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Kim D, Orr MJ, Kwong AJ, Deibler KK, Munshi HH, Bridges CS, Chen TJ, Zhang X, Lacorazza HD, Scheidt KA. Rational Design of Highly Potent and Selective Covalent MAP2K7 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:606-613. [PMID: 37197477 PMCID: PMC10184151 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade is conserved across eukaryotes, where it plays a critical role in the regulation of activities including proliferation, differentiation, and stress responses. This pathway propagates external stimuli through a series of phosphorylation events, which allows external signals to influence metabolic and transcriptional activities. Within the cascade, MEK, or MAP2K, enzymes occupy a molecular crossroads immediately upstream to significant signal divergence and cross-talk. One such kinase, MAP2K7, also known as MEK7 and MKK7, is a protein of great interest in the molecular pathophysiology underlying pediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Herein, we describe the rational design, synthesis, evaluation, and optimization of a novel class of irreversible MAP2K7 inhibitors. With a streamlined one-pot synthesis, favorable in vitro potency and selectivity, and promising cellular activity, this novel class of compounds wields promise as a powerful tool in the study of pediatric T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton
R. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Meghan J. Orr
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ada J. Kwong
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kristine K. Deibler
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hasan H. Munshi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cory Seth Bridges
- Department
of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Taylor Jie Chen
- Department
of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - H. Daniel Lacorazza
- Department
of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Lewis AH, Bridges CS, Moorshead DN, Chen TJ, Du W, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Krüppel-like Factor 4 Supports the Expansion of Leukemia Stem Cells in MLL-AF9-driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Stem Cells 2022; 40:736-750. [PMID: 35535819 PMCID: PMC9406610 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive malignancy of the bone marrow with 5-year overall survival of less than 10% in patients over the age of 65. Limited progress has been made in the patient outcome because of the inability to selectively eradicate the leukemic stem cells (LSC) driving the refractory and relapsed disease. Herein, we investigated the role of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in AML because of its critical role in the self-renewal and stemness of embryonic and cancer stem cells. Using a conditional Cre-lox Klf4 deletion system and the MLL-AF9 retroviral mouse model, we demonstrated that loss-of-KLF4 does not significantly affect the induction of leukemia but markedly decreased the frequency of LSCs evaluated in limiting-dose transplantation studies. Loss of KLF4 in leukemic granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (L-GMP), a population enriched for AML LSCs, showed lessened clonogenicity and percentage in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. RNAseq analysis of purified L-GMPs revealed decreased expression of stemness genes and MLL-target genes and upregulation of the RNA sensing helicase DDX58. However, silencing of DDX58 in KLF4 knockout leukemia indicated that DDX58 is not mediating this phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of KLF4 in MOLM13 cell line and AML patient-derived xenograft cells showed impaired expansion in vitro and in vivo associated with a defective G2/M checkpoint. Collectively, our data suggest a mechanism in which KLF4 promotes leukemia progression by establishing a gene expression profile in AML LSCs supporting cell division and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Henry Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cory Seth Bridges
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Neal Moorshead
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taylor J Chen
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wa Du
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Present address: Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monica Puppi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Lewis AH, Bridges CS, Punia VS, Cooper AFJ, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Krüppel-like factor 4 promotes survival and expansion in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2021; 12:255-267. [PMID: 33659038 PMCID: PMC7899553 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy of the bone marrow that affects mostly elderly adults. Alternative therapies are needed for AML patients because the overall prognosis with current standard of care, high dose chemotherapy and allogeneic transplantation, remains poor due to the emergence of refractory and relapsed disease. Here, we found expression of the transcription factor KLF4 in AML cell lines is not silenced through KLF4 gene methylation nor via proteasomal degradation. The deletion of KLF4 by CRISPR-CAS9 technology reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis in both NB4 and MonoMac-6 cell lines. Chemical induced differentiation of gene edited NB4 and MonoMac6 cells with ATRA and PMA respectively increased apoptosis and altered expression of differentiating markers CD11b and CD14. Transplantation of NB4 and MonoMac-6 cells lacking KLF4 into NSG mice resulted in improved overall survival compared to the transplantation of parental cell lines. Finally, loss-of-KLF4 did not alter sensitivity of leukemic cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs daunorubicin and cytarabine. These results suggest that KLF4 expression supports AML cell growth and survival, and the identification and disruption of KLF4-regulated pathways could represent an adjuvant therapeutic approach to increase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Henry Lewis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cory Seth Bridges
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Viraaj Singh Punia
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abraham Fausto Jornada Cooper
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- SMART Program at Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Monica Puppi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - H. Daniel Lacorazza
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Heilmann RM, Ruaux CG, Grützner N, Cranford SM, Bridges CS, Steiner JM. Biological variation of serum canine calprotectin concentrations as measured by ELISA in healthy dogs. Vet J 2019; 247:61-64. [PMID: 30971353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin is a useful biomarker of inflammation in dogs. However, the biological variation of serum canine calprotectin is unknown. Indices of biological variation were determined in serial serum samples (n=147) from 11 healthy dogs (males/females: 4/7, median age: 5 years): analytical (3.0%), intra-individual (29.9%), and inter-individual variation (33.2%), reciprocal index of individuality (1.1), and index of heterogeneity (4.9). Serum calprotectin concentrations measured by ELISA and by the previous radioimmunoassay were highly correlated, but a constant and proportional bias exists between both assays. A de novo ELISA-reference interval (RI) for serum calprotectin concentration was established (0.6-11.8mg/L). Moderate changes in serum calprotectin (minimum critical difference: 6.4mg/L) between sequential measurements are needed to be considered relevant, and a population-based RI may or may not be appropriate for serum calprotectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Department for Small Animals, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, DE-04103 Leipzig, SN, Germany; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - C G Ruaux
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser St 11, DE-06120 Halle (Saale), SA, Germany
| | - S M Cranford
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - C S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Iazbik MC, Lopes R, Bridges CS, Suchodolski JS, Couto CG, Steiner JM. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:109-116. [PMID: 27864850 PMCID: PMC5259649 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Folate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy. Objectives To evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds. Animals Data and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds. Methods Nested case‐control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea. Results Hypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo‐ than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo‐ than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = −0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Small Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, SN, 04103, Germany
| | - N Grützner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Farm Animal Clinic, Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - M C Iazbik
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - R Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474.,Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, 77845
| | - C S Bridges
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
| | - C G Couto
- Veterinary Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.,Couto Veterinary Consultants, Hilliard, OH, 43026
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4474
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