Design of a phase III, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of BI 1015550 in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis (FIBRONEER-ILD)

INTRODUCTION

Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) includes any diagnosis of progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) other than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, disease progression appears comparable between PPF and IPF, suggesting a similar underlying pathology relating to pulmonary fibrosis. Following positive results in a phase II study in IPF, this phase III study will investigate the efficacy and safety of BI 1015550 in patients with PPF (FIBRONEER-ILD).

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

In this phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients are being randomised 1:1:1 to receive BI 1015550 (9 mg or 18 mg) or placebo twice daily over at least 52 weeks, stratified by background nintedanib use. Patients must be diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis other than IPF that is progressive, based on predefined criteria. Patients must have forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥45% predicted and haemoglobin-corrected diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide ≥25% predicted. Patients must be receiving nintedanib for at least 12 weeks, or not receiving nintedanib for at least 8 weeks, prior to screening. Patients on stable treatment with permitted immunosuppressives (eg, methotrexate, azathioprine) may continue their treatment throughout the trial. Patients with clinically significant airway obstruction or other pulmonary abnormalities, and those using immunosuppressives that may confound FVC results (cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, mycophenolate, rituximab) or high-dose steroids will be excluded. The primary endpoint is absolute change from baseline in FVC (mL) at week 52. The key secondary endpoint is time to the first occurrence of any acute ILD exacerbation, hospitalisation for respiratory cause or death, over the duration of the trial.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The trial is being carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Council on Harmonisation Guideline for Good Clinical Practice and other local ethics committees. The study results will be disseminated at scientific congresses and in peer-reviewed publications.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT05321082.

Pharmacokinetic-Interactions of BI 425809, a Novel Glycine Transporter 1 Inhibitor, With Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Substrates: Findings From In Vitro Analyses and an Open-Label, Single-Sequence Phase I Study

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND

Glycine transporter-1 inhibitors may ameliorate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. This study evaluated potential drug-drug interactions with the glycine transporter-1 inhibitor BI 425809.

METHODS/PROCEDURES

Interactions with cytochromes P450 (CYP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were assessed in in vitro assays using human hepatocytes and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of probe drugs were subsequently assessed in a Phase I, open-label, single-sequence crossover study in healthy male participants. Participants received a probe-drug cocktail containing midazolam (CYP3A4), warfarin (CYP2C9), and omeprazole (CYP2C19) and a separate dose of digoxin (P-gp), alone and on a background of steady-state BI 425809 25 mg once daily in 2 treatment periods. Adverse events were monitored.

FINDINGS/RESULTS

In vitro assays revealed concentration-dependent induction of CYP3A4 and inhibition of P-gp by BI 425809. In the clinical study, 12 of 13 participants completed both periods. With BI 425809, area under the plasma concentration curve from administration to the last measurement (AUC 0-tz ) and maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax ) for midazolam were lower than when administered alone. Adjusted geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) were 70.6% (63.9%-78.1%) for AUC 0-tz and 77.6% (67.3%-89.4%) for Cmax . For warfarin and digoxin, AUC 0-tz and Cmax were similar with and without BI 425809. For omeprazole, BI 425809 slightly reduced AUC 0-tz but not Cmax versus omeprazole alone. No new safety signals were identified.

IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate induction of CYP3A4 by once-daily BI 425809 25 mg (the assumed highest therapeutic dose) and no meaningful effects on CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or P-gp in vivo.

Phase I studies of BI 1015550, a preferential PDE4B inhibitor, in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Introduction

BI 1015550 is a phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor that has antifibrotic properties. Phase I and Ic studies were conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BI 1015550 in healthy male subjects and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Methods

In the phase I study, 42 subjects were partially randomised to receive placebo or BI 1015550 in single rising doses of 36 mg and 48 mg, or multiple rising doses of 6 mg and 12 mg twice daily over 14 days. In the phase Ic study, 15 patients with IPF were randomised to receive 18 mg BI 1015550 or placebo twice daily for up to 12 weeks. For both studies, the primary endpoint was the number of subjects with drug-related adverse events (AEs).

Results

In the Phase I study, drug-related AEs were reported for 50.0% of healthy male subjects treated with a single dose of BI 1015550, compared with 16.7% receiving placebo. For those receiving multiple doses, drug-related AEs were reported for 37.5% of those treated with BI 1015550 and 12.5% receiving placebo. The most frequently reported AEs by organ class were nervous system disorders, which were largely driven by headache. In the Phase Ic study, drug-related AEs were reported in 90.0% of patients treated with BI 1015550, compared with 60.0% of those receiving placebo. The most frequent AEs by organ class were gastrointestinal AEs.

Conclusions

BI 1015550 had an acceptable safety profile in healthy male subjects and male and female patients with IPF, supporting further development in larger trials.

A preferential PDE4B inhibitor, BI 1015550, is a candidate drug for the treatment of fibrotic interstitial lung disease. In Phase I studies, BI 1015550 had an acceptable safety profile in healthy males and patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.https://bit.ly/3zSOtLs

Multiple Rising Doses of Oral BI 425809, a GlyT1 Inhibitor, in Young and Elderly Healthy Volunteers: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Phase I Study Investigating Safety and Pharmacokinetics

Background and Objective

Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease are characterised by abnormalities in glutamatergic pathways related to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction. Glycine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor co-agonist; inhibition of glycine transporter 1 may improve N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function. This phase I, randomised, two-part study evaluated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic profile of BI 425809, a novel glycine transporter 1 inhibitor, in healthy male and female volunteers.

Methods

Part 1 evaluated BI 425809 10, 25, 50 or 75 mg once daily or 75 mg twice daily in young subjects, and 25 mg or 50 mg once daily in elderly subjects. Each dose group comprised 12 subjects who received BI 425809 (n = 9) or placebo (n = 3) for 14 days (day 1: single dose; days 4–14: multiple dosing). Part 2 compared pharmacokinetic profiles in 12 subjects who received a single dose of BI 425809 25 mg in the morning and evening.

Results

Pharmacokinetic profiles were similarly shaped for all dose groups. Median time to maximum plasma concentration was 3.0–4.5 h with steady state being reached between days 6 and 10. Pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated dose linearity at the predicted therapeutic exposure range of BI 425809 ≤ 25 mg once daily, but increased less than dose proportionally for ≥ 50 mg once daily. All reported adverse events were of mild-to-moderate intensity, 51/84 (61%; part 1) subjects had one or more treatment-related adverse event, no serious adverse events occurred and no dose dependency was observed.

Conclusions

Pharmacokinetic properties support both morning and evening dosing. BI 425809 was generally well tolerated at all tested doses.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier

NCT02337283.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s40261-018-0660-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BI 425809, a Novel GlyT1 Inhibitor: Translational Studies

BI 425809 is a potent and selective glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor being developed for the treatment of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. Translational studies evaluated the effects of BI 425809 on glycine levels in rat and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Oral administration of BI 425809 in rats induced a dose‐dependent increase of glycine CSF levels from 30% (0.2 mg/kg, not significant) to 78% (2 mg/kg, P < 0.01), relative to vehicle. Similarly, oral administration of BI 425809 in healthy volunteers resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in glycine CSF levels at steady state, with a mean 50% increase at doses as low as 10 mg. The peak plasma concentration (C_max) of BI 425809 was achieved earlier in plasma than in CSF (t_max 3–5 vs. 5–8 hours, respectively). Generally, BI 425809 was safe and well tolerated. These data provide evidence of functional target engagement of GlyT1 by BI 425809.

Spontaneous Regression of Two Giant Basal Cell Carcinomas in a Single Patient after Incomplete Excision

Background

Spontaneous regression of small basal cell carcinoma has been reported. For giant basal cell carcinoma, however, no spontaneous regression has been described to date.

Case report

We present a patient with two independent giant basal cell carcinomas over the left clavicle and the lower back, measuring 7 × 12 cm and 18 × 20 cm, respectively. Both tumors were excised incompletely (R2) and the patient refused follow-up resections. After 52 and 16 months, respectively, no signs of recurrence were observed.

Conclusion

Incompletely excised giant basal cell carcinomas can regress spontaneously. A watch-and-wait approach after incomplete resection may be pragmatic to avoid mutilating follow-up resections in patients refusing further surgery.

Optimizing atoh1-induced vestibular hair cell regeneration

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS

Determine the optimal design characteristics of an adenoviral (Ad) vector to deliver atoh1 and induce regeneration of vestibular hair cells.

STUDY DESIGN

Evaluation of a mouse model of intralabyrinthine gene delivery. Tissue culture of mouse and human macular organs.

METHODS

Macular organs from adult C57Bl/6 mice were treated with binding modified and alternate adenovectors expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp) or luciferase (L). Expression of marker genes was determined over time to determine vector transfection efficiency. The inner ear of adult mice was then injected with modified vectors. Expression of gfp and distribution of vector DNA was followed. Hearing and balance function was evaluated in normal animals to ensure safety of the novel vector designs. An optimized vector was identified and tested for its ability to induce hair cell regeneration in a mouse vestibulopathy model. Finally, this vector was tested for its ability to induce hair cell regeneration in human tissue.

RESULTS

Ad5 serotype-based vectors were identified as having a variety of different binding capacities for inner ear tissue. This makes it difficult to limit the dose of vector due to entry into nontargeted cells. Screening of rare adenovector serotypes demonstrated that Ad-based vectors were ideally suited for delivery to supporting cells; therefore, they were useful for hair cell regeneration studies. Utilization of an Ad28-based vector to deliver atoh1 to a mouse model of vestibular loss resulted in significant functional recovery of balance. This vector was also capable of transfecting human macular organs and inducing regeneration of human vestibular hair cells in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvement in vector design can lead to more specific cell-based delivery and reduction of nonspecific delivery of the trans gene, leading to the development of optimized molecular therapeutics to induce hair cell regeneration.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

N/A. Laryngoscope 124:S1-S12, 2014.

The pharmacogenetic background of hepatitis C treatment

Insufficiently treated hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major healthcare issue. Individual therapy responses vary considerably from spontaneous clearing of the virus to lethal conditions. Host genetics currently receives a major scientific and clinical interest as an important source of interindividual variability in treatment. Mainly the associations of interleukin 28B gene (IL28B) variants with decreased HCV clearance under standard therapy are considered as "state of the art" of hepatitis C pharmacogenetics. However, a search in PubMed identified 41 genes reportedly modulating the individual therapy response, e.g., genes coding for major histocompatibility complex (HLA), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 10 (IL10), other interferon coding genes than IL28B (e.g., IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNG), several components of downstream interferon signaling as well as genes modulating side effects of current anti-HCV therapeutics (e.g., SLC28A3, ITPA involved in ribavirin associated hemolytic effects or SLC6A4 and HTR1A involved in serotonin associated psychiatric side effects). Applying knowledge discovery methods from the area of data mining and machine-learning to this comprehensive set of HCV therapy modulating genes, relating the HCV genes to the world wide knowledge on genes given in the form of the Gene Ontology (GO) knowledge base, found that the relevant genes belong to the GO subcategories of "inflammatory response" and "immune response" and "response to virus". This complex approaches to the pharmacogenomics of HCV may serve to identify future candidates for a personalization of HCV therapy and structured approach to possible new therapeutic targets for the control of hepatitis C virus.

Single and combined IL28B, ITPA and SLC28A3 host genetic markers modulating response to anti-hepatitis C therapy

Advances in hepatitis C pharmacogenomics identified modulations of a sustained virologic response (SVR) by frequent IL28B gene variants and of ribavirin-induced hemolysis by frequent ITPA gene variants. These associations have been widely reproduced in various ethnicities, clinical settings and hepatitis C viral genotypes. The IL28B minor alleles rs8099917G, rs12979860T and rs12980275G have been associated with non-SVR whereas the ITPA minor alleles rs1127354A and rs7270101C were associated with less hemolytic side effects, an effect also attributed to a nucleoside transporter gene SLC28A3 rs10868138G/rs56350726T haplotype. The significance levels of these associations, especially in genome-wide studies, were very high. We nevertheless tested how good clinical outcomes of peginterferon α/ribavirin therapy, such as SVR or hemolytic side effects, were predicted by these variants. An analysis in an example dataset of 115 patients revealed that the prediction of non-SVR or hemolysis by single variants was often only slightly better than guessing. Using combinations of IL28B variants provided a higher accuracy (64.5%) of predicting non-SVR than with single IL28B variants (accuracy 60-63%). Similarly, a decline in blood hemoglobin by ≥3 g/dl could be better predicted at an accuracy of 70% (10% better than guessing) with a combination of an ITPA variant with a nucleoside transporter gene (SLC28A3) haplotype. Thus, genotyping information about single IL28B or ITPA variants is reproducibly and statistically significantly associated with hepatitis C therapy outcomes; however, the clinical predictive utility of single variants can be increased by combinations of genotypes.

Selective atonal gene delivery improves balance function in a mouse model of vestibular disease

Loss of balance is often due to loss of vestibular hair cells. In mammals, regeneration of functional hair cells in the mature sensory epithelium is limited; therefore, loss of sensory cells can lead to debilitating balance problems. Delivery of the transcription factor atonal (atoh1) after aminoglycoside ototoxicity has previously been shown to induce the transdifferentiation of supporting cells into new hair cells and restore function. A problem with mouse aminoglycoside models is that the partial loss of hair cells seen in human disease is difficult to establish consistently. To more closely mirror human clinical balance dysfunction, we have used systemic application of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), a vestibulotoxic nitrile compound known to cause vestibular hair cell loss, to induce a consistent partial loss of vestibular hair cells. To determine if balance function could be restored, we delivered atoh1 using a new adenovirus vector, based on Ad28. The Ad28 adenovector is based on a human serotype with a low seroprevalence that appears to target gene delivery to vestibular supporting cells. To further provide cell type selectivity of gene delivery, we expressed atoh1 using the supporting cell-specific glial fibrillary acid protein promoter. Delivery of this vector to IDPN-damaged vestibular organs resulted in a significant recovery of vestibular hair cells and restoration of balance, as measured by time on rotarod compared with untreated controls.

Importance of IL28B gene polymorphisms in hepatitis C virus genotype 2 and 3 infected patients

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Genetic variation in the interleukin 28B (IL28B) gene has been associated with the response to interferon-alfa/ribavirin therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1-infected patients. The importance of three IL28B single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8099917, rs12980275 and rs12979860) for HCV genotype 2/3-infected patients is unknown.

METHODS

In patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 2/3 (n=267), IL28B host genotypes (rs8099917, rs12980275 and rs12979860) were analyzed for associations with sustained virologic response (SVR) to antiviral therapy with (pegylated) interferon-alfa and ribavirin and with respect to epidemiological, biochemical, and virological parameters. For comparison, hepatitis C genotype 1 patients (n=378) and healthy controls (n=200) were included.

RESULTS

The rs12979860 CC genotype, lower age, and genotype 2 were significantly associated with SVR in HCV genotype 2/3-infected patients (p=0.01, p=0.03 and p=0.03, respectively). No association was observed for rs8099917 and rs12980275. In addition, an SVR in patients with rapid virologic response (RVR) was associated with the rs12979860 CC genotype (p=0.05), while for non-RVR no association was found. Furthermore, a significant association with a higher baseline viral load was observed for all three IL28B genotypes in genotype 1/2/3-infected patients. Finally, increasing frequencies of the rs12979860 CC genotypes were observed in genotype 1- (33.9%), genotype 3- (38.9%), and genotype 2-infected (51.9%) patients in comparison with healthy controls (49.0%) (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

In genotype 2/3-infected patients, rs12979860 was significantly associated with SVR. The frequency of the rs12979860 CC genotype is lower in HCV genotype 1 vs. genotype 2/3 patients. All major IL28B genotypes are associated with HCV-RNA concentration.

Screening for IL28B gene variants identifies predictors of hepatitis C therapy success

BACKGROUND

Recent research has shown that genetic variation in the IL28B gene predicts both chronicity of HCV infection and sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral standard therapy. Because HCV affects 170 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, screening for prognostic factors in routine clinical practice requires rapid and reliable assays.

METHODS

The frequencies of gene polymorphisms IL28B rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs12980275 were investigated in two cohorts of 89 and 187 unrelated HCV-infected Caucasian patients and 195 non-infected participants. This was carried out by means of newly developed sensitive Pyrosequencing™ screening assays.

RESULTS

The minor alleles were more frequent in patients (n=276) than in controls (n=195), with odds ratios (recessive hereditary model) of 2.2-11.6, indicating a moderate to large genotype effect size. The positive predictive values of the minor alleles for chronicity of HCV infection were 68.3%, 64.8% and 65.8% for rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs12980275, respectively. The minor alleles were also more frequent in patients who had a non-SVR (n=49) than in SVR patients (n=40), with odds ratios of 1.1-3.5 showing a small to moderate genotype effect size. The positive predictive values for non-SVR were 56.9%, 79.2% and 74% for rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs12980275, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

With the screening for IL28B polymorphisms rs12980275, rs8099917 and rs12979860, which are associated with HCV chronicity and with reduced SVR rates, an important prognostic factor of the therapy of chronic hepatitis C can be easily diagnosed.

Neuronal calcium sensor-1 enhancement of InsP3 receptor activity is inhibited by therapeutic levels of lithium

Regulation and dysregulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling via the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) has been linked to many cellular processes and pathological conditions. In the present study, addition of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), a high-affinity, low-capacity, calcium-binding protein, to purified InsP3R type 1 (InsP3R1) increased the channel activity in both a calcium-dependent and -independent manner. In intact cells, enhanced expression of NCS-1 resulted in increased intracellular calcium release upon stimulation of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. To determine whether InsP3R1/NCS-1 interaction could be functionally relevant in bipolar disorders, conditions in which NCS-1 is highly expressed, we tested the effect of lithium, a salt widely used for treatment of bipolar disorders. Lithium inhibited the enhancing effect of NCS-1 on InsP3R1 function, suggesting that InsP3R1/NCS-1 interaction is an essential component of the pathomechanism of bipolar disorder.