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Forschner A, Battke F, Hadaschik D, Schulze M, Weißgraeber S, Han CT, Kopp M, Frick M, Klumpp B, Tietze N, Amaral T, Martus P, Sinnberg T, Eigentler T, Keim U, Garbe C, Döcker D, Biskup S. Tumor mutation burden and circulating tumor DNA in combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 antibody therapy in metastatic melanoma - results of a prospective biomarker study. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:180. [PMID: 31300034 PMCID: PMC6625062 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasized or unresectable melanoma has been the first malignant tumor to be successfully treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Nevertheless, about 40–50% of the patients do not respond to these treatments and severe side effects are observed in up to 60%. Therefore, there is a high need to identify reliable biomarkers predicting response. Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) is a debated predictor for response to checkpoint inhibitors and early measurement of ctDNA can help to detect treatment failure to immunotherapy in selected melanoma patients. However, it has not yet been clarified how TMB and ctDNA can be used to estimate response to combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 antibody therapy in metastatic melanoma. Patients and methods In this prospective biomarker study, we included 35 melanoma patients with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) and nivolumab (anti-PD-1) therapy. In all patients, a tumor panel of 710 tumor-associated genes was applied (tumor vs. reference tissue comparison), followed by repetitive liquid biopsies. Cell-free DNA was extracted and at least one driver mutation was monitored. Treatment response was evaluated after about three months of therapy. Results TMB was significantly higher in responders than in nonresponders and TMB > 23.1 Mut/Mb (TMB-high) was associated with a survival benefit compared to TMB ≤ 23.1 Mut/Mb (TMB-low or TMB-intermediate). Furthermore, a > 50% decrease of cell-free DNA concentration or undetectable circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), measured by tumor-specific variant copies/ml of plasma at first follow-up three weeks after treatment initiation were significantly associated with response to combined immunotherapy and improved overall survival, respectively. It is noticeable that no patient with TMB ≤ 23.1 Mut/Mb and detectable or increasing ctDNA at first follow-up responded to immunotherapy. Conclusion High TMB, > 50% decrease of cell-free DNA concentration, and undetectable ctDNA at first follow-up seem to be associated with response and overall survival under combined immunotherapy. The evaluation of ctDNA and cell-free DNA three weeks after treatment initiation may be suitable for early assessment of efficacy of immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0659-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Forschner
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Battke
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hadaschik
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Chung-Ting Han
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria Kopp
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Frick
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klumpp
- Institute for Radiology, Rems-Murr-Kliniken, Winnenden, Germany
| | - Nicola Tietze
- Institute for Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Portuguese Air Force Health Care Direction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and applied Biostatistics (IKEaB), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eigentler
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Keim
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Döcker
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany.,Practice for Human Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT) GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany.,Practice for Human Genetics, Tuebingen, Germany
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Roovers EF, Kaaij LJT, Redl S, Bronkhorst AW, Wiebrands K, de Jesus Domingues AM, Huang HY, Han CT, Riemer S, Dosch R, Salvenmoser W, Grün D, Butter F, van Oudenaarden A, Ketting RF. Tdrd6a Regulates the Aggregation of Buc into Functional Subcellular Compartments that Drive Germ Cell Specification. Dev Cell 2018; 46:285-301.e9. [PMID: 30086300 PMCID: PMC6084408 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phase separation represents an important form of subcellular compartmentalization. However, relatively little is known about how the formation or disassembly of such compartments is regulated. In zebrafish, the Balbiani body (Bb) and the germ plasm (Gp) are intimately linked phase-separated structures essential for germ cell specification and home to many germ cell-specific mRNAs and proteins. Throughout development, these structures occur as a single large aggregate (Bb), which disperses throughout oogenesis and upon fertilization accumulates again into relatively large assemblies (Gp). Formation of the Bb requires Bucky ball (Buc), a protein with prion-like properties. We found that the multi-tudor domain-containing protein Tdrd6a interacts with Buc, affecting its mobility and aggregation properties. Importantly, lack of this regulatory interaction leads to significant defects in germ cell development. Our work presents insights into how prion-like protein aggregations can be regulated and highlights the biological relevance of such regulatory events. Tdrd6a is required for Bucky ball mobility within aggregates, and for PGC formation Maternal Tdrd6a coordinates transcript deposition into future PGCs A dimethylated tri-RG motif in Bucky ball mediates interaction with Tdrd6a The tri-RG motif is essential for Balbiani body and germ cell formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke F Roovers
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucas J T Kaaij
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Redl
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alfred W Bronkhorst
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kay Wiebrands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany; CeGaT GmbH, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Riemer
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Dosch
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Bioscience, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraβe 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominic Grün
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René F Ketting
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Jahn A, Rane G, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Sayols S, Bluhm A, Han CT, Draškovič I, Londoño A, Kumar AP, Buchholz F, Butter F, Kappei D. Abstract 1468: ZBTB48 is both a vertebrate telomere-binding protein and a transcriptional activator. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Telomeres consist of repetitive TTAGGG repeats and together with the shelterin complex protect the ends of linear chromosomes from DNA repair mechanisms. Due to telomere shortening with every cell division proliferating cells need to ensure telomere maintenance by telomerase or in about 15% of cancer cells via the recombination based alternative lengthening of telomeres. Recently ZBTB48 was identified as a novel telomere-associated factor throughout the vertebrate lineage. Here we show that ZBTB48 binds directly to telomeres in vitro and in vivo, independently of the telomere maintenance mechanism. Loss of the protein leads to longer telomeres indicating a role as negative regulator of telomere length. Furthermore RNAseq, ChIPseq and quantitative expression proteomics demonstrate a function as transcriptional activator for a small set of target genes, including mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1). This regulatory role links its telomeric function to mitochondrial metabolism and might play a role in cancer development. In summary ZBTB48 is a novel telomere binding protein which regulates telomere length and transcriptional activity.
Citation Format: Arne Jahn, Grishma Rane, Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz, Sergi Sayols, Alina Bluhm, Chung-Ting Han, Irena Draškovič, Arturo Londoño, Alan Prem Kumar, Frank Buchholz, Falk Butter, Dennis Kappei. ZBTB48 is both a vertebrate telomere-binding protein and a transcriptional activator [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1468.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jahn
- 1Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Grishma Rane
- 2Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- 1Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergi Sayols
- 3Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alina Bluhm
- 3Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- 3Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan Prem Kumar
- 2Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Buchholz
- 1Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- 3Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Kappei
- 2Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jahn A, Rane G, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Sayols S, Bluhm A, Han CT, Draškovič I, Londoño-Vallejo JA, Kumar AP, Buchholz F, Butter F, Kappei D. ZBTB48 is both a vertebrate telomere-binding protein and a transcriptional activator. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:929-946. [PMID: 28500257 PMCID: PMC5452029 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres constitute the ends of linear chromosomes and together with the shelterin complex form a structure essential for genome maintenance and stability. In addition to the constitutive binding of the shelterin complex, other direct, yet more transient interactions are mediated by the CST complex and HOT1/HMBOX1, while subtelomeric variant repeats are recognized by NR2C/F transcription factors. Recently, the Kruppel-like zinc finger protein ZBTB48/HKR3/TZAP has been described as a novel telomere-associated factor in the vertebrate lineage. Here, we show that ZBTB48 binds directly both to telomeric and to subtelomeric variant repeat sequences. ZBTB48 is found at telomeres of human cancer cells regardless of the mode of telomere maintenance and it acts as a negative regulator of telomere length. In addition to its telomeric function, we demonstrate through a combination of RNAseq, ChIPseq and expression proteomics experiments that ZBTB48 acts as a transcriptional activator on a small set of target genes, including mitochondrial fission process 1 (MTFP1). This discovery places ZBTB48 at the interface of telomere length regulation, transcriptional control and mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Jahn
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Genetics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Grishma Rane
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sergi Sayols
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alina Bluhm
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irena Draškovič
- Telomeres & Cancer Laboratory, UMR3244, Institut Curie-CNRS-UPMC, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Rosenkranz D, Han CT, Roovers EF, Zischler H, Ketting RF. Piwi proteins and piRNAs in mammalian oocytes and early embryos: From sample to sequence. Genom Data 2015; 5:309-13. [PMID: 26484274 PMCID: PMC4583685 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Piwi/piRNA pathway during mammalian oogenesis has remained enigmatic thus far, especially since experiments with Piwi knockout mice did not reveal any phenotypic defects in female individuals. This is in striking contrast with results obtained from other species including flies and zebrafish. In mouse oocytes, however, only low levels of piRNAs are found and they are not required for their function. We recently demonstrated dynamic expression of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, and PIWIL3 during mammalian oogenesis and early embryogenesis. In addition, small RNA analysis of human, crab-eating macaque and cattle revealed that piRNAs are also expressed in the female germline and closely resemble piRNAs from testis. Here, we thoroughly describe the experimental and computational methods that we applied for the generation, processing and analyses of next generation sequencing (NGS) data associated with our study on Piwi proteins and piRNAs in mammalian oocytes and embryos (Roovers et al., 2015). The complete sequence data is available at NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under the accession GSE64942.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenkranz
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elke F Roovers
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Zischler
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - René F Ketting
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Roovers EF, Rosenkranz D, Mahdipour M, Han CT, He N, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, van der Westerlaken LAJ, Zischler H, Butter F, Roelen BAJ, Ketting RF. Piwi proteins and piRNAs in mammalian oocytes and early embryos. Cell Rep 2015; 10:2069-82. [PMID: 25818294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cells of most animals critically depend on piRNAs and Piwi proteins. Surprisingly, piRNAs in mouse oocytes are relatively rare and dispensable. We present compelling evidence for strong Piwi and piRNA expression in oocytes of other mammals. Human fetal oocytes express PIWIL2 and transposon-enriched piRNAs. Oocytes in adult human ovary express PIWIL1 and PIWIL2, whereas those in bovine ovary only express PIWIL1. In human, macaque, and bovine ovaries, we find piRNAs that resemble testis-borne pachytene piRNAs. Isolated bovine follicular oocytes were shown to contain abundant, relatively short piRNAs that preferentially target transposable elements. Using label-free quantitative proteome analysis, we show that these maturing oocytes strongly and specifically express the PIWIL3 protein, alongside other, known piRNA-pathway components. A piRNA pool is still present in early bovine embryos, revealing a potential impact of piRNAs on mammalian embryogenesis. Our results reveal that there are highly dynamic piRNA pathways in mammalian oocytes and early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke F Roovers
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Rosenkranz
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chung-Ting Han
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nannan He
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hans Zischler
- Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Anthropology, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René F Ketting
- Biology of Non-coding RNA Group, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Meierhofer D, Weidner C, Hartmann L, Mayr JA, Han CT, Schroeder FC, Sauer S. Protein sets define disease states and predict in vivo effects of drug treatment. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1965-79. [PMID: 23579186 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.025031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaining understanding of common complex diseases and their treatments are the main drivers for life sciences. As we show here, comprehensive protein set analyses offer new opportunities to decipher functional molecular networks of diseases and assess the efficacy and side-effects of treatments in vivo. Using mass spectrometry, we quantitatively detected several thousands of proteins and observed significant changes in protein pathways that were (dys-) regulated in diet-induced obesity mice. Analysis of the expression and post-translational modifications of proteins in various peripheral metabolic target tissues including adipose, heart, and liver tissue generated functional insights in the regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis during high-fat diet feeding and medication with two antidiabetic compounds. Protein set analyses singled out pathways for functional characterization, and indicated, for example, early-on potential cardiovascular complication of the diabetes drug rosiglitazone. In vivo protein set detection can provide new avenues for monitoring complex disease processes, and for evaluating preclinical drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meierhofer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Holzhauser S, Freiwald A, Weise C, Multhaup G, Han CT, Sauer S. Screening und Charakterisierung von Protein-modifizierenden Naturstoffen durch MALDI-Massenspektrometrie bringen starke SIRT1- und p300-Inhibitoren hervor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Han CT, Schoene NW, Lei KY. Influence of zinc deficiency on Akt-Mdm2-p53 and Akt-p21 signaling axes in normal and malignant human prostate cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1188-99. [PMID: 19657064 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00042.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), a phosphoinositide-3-OH-kinase-activated protein kinase, is highly expressed in prostate tumors. p-Akt can indirectly hinder p53-dependent growth suppression and apoptosis by phosphorylating Mdm2. Alternatively, p-Akt can directly phosphorylate p21 and restrict it to the cytoplasm for degradation. Because the prostate is the highest zinc-accumulating tissue before the onset of cancer, the effects of physiological levels of zinc on Akt-Mdm2-p53 and Akt-p21 signaling axes in human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and malignant prostate LNCaP cells were examined in the present study. Cells were cultured for 6 days in low-zinc growth medium supplemented with 0 [zinc-deficient (ZD)], 4 [zinc-normal (ZN)], 16 [zinc-adequate (ZA)], or 32 [zinc-supplemented (ZS)] microM zinc. Zinc status of both cell types was altered in a dose-dependent manner, with LNCaP cells reaching a plateau at >16 microM zinc. For both cell types, p-Akt was higher in the ZD than in the ZN cells and was normalized to that of the ZN cells by treatment with a PI3K inhibitor, LY-294002. PTEN, an endogenous phosphatase targeting Akt dephosphorylation, was hyperphosphorylated (p-PTEN, inactive form) in ZD PrEC. Nuclear p-Mdm2 was raised, whereas nuclear p53 was depressed, by zinc deficiency in PrEC. Nuclear p21 and p53 were lowered by zinc deficiency in LNCaP cells. Higher percentages of ZD, ZA, and ZS than ZN LNCaP cells were found at the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle, with proportionally lower precentages at the S and G(2)/M phases. Hence, the increased p-PTEN in ZD PrEC would result in hyperphosphorylation of p-Akt and p-Mdm2, as well as reduction of nuclear p53 accumulation. For ZD LNCaP cells, Akt hyperphosphorylation was probably mediated through p21 phosphorylation and degradation, thus restricting p21 nuclear entry to induce cell cycle arrest. Thus zinc deficiency differentially modulated the Akt-Mdm2-p53 signaling axis in normal prostate cells vs. the Akt-p21 signaling axis in malignant prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ting Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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10
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Wong SHK, Zhao Y, Schoene NW, Han CT, Shih RSM, Lei KY. Zinc deficiency depresses p21 gene expression: inhibition of cell cycle progression is independent of the decrease in p21 protein level in HepG2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C2175-84. [PMID: 17303651 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00256.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of zinc status on p21 gene expression was examined in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. Cells were cultured for one passage in a basal medium depleted of zinc to induce severely zinc-deficient (ZD) cells or in basal medium supplemented with 0.4, 4.0, 16, or 32 μM zinc to represent mild zinc deficiency (ZD0.4), the amount of zinc in most normal media (ZN), the normal human plasma zinc level (zinc-adequate; ZA), or the high end of plasma zinc attainable by oral supplementation (ZS), respectively. In ZD and ZD0.4 cells, the nuclear p21 protein level, mRNA abundance, and promoter activity were reduced to 40, 70, and 65%, respectively, of ZN cells. However, p21 protein and mRNA levels, as well as p21 promoter activity, were not altered in ZA and ZS cells compared with ZN cells. Moreover, the amounts of acetylated histone-4 associated with the proximal and distal p21 promoter regions, as a measure of p21 promoter accessibility, were decreased in ZD (73 and 64%, respectively) and ZD0.4 (82 and 77%, respectively) cells compared with ZN cells (100 and 100%, respectively). Thus multiple lines of evidence indicate that the transcriptional process of p21 is downregulated by depressed zinc status in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the transfection of 5 μg of plasmid cytomegalovirus-p21 plasmid, which constitutively expressed p21, was able to normalize the reduction in p21 protein level and cyclin D1-cdk4 complex activity but not the inhibition of cell growth and G1/S cell cycle progression in ZD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H K Wong
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Alshatwi AA, Han CT, Schoene NW, Lei KY. Nuclear accumulations of p53 and Mdm2 are accompanied by reductions in c-Abl and p300 in zinc-depleted human hepatoblastoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:611-8. [PMID: 16636310 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of zinc status on the expression of proteins known to be involved in the stability of p53, the human tumor suppressor gene product, was examined in hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. Cells were cultured in zinc-deficient (ZD0.2, ZD0.4), zinc normal (ZN), zinc adequate (ZA), or zinc-supplemented (ZS) medium, which contained 0.2, 0.4, 4, 16, or 32 microM zinc, respectively. Nuclear p53 levels were almost 100% and 40% higher in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells, respectively, than in ZN cells. Mdm2 protein, which mediates p53 degradation, was 174% and 148% higher in the nucleus of ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells, respectively, than in ZN cells. In addition, the observed reductions of nuclear c-Abl in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells to 50% and 60% of ZN cells, respectively, may be a cellular response attempting to normalize nuclear p53 accumulation because nuclear c-Abl is known to down-regulate ubiquitination and nuclear export of p53. Moreover, no changes in total cellular p53, Mdm2, and c-Abl or nuclear Mdmx were observed among the treatment groups. Furthermore, in ZD0.2 and ZD0.4 cells, the reduction in total and nuclear p300, which is known to complex with CREB-binding protein and Mdm2 in the nucleus for the generation of degradable polyubiquitinated form of p53, may have depressed the degradation pathway for p53 and Mdm2, and contributed to the nuclear accumulation of these proteins in ZD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alshatwi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Richards HA, Han CT, Hopkins RG, Failla ML, Ward WW, Stewart CN. Safety assessment of recombinant green fluorescent protein orally administered to weaned rats. J Nutr 2003; 133:1909-12. [PMID: 12771338 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several proposed biotechnological applications of green fluorescent protein (GFP) are likely to result in its introduction into the food supply of domestic animals and humans. We fed pure GFP and diets containing transgenic canola expressing GFP to young male rats for 26 d to evaluate the potential toxicity and allergenicity of GFP. Animals (n = 8 per group) were fed either AIN-93G (control), control diet plus 1.0 mg of purified GFP daily, modified control diet with 200 g/kg canola (Brassica rapa cv Westar), or control diet with 200 g/kg transgenic canola containing one of two levels of GFP. Ingestion of GFP did not affect growth, food intake, relative weight of intestine or other organs, or activities of hepatic enzymes in serum. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of GFP to known food allergens revealed that the greatest number of consecutive amino acid matches between GFP and any food allergen was four, suggesting the absence of common allergen epitopes. Moreover, GFP was rapidly degraded during simulated gastric digestion. These data indicate that GFP is a low allergenicity risk and provide preliminary indications that GFP is not likely to represent a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Richards
- Food Safety Center of Excellence, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the possible role of T-type Ca(2+) channels on the acrosome reaction (AR) of human spermatozoa; and (ii) to determine the sub-type of T-type calcium channels involved in the AR. The AR was induced in vitro by mannose-bovine serum albumin (BSA). The inhibitory effects of mibefradil (T-type Ca(2+) channel blocker), NiCl(2), or nifedipine (L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker) on the mannose-BSA induced AR were evaluated in capacitated human spermatozoa. The AR was sensitively inhibited by low micromolar concentrations of mibefradil (IC(50) = 1 micromol/l) in a dose-dependent manner. Low concentrations of Ni(2+) (IC(50) = 40 micromol/l) also inhibited the mannose-BSA induced AR. On the contrary, higher concentrations of nifedipine were required to block AR (IC(50) = 60 micromol/l). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to identify the sub-types of T-type channels present in human testes. Analysis of PCR products showed that only alpha1H subunits are expressed in testes. The expression of the alpha1H subunit may be tissue specific since its mRNA was not detected in the human ovary. The present study suggests that the AR of human spermatozoa is highly associated with T-type Ca(2+) channels and is mainly mediated by calcium influx through alpha1H T-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Son
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, and Infertility Clinic, Mirae-Heemang Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of hspA2 in testes of infertile men with azoospermia. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Pundang Je-Saeng General Hospital, Dae-Jin Medical Center, Korea. PATIENT(S) Azoospermic patients (n = 15) undergoing testicular biopsy for pathologic evaluation were selected. INTERVENTION(S) After pathologic evaluation, testicular biopsy specimens were subdivided into three groups: group 1, normal spermatogenesis (n = 5); group 2, spermatocyte arrest (n = 5); and group 3, Sertoli cell-only syndrome (n = 5). The levels of hspA2 mRNA expression were compared in testes of group 1, group 2, and group 3 with the use of a competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Comparison of hspA2 mRNA levels in testes. RESULT(S) On competitive RT-PCR analyses for hspA2 mRNA, significant hspA2 expression was observed in group 1, whereas a very low level of hspA2 was expressed in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION(S) This study demonstrates that hspA2 gene expression is down-regulated in human testes with abnormal spermatogenesis, which in turn suggests that the hspA2 gene might play a specific role during meiosis in human testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Son
- Pundang Je-Saeng General Hospital, Dae-jin Medical Center, Kyungki-do, Korea, USA.
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Abstract
While there has been little success identifying the genetic bases of noninsulin-dependent (type-2) diabetes, current epidemiological data and animal models implicate fetal undernutrition in the development of type-2 diabetes. We examined the effects of fetal undernutrition on insulin responses and glucose tolerance in adulthood in genetically normal rats. Control rats were adequately nourished in utero and consumed nutritionally adequate (N) diets throughout life. Experimental rats (F1 generation) were undernourished in utero and consumed either N or high-energy, high-fat (HF) diets postweaning. The offspring of the experimental rats (F2 generation) received the respective diets of their parent. Body weights of experimental F1 rats at d 4 were 40% less than that of control pups, and they remained significantly smaller than controls throughout adulthood. The experimental F1 rats consuming N diets postweaning had a reduced insulin response (-30%) at 30-min postglucose challenge in adulthood (P > 0.05). However, their offspring (F2 generation) displayed a markedly elevated insulin response [+80% at 30 min (P < 0.05) and + 230% at 120 min (P < 0.001) postglucose challenge]. The insulin response of the F2 generation rats fed the high-energy, HF diet was even more pronounced [+130% at 30 min (P < 0.003) and + 250% at 120 min (P < 0.001) postglucose challenge]. Thus, undernourishment in utero produces striking insulin resistance in genetically normal, well-nourished second-generation rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Martin
- Departments of. Anthropology and. Nutrition, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Abstract
In the mouse, the heat shock protein 70-2 (Hsp70-2) has been found to play a critical role in spermatogenesis. The HspA2 gene is the human homologue of the murine Hsp70-2 gene with 91.7% identity in the nucleotide coding sequence. We examined the expression of HspA2 in human tissues. To detect HspA2 expression, antiserum 2A that was raised against mouse Hsp70-2 and that cross-reacted with human HspA2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was used. The results of Western blotting indicate that significant HspA2 expression occurs in testes with normal spermatogenesis, whereas only a low amount of HspA2 was expressed in testis with Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Only a small amount of HspA2 was detected in breast, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, ovary, and epididymis. Immunoreactivity to HspA2 was present in spermatocytes and spermatids in the testes with normal spermatogenesis, while immunoreactivity to HspA2 in testis with Sertoli cell-only syndrome was remarkably decreased or inconspicuous over the entire cell. These results demonstrate that the HspA2 protein is highly expressed in human male specific germ cells, suggesting that HspA2 protein may play a specific role during meiosis in human testes as found in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Son
- Center for Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyungki-do, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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Choi MJ, Jo Y, Choi J, Kang CY, Han CT. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to atrazine group compounds: effects of coating ligand structure on the variation of sensitivity and specificity. J Immunoassay 1999; 20:57-77. [PMID: 10225515 DOI: 10.1080/01971529909349314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hybridoma cells were prepared by immunizing mice with carboxylic derivatives of atrazine conjugate to bovine serum albumin. After the screening of culture supernatant of hybridomas, five cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies were established and 1.8-5.3 ml of ascitic fluid per mouse was obtained from each cell line. The protein A affinity purification yielded 0.35-0.65 mg per ml of ascitic fluid from each cell line. The characterization studies in terms of sensitivity and specificity indicate that MAb 2F9 and MAb 4B9 showed the best responses with atrazine and its group of ametryne and cyanazine, using microtiter plate coated with simazine derivative of 6-amino hexanoic acid; no cross-reactivity was shown with simazine and cyanuric chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Choi
- Bioanalysis & Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul
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