1
|
Nicol MP, Wood RC, Workman L, Prins M, Whitman C, Ghebrekristos Y, Mbhele S, Olson A, Jones-Engel LE, Zar HJ, Cangelosi GA. Microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children by oral swab polymerase chain reaction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10789. [PMID: 31346252 PMCID: PMC6658562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is challenging due to the difficulty of collecting and testing sputum from children. We investigated whether easily-obtained oral swab samples are useful alternatives or supplements to sputum. Oral swabs and induced sputum (IS) were collected from 201 South African children with suspected pulmonary TB. IS samples were tested by mycobacterial culture and Xpert MTB/RIF. Oral swabs were tested by PCR targeting IS6110. Children were categorized as Confirmed TB (microbiologic confirmation on IS), Unconfirmed TB (clinical diagnosis only), or Unlikely TB (recovery without TB treatment). Relative to Confirmed TB, PCR on two oral swabs per child was 43% sensitive and 93% specific. This sensitivity fell below that of sputum Xpert (64%). Among children with either Confirmed or Unconfirmed TB, PCR on two oral swabs per child was 31% sensitive and 93% specific, which was more sensitive than sputum testing among this group (21%). Although oral swab analysis had low sensitivity in sputum-positive children, it detected TB in a significant proportion of sputum-negative children who were clinically diagnosed with TB. Specificity at 93% was suboptimal but may improve with the use of automated methods. With further development, oral swabs may become useful supplements to sputum as samples for diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachel C Wood
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Margaretha Prins
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yonas Ghebrekristos
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Slindile Mbhele
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alaina Olson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, and MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard A Cangelosi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martinez B, Dailey F, Almario CV, Keller MS, Desai M, Dupuy T, Mosadeghi S, Whitman C, Lasch K, Ursos L, Spiegel BMR. Patient Understanding of the Risks and Benefits of Biologic Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from a Large-scale Analysis of Social Media Platforms. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1057-1064. [PMID: 28410343 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients' knowledge and understanding of biologic therapies outside traditional surveys. Here, we used social media data to examine IBD patients' understanding of the risks and benefits associated with biologic therapies and how this affects decision-making. METHODS We collected posts from Twitter and e-forum discussions from >3000 social media sites posted between June 27, 2012 and June 27, 2015. Guided by natural language processing, we identified posts with specific IBD keywords that discussed the risks and/or benefits of biologics. We then manually coded the resulting posts and performed qualitative analysis using ATLAS.ti software. A hierarchical coding structure was developed based on the keyword list and relevant themes were identified through manual coding. RESULTS We examined 1598 IBD-related posts, of which 452 (28.3%) centered on the risks and/or benefits of biologics. There were 5 main themes: negative experiences and concerns with biologics (n = 247; 54.6%), decision-making surrounding biologic use (n = 169; 37.4%), positive experiences with biologics (n = 168; 37.2%), information seeking from peers (n = 125; 27.7%), and cost (n = 38; 8.4%). Posts describing negative experiences primarily commented on side effects from biologics, concerns about potential side effects and increased cancer risk, and pregnancy safety concerns. Posts on decision-making focused on nonbiologic treatment options, hesitation to initiate biologics, and concerns about changing or discontinuing regimens. CONCLUSIONS Social media reveals a wide range of themes governing patients' experience and choice with IBD biologics. The complexity of navigating their risk-benefit profiles suggests merit in creating online tailored decision tools to support IBD patients' decision-making with biologic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Martinez
- *Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, California; †Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; ‡Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; §Department of Medicine, Division of Health Services Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and ‖Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Deerfield, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khanna D, Hays RD, Shreiner AB, Melmed GY, Chang L, Khanna PP, Bolus R, Whitman C, Paz SH, Hays T, Reise SP, Spiegel B. Responsiveness to Change and Minimally Important Differences of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scales. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1186-1192. [PMID: 28251500 PMCID: PMC5532518 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NIH-sponsored Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms scales were developed to assess patients' GI symptoms in clinical settings. AIMS To assess responsiveness to change and provide minimally important difference (MID) estimates for the PROMIS GI Symptoms scales. METHODS A sample of 256 GI outpatients self-administered the eight PROMIS GI Symptoms scales (gastroesophageal reflux, disrupted swallowing, diarrhea, bowel incontinence/soilage, nausea and vomiting, constipation, belly pain, and gas/bloating/flatulence) at two visits. Patient self-reported and physician-reported assessments of the subjects' overall GI condition were employed as change anchors. In addition, we prospectively assessed change at both visits using a GI-symptom anchor, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Responsiveness to change was assessed using F-statistics. The minimally changed group was those somewhat better or somewhat worse on the retrospective anchors and changing by one category on the modified GSRS (e.g., from slight to mild discomfort to moderate to moderately severe discomfort). RESULTS Responsiveness to change was statistically significant for 6 of 8 PROMIS scales using the self-report GI anchor, 3 of 8 scales using the physician-reported anchor, and 5 of 5 scales using the corresponding GSRS scales as anchors. The MID estimates for scales for improvement and worsening were about 0.5-0.6 SD using the GSRS anchor and generally larger in magnitude than the change for the "about the same" group. CONCLUSIONS The responsiveness and MID estimates provided here for the PROMIS GI Symptoms scales can aid in scale score interpretation in clinical trials and observational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., SPC 5370, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Division of Rheumatology/Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, 300 North Ingalls Street, Suite 7C27, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ron D. Hays
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Andrew B. Shreiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA
| | - Gil Y. Melmed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Puja P. Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr., SPC 5370, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Department of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Sylvia H. Paz
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Tonya Hays
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Steven P. Reise
- UCLA Department of Psychology, 3857 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brennan Spiegel
- Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,UCLA/VA Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CORE), 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA,Medicine and Public Health, Division of Health Services Research, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Cedars-Sinai and UCLA, 8723 W. Alden Drive, Steven Spielberg Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Whitman C, Remeniuk B, Pressman A, Irwin MR, Smith MT, Seminowicz DA, Finan PH. 0408 GRAY MATTER VOLUME REDUCTIONS IN THE THALAMUS AND NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS FOLLOWING ACUTE SLEEP CONTINUITY DISRUPTION. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Fuller G, Bolus R, Whitman C, Talley J, Erder MH, Joseph A, Silberg DG, Spiegel B. PRISM, a Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument, Accurately Measures Symptom Change in Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:593-606. [PMID: 28116591 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) experience relief following treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (Vakil et al. in Am J Gastroenterol 101:1900-1920, 2006; Everhart and Ruhl in Gastroenterology 136:376-386, 2009). As many as 17-44% of patients, however, exhibit only partial response to therapy. Most extant GERD patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments fail to meet development best practices as described by the FDA (Talley and Wiklund in Qual Life Res 14:21-33, 2005; Van Pinxteren et al. in Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD002095, 2004; El-Serag et al. in Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32:720-737, 2010). AIM To develop and validate a PRO instrument for clinical trials involving patients with GERD who are PPI partial responders. METHODS We prepared a systematic literature review, held patient focus groups, convened an expert panel, and conducted cognitive interviews to establish content validity. Eligible participants took PPI therapy for at least 8 weeks, had undergone an upper endoscopy, and scored at least 8 points on the GerdQ [6]. Qualitative data guided development of 26 draft items. Items were reviewed by expert panels and debriefed with patients. The resulting 21-item instrument underwent psychometric evaluation during a Phase IIB trial. RESULTS During the trial, confirmatory factor analysis (n = 220) resulted in a four-factor model displaying the highest goodness of fit. All domains had a high inter-item correlation (Cronbach's α > 0.8). Test-retest reliability and convergent validity were strong, with highly significant (p < 0.01) correlations between average weekly PRISM scores and severity anchors and significant (p < 0.05) correlations with anchor subscales. Cumulative distribution functions revealed significant differences between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Analysis in a clinical trial setting demonstrated strong psychometric properties suggesting validity of PRISM. Developed in line with FDA guidance on PROs, PRISM represents an important new outcome measure for patients with GERD with a partial response to PPI therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Fuller
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), 116 N. Robertson Blvd.Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), 116 N. Robertson Blvd.Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,, 1016 Quail Gardens Ct, Encinitas, CA, 92024, USA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), 116 N. Robertson Blvd.Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,, 44 16th Street, Hermosa Beach, CA, 90254, USA
| | - Jennifer Talley
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), 116 N. Robertson Blvd.Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - M Haim Erder
- M. H. Erder Health Economics, Inc, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Brennan Spiegel
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), 116 N. Robertson Blvd.Suite 400, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Almario CV, Chey WD, Khanna D, Mosadeghi S, Ahmed S, Afghani E, Whitman C, Fuller G, Reid M, Bolus R, Dennis B, Encarnacion R, Martinez B, Soares J, Modi R, Agarwal N, Lee A, Kubomoto S, Sharma G, Bolus S, Spiegel BM. Impact of National Institutes of Health Gastrointestinal PROMIS Measures in Clinical Practice: Results of a Multicenter Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111:1546-1556. [PMID: 27481311 PMCID: PMC5097031 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The National Institutes of Health (NIH) created the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to allow efficient, online measurement of patient-reported outcomes (PROs), but it remains untested whether PROMIS improves outcomes. Here, we aimed to compare the impact of gastrointestinal (GI) PROMIS measures vs. usual care on patient outcomes. METHODS We performed a pragmatic clinical trial with an off-on study design alternating weekly between intervention (GI PROMIS) and control arms at one Veterans Affairs and three university-affiliated specialty clinics. Adults with GI symptoms were eligible. Intervention patients completed GI PROMIS symptom questionnaires on an e-portal 1 week before their visit; PROs were available for review by patients and their providers before and during the clinic visit. Usual care patients were managed according to customary practices. Our primary outcome was patient satisfaction as determined by the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included provider interpersonal skills (Doctors' Interpersonal Skills Questionnaire (DISQ)) and shared decision-making (9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9)). RESULTS There were 217 and 154 patients in the GI PROMIS and control arms, respectively. Patient satisfaction was similar between groups (P>0.05). Intervention patients had similar assessments of their providers' interpersonal skills (DISQ 89.4±11.7 vs. 89.8±16.0, P=0.79) and shared decision-making (SDM-Q-9 79.3±12.4 vs. 79.0±22.0, P=0.85) vs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first controlled trial examining the impact of NIH PROMIS in clinical practice. One-time use of GI PROMIS did not improve patient satisfaction or assessment of provider interpersonal skills and shared decision-making. Future studies examining how to optimize PROs in clinical practice are encouraged before widespread adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V. Almario
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - William D. Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sasan Mosadeghi
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shahzad Ahmed
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elham Afghani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Garth Fuller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mark Reid
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Buddy Dennis
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rey Encarnacion
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bibiana Martinez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer Soares
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rushaba Modi
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nikhil Agarwal
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aaron Lee
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott Kubomoto
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gobind Sharma
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sally Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brennan M.R. Spiegel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Almario CV, Chey WD, Iriana S, Dailey F, Robbins K, Patel AV, Reid M, Whitman C, Fuller G, Bolus R, Dennis B, Encarnacion R, Martinez B, Soares J, Modi R, Agarwal N, Lee A, Kubomoto S, Sharma G, Bolus S, Chang L, Spiegel BMR. Computer versus physician identification of gastrointestinal alarm features. Int J Med Inform 2015; 84:1111-7. [PMID: 26254875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is important for clinicians to inquire about "alarm features" as it may identify those at risk for organic disease and who require additional diagnostic workup. We developed a computer algorithm called Automated Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (AEGIS) that systematically collects patient gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and alarm features, and then "translates" the information into a history of present illness (HPI). Our study's objective was to compare the number of alarms documented by physicians during usual care vs. that collected by AEGIS. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study with a paired sample design among patients visiting adult GI clinics. Participants first received usual care by their physicians and then completed AEGIS. Each individual thus contributed both a physician-documented and computer-generated HPI. Blinded physician reviewers enumerated the positive alarm features (hematochezia, melena, hematemesis, unintentional weight loss, decreased appetite, and fevers) mentioned in each HPI. We compared the number of documented alarms within patient using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Seventy-five patients had both physician and AEGIS HPIs. AEGIS identified more patients with positive alarm features compared to physicians (53% vs. 27%; p<.001). AEGIS also documented more positive alarms (median 1, interquartile range [IQR] 0-2) vs. physicians (median 0, IQR 0-1; p<.001). Moreover, clinicians documented only 30% of the positive alarms self-reported by patients through AEGIS. CONCLUSIONS Physicians documented less than one-third of red flags reported by patients through a computer algorithm. These data indicate that physicians may under report alarm features and that computerized "checklists" could complement standard HPIs to bolster clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Almario
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William D Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sentia Iriana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francis Dailey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Robbins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anish V Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Reid
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Garth Fuller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Buddy Dennis
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rey Encarnacion
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bibiana Martinez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Soares
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rushaba Modi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Agarwal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott Kubomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gobind Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sally Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brennan M R Spiegel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spiegel BMR, Hays RD, Bolus R, Melmed GY, Chang L, Whitman C, Khanna PP, Paz SH, Hays T, Reise S, Khanna D. Corrigendum: development of the NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) gastrointestinal symptom scales. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:608. [PMID: 25853211 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
9
|
Almario CV, Chey W, Kaung A, Whitman C, Fuller G, Reid M, Nguyen K, Bolus R, Dennis B, Encarnacion R, Martinez B, Talley J, Modi R, Agarwal N, Lee A, Kubomoto S, Sharma G, Bolus S, Chang L, Spiegel BM. Computer-generated vs. physician-documented history of present illness (HPI): results of a blinded comparison. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:170-9. [PMID: 25461620 PMCID: PMC4289091 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Healthcare delivery now mandates shorter visits with higher documentation requirements, undermining the patient-provider interaction. To improve clinic visit efficiency, we developed a patient-provider portal that systematically collects patient symptoms using a computer algorithm called Automated Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (AEGIS). AEGIS also automatically "translates" the patient report into a full narrative history of present illness (HPI). We aimed to compare the quality of computer-generated vs. physician-documented HPIs. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study with a paired sample design among individuals visiting outpatient adult gastrointestinal (GI) clinics for evaluation of active GI symptoms. Participants first underwent usual care and then subsequently completed AEGIS. Each individual thereby had both a physician-documented and a computer-generated HPI. Forty-eight blinded physicians assessed HPI quality across six domains using 5-point scales: (i) overall impression, (ii) thoroughness, (iii) usefulness, (iv) organization, (v) succinctness, and (vi) comprehensibility. We compared HPI scores within patient using a repeated measures model. RESULTS Seventy-five patients had both computer-generated and physician-documented HPIs. The mean overall impression score for computer-generated HPIs was higher than physician HPIs (3.68 vs. 2.80; P<0.001), even after adjusting for physician and visit type, location, mode of transcription, and demographics. Computer-generated HPIs were also judged more complete (3.70 vs. 2.73; P<0.001), more useful (3.82 vs. 3.04; P<0.001), better organized (3.66 vs. 2.80; P<0.001), more succinct (3.55 vs. 3.17; P<0.001), and more comprehensible (3.66 vs. 2.97; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Computer-generated HPIs were of higher overall quality, better organized, and more succinct, comprehensible, complete, and useful compared with HPIs written by physicians during usual care in GI clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V. Almario
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - William Chey
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Aung Kaung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Garth Fuller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Mark Reid
- Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Buddy Dennis
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rey Encarnacion
- UCLA Computing Technology Research Laboratory (CTRL), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bibiana Martinez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Jennifer Talley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Rushaba Modi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nikhil Agarwal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aaron Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott Kubomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gobind Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sally Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| | - Lin Chang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brennan M.R. Spiegel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education (CS-CORE)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spiegel BM, Hays RD, Bolus R, Melmed GY, Chang L, Whitman C, Khanna PP, Paz SH, Hays T, Reise S, Khanna D. Development of the NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) gastrointestinal symptom scales. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1804-14. [PMID: 25199473 PMCID: PMC4285435 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS(®)) is a standardized set of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) that cover physical, mental, and social health. The aim of this study was to develop the NIH PROMIS gastrointestinal (GI) symptom measures. METHODS We first conducted a systematic literature review to develop a broad conceptual model of GI symptoms. We complemented the review with 12 focus groups including 102 GI patients. We developed PROMIS items based on the literature and input from the focus groups followed by cognitive debriefing in 28 patients. We administered the items to diverse GI patients (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and other common GI disorders) and a census-based US general population (GP) control sample. We created scales based on confirmatory factor analyses and item response theory modeling, and evaluated the scales for reliability and validity. RESULTS A total of 102 items were developed and administered to 865 patients with GI conditions and 1,177 GP participants. Factor analyses provided support for eight scales: gastroesophageal reflux (13 items), disrupted swallowing (7 items), diarrhea (5 items), bowel incontinence/soilage (4 items), nausea and vomiting (4 items), constipation (9 items), belly pain (6 items), and gas/bloat/flatulence (12 items). The scales correlated significantly with both generic and disease-targeted legacy instruments, and demonstrate evidence of reliability. CONCLUSIONS Using the NIH PROMIS framework, we developed eight GI symptom scales that can now be used for clinical care and research across the full range of GI disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brennan M.R. Spiegel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ron D. Hays
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Roger Bolus
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gil Y. Melmed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA,Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Whitman
- Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Puja P. Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sylvia H. Paz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tonya Hays
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve Reise
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Minasian LM, Carpenter WR, Weiner BJ, Anderson DE, McCaskill-Stevens W, Nelson S, Whitman C, Kelaghan J, O'Mara AM, Kaluzny AD. Translating research into evidence-based practice: the National Cancer Institute Community Clinical Oncology Program. Cancer 2010; 116:4440-9. [PMID: 20572032 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid acceleration of basic science is reshaping both our clinical research system and our healthcare delivery system. The pace and growing volume of medical discoveries are yielding exciting new opportunities, yet we continue to face old challenges to maintain research progress and effectively translate research into practice. The National Institutes of Health and individual government programs increasingly are emphasizing research agendas that involve evidence development, comparative-effectiveness research among heterogeneous populations, translational research, and accelerating the translation of research into evidence-based practice as well as building successful research networks to support these efforts. For more than 25 years, the National Cancer Institute Community Clinical Oncology Program has successfully extended research into the community and facilitated the translation of research into evidence-based practice. By describing its keys to success, this article provides practical guidance to cancer-focused, provider-based research networks as well as those in other disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Minasian
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hefner E, Clark K, Whitman C, Behlke MA, Rose SD, Peek AS, Rubio T. Increased potency and longevity of gene silencing using validated Dicer substrates. J Biomol Tech 2008; 19:231-237. [PMID: 19137112 PMCID: PMC2567136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are tools used for silencing the expression of a single gene. They are mainly employed in basic research applications, but may also have great potential in therapeutic applications. Longer double-stranded RNAs, such as Dicer-substrate 27mers, trigger gene silencing through the intrinsic RNAi pathway. The design of these Dicer-substrate 27mers has been optimized so they can be oriented by Dicer to consistently select the antisense (guide) strand after cleavage to shorter siRNAs, leading to predictable mRNA cleavage. In this paper we describe evidence that these Dicer-substrate 27mers produce more potent and sustained gene silencing for four genes when compared with synthetic 21mers that have the same guide-strand sequence. Furthermore, improved silencing by these 27mers is often more pronounced at lower concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hefner
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Warrington RJ, Whitman C, McPhillips Warrington S. Cytokine synthesis in occupational allergy to caddisflies in hydroelectric plant workers. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003; 132:141-7. [PMID: 14600426 DOI: 10.1159/000073715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2002] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in hydroelectric plants appear to be readily sensitized to caddisfly allergens. This sensitization probably occurs de novo from occupational exposure. In some workers, sensitization occurs on a non-atopic background. Cytokine synthesis of IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13 in atopic and non-atopic caddisfly-allergic workers was examined to determine if responses were similar or different. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from atopic caddisfly-allergic workers, non-atopic caddisfly-allergic workers and non-atopic caddisfly-exposed but non-allergic workers. Stimulation with caddisfly antigens was carried out and synthesis of IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13 was determined by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS Both caddisfly-allergic and non-allergic subjects responded to stimulation with caddisfly extract. The response in non-atopic caddisfly-non-allergic subjects was TH1 predominant, while that in atopic caddisfly-allergic subjects was TH2 predominant. The response in non-atopic caddisfly-allergic subjects was between that of the atopic caddisfly-allergic workers and the non-atopic caddisfly-non-allergic workers and the trend was to a TH2 response. Work-related symptoms were similarly intermediate between the atopic caddisfly-allergic and non-atopic caddisfly-non-allergic group. Differences were significant for IFN-gamma/IL-5 ratios but not IFN-gamma/IL-13 ratios for atopic and non-atopic caddisfly-allergic individuals, compared to non-atopic caddisfly-non-allergic workers. However, a linear relationship existed between IFN-gamma synthesis and IL-5 and IL-13 synthesis in non-atopic caddisfly-allergic workers but not in atopic caddisfly-allergic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Caddisfly allergy in hydroelectric workers may be a useful model for the development of allergy to a previously unencountered allergen, and points to some interesting differences between atopic and non-atopic subjects who become sensitized to environmental allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Warrington
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
DsrA is an 85-nucleotide, untranslated RNA that has multiple regulatory activities at 30 degrees C. These activities include the translational regulation of RpoS and H-NS, global transcriptional regulators in Escherichia coli. Hfq is an E. coli protein necessary for the in vitro and in vivo replication of the RNA phage Qbeta. Hfq also plays a role in the degradation of numerous RNA transcripts. Here we show that an hfq mutant strain is defective for DsrA-mediated regulation of both rpoS and hns. The defect in rpoS expression can be partially overcome by overexpression of DsrA. Hfq does not regulate the transcription of DsrA, and DsrA does not alter the accumulation of Hfq. However, in an hfq mutant, chromosome-expressed DsrA was unstable (half-life of 1 min) and truncated at the 3' end. When expressed from a multicopy plasmid, DsrA was stable in both wild-type and hfq mutant strains, but it had only partial activity in the hfq mutant strain. Purified Hfq binds DsrA in vitro. These results suggest that Hfq acts as a protein cofactor for the regulatory activities of DsrA by either altering the structure of DsrA or forming an active RNA-protein complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Sledjeski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Whitman C. Governor's address to MSNJ House of Delegates. N J Med 2000; 97:15-6. [PMID: 10860365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
16
|
Khalil N, Corne S, Whitman C, Yacyshyn H. Plasmin regulates the activation of cell-associated latent TGF-beta 1 secreted by rat alveolar macrophages after in vivo bleomycin injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15:252-9. [PMID: 8703482 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.15.2.8703482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta s (TGF-beta s) are 25-kD multifunctional proteins that regulate inflammation and connective tissue synthesis. With rare exception TGF-beta 1 is secreted noncovalently bound to a latency-associated peptide (LAP) that renders the mature TGF-beta 1 biologically inactive. An important mechanism for the control of TGF-beta 1 action is the regulation of the post-translational processing that removes the LAP from the mature peptide and renders it biologically active. In a model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by the antineoplastic antibiotic, bleomycin, we have demonstrated that explanted alveolar macrophages secrete progressively increasing quantities of a biologically active form of TGF-beta 1, the secretion of which was maximal 7 days after bleomycin administration. Thereafter, there was a rapid decline in the secretion of the active form of TGF-beta 1, whereas the latent form continued to be secreted in elevated quantities. Plasmin, a serine protease, was transiently generated by the same bleomycin-activated alveolar macrophages and paralleled the rise in active TGF-beta 1. When alpha 2-antiplasmin, an inhibitor of plasmin, was added to cultures of alveolar macrophages, the post-translational activation of L-TGF-beta 1, was totally abrogated. When plasmin was added to alveolar macrophages in culture, there was complete activation of the L-TGF-beta 1 that had been secreted during the culture period. However, there was no effect of plasmin on the same alveolar macrophage-derived L-TGF-beta 1 in cell-free conditioned media. Our findings suggest that the secretion of an active form of TGF-beta 1 by alveolar macrophages is regulated by the generation of plasmin and requires that the alveolar macrophages be present. Because the diminution of active TGF-beta 1 coincides with the resolution of inflammation, this suggests that the availability of plasmin regulates the biologically active form of TGF-beta 1, and thus, the inflammation seen after bleomycin-induced lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clancy AN, Whitman C, Michael RP, Albers HE. Distribution of androgen receptor-like immunoreactivity in the brains of intact and castrated male hamsters. Brain Res Bull 1994; 33:325-32. [PMID: 8293317 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(94)90201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of androgen receptor-like (AR) immunoreactivity was mapped in brains of (a) intact, sham-castrated and (b) castrated male hamsters. The pattern of AR-immunoreactive (AR-ir) staining was, in general, similar to that reported for gonadal steroid autoradiography of the male hamster brain. Moreover, with one exception, AR-like staining was similar in intact and castrated males, and occurred in the medial preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and several hypothalamic nuclei including the periventricular, supraoptic, and ventromedial nuclei, and median eminence. However, while AR-ir labeling was virtually absent in the lateral septum of intact males, it was clearly present in the lateral septum of castrated males. The view that androgen receptors in brain generally decline after castration received no support from this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Clancy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30306
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khalil N, Whitman C, Zuo L, Danielpour D, Greenberg A. Regulation of alveolar macrophage transforming growth factor-beta secretion by corticosteroids in bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation in the rat. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:1812-8. [PMID: 7691887 PMCID: PMC288344 DOI: 10.1172/jci116771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by the antineoplastic antibiotic, bleomycin, we previously demonstrated that TGF-beta was markedly elevated within 7 d of bleomycin administration. At the time of maximal TGF-beta production, TGF-beta 1 was localized by immunohistochemistry to be present almost exclusively in alveolar macrophages. In this study, we have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages stimulated by bleomycin-induced injury secrete large quantities of biologically active TGF-beta 1 when explanted into tissue culture. However, alveolar macrophages from normal saline-treated rats secrete small quantities of biologically inactive TGF-beta. In contrast, splenic macrophages secrete large quantities of inactive TGF-beta and are unaffected by the intratracheal bleomycin treatment. High doses of the corticosteroid methylprednisolone given intramuscularly before and concomitantly with bleomycin administration prevented the influx of alveolar macrophages into the lungs, diminishing both the number of macrophages present in the alveoli and the total lung content of TGF-beta. However, the rate of secretion of TGF-beta by alveolar macrophages recovered from the alveoli was unchanged after corticosteroid treatment. When activated alveolar macrophages were cultured in the presence of several concentrations of dexamethasone that completely suppressed IL-1 secretion, little effect on TGF-beta secretion was observed. The findings in this study demonstrate that during bleomycin-induced injury, alveolar macrophages not only secrete large quantities of active TGF-beta 1, but are a predominant source of the enhanced TGF-beta response seen in this model. Furthermore, the alveolar macrophage secretion of TGF-beta is not inhibited by the presence of high concentrations of corticosteroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Khalil
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Arthroscopic evaluation of patients with an acute anterior shoulder dislocation was done to identify and classify the intraarticular lesions that might predict recurrent dislocations. Forty-five shoulders fit the following criteria for inclusion in our study: initial dislocation with no prior history of shoulder problems; confirmation of the dislocation radiographically or reduction by a physician; and arthroscopy within 10 days. The 42 men and 3 women had an average age of 21.2 years (range, 14 to 28 years). Mechanism of injury was a twisting of the arm into forced abduction and external rotation, a fall on the outstretched arm, or a direct blow to the shoulder. Based on this preliminary study of 45 shoulders, we present a classification of the lesions found in the acute shoulder dislocation. Group 1 (six shoulders) had capsular tears with no labral lesions: these shoulders were stable under anesthesia and had no or minimal hemarthrosis. Group 2 (11 shoulders) had capsular tears and partial labral detachments: these shoulders were mildly unstable and had mild to moderate hemarthrosis. Group 3 (28 shoulders) had capsular tears with labral detachments: these shoulders were grossly unstable and had large hemarthrosis. They had complete capsular/labral detachments. In the past, redislocation rates have been primarily related to age at the time of initial dislocation and, to a lesser degree, the period of immobilization. We have identified the intraarticular lesions in 45 patients with an initial anterior glenohumeral dislocation and classified these shoulders into three groups based on the lesions found. By doing so, we can develop a more accurate method of determining which shoulders are prone to recurrent dislocation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Baker
- Hughston Orthopaedic Clinic, Columbus, Georgia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Long GV, Whitman C, Johansson MS, Williams CA, Tuthill RW. Evaluation of a school health program directed to children with history of high absence. Am J Public Health 1975; 65:388-93. [PMID: 1119637 PMCID: PMC1775801 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.65.4.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Tuthill RW, Williams C, Long G, Whitman C. Evaluating a school health program focused on high absence pupils: a research design. Am J Public Health 1972; 62:40-2. [PMID: 5008638 PMCID: PMC1530013 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.62.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Bliss CI, Whitman C, Mcdonald FG, Bills CE. Sources of Variation in the Determination of Vitamin D by the Line Test. J AOAC Int 1954. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/37.2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|