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Sauvé WMoore RD, Ellemberg D. The Effect of Concussions on the Emotion Regulation Processes of Martial Arts Athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz026.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
To identify differences in the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies between martial artists who sustained concussive injuries and their control teammates.
Methods
Athletes (9 concussed, 10 controls) from martial arts teams completed the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and rated pictures from the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS) using the self-assessment manikin (SAM). Athletes actively participating in martial arts were recruited directly from their team 9 months (280.67±85.59 days) following a concussion. Athletes with a diagnosis of neurologic disorder were excluded form the analysis.
Results
Athletes with a history of concussion reported catastrophizing (p=.007) significantly less often and reported putting things in perspective (p=.04) more often than controls when faced with a negative event. While viewing neutral (p=.05) and negative (p=.03) pictures, athletes with a history of concussion rated pictures as more positive than controls did. They also felt more in control than non-concussed athletes while viewing positive (p=.008), neutral (p=.01), and negative (p=.05) pictures.
Conclusion
Martial artists reporting concussive injuries appear to diverge from non-concussed teammates in their emotion regulation processes. This group difference could be explained by greater affect intensity and surgency for the concussed group and greater emotional control and leveling of positive affect for the control group. Altered affective report following concussion may be related to more general impairments in socio-emotional functioning. Additional research is necessary to better understand how those alterations evolve over time and in relation with subsequent concussive injuries.
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Sicard V, Caron G, Moore RD, Ellemberg D. Prevalence of Post-Exertion Cognitive Test Failure in Varsity Athletes with a History of Concussion. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz026.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether varsity athletes with a history of concussions (6+ months from injury) show post-exertion cognitive alterations relative to their control counterparts.
Methods
Sixty-eight participants (34 with a HOC; 34 carefully-matched teammate controls) participated in this study. The research protocol consisted of a 20-min exertion protocol on stationary bike at 80% (80.98 ± 2.44%) of their theoretical maximal heart rate. Following physical exertion, they performed an experimental Switch task designed to assess executive functions. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed to compare accuracy (Acc) and response time (RT) between HOC and control athletes on the Switch task. Since the study population was assumed to be heterogeneous, we ran chi-squared tests to determine if there was a group difference in the proportion of participants who underperformed by having a score that was at least 2SD higher (RT) or lower (Acc) than the mean.
Results
Whilst no significant group difference in performance on the Switch task, the chi-squared test revealed that significantly more HOC athletes (20.6%) underperformed relative to the controls based on their Acc (2.9%; Pearson χ²=5.10, p=0.02). chi-squared test for RT was not significant and no athlete failed both an Acc and RT.
Conclusion
Although the current results did not support our initial hypothesis that an acute bout of exercise would reveal persistent alterations that were not present at rest, they are in line with previous research indicating cognitive alterations in a minority of athletes (one in five) who sustained a concussion, despite reporting being asymptomatic and be actively participating in their sports. They also highlight the importance of considering inter-individual differences in recovery trajectories with heterogeneous population such as concussed athletes.
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Moore RD, Sicard V, Pindus D, Raine LB, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Decker S, Ellemberg D, Hillman CH. A targeted neuropsychological examination of children with a history of sport-related concussion. Brain Inj 2018; 33:291-298. [PMID: 30427210 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1546408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research suggests that sport-related concussion can lead to persistent alterations in children's neurophysiology and cognition. However, the search for neuropsychological tests with a similar ability to detect long-term deficits continues. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The current study assessed whether a target battery of neuropsychological measures of higher cognition and academic achievement would detect lingering deficits in children 2 years after injury. RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS AND PROCEDURE A total of 32 pre-adolescent children (16 concussion history, 16 control) completed a targeted battery of neuropsychological and academic tests. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Children with a history of concussion exhibited selective deficits during the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, Comprehensive Trail-Making Test, and the mathematics sub-section of the WRAT-3. Deficit magnitude was significantly related to age at injury, but not time since injury. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that neuropsychological measures of higher cognition and academic achievement may be sensitive to lingering deficits, and that children injured earlier in life may exhibit worse neuropsychological and academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Moore
- a Arnold School of Public Health , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - V Sicard
- b Department of Kinesiology , Université de Montréal , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition , Université de Montréal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - D Pindus
- d College of Science , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - L B Raine
- d College of Science , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - E S Drollette
- e Department of Kinsiology School of Health and Human Sciences , University of North Carolina-Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - M R Scudder
- f Departement of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - S Decker
- g Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - D Ellemberg
- b Department of Kinesiology , Université de Montréal , Montreal , QC , Canada.,c Centre de recherche en neuropsychologie et cognition , Université de Montréal , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - C H Hillman
- h Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , College of Applied Health Sciences, Univeristy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA
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Johnson A, Richard B, Ellemberg D, Hansen B. Eccentricity-dependent sensitivity loss of amplitude spectrum slope discrimination. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Richard B, Hansen B, Ellemberg D, Johnson A. Size dependent increase in sensitivity to the slope of the amplitude spectrum is not solely dependent on the increased low spatial frequency representation of larger stimuli. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hansen B, Richard B, Johnson A, Ellemberg D. Surround suppression of contrast sensitivity with natural scene stimuli. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Richard B, Hansen B, Ellemberg D, Johnson A. Size matters: Increasing stimulus size reduces thresholds in an amplitude spectrum discrimination task. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Richard B, Johnson A, Hansen B. Centre-surround interactions on apparent contrast endure with broad-band stimuli. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hansen BC, Johnson AP, Ellemberg D. Natural Scene Image Complexity Differentially Modulates the N1 and P1 Components of Early VEPs. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Lewis TL, Maurer D, Lee B, Ledgeway T, Guilemot JP, Lepore F. The effect of displacement on sensitivity to first- and second-order global motion in 5-year-olds and adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 23:517-32. [PMID: 21466138 DOI: 10.1163/187847510x532702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared the development of sensitivity to first- versus second-order global motion in 5-year-olds (n=24) and adults (n=24) tested at three displacements (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 degrees). Sensitivity was measured with Random-Gabor Kinematograms (RGKs) formed with luminance-modulated (first-order) or contrast-modulated (second-order) concentric Gabor patterns. Five-year-olds were less sensitive than adults to the direction of both first- and second-order global motion at every displacement tested. In addition, the immaturity was smallest at the smallest displacement, which required the least spatial integration, and smaller for first-order than for second-order global motion at the middle displacement. The findings suggest that the development of sensitivity to global motion is limited by the development of spatial integration and by different rates of development of sensitivity to first- versus second-order signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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Ellemberg D, Johnson A, Hansen B. The development of contrast sensitivity for gratings and natural images: Revisiting the golden standard. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Richard B, Ellemberg D, Johnson A. Non-parametric test to describe response time and eye movement distributions in visual search. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hibbeler PJ, Ellemberg D, Johnson A, Olzak LA. Changes in Fixation Strategy May account for a portion of Perceptual Learning observed in visual tasks. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hansen BC, Jacques T, Johnson AP, Ellemberg D. Early VEP magnitude is modulated by structural sparseness and the distribution of spatial frequency contrast in natural scenes. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Hansen B, Johnson A. Discrimination of amplitude spectrum slope of natural scenes during childhood. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.9.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Johnson A, Hansen B, Ellemberg D. Center-surround effects in human discrimination of amplitude spectrum slope. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.9.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Johnson A, Hansen B. The development of natural image contrast sensitivity. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hansen BC, Thompson B, Hess RF, Ellemberg D. Reverse correlation between the N170 and fractal noise yields human faces: A time-frequency spectrum analysis. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Turgeon C, Johnson A, Pannasch S, Ellemberg D. Auditory deprivation during infancy affects the control of pursuit eye movements. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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Richard B, Johnson A, Ellemberg D. Persistent abnormalities in the control of eye movements following a sport-related concussion. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hibbeler PJ, Ellemberg D, Johnson A, Olzak LA. Cause of asymmetries in center-surround and surround-center masking. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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24
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Boutin D, Ellemberg D. Spatial lateral interactions during childhood. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.9.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lewis TL, Bhagirath VC, Ellemberg D, Maurer D. Greater immaturity in sensitivity to second-order gratings than to first-order gratings during infancy. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/3.9.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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MacKay TL, Jakobson LS, Ellemberg D, Lewis TL, Mauer D, Casiro O. Deficits in the processing of local and global motion in very low birthweight children. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/3.9.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lewis TL, Kingdon A, Ellemberg D, Maurer D. Sensitivity to tilt in first-order and second-order gratings is immature in 5-year-olds. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/5.8.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Lewis TL, Lee B, Maurer D. Motion detection and velocity discrimination are still immature in 5-year-olds. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/2.7.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lewis TL, Ellemberg D, Maurer D, Lee B, Brent HP, Levin AV. The effects of early pattern deprivation on the development of the ability to detect local motion and to discriminate its velocity. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/2.7.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hibbeler PJ, Ellemberg D, Johnson A, Olzak LA. Does fixation account for perceptual learning in visual hyperacuity discrimination tasks? J Vis 2009. [DOI: 10.1167/9.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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De Beaumont L, Théoret H, Mongeon D, Messier J, Leclerc S, Tremblay S, Ellemberg D, Lassonde M. Brain Function Decline in Healthy Retired Athletes who Sustained their Last Sports Concussion in Early Adulthood. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Robitaille N, Lepore F, Bacon BA, Ellemberg D, Guillemot JP. Receptive field properties and sensitivity to edges defined by motion in the postero-lateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS) area of the cat. Brain Res 2007; 1187:82-94. [PMID: 18005943 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the spatial properties of cells in the postero-lateral lateral suprasylvian (PLLS) area of the cat and assessed their sensitivity to edges defined by motion. A total of one hundred and seventeen (117) single units were isolated. First, drifting sinusoidal gratings were used to assess the spatial properties of the cells' receptive fields and to determine their spatial frequency tuning functions. Second, random-dot kinematograms were used to create illusory edges by drifting textured stimuli (i.e. a horizontal bar) against a similarly textured but static background. Almost all the cells recorded in PLLS (96.0%) were binocular, and a substantial majority of receptive fields (79.2%) were end-stopped. Most units (81.0%) had band-pass spatial frequency tuning functions and responded optimally to low spatial frequencies (mean spatial frequency: 0.08 c./degree). The remaining units (19.0%) were low-pass. All the recorded cells responded vigorously to edges defined by motion. The vast majority (96.0%) of cells responded optimally to large texture elements; approximately half the cells (57.3%) also responded to finer texture elements. Moreover, 38.5% of the cells were selective to the width of the bar (i.e., the distance between the leading and the trailing edges). Finally, some (9.0%) cells responded in a transient fashion to leading and to trailing edges. In conclusion, cells in the PLLS area are low spatial frequency analyzers that are sensitive to texture and to the distance between edges defined by motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Robitaille
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Ellemberg D, Lewis TL, Defina N, Maurer D, Brent HP, Guillemot JP, Lepore F. Greater losses in sensitivity to second-order local motion than to first-order local motion after early visual deprivation in humans. Vision Res 2006; 45:2877-84. [PMID: 16087210 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared sensitivity to first-order versus second-order local motion in patients treated for dense central congenital cataracts in one or both eyes. Amplitude modulation thresholds were measured for discriminating the direction of motion of luminance-modulated (first-order) and contrast modulated (second-order) horizontal sine-wave gratings. Early visual deprivation, whether monocular or binocular, caused losses in sensitivity to both first- and second-order motion, with greater losses for second-order motion than for first-order motion. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the two types of motion are processed by different mechanisms and suggest that those mechanisms are differentially sensitive to early visual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qué., Canada.
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Ahmed IJ, Lewis TL, Ellemberg D, Maurer D. Discrimination of speed in 5-year-olds and adults: are children up to speed? Vision Res 2005; 45:2129-35. [PMID: 15845244 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared thresholds for discriminating changes in speed by 5-year-olds and adults for two reference speeds: 1.5 and 6 degrees s(-1). Both adults and 5-year-olds were more sensitive to changes from the faster than from the slower reference speed. Five-year-olds were less sensitive than adults at both reference speeds but significantly more immature at the slower (1.5 degrees s(-1)) than at the faster (6 degrees s(-1)) reference speed. The findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying speed discrimination are immature in 5-year-olds, especially those that process slower speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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MacKay TL, Jakobson LS, Ellemberg D, Lewis TL, Maurer D, Casiro O. Deficits in the processing of local and global motion in very low birthweight children. Neuropsychologia 2005; 43:1738-48. [PMID: 16154449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of premature birth on the development of local and global motion processing in a group of very low birthweight (<1500 g), 5- to 8-year-old children. Sensitivity to first- and second-order local motion stimuli and coherence thresholds for global motion in random dot kinematograms were measured. Relative to full-term controls, premature children showed deficits on all three aspects of motion processing. These problems could not be accounted for by stereo deficits, amblyopia, or attentional problems. A history of mild retinopathy of prematurity and/or intraventricular hemorrhage increased risk, but deficits were observed in some children with no apparent ocular or cerebral pathology. It is important to note that, despite the observed group differences, individual profiles of performance did vary; the results suggest that these three forms of motion processing may involve separate neural mechanisms. These findings serve to increase our understanding of the organization and functional development of motion-processing subsystems in humans, and of the impact of prematurity and associated complications on visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L MacKay
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
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Abstract
We studied differences in the development of sensitivity to first-versus second-order global motion by comparing the motion coherence thresholds of 5-year-olds and adults tested at three speeds (1.5, 6, and 9 degrees s(-1)). We used Random Gabor Kinematograms (RGKs) formed with luminance-modulated (first-order) or contrast-modulated (second-order) concentric Gabor patterns with a sinusoidal spatial frequency of 3c deg(-1). To achieve equal visibility, modulation depth was set at 30% for first-order Gabors and at 100%, for second-order Gabors. Subjects were 24 adults and 24 5-year-olds. For both first- and second-order global motion, the motion coherence threshold of 5-year-olds was less mature for the slowest speed (1.5 degrees s(-1)) than for the two faster speeds (6 and 9 degrees s(-1)). In addition, at the slowest speed, the immaturity was greater for second-order than for first-order global motion. The findings suggest that the extrastriate mechanisms underlying the perception of global motion are different, at least in part, for first- versus second-order signals and for slower versus faster speeds. They also suggest that those separate mechanisms mature at different rates during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- McGill Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Lewis TL, Ellemberg D, Maurer D, Guillemot JP, Lepore F. Motion perception in 5-year-olds: Immaturity is related to hypothesized complexity of cortical processing. J Vis 2004. [DOI: 10.1167/4.8.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Hess RF, Allen HA. Evidence for spatial frequency and orientation labelled detectors in second-order visual processing. J Vis 2004. [DOI: 10.1167/4.8.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Armstrong VL, Lewis TL, Ellemberg D, Bhagirath VC, Maurer D. Comparison of sensitivity to first- and second-order information in infants, children, and adults. J Vis 2004. [DOI: 10.1167/4.8.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ellemberg D, Lavoie K, Lewis TL, Maurer D, Lepore F, Guillemot JP. Longer VEP latencies and slower reaction times to the onset of second-order motion than to the onset of first-order motion. Vision Res 2003; 43:651-8. [PMID: 12604101 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We compared visual evoked potentials and psychophysical reaction times to the onset of first- and second-order motion. The stimuli consisted of luminance-modulated (first-order) and contrast-modulated (second-order) 1 cpd vertical sine-wave gratings drifting rightward for 140 ms at a velocity of 6 degrees /s. For each condition, we analysed the latencies and peak-to-baseline amplitudes of the P1 and N2 peaks recorded at Oz. For first-order motion, both P1 and N2 peaks were present at low (3%) contrast (i.e., depth modulations) whereas for second-order motion they appeared only at higher (25%) contrasts. When the two types of motion were equated for visibility, responses were slower for second-order motion than for first-order motion: about 44 ms slower for P1 latencies, 53 ms slower for N2 latencies, and 76 ms slower for reaction times. The longer VEP latencies for second-order motion support models that postulate additional processing steps for the extraction of second-order motion. The slower reaction time to the onset of second-order motion suggests that the longer neurophysiological analysis translates into slower detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Groupe de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Université de Montréal, Que., Montréal, Canada
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Ellemberg D, Hammarrenger B, Lepore F, Roy MS, Guillemot JP. Contrast dependency of VEPs as a function of spatial frequency: the parvocellular and magnocellular contributions to human VEPs. Spat Vis 2002; 15:99-111. [PMID: 11893127 DOI: 10.1163/15685680152692042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the contrast dependency of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) elicited by phase reversing sine wave gratings of varying spatial frequency. Sixty-five trials were recorded for each of 54 conditions: 6 spatial frequencies (0.8, 1.7, 2.8, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0 c deg(-1)) each presented at 9 contrast levels (2, 4, 8, 11, 16, 23, 32, 64 and 90%). At the lowest spatial frequency, the waveform contained mainly one peak (P1). For spatial frequencies up to 8 c deg(-1), P1 had a characteristic magnocellular contrast response: it appeared at low contrasts, increased rapidly in amplitude with increasing contrast, and saturated at medium contrasts. With increasing spatial frequency, an additional peak (N1) gradually became the more dominant component of the waveform. N1 had a characteristic parvocellular contrast response: it appeared at medium to high contrasts, increased linearly in amplitude with increasing contrast, and did not appear to saturate. The data suggest the contribution of both magnocellular and parvocellular responses at intermediate spatial frequencies. Only at the lowest and highest spatial frequencies tested did magnocellular and parvocellular responses, respectively, appear to dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Groupe de Recherche En Neuropsychologie Expérimentale, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Using the method of limits, we measured spatial and temporal vision in 15 patients, aged 4-28 years, who had been monocularly deprived of patterned visual input during infancy by a dense cataract. All patients showed losses in both spatial and temporal vision, with greater losses in spatial than in temporal vision. Losses were smaller when there had been more patching of the non-deprived eye. The results indicate that visual deprivation has smaller effects on the neural mechanisms mediating temporal vision than on those mediating spatial vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Ont., L8S 4K1, Hamilton, Canada
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Abstract
Using the method of limits, we measured spatial and temporal vision in 13 children who had been deprived of patterned visual input during infancy until they were treated for dense central cataracts in both eyes. Spatial vision was assessed with vertical sine-wave gratings, and temporal vision was assessed with an unpatterned luminance field sinusoidally modulated over time. Under these testing conditions, spatial contrast sensitivity at low and medium spatial frequencies (0.33-2 c deg-1) was within normal limits, but sensitivity at higher spatial frequencies and grating acuity were reduced on average by 1.3 and 0.5 log units, respectively. Temporal vision was affected less severely, with losses in sensitivity only for low temporal frequencies (5 and 10 Hz), which averaged 0.4 log units. Thus, spatial and temporal vision are likely mediated by different neural mechanisms, that are differentially affected by deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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Abstract
Using the method of limits, we measured the development of spatial and temporal vision beginning at 4 years of age. Participants were adults, and children aged 4, 5, 6, and 7 years (n = 24 per age). Spatial vision was assessed with vertical sine-wave gratings, and temporal vision was assessed with an unpatterned luminance field sinusoidally modulated over time. Under these testing conditions, spatial contrast sensitivity at every frequency increased by at least 0.5 log units between 4 and 7 years of age, at which point it was adult-like. Grating acuity reached adult values at 6 years of age. Temporal vision was more mature: at 4 years of age temporal contrast sensitivity at higher temporal frequencies (20 and 30 Hz) and critical flicker fusion frequency were already adult-like. Sensitivity at lower temporal frequencies (5 and 10 Hz) increased by 0.25 log units after the age of 4 to reach adult levels at age 7. The results suggest that temporal vision matures more rapidly than spatial vision during childhood. Thus, spatial and temporal vision are likely mediated by different underlying neural mechanisms that mature at different rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ellemberg D, Wilkinson F, Wilson HR, Arsenault AS. Apparent contrast and spatial frequency of local texture elements. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1998; 15:1733-1739. [PMID: 9656474 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.15.001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We measured the apparent contrast and spatial frequency of a parafoveal Gabor signal located at the center of an array of Gabor signals as a function of both element density and the direction of contrast and spatial frequency of the surrounding elements. The target Gabor appeared lower in contrast and higher in spatial frequency when the elements were in close proximity, regardless of the direction of contrast and spatial frequency of the surrounding elements. Overall, the evidence suggests that the appearance of a parafoveal target is strongly affected by its visual context. These findings provide additional support for the existence of spatial interactions among neurons implicated in textural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ellemberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
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Abstract
A horizontal array of vertically oriented Gabor elements was used to examine lateral masking in the near periphery (1.9 degrees-5.7 degrees eccentricity). Thresholds were assessed for detecting changes in the contrast, the spatial frequency, and the orientation of the central element within the array. The presence of surround elements induced marked threshold elevations that increased in strength as interelement spacing decreased and as retinal eccentricity increased. A model incorporating spatial summation by complex cells and reciprocal inhibition between simple and complex cells is shown to provide a quantitative fit to the data. This model suggests that complex cells analyze highly redundant textures, whereas simple cells function predominantly in the presence of isolated contours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
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