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Molino M, Dolce V, Cortese CG, Sanseverino D, Ghislieri C. Stop (to Work) and Go (to Recover) During Mandatory Work From Home: A Three-Wave Study. Health Educ Behav 2024; 51:21-31. [PMID: 37642028 DOI: 10.1177/10901981231192988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many workers have been forced to work from home. In this situation, the boundaries between work and private life have become particularly blurred, and recovering from work was even more difficult than in traditional times, with negative consequences for workers' health. Among the psychological experiences that might underlie the recovery process, mastery played a crucial role as people sought new stimuli and challenging situations. However, there are few articles that have explored the role of this specific recovery experience, its antecedents, and the health consequences under conditions of work from home. Therefore, in this multiwave study, we aimed to investigate the role of mastery as a mediator between supervisor support and insomnia problems. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and had a three-wave design. A convenience sample of 130 employees (67% women) completed an online questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using a three-wave autoregressive cross-lagged panel model. According to the results, supervisor support at Time 1 was positively related to mastery at Time 2, which in turn showed a negative association with insomnia at Time 3. The results demonstrated that mastery experiences have played a crucial role during COVID-19 mandatory work from home, which points to some potential implications for workers' health in the adoption of teleworking beyond the emergency situation.
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Nonnis M, Agus M, Frau G, Urban A, Cortese CG. Job Seekers' Burnout and Engagement: A Qualitative Study of Long-Term Unemployment in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5968. [PMID: 37297572 PMCID: PMC10252961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term unemployment has major consequences from an economic, physical and psychosocial perspective. Several authors have pointed out that the search for employment is in itself work, which can generate feelings of exhaustion of psychophysical energies, cynicism and disinvestment, as well as a sense of ineffectiveness to the point of complete disillusion. The construct of burnout can be used to describe this psychological process. This study evaluated the burnout and engagement dimensions in individuals searching for work for a long time, from a qualitative perspective. Fifty-six semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of long-term unemployed job seekers (Sardinia, Italy), based on Maslach's model of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, effectiveness in job search). The answers to the semi-structured interviews were processed through T-Lab, a semi-automatic textual analysis software. Four thematic cores emerged: exhaustion vs. engagement, cynicism vs. trust, inefficacy vs. efficacy in job search and disillusion vs. hope. This result is consistent with the four-dimensional theoretical model of burnout, originally proposed by Edelwich and Brodsky, recently taken up by Santinello, and framed as the opposite of engagement, as shown in the JD-R model. This study highlights that burnout can describe the psychosocial experiences of long-term unemployed job seekers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Nonnis
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Mirian Agus
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianmarco Frau
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Urban
- Cagliari University Hospital, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
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Caputo A, Gatti P, Clari M, Garzaro G, Dimonte V, Cortese CG. Leaders' Role in Shaping Followers' Well-Being: Crossover in a Sample of Nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2386. [PMID: 36767751 PMCID: PMC9916091 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The link between well-being at work and leadership has received considerable attention. Leaders have the power to influence followers not only due to formal position, but also their positive behaviors could reinforce the followers' positive working experience. Following the crossover model (Westman, 2001), this study investigates whether leaders' work-related positive psychological states (i.e., work engagement) cross over to those of the followers (i.e., work engagement and job satisfaction) through the mediation of the latter's perception of transformational leadership. We used MPlus 8 to test two multilevel mediations in a sample of 1505 nurses nested in 143 groups led by as many leaders (87.19% of nurses and 56.50% of head nurses of the entire population). Results show that while there is not a crossover of leader work engagement to nurse work engagement, manager work engagement can cross over to nurse job satisfaction, enhancing their well-being through transformational leadership behaviors. This study adds further insights both on crossover theory and on the importance of leaders in expanding and transferring resources to followers at work. Fostering work engagement at a managerial level in the healthcare sector could be the driver to facilitate the well-being of nurses at work, address negative outcomes, and promote positive ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caputo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Gatti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Clari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Valerio Dimonte
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
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Nonnis M, Frau G, Agus M, Urban A, Cortese CG. Burnout without a job: An explorative study on a sample of Italian unemployed jobseekers. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036221149260. [PMID: 36699150 PMCID: PMC9869205 DOI: 10.1177/22799036221149260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Search for work is in itself a job and its outcomes are similar to those of job burnout: it can generate feelings of exhaustion, detachment from the commitment to research, and a sense of ineffectiveness. The aim of the present study is to investigate the construct of burnout within the category of long-term unemployed people engaged in job search activity. Design and methods The study has a cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory nature. Two hundred eight Italian unemployed jobseekers compiled an adaptation of the OCS Burnout scale, by Maslach and Leiter. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to investigate the psychometric features of the instrument. The relations between the instrument and age and months of job search variables were assessed through Spearman's Rho coefficient of co-graduation. Finally, a MANOVA was carried out. Results The questionnaire is able to intercept and describe the dimensions of respondents' burnout with respect to four dimensions: Exhaustion, Disengagement, Effectiveness in job search, Disillusion. Correlation analysis shows that the duration of the job search period has a positive relationship with Exhaustion, Disillusion, and Disengagement; a negative relationship with Effectiveness in job search. Finally, MANOVA shows that older unemployed people rate themselves less effective in job searching and more exhausted, compared to younger unemployed people. Conclusions The psychosocial effects of job search on the unemployed are still little studied, and this research, through the construct of burnout, proposes a comprehensive and articulated key to its understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Nonnis
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy,Marcello Nonnis, Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Via Is Mirrionis 1, Cagliari, 09123, Sardinia, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Frau
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mirian Agus
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Urban
- Head of Prevention and Protection Service, ‘Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria’, Cagliari, Italy
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Clari M, Gonella S, Gatti P, Garzaro G, Paleologo M, Cortese CG, Dimonte V. Multi-level analysis of individual and work environment factors associated with nurses' perceived emotional exhaustion. Appl Nurs Res 2022; 63:151514. [PMID: 35034707 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several factors at the individual- and work environment-level were suggested to correlate with emotional exhaustion development in nurses. AIM To explore nurses' perceived emotional exhaustion and associated factors by employing hierarchical modelling techniques. METHODS 1539 nurses completed the cross-sectional survey. Generalized Linear Mixed Model was performed to identify predictors of emotional exhaustion. RESULTS At the individual level, female gender, high workload and emotional job demands increased the risk of emotional exhaustion; instead, higher education, satisfaction with the role of follower, perceiving nursing profession as meaningful, feeling independent at work, and group closeness were protective factors. At the work environment level, hospital ward type did not affect emotional exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS Emotional exhaustion is largely influenced by ward culture and organizational policies, and to a lower extent by socio-demographic variables. Moreover, it emerges as an intrinsic risk of the nursing profession rather than being associated with the clinical area profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Clari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Gonella
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Corso Bramante 88/90, Turin, Italy.
| | - Paola Gatti
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garzaro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Paleologo
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Corso Bramante 88/90, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Dimonte
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, Turin, Italy; Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Corso Bramante 88/90, Turin, Italy
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Ingusci E, Signore F, Giancaspro ML, Manuti A, Molino M, Russo V, Zito M, Cortese CG. Workload, Techno Overload, and Behavioral Stress During COVID-19 Emergency: The Role of Job Crafting in Remote Workers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:655148. [PMID: 33912116 PMCID: PMC8072041 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The radical changes deriving from the COVID-19 emergency have heavily upset some of the most familiar routines of daily work life. Abruptly, many workers have been forced to face the difficulties that come with switching to remote working. Basing on the theoretical framework proposed by the Job Demands-Resources model, the purpose of this paper was to explore the effect of work overload (workload and techno overload), on behavioral stress, meant as an outcome linked to the health impairment process. Furthermore, the aim of the study was to explore the mediating role of job crafting, considered as a second-order construct consisting of two dimensions (increasing structural resources and increasing challenging demands) in the abovementioned relation. Participants were 530 workers experiencing remote working or work-from-home during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italy (March–May 2020). Hypotheses were explored by using three different latent variables, measured reflexively through indicators on a 5-point scale, extracted from validated questionnaires. Data analysis was performed through Structural Equation Modeling; to test the mediation, bootstrap validation was computed (n = 2,000). Results showed that the mediation of job crafting was partial. More specifically, the direct effect between work overload and behavioral stress was positive; moreover, the indirect, negative effect through the mediation of job crafting was also significant. Therefore, results showed that job crafting can play a crucial role as a protective factor supporting the activation and adjustment of suitable resources; these resources can be useful to deal with the negative effects of work overload, particularly under the condition of heavy remote working and use of technologies, on individual outcomes. Starting from the current global scenario of the pandemic that has not yet ceased its effects, the study suggested decisive theoretical and practical implications. Accordingly, findings extended the current trends in occupational health psychology research, with special reference to the mainstream topic “work and COVID-19” in the Italian context. Finally, results can give suggestions to companies engaged in managing change, recommending that they build a collaborative workplace at the individual and collective level to implement job crafting interventions and enrich the personal and organizational resources of workers, which is useful cope with the current demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ingusci
- History, Society and Human Studies Department, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Fulvio Signore
- History, Society and Human Studies Department, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Amelia Manuti
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Molino
- Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behavior "Carlo A. Ricciardi, " Università Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Zito
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behavior "Carlo A. Ricciardi, " Università Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione, Milan, Italy
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Nonnis M, Agus M, Pirrone MP, Cuccu S, Pedditzi ML, Cortese CG. Burnout and Engagement Dimensions in the Reception System of Illegal Immigration in the Mediterranean Sea. A Qualitative Study on a Sample of Italian Practitioners. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18073726. [PMID: 33918364 PMCID: PMC8038207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the semantic nature of burnout and engagement in the operators involved in the management of illegal immigration. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on a sample of Italian practitioners (n = 62) of the two levels of the reception system considered: (1) rescue and first aid and (2) reception and integration. Within the framework of the job demands–resources model (JD-R), the interviews deepened the analysis of the positive and negative dimensions of burnout and engagement: exhaustion versus energy, relational deterioration versus relational involvement, professional inefficacy versus professional efficacy and disillusion versus trust. The interviews were analysed using the T-Lab software, through a cluster analysis (bisecting K-means algorithm), which emphasised noteworthy themes. The results show that, in the vast majority of the dimensions considered (for both levels of reception), the same dimensions of engagement of the operators (energy, relational involvement, professional efficacy and trust) are able to lead them into a condition of burnout, with experiences, conversely, of exhaustion, relational deterioration, professional inefficacy and disillusion. These findings expand the knowledge on burnout and engagement in practitioners of illegal immigration, a context characterised by the value of help and welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Nonnis
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (S.C.); (M.L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-67-57-519
| | - Mirian Agus
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (S.C.); (M.L.P.)
| | | | - Stefania Cuccu
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (S.C.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Luisa Pedditzi
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (M.A.); (S.C.); (M.L.P.)
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Viotti S, Cortese CG, Garlasco J, Rainero E, Emelurumonye IN, Passi S, Boraso F, Gianino MM. The Buffering Effect of Humanity of Care in the Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Waiting Time: A Cross-sectional Study in an Emergency Department. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17082939. [PMID: 32344530 PMCID: PMC7216114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine whether humanity of care and environmental comfort played a role in moderating the relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction in an emergency department (ED). The study used a cross-sectional and non-randomized design. A total of 260 ED patients in two hospitals in Italy completed a self-report questionnaire. Moderated regression showed that after adjusting for control variables, waiting time was significantly and inversely associated with patient satisfaction. Humanity of care and environmental comfort showed a positive and significant association with patient satisfaction. Finally, the interaction term between waiting time and humanity of care was found to be significant, whereas the interaction effect between waiting time and environmental comfort was not significant. The conditional effect showed that when humanity of care was low, waiting time was negatively and significantly related to patient satisfaction. By contrast, when humanity of care was medium and high, the relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction was not significant. These findings shed light on the key role of humanity of care in moderating the relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction. The complex interrelations emerged should be carefully considered when interventions to foster patient satisfaction in an ED context are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Viotti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Claudio Giovanni Cortese
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacopo Garlasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (J.G.); (E.R.); (I.N.E.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Erika Rainero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (J.G.); (E.R.); (I.N.E.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Ifeoma Nneka Emelurumonye
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (J.G.); (E.R.); (I.N.E.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Stefano Passi
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 3 (ASL TO3), Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Flavio Boraso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 3 (ASL TO3), Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Maria Michela Gianino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (J.G.); (E.R.); (I.N.E.); (M.M.G.)
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Signore F, Cortese CG, Parisi S, Russo V, Zito M, Ingusci E. Job crafting e benessere lavorativo: un’indagine esplorativa nel periodo dell’emergenza sanitaria. Med Lav 2020; 111:478-492. [PMID: 33311423 PMCID: PMC7809983 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v111i6.9737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the health emergency in 2020, in order not to interrupt production processes and at the same time to protect the health of citizens and workers, alternative working methods were adopted different from the traditional ones, to which workers were directed without any previous notice or specific training. AIMS The purpose of the research is to explore the relationships between meaning of work, job crafting and emotional exhaustion during the first month of lockdown in the Italian territory. The study therefore aims to identify possible strengthening factors related to working well-being. METHODS The different constructs were detected through an online questionnaire from 11 March to 2 April 2020, involving 405 subjects. After verifying the reliability of the constructs, a mediation model was performed using nonparametric structural equations (PLS-SEM). RESULTS Model's constructs show adequate reliabilities. The study highlights the total mediation of job crafting in the relationship between the meaning of work and emotional exhaustion. In particular, the regression relationship between meaning of work and emotional exhaustion is equal to c'=-0.04, p=0.480. On the contrary, the relationship between the meaning of work and job crafting is a=0.44 (p<0.001), and the one between job crafting and emotional exhaustion is b=-0.14, p=0.014. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that job crafting can be considered a factor able to buffer workers' emotional exhaustion and can guide new lines of intervention, in particular in relation to post-emergency reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Signore
- Dipartimento di Storia, Società e Studi sull’Uomo, Università del Salento, Lecce
| | | | - Sara Parisi
- Dipartimento di Storia, Società e Studi sull’Uomo, Università del Salento, Lecce
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Dipartimento di Business, Diritto, Economia e Consumi “Carlo A. Ricciardi”, Università IULM, Milano
| | - Margherita Zito
- Dipartimento di Business, Diritto, Economia e Consumi “Carlo A. Ricciardi”, Università IULM, Milano
| | - Emanuela Ingusci
- Dipartimento di Storia, Società e Studi sull’Uomo, Università del Salento, Lecce
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Acquadro Maran D, Cortese CG, Pavanelli P, Fornero G, Gianino MM. Gender differences in reporting workplace violence: a qualitative analysis of administrative records of violent episodes experienced by healthcare workers in a large public Italian hospital. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031546. [PMID: 31712339 PMCID: PMC6858178 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyse, from a descriptive and qualitative point of view, the episodes of violence reported by healthcare workers (HCWs) in a large public Italian hospital. Qualitative analysis permits us to collect the victims' words used to describe the event and the ways in which they dealt with it. A comparison between genders was performed to better understand what type of different strategies could be used to improve the prevention of workplace violence for HCWs. DESIGN AND SETTING The retrospective observational study was carried out in 'Città della Salute e della Scienza', a complex of four interconnected hospitals situated in Northern Italy. This study analysed aggression data from the 4-year period of 2015-2018 that included all HCW categories. The data were obtained from the aggression reporting form. PARTICIPANTS The analysed records were supplied by 396 HCWs (3.6% of all HCWs in the hospital). RESULTS Male HCWs aged <30 years did not report violent episodes that occurred in the workplace, while male HCWs with 6-15 years of work experience reported more violent episodes than their female counterparts. Among the HCW professions, nursing was the profession, in which HCWs were more prone to experience a violent episode, while male medical doctors were more prone to report violent episodes than female medical doctors. Moreover, female HCWs experienced more verbal violence (insults) than male HCWs did, while male HCWs experienced more physical violence (bodily contact) than female HCWs did. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this explorative study suggest that there is a gender difference in the characteristics of workplace violence perpetrated by patients, patients' relatives and visitors and in the way in which these episodes are described. Consequently, it is important for informative and preventive courses to consider gender differences in experiencing a violent episode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierluigi Pavanelli
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulio Fornero
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Gianino
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Molino M, Dolce V, Cortese CG, Ghislieri C. Personality and social support as determinants of entrepreneurial intention. Gender differences in Italy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199924. [PMID: 29953517 PMCID: PMC6023202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the promotion of entrepreneurship is significantly increasing, particularly in those countries, such as Italy, that suffered during the recent great economic recession and subsequently needed to revitalize their economy. Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is a crucial stage in the entrepreneurial process and represents the basis for consequential entrepreneurial actions. Several research projects have sought to understand the antecedents of EI. This study, using a situational approach, has investigated the personal and contextual determinants of EI, exploring gender differences. In particular, the mediational role of general self-efficacy between internal locus of control (LoC), self-regulation, and support from family and friends, on the one hand, and EI, on the other hand, has been investigated. The study involved a sample of 658 Italian participants, of which 319 were male and 339 were female. Data were collected with a self-report on-line questionnaire and analysed with SPSS 23 and Mplus 7 to test a multi-group structural equation model. The results showed that self-efficacy totally mediated the relationship between internal LoC, self-regulation and EI. Moreover, it partially mediated the relationship between support from family and friends and EI. All the relations were significant for both men and women; however, our findings highlighted a stronger relationship between self-efficacy and EI for men, and between support from family and friends and both self-efficacy and EI for women. Findings highlighted the role of contextual characteristics in addition to personal ones in influencing EI and confirmed the key mediational function of self-efficacy. As for gender, results suggested that differences between men and women in relation to the entrepreneur role still exist. Practical implications for trainers and educators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Molino
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Dolce
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zito M, Emanuel F, Molino M, Cortese CG, Ghislieri C, Colombo L. Turnover intentions in a call center: The role of emotional dissonance, job resources, and job satisfaction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192126. [PMID: 29401507 PMCID: PMC5798826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turnover intentions refer to employees' intent to leave the organization and, within call centers, it can be influenced by factors such as relational variables or the perception of the quality of working life, which can be affected by emotional dissonance. This specific job demand to express emotions not felt is peculiar in call centers, and can influence job satisfaction and turnover intentions, a crucial problem among these working contexts. This study aims to detect, within the theoretical framework of the Job Demands-Resources Model, the role of emotional dissonance (job demand), and two resources, job autonomy and supervisors' support, in the perception of job satisfaction and turnover intentions among an Italian call center. METHOD The study involved 318 call center agents of an Italian Telecommunication Company. Data analysis first performed descriptive statistics through SPSS 22. A path analysis was then performed through LISREL 8.72 and tested both direct and indirect effects. RESULTS Results suggest the role of resources in fostering job satisfaction and in decreasing turnover intentions. Emotional dissonance reveals a negative relation with job satisfaction and a positive relation with turnover. Moreover, job satisfaction is negatively related with turnover and mediates the relationship between job resources and turnover. CONCLUSION This study contributes to extend the knowledge about the variables influencing turnover intentions, a crucial problem among call centers. Moreover, the study identifies theoretical considerations and practical implications to promote well-being among call center employees. To foster job satisfaction and reduce turnover intentions, in fact, it is important to make resources available, but also to offer specific training programs to make employees and supervisors aware about the consequences of emotional dissonance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Molino
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Lara Colombo
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Emanuel F, Molino M, Ghislieri C, Ghini R, Tortone A, Cortese CG. [From work-related stress evaluation to organizational wellbeing promotion: the case of an Italian pharmaceutical company]. Med Lav 2016; 107:364-377. [PMID: 27681568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work-related stress evaluation is a legal requirement for companies that, in some cases, might be seen as an opportunity to examine wellbeing at work and the dimensions related to it, through the involvement of employees. To that end, this study considers the job demands-resources model as a theoretical framework. OBJECTIVES The study has a twofold objective: a) to describe the process of subjective evaluation carried out in the Italian plant of a pharmaceutical company; and b) to show and discuss results of the analyses performed on variables, examining in detail the relationship between two outcomes (job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion) and some job demands (workload and job effort), job resources (safety climate, clarity of roles, clarity and applicability of procedures, supervisor relational justice and colleague support), and personal resources (internal locus of control and job-related self-efficacy). METHODS The research was conducted through focus groups and a self-report questionnaire that involved all plant employees. Final respondents were 143 (85.1% of employees). RESULTS The regression model, with job satisfaction as a dependent variable, showed a positive relationship with some organizational resources: clarity of roles, clarity and applicability of procedures, supervisor relational justice and colleague support. The regression model, with emotional exhaustion as a dependent variable, showed a positive relationship with two job demands, workload and job effort, and a negative relationship with job-related self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed how important it is to consider wellbeing at work, in its cognitive and emotional dimensions, and its relationship with job demands and resources, within subjective evaluation of work-related stress. Starting from the study results, the research identified a plan of interventions designed for specific areas of improvement.
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Cortese CG, Gatti P, Ghislieri C. [Job demands, meaningful work, and turnover intention among nurses]. Med Lav 2014; 105:37-47. [PMID: 24552093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortage of nurses is a worldwide issue. Since turnover intention (TI) is considered one of the major determinants of turnover behaviour, it is essential to look deeper into the way it operates. OBJECTIVES This study uses the job demands-resources model to investigate the TI of nurses, on the one hand looking at the relationship that some demands (workload, emotional dissonance and abusive supervision) have on TI and on the other, investigating the role of a specific resource (meaningful work - MW) in terms of its effect on TI and as a potential moderator of the relationship between each demand and TI. METHODS The research project was carried out in a large hospital in Northern Italy by administering a self-report questionnaire to all nurses; 630 questionnaires were distributed, 423 (67.14%) of which were completed. The statistical analyses were performed with PASW 18. RESULTS The results highlight a positive relationship between demands and TI and a negative relationship between meaningful work and TI. Moreover, a significant moderating effect of meaningful work on the relationship between emotional dissonance and TI also emerged. No significant moderating effects were found for the relationship between the other two demands and TI. CONCLUSIONS This research allowed us to verify the importance of constructs such as abusive supervision and meaningful work that have not yet been extensively studied, within the context of nursing staff in Italy; it also offered a range of suggestions for organizational developments and for further investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cortese
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino
| | - Paola Gatti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino
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Abstract
AIM Nursing shortage is acknowledged as worldwide issue: understanding the factors that foster nurses' intention to leave the profession (ITL) is therefore essential in lessening its impact. The present study aims at providing insight into the factors influencing nurses' ITL, taking into account personal characteristics, context characteristics and job satisfaction factors. METHOD The study was conducted in two hospitals of Northern Italy, by a questionnaire administered to all nurses employed; 746 questionnaires were distributed, of which 525 (70.4%) were returned completed. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: personal characteristics, context characteristics, job satisfaction (44 items of Italian adaptation of Stamps' Index of Work Satisfaction), and ITL (single-item). Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression model were carried using Pasw18. RESULTS A higher job satisfaction was registered for Interaction with nurses, Professional status, and Autonomy; on the other hand, a perception of dissatisfaction was registered for Pay and Job requirements; 14.6% of respondents reported ITL. Finally, a low job satisfaction for Professional status, Pay, and Work organization policies, age < 30 years, and part-time schedule are associated to higher ITL. DISCUSSION The study allowed to identify various predictors of ITL, enhancing the importance of regular monitoring of ITL. To limit ITL, organizations should: invest on some job satisfaction factors, promote organizational integration of newcomers, and prevent the escalation of work-family and work-life conflict.
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Cortese CG, Gerbaudo L, Manconi MP, Violante B. [Identification of risk factors for work-related stress in a hospital: a qualitative and quantitative approach]. Med Lav 2013; 104:141-157. [PMID: 23789520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Italian legislation establishes the obligation for the employer to assess any risks to the safety and health of workers, including those relating to work-related stress (WRS). Several studies have proved the existence of a link between WRS and both individual diseases and organizational results. OBJECTIVE The research aimed at detecting WRS risk factors in a hospital consisting of 53 departments employing 2334 workers. METHODS A qualitative and quantitative approach was adopted divided into six steps: 1) analysis of the hospital indicators; 2) semistructured interviews of the 53 department heads; 3) preparation of a checklist including 42 WRS risk indicators; 4) observation by shadowing of the 53 departments; 5) setting up of 53 focus groups with staff from each department; 6) distribution of the check-list to a representative sample of 747 employees. RESULTS Data analysis showed a "low" level of WRS risk regarding the hospital as a whole, a "medium" level regarding six transversal indicators and eight departments. Three indicators considered particularly significant were examined in detail: "workplace and ergonomic conditions", "shift work", "interruptions in work flow". CONCLUSIONS The results helped to identifj a series of best practices aimed at reducing WRS risk that are applicable to other health care settings. The qualitative and quantitative approach produced a keen involvement of the employees of the hospital which will positively encourage the real efficacy of the measures taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cortese
- Dipartimento di Psicologia - Università degli Studi di Torino.
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Cortese CG, Gerbaudo L, Benso PG, Violante B. [Association between demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors of job stress in a sample of health care workers employed in two Italian hospitals]. Med Lav 2009; 100:344-358. [PMID: 19960776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job stress has negative effects on both health care work ers' (HCW) health and on work organization. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the presence of stressful conditions, individually considered, or combined in the iso-strain model, is significantly associated with specific socio-demographic characteristics, also with the aim of providing organizational tools for management to reduce stress in the working environment according to Italian law 81/2008. METHODS The extended version of the Job Content Questionnaire was administered to 265 healthy HCW in seven paired wards of two hospitals. The five psychosocial scales Job Demand (JD), Job Control (JC), Social Support (SS), Skill Underutilization (SuS), and Job Insecurity (JI) were calculated. The factors JD, JC, and SS were combined together to separate a group of 33 HCW in iso-strain conditions from another group of 232 HCW not in iso-strain conditions. Several socio-demographic variables were collected. RESULTS Statistically significant associations were found between socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors, whereas the iso-strain conditions were not related to any socio-demographic parameter. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest the need for alternative policies to reduce job stress: for example, actions addressed to operative units or HCW with specific socio-demographic characteristics could be effective in improving individual psychosocial factors; however, integrated actions aimed at reorganizing the working environment as a whole should be implemented to correct iso-strain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cortese
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino.
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Cortese CG, Ghislieri C, Colombo L. [Determining factors of job-satisfaction: presence of work-family conflict in a sample of Italian nurses]. Med Lav 2008; 99:371-386. [PMID: 18828537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organization research has shown increasing interest in the dynamics of work-family conflict (w.f.c.). The NEXT study highlights that w.f.c. significantly influences satisfaction for one's job and the decision to quit the nursing profession. OBJECTIVES This study analyzes w.f.c. in a sample of Italian nurses, with the aim of examining the main differences in relation to personal variables, and understanding the degree to which w.f.c. explains job satisfaction. METHODS A self-reporting questionnaire was administered to 325 nurses in different hospitals of Northern Italy. Descriptive, reliability and Anova data analysis was performed. The relationships between variables were analyzed through correlations (Pearson's r); the role of w.f.c. in explaining job satisfaction was estimated via multiple regression. RESULTS W.f.c. appeared to be more critical in subjects who had care responsibilities and in those who had more demanding work assignments. W.f.c. contributed to explaining job satisfaction, even if it was not its principal determining factor. CONCLUSIONS This area of research appears to be important in that it leads to a better comprehension of the dynamics involved in work satisfaction and can suggest possible initiatives for support and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cortese
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Psicologia.
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Cortese CG. [Job satisfaction among nursing personnel: application of the Italian version of the Stamps Index of Work Satisfaction (1997)]. Med Lav 2007; 98:175-91. [PMID: 17598346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of job satisfaction among nurses is related to a feeling of wellbeing, productivity and patient satisfaction. Furthermore job satisfaction is considered capable of reducing turnover and absenteeism. OBJECTIVES This contribution describes the first application of the Italian version of Stamps' Index of Work Satisfaction (1997), consisting of a 44 item questionnaire used to evaluate job satisfaction among professional nurses operating in healthcare organizations. METHODS Working in four different hospitals of the Piemdont and Lombardy regions. RESULTS Analysis of the principal components revealed the presence of seven factors (Autonomy, Professional status, Pay, Job requirements, Work Organization policies, Interaction with physicians, Interaction with nurses) with an elevated internal coherence that explains 52% of the total variance. The first five factors coincided with those defined by Stamps (1997), while the last two were the result of the separation of the original "Interactions" factor. Validity, measured by correlation with a single item of job satisfaction, was good. The reliability of the entire questionnaire and the single sub-scales, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and item-total correlations, was satisfactory and the scores' distribution curves were symmetrical. The sample's job satisfaction levels appeared higher for Professional status, Interaction with nurses and Autonomy factors, but regarding Work Organization policies, Task requirements and Pay factors perceptions of dissatisfaction emerged. The variability of perceived job satisfaction appeared related to age, service seniority and hospital. CONCLUSIONS Subject to further confirmation of validity and reliability, the questionnaire may be used as a tool to survey the job satisfaction levels perceived by professional nurses operating in healthcare organizations, with the additional purpose of identifying management strategies and target groups in which to carry out specific activities aimed at promoting job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Cortese
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Torino.
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