenotransplants. Combined Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotide plus dacarbazine treatment resulted in enhanced tumor cell apoptosis and led to a significantly reduced mean tumor weight (mean 0.16 g, 95% confidence interval 0.08-0.26) compared to the tumor weight in universal control oligonucleotide plus dacarbazine treated animals (mean 0.35 g, 95% confidence interval 0.2-0.44) or saline plus dacarbazine treated animals (mean 0.39 g, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.53). We thus show that Mcl-1 is an important factor contributing to the chemoresistance of human melanoma in vivo. Antisense therapy against the Mcl-1 gene product, possibly in combination with antisense strategies targeting other antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, appears to be a rational and promising approach to help overcome treatment resistance of malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Thallinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Selzer E, Thallinger C, Hoeller C, Oberkleiner P, Wacheck V, Pehamberger H, Jansen B. Betulinic Acid-induced Mcl-1 Expression in Human Melanoma — Mode of Action and Functional Significance. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
49
|
Selzer E, Thallinger C, Hoeller C, Oberkleiner P, Wacheck V, Pehamberger H, Jansen B. Betulinic acid-induced Mcl-1 expression in human melanoma--mode of action and functional significance. Mol Med 2002; 8:877-84. [PMID: 12606824 PMCID: PMC2039966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently there is no information on the regulation of expression and physiological role of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 in cells of the melanocytic lineage. This study investigates the regulation and expression of Mcl-1 in human melanoma cells, which was recently found to be induced by betulinic acid, a compound with anti-melanoma and apoptosis-inducing potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mcl-1 phosphorthioate antisense oligonucleotides were used to investigate the effect of downregulating the expression of Mcl-1. Regulation of Mcl-1 expression was analyzed with the specific PI3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin and the inhibitor of MAP-kinase activation, PD98059. Western blot analysis was performed with anti ERK1/2, Mcl-1, Bak, Bcl-x and Bax antibodies. Activation status of PI-3 kinase and MAP-kinase pathways was investigated using phospho-Akt and phosphorylation-state independent Akt as well as phospho-MAP kinase, phospho-MEK and phospho-GSK-3alpha/beta antibodies. RESULTS Upregulation of Mcl-1 in human melanoma cells by betulinic acid is mediated via a signal-transduction pathway that is inhibited by LY294002 and wortmannin. Betulinic acid-induced phosphorylation and activation of the Akt protein kinase was inhibited by LY294002. The inhibitor PD98059 reduced expression levels of Mcl-1 in melanoma cells and this effect was counteracted by betulinic acid. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in combination with betulinic treatment led to a synergistic effect regarding growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in human melanoma cells Mcl-1 is (i) of functional relevance for survival and (ii) subject to dual regulation by the MAP- kinase pathway and a pathway involving protein kinase B/Akt, the latter of which is modulated in response to betulinic acid. This study provides an experimental foundation for future therapeutic strategies using anti-Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides in human melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Selzer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Pharmacology, University Hospital Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wolschek MF, Thallinger C, Kursa M, Rössler V, Allen M, Lichtenberger C, Kircheis R, Lucas T, Willheim M, Reinisch W, Gangl A, Wagner E, Jansen B. Specific systemic nonviral gene delivery to human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in SCID mice. Hepatology 2002; 36:1106-14. [PMID: 12395320 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic tumor-targeted gene delivery is attracting increasing attention as a promising alternative to conventional therapeutical strategies. To be considered as a viable option, however, the respective transgene has to be administered with high tumor specificity. Here, we describe novel polyethylenimine (PEI)-based DNA complexes, shielded by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG), that make use of epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a ligand for targeting gene delivery to EGF receptor-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro transfection of luciferase reporter DNA resulted in high levels of gene expression in the human HCC cell lines Huh-7 and HepG2. An excess of free EGF during transfection clearly reduced expression levels, indicating a specific EGF receptor-mediated uptake of the DNA particles. Following intravenous injection into human HCC xenograft-bearing SCID mice, luciferase expression was predominantly found in the tumor, with levels up to 2 logs higher than in the liver, which was the highest expressing major organ. Histologic investigation showed reporter gene expression (beta-galactosidase) localized to tumor cells. Assessing DNA distribution within the tumor by immunofluorescence microscopy, rhodamine-labelled transgene DNA was found to be mainly associated with HCC cells. In the liver, DNA was taken up almost exclusively by Kupffer cells and, as indicated by the low expression, subsequently degraded. In conclusion, we have shown that intravenous injection of PEGylated EGF-containing DNA/PEI complexes allows for highly specific expression of a transgene in human HCC tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Wolschek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Oncology, University of Vienna, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|