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Mangiafico SP, Tuo QZ, Li XL, Liu Y, Haralambous C, Ding XL, Ayton S, Wang Q, Laybutt DR, Chan JY, Zhang X, Kos C, Thomas HE, Loudovaris T, Yang CH, Joannides CN, Lamont BJ, Dai L, He HH, Dong B, Andrikopoulos S, Bush AI, Lei P. Tau suppresses microtubule-regulated pancreatic insulin secretion. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3982-3993. [PMID: 37735502 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, but its physiological function is in debate. Mostly explored in the brain, tau is also expressed in the pancreas. We further explored the mechanism of tau's involvement in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islet β-cells, and established a potential relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and AD. We demonstrate that pancreatic tau is crucial for insulin secretion regulation and glucose homeostasis. Tau levels were found to be elevated in β-islet cells of patients with T2DM, and loss of tau enhanced insulin secretion in cell lines, drosophila, and mice. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of tau in the db/db diabetic mouse model normalized glucose levels by promoting insulin secretion and was recapitulated by pharmacological inhibition of microtubule assembly. Clinical studies further showed that serum tau protein was positively correlated with blood glucose levels in healthy controls, which was lost in AD. These findings present tau as a common therapeutic target between AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore P Mangiafico
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Qing-Zhang Tuo
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Christian Haralambous
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Xu-Long Ding
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Jeng Yie Chan
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Cameron Kos
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia
- Institute for Cellular Transplantation, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5066, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsin Yang
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Christos N Joannides
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Lamont
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Hai-Huai He
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Biao Dong
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Joannides CN, Mangiafico SP, Waters MF, Lamont BJ, Andrikopoulos S. Dapagliflozin improves insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a novel transgenic rat model of chronic glucose overproduction and glucose toxicity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1135-1146. [PMID: 28244693 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether the excretion of glucose improves insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion or both. MATERIALS AND METHODS Appropriate methods were used to assess insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and insulin secretion (hyperglycaemic clamp) in insulin-resistant and hyperglycaemic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) transgenic rats after treatment with the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin. RESULTS In 14-week-old rats with hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, 6 weeks of dapagliflozin treatment resulted in lower weight gain, plasma glucose and insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance, associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity (rate of glucose disappearance: 51.6 ± 2.3 vs 110.6 ± 3.9 µmol/min/kg; P < .005) and glucose uptake in muscle (0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.7 ± 0.3 µmol/min/100 g; P < .05) and fat (0.23 ± 0.04 vs 0.55 ± 0.10 µmol/min/100 g, P < .05). Additionally, adipose tissue GLUT4 protein levels were increased (0.78 ± 0.05 vs 1.20 ± 0.09 arbitrary units; P < .05), adipocyte count was higher (221.4 ± 17.7 vs 302.3 ± 21.7 per mm2 fat area; P < .05) and adipocyte size was reduced (4631.8 ± 351.5 vs 3397.6 ± 229.4 µm2 , P < .05). There was no improvement, however, in insulin secretion. To determine whether earlier intervention is necessary, 5-week-old PEPCK transgenic rats were treated with dapagliflozin for 9 weeks and insulin secretion assessed. Dapagliflozin resulted in improved plasma glucose and insulin levels, and lower weight gain but, again, insulin secretion was not improved. CONCLUSIONS In this transgenic model of low-grade chronic hyperglycaemia, SGLT2 inhibitor treatment resulted in reduced blood glucose and insulin levels and enhanced glucose tolerance, associated with improved muscle and fat insulin resistance but not improved insulin secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos N Joannides
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore P Mangiafico
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew F Waters
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Lamont
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Andrikopoulos S, Fam BC, Holdsworth A, Visinoni S, Ruan Z, Stathopoulos M, Thorburn AW, Joannides CN, Cancilla M, Balmer L, Proietto J, Morahan G. Identification of ABCC8 as a contributory gene to impaired early-phase insulin secretion in NZO mice. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:61-73. [PMID: 26493453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with defective insulin secretion, which in turn contributes to worsening glycaemic control and disease progression. The genetic cause(s) associated with impaired insulin secretion in T2D are not well elucidated. Here we used the polygenic New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse model, which displays all the cardinal features of T2D including hyperglycaemia to identify genes associated with β-cell dysfunction. A genome-wide scan identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7 associated with defective glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Using congenic strains, the locus was narrowed to two candidate genes encoding the components of the KATP channel: Abcc8 (SUR1) and Kcnj11 (Kir6.2). The NZO Abcc8 allele was associated with a ∼211 bp deletion in its transcript and reduced expression of SUR1. Transgenic NZO mice were generated that expressed the WT Abcc8/Kcnj11 genes and displayed significant improvements in early-phase glucose-mediated insulin secretion and glucose tolerance, confirming Abcc8 as a causative gene. Importantly, we showed that despite improving β-cell function in the NZO transgenic mice, there was no enhancement of insulin sensitivity or body weight. This study provides evidence for a role of Abcc8 in early-phase glucose-mediated insulin secretion and validates this gene as a contributor to β-cell dysfunction in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Barbara C Fam
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Anita Holdsworth
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Sherley Visinoni
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Maria Stathopoulos
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Anne W Thorburn
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Christos N Joannides
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Michael Cancilla
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Lois Balmer
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Department of Medicine (AH)Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, AustraliaWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, 3010 Victoria, AustraliaHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchNedlands, Western Australia 6009, AustraliaThe School of Medical Sciences Edith Cowan UniversityJoondalup Western Australia 6027, Australia
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Abstract
Liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is a regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis that is elevated by obesity and dietary fat intake. Whether FBPase functions only in glucose metabolism or has other metabolic roles is currently unclear. In our recently published study, we examined the importance of liver FBPase in body weight regulation by performing a series of comprehensive physiological and biochemical assessments of energy balance and specific intervention studies in our transgenic mouse line that overexpresses FBPase specifically in the liver. Compared with negative littermates, these FBPase transgenic mice weighed 10% less, had 50% less adiposity, ate 15% less food but did not have altered energy expenditure. Increased circulating leptin and cholecystokinin levels, elevated fatty acid oxidation and reduced appetite stimulating neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP), underpinned this phenotype. Blocking the action of FBPase returned food intake and body weight to those of the negative littermates. Our study is the first to identify liver FBPase as a previously unknown regulator of appetite and adiposity. Importantly, this work recognizes the liver as an important organ in appetite and body weight regulation. This commentary will provide further insight and expand on this novel concept that the liver does in fact play an important role in adiposity.
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Visinoni S, Khalid NFI, Joannides CN, Shulkes A, Yim M, Whitehead J, Tiganis T, Lamont BJ, Favaloro JM, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S, Fam BC. The role of liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in regulating appetite and adiposity. Diabetes 2012; 61:1122-32. [PMID: 22517657 PMCID: PMC3331739 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is a regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis that is elevated by obesity and dietary fat intake. Whether FBPase functions only to regulate glucose or has other metabolic consequences is not clear; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the importance of liver FBPase in body weight regulation. To this end we performed comprehensive physiologic and biochemical assessments of energy balance in liver-specific transgenic FBPase mice and negative control littermates of both sexes. In addition, hepatic branch vagotomies and pharmacologic inhibition studies were performed to confirm the role of FBPase. Compared with negative littermates, liver-specific FBPase transgenic mice had 50% less adiposity and ate 15% less food but did not have altered energy expenditure. The reduced food consumption was associated with increased circulating leptin and cholecystokinin, elevated fatty acid oxidation, and 3-β-hydroxybutyrate ketone levels, and reduced appetite-stimulating neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide. Hepatic branch vagotomy and direct pharmacologic inhibition of FBPase in transgenic mice both returned food intake and body weight to the negative littermates. This is the first study to identify liver FBPase as a previously unknown regulator of appetite and adiposity and describes a novel process by which the liver participates in body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherley Visinoni
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mildred Yim
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jon Whitehead
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Lamont
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny M. Favaloro
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Proietto
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Barbara C. Fam
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author: Barbara C. Fam,
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Mangiafico SP, Lim SH, Neoh S, Massinet H, Joannides CN, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S, Fam BC. A primary defect in glucose production alone cannot induce glucose intolerance without defects in insulin secretion. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:335-47. [PMID: 21700659 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased glucose production is associated with fasting hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes but whether or not it causes glucose intolerance is unclear. This study sought to determine whether a primary defect in gluconeogenesis (GNG) resulting in elevated glucose production is sufficient to induce glucose intolerance in the absence of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Progression of glucose intolerance was assessed in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) transgenic rats, a genetic model with a primary increase in GNG. Young (4-5 weeks of age) and adult (12-14 weeks of age) PEPCK transgenic and Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG/c) control rats were studied. GNG, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance were assessed by intraperitoneal and intravascular substrate tolerance tests and hyperinsulinaemic/euglycaemic clamps. Despite elevated GNG and increased glucose appearance, PEPCK transgenic rats displayed normal glucose tolerance due to adequate glucose disposal and robust glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Glucose intolerance only became apparent in the PEPCK transgenic rats following the development of insulin resistance (both hepatic and peripheral) and defective glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Taken together, a single genetic defect in GNG leading to increased glucose production does not adversely affect glucose tolerance. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose-mediated insulin secretion are required to precipitate glucose intolerance in a setting of chronic glucose oversupply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore P Mangiafico
- Department of Medicine, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia
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