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1
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Lauretta DS, Adam CD, Allen AJ, Ballouz RL, Barnouin OS, Becker KJ, Becker T, Bennett CA, Bierhaus EB, Bos BJ, Burns RD, Campins H, Cho Y, Christensen PR, Church ECA, Clark BE, Connolly HC, Daly MG, DellaGiustina DN, Drouet d’Aubigny CY, Emery JP, Enos HL, Freund Kasper S, Garvin JB, Getzandanner K, Golish DR, Hamilton VE, Hergenrother CW, Kaplan HH, Keller LP, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Liounis AJ, Ma H, McCarthy LK, Miller BD, Moreau MC, Morota T, Nelson DS, Nolau JO, Olds R, Pajola M, Pelgrift JY, Polit AT, Ravine MA, Reuter DC, Rizk B, Rozitis B, Ryan AJ, Sahr EM, Sakatani N, Seabrook JA, Selznick SH, Skeen MA, Simon AA, Sugita S, Walsh KJ, Westermann MM, Wolner CWV, Yumoto K. Spacecraft sample collection and subsurface excavation of asteroid (101955) Bennu. Science 2022; 377:285-291. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous asteroids, such as (101955) Bennu, preserve material from the early Solar System, including volatile compounds and organic molecules. We report spacecraft imaging and spectral data collected during and after retrieval of a sample from Bennu’s surface. The sampling event mobilized rocks and dust into a debris plume, excavating a 9-m-long elliptical crater. This exposed material that is darker, spectrally redder, and more abundant in fine particulates than the original surface. The bulk density of the displaced subsurface material was 500–700 kg per cubic meter, about half that of the whole asteroid. Particulates that landed on instrument optics spectrally resemble aqueously altered carbonaceous meteorites. The spacecraft stored 250 ± 101 g of material, which will be delivered to Earth in 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - A. J. Allen
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - R.-L. Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - O. S. Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - K. J. Becker
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T. Becker
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C. A. Bennett
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - B. J. Bos
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - R. D. Burns
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - H. Campins
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Y. Cho
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - B. E. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H. C. Connolly
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - M. G. Daly
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - J. P. Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - H. L. Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - D. R. Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - H. Ma
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - T. Morota
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - J. O. Nolau
- Physics Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - R. Olds
- Lockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO, USA
| | - M. Pajola
- INAF (Italian National Institute for Astrophysics) – Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - A. T. Polit
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - B. Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B. Rozitis
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - A. J. Ryan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - N. Sakatani
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. A. Seabrook
- Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S. H. Selznick
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - A. A. Simon
- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - S. Sugita
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. J. Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. M. Westermann
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C. W. V. Wolner
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K. Yumoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Golish DR, Simon AA, Reuter DC, Ferrone S, Clark BE, Li JY, DellaGiustina DN, Drouet d’Aubigny C, Rizk B, Lauretta DS. Cross-Instrument Comparison of MapCam and OVIRS on OSIRIS-REx. Space Sci Rev 2022; 218:5. [PMID: 35250103 PMCID: PMC8885487 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-022-00873-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two of the instruments onboard the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, the MapCam color imager and the OVIRS visible and infrared spectrometer, observed the surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu in partially overlapping wavelengths. Significant scientific advances have been enabled by using data from these two instruments in tandem, but a robust statistical understanding of their relationship is needed for future analyses to cross-compare their data as accurately and sensitively as possible. Here we present a cross-instrument comparison of data acquired by MapCam and OVIRS, including methods and results for all global and site-specific observation campaigns in which both instruments were active. In our analysis, we consider both the absolute radiometric offset and the relative (normalized) variation between the two instruments; we find that both depend strongly on the photometric and instrumental conditions during the observation. The two instruments have a large absolute offset (>15%) due to their independent radiometric calibrations. However, they are very consistent (relative offset as low as 1%) when each instrument's response is normalized at a single wavelength, particularly at low phase angles where shadows on Bennu's rough surface are minimized. We recommend using the global datasets acquired at 12:30 pm local solar time for cross-comparisons; data acquired at higher phase angles have larger uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - A. A. Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - D. C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - S. Ferrone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - B. E. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - J.-Y. Li
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ USA
| | | | | | - B. Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - D. S. Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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3
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Kaplan HH, Lauretta DS, Simon AA, Hamilton VE, DellaGiustina DN, Golish DR, Reuter DC, Bennett CA, Burke KN, Campins H, Connolly HC, Dworkin JP, Emery JP, Glavin DP, Glotch TD, Hanna R, Ishimaru K, Jawin ER, McCoy TJ, Porter N, Sandford SA, Ferrone S, Clark BE, Li JY, Zou XD, Daly MG, Barnouin OS, Seabrook JA, Enos HL. Bright carbonate veins on asteroid (101955) Bennu: Implications for aqueous alteration history. Science 2020; 370:science.abc3557. [PMID: 33033155 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The composition of asteroids and their connection to meteorites provide insight into geologic processes that occurred in the early Solar System. We present spectra of the Nightingale crater region on near-Earth asteroid Bennu with a distinct infrared absorption around 3.4 micrometers. Corresponding images of boulders show centimeters-thick, roughly meter-long bright veins. We interpret the veins as being composed of carbonates, similar to those found in aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. If the veins on Bennu are carbonates, fluid flow and hydrothermal deposition on Bennu's parent body would have occurred on kilometer scales for thousands to millions of years. This suggests large-scale, open-system hydrothermal alteration of carbonaceous asteroids in the early Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kaplan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA. .,Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - D N DellaGiustina
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D R Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C A Bennett
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K N Burke
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H Campins
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - H C Connolly
- Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.,Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J P Dworkin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J P Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - D P Glavin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T D Glotch
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - R Hanna
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K Ishimaru
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T J McCoy
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - N Porter
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S A Sandford
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - S Ferrone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - B E Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J-Y Li
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - X-D Zou
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M G Daly
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O S Barnouin
- John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - J A Seabrook
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H L Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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4
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Rozitis B, Ryan AJ, Emery JP, Christensen PR, Hamilton VE, Simon AA, Reuter DC, Al Asad M, Ballouz RL, Bandfield JL, Barnouin OS, Bennett CA, Bernacki M, Burke KN, Cambioni S, Clark BE, Daly MG, Delbo M, DellaGiustina DN, Elder CM, Hanna RD, Haberle CW, Howell ES, Golish DR, Jawin ER, Kaplan HH, Lim LF, Molaro JL, Munoz DP, Nolan MC, Rizk B, Siegler MA, Susorney HCM, Walsh KJ, Lauretta DS. Asteroid (101955) Bennu's weak boulders and thermally anomalous equator. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc3699. [PMID: 33033037 PMCID: PMC7544501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermal inertia and surface roughness are proxies for the physical characteristics of planetary surfaces. Global maps of these two properties distinguish the boulder population on near-Earth asteroid (NEA) (101955) Bennu into two types that differ in strength, and both have lower thermal inertia than expected for boulders and meteorites. Neither has strongly temperature-dependent thermal properties. The weaker boulder type probably would not survive atmospheric entry and thus may not be represented in the meteorite collection. The maps also show a high-thermal inertia band at Bennu's equator, which might be explained by processes such as compaction or strength sorting during mass movement, but these explanations are not wholly consistent with other data. Our findings imply that other C-complex NEAs likely have boulders similar to those on Bennu rather than finer-particulate regoliths. A tentative correlation between albedo and thermal inertia of C-complex NEAs may be due to relative abundances of boulder types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rozitis
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | - A J Ryan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J P Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - P R Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - A A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M Al Asad
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - O S Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - C A Bennett
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Bernacki
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF-Centre de mise en forme des matériaux, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - K N Burke
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S Cambioni
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B E Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Delbo
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D N DellaGiustina
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C M Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R D Hanna
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C W Haberle
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - E S Howell
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D R Golish
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - H H Kaplan
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - L F Lim
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J L Molaro
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D Pino Munoz
- Mines ParisTech, PSL Research University, CEMEF-Centre de mise en forme des matériaux, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - M C Nolan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M A Siegler
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H C M Susorney
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K J Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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5
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Spencer JR, Stern SA, Moore JM, Weaver HA, Singer KN, Olkin CB, Verbiscer AJ, McKinnon WB, Parker JW, Beyer RA, Keane JT, Lauer TR, Porter SB, White OL, Buratti BJ, El-Maarry MR, Lisse CM, Parker AH, Throop HB, Robbins SJ, Umurhan OM, Binzel RP, Britt DT, Buie MW, Cheng AF, Cruikshank DP, Elliott HA, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, Hill ME, Horanyi M, Jennings DE, Kavelaars JJ, Linscott IR, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Protopapa S, Reuter DC, Schenk PM, Showalter MR, Young LA, Zangari AM, Abedin AY, Beddingfield CB, Benecchi SD, Bernardoni E, Bierson CJ, Borncamp D, Bray VJ, Chaikin AL, Dhingra RD, Fuentes C, Fuse T, Gay PL, Gwyn SDJ, Hamilton DP, Hofgartner JD, Holman MJ, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Karoji H, Kaufmann DE, Kinczyk M, May BH, Mountain M, Pätzold M, Petit JM, Piquette MR, Reid IN, Reitsema HJ, Runyon KD, Sheppard SS, Stansberry JA, Stryk T, Tanga P, Tholen DJ, Trilling DE, Wasserman LH. The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth. Science 2020; 367:science.aay3999. [PMID: 32054694 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Cold Classical Kuiper Belt, a class of small bodies in undisturbed orbits beyond Neptune, is composed of primitive objects preserving information about Solar System formation. In January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew past one of these objects, the 36-kilometer-long contact binary (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU69). Images from the flyby show that Arrokoth has no detectable rings, and no satellites (larger than 180 meters in diameter) within a radius of 8000 kilometers. Arrokoth has a lightly cratered, smooth surface with complex geological features, unlike those on previously visited Solar System bodies. The density of impact craters indicates the surface dates from the formation of the Solar System. The two lobes of the contact binary have closely aligned poles and equators, constraining their accretion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - S A Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J M Moore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
| | - H A Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K N Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C B Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A J Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - W B McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J Wm Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - R A Beyer
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.,NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
| | - J T Keane
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T R Lauer
- National Science Foundation's National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
| | - S B Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - O L White
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.,NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
| | - B J Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M R El-Maarry
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK.,University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - C M Lisse
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A H Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H B Throop
- Independent Consultant, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - S J Robbins
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - O M Umurhan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
| | - R P Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - D T Britt
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - M W Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A F Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D P Cruikshank
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA
| | - H A Elliott
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - M E Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Horanyi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - D E Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J J Kavelaars
- National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
| | - I R Linscott
- Independent Consultant, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - D J McComas
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R L McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S Protopapa
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - P M Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | | | - L A Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A M Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A Y Abedin
- National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
| | | | - S D Benecchi
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - E Bernardoni
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C J Bierson
- Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D Borncamp
- Decipher Technology Studios, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - V J Bray
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A L Chaikin
- Independent Science Writer, Arlington, VT 05250, USA
| | | | - C Fuentes
- Universidad de Chile, Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Fuse
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501, Japan
| | - P L Gay
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - S D J Gwyn
- National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
| | - D P Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J D Hofgartner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M J Holman
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A D Howard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - C J A Howett
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H Karoji
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D E Kaufmann
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M Kinczyk
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - B H May
- Independent Collaborator, Windlesham GU20 6YW, UK
| | - M Mountain
- Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - M Pätzold
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - J M Petit
- Institut Univers, Temps-fréquence, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Bourgogne Franche Comte, F-25000 Besancon, France
| | - M R Piquette
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - I N Reid
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - K D Runyon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S S Sheppard
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - J A Stansberry
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - T Stryk
- Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - P Tanga
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Lagrange/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7293, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
| | - D J Tholen
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - D E Trilling
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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6
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Grundy WM, Bird MK, Britt DT, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Howett CJA, Krijt S, Linscott IR, Olkin CB, Parker AH, Protopapa S, Ruaud M, Umurhan OM, Young LA, Dalle Ore CM, Kavelaars JJ, Keane JT, Pendleton YJ, Porter SB, Scipioni F, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Verbiscer AJ, Weaver HA, Binzel RP, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Cheng A, Earle AM, Elliott HA, Gabasova L, Gladstone GR, Hill ME, Horanyi M, Jennings DE, Lunsford AW, McComas DJ, McKinnon WB, McNutt RL, Moore JM, Parker JW, Quirico E, Reuter DC, Schenk PM, Schmitt B, Showalter MR, Singer KN, Weigle GE, Zangari AM. Color, composition, and thermal environment of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth. Science 2020; 367:science.aay3705. [PMID: 32054693 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The outer Solar System object (486958) Arrokoth (provisional designation 2014 MU69) has been largely undisturbed since its formation. We studied its surface composition using data collected by the New Horizons spacecraft. Methanol ice is present along with organic material, which may have formed through irradiation of simple molecules. Water ice was not detected. This composition indicates hydrogenation of carbon monoxide-rich ice and/or energetic processing of methane condensed on water ice grains in the cold, outer edge of the early Solar System. There are only small regional variations in color and spectra across the surface, which suggests that Arrokoth formed from a homogeneous or well-mixed reservoir of solids. Microwave thermal emission from the winter night side is consistent with a mean brightness temperature of 29 ± 5 kelvin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. .,Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - M K Bird
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.,Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - D T Britt
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - J C Cook
- Pinhead Institute, Telluride, CO 81435, USA
| | | | - C J A Howett
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S Krijt
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - C B Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A H Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S Protopapa
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M Ruaud
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - O M Umurhan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - L A Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C M Dalle Ore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J J Kavelaars
- National Research Council, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - J T Keane
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Y J Pendleton
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - S B Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F Scipioni
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S A Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A J Verbiscer
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - H A Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R P Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M W Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B J Buratti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - A Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A M Earle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - H A Elliott
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - L Gabasova
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - M E Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Horanyi
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - D E Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A W Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D J McComas
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - R L McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J M Moore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - J W Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E Quirico
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - P M Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - B Schmitt
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - M R Showalter
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - K N Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - G E Weigle
- Big Head Endian LLC, Leawood, KS 67019, USA
| | - A M Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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7
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Stern SA, Weaver HA, Spencer JR, Olkin CB, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, Moore JM, Cruikshank DP, Elliott HA, McKinnon WB, Parker JW, Verbiscer AJ, Young LA, Aguilar DA, Albers JM, Andert T, Andrews JP, Bagenal F, Banks ME, Bauer BA, Bauman JA, Bechtold KE, Beddingfield CB, Behrooz N, Beisser KB, Benecchi SD, Bernardoni E, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Bierson CJ, Binzel RP, Birath EM, Bird MK, Boone DR, Bowman AF, Bray VJ, Britt DT, Brown LE, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Burke LM, Bushman SS, Carcich B, Chaikin AL, Chavez CL, Cheng AF, Colwell EJ, Conard SJ, Conner MP, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cooper SB, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy CC, Dharmavaram P, Dhingra RD, Dunn GF, Earle AM, Egan AF, Eisig J, El-Maarry MR, Engelbrecht C, Enke BL, Ercol CJ, Fattig ED, Ferrell CL, Finley TJ, Firer J, Fischetti J, Folkner WM, Fosbury MN, Fountain GH, Freeze JM, Gabasova L, Glaze LS, Green JL, Griffith GA, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hals DW, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley JJ, Harch A, Harmon KA, Hart HM, Hayes J, Hersman CB, Hill ME, Hill TA, Hofgartner JD, Holdridge ME, Horányi M, Hosadurga A, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jaskulek SE, Jennings DE, Jensen JR, Jones MR, Kang HK, Katz DJ, Kaufmann DE, Kavelaars JJ, Keane JT, Keleher GP, Kinczyk M, Kochte MC, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kruizinga GL, Kusnierkiewicz DY, Lahr MS, Lauer TR, Lawrence GB, Lee JE, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mages DM, Mallder VA, Martin NP, May BH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke DS, Mehoke TS, Nelson DS, Nguyen HD, Núñez JI, Ocampo AC, Owen WM, Oxton GK, Parker AH, Pätzold M, Pelgrift JY, Pelletier FJ, Pineau JP, Piquette MR, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Quirico E, Redfern JA, Regiec AL, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Richardson DC, Riedel JE, Ritterbush MA, Robbins SJ, Rodgers DJ, Rogers GD, Rose DM, Rosendall PE, Runyon KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Saina MM, Salinas MJ, Schenk PM, Scherrer JR, Schlei WR, Schmitt B, Schultz DJ, Schurr DC, Scipioni F, Sepan RL, Shelton RG, Showalter MR, Simon M, Singer KN, Stahlheber EW, Stanbridge DR, Stansberry JA, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stothoff MM, Stryk T, Stuart JR, Summers ME, Tapley MB, Taylor A, Taylor HW, Tedford RM, Throop HB, Turner LS, Umurhan OM, Van Eck J, Velez D, Versteeg MH, Vincent MA, Webbert RW, Weidner SE, Weigle GE, Wendel JR, White OL, Whittenburg KE, Williams BG, Williams KE, Williams SP, Winters HL, Zangari AM, Zurbuchen TH. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU 69, a small Kuiper Belt object. Science 2019; 364:364/6441/eaaw9771. [PMID: 31097641 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Kuiper Belt is a distant region of the outer Solar System. On 1 January 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft flew close to (486958) 2014 MU69, a cold classical Kuiper Belt object approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. Such objects have never been substantially heated by the Sun and are therefore well preserved since their formation. We describe initial results from these encounter observations. MU69 is a bilobed contact binary with a flattened shape, discrete geological units, and noticeable albedo heterogeneity. However, there is little surface color or compositional heterogeneity. No evidence for satellites, rings or other dust structures, a gas coma, or solar wind interactions was detected. MU69's origin appears consistent with pebble cloud collapse followed by a low-velocity merger of its two lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
| | - H A Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C B Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - J M Moore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - D P Cruikshank
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - H A Elliott
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - W B McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J Wm Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A J Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - L A Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D A Aguilar
- Independent consultant, Carbondale, CO 81623, USA
| | - J M Albers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T Andert
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - J P Andrews
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M E Banks
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - B A Bauer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - K E Bechtold
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C B Beddingfield
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - N Behrooz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K B Beisser
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S D Benecchi
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - E Bernardoni
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - R A Beyer
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - S Bhaskaran
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - C J Bierson
- Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R P Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E M Birath
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M K Bird
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53121, Germany.,Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - D R Boone
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - A F Bowman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - V J Bray
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - D T Britt
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - L E Brown
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M W Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B J Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - L M Burke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S S Bushman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B Carcich
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A L Chaikin
- Independent science writer, Arlington, VT 05250, USA
| | - C L Chavez
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - A F Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E J Colwell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S J Conard
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M P Conner
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C A Conrad
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J C Cook
- Pinhead Institute, Telluride, CO 81435, USA
| | - S B Cooper
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - O S Custodio
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C M Dalle Ore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - C C Deboy
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - P Dharmavaram
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - G F Dunn
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A M Earle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A F Egan
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J Eisig
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R El-Maarry
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - C Engelbrecht
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B L Enke
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - C J Ercol
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E D Fattig
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - C L Ferrell
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - T J Finley
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J Firer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - W M Folkner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M N Fosbury
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G H Fountain
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J M Freeze
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - L Gabasova
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - L S Glaze
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - J L Green
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - G A Griffith
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Y Guo
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Hahn
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - D W Hals
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D P Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S A Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J J Hanley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A Harch
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - K A Harmon
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - H M Hart
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J Hayes
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C B Hersman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M E Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T A Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J D Hofgartner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M E Holdridge
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Horányi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A Hosadurga
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A D Howard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - C J A Howett
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S E Jaskulek
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D E Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J R Jensen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M R Jones
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - H K Kang
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D J Katz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D E Kaufmann
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J J Kavelaars
- National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
| | - J T Keane
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G P Keleher
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M Kinczyk
- Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - M C Kochte
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - P Kollmann
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S M Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G L Kruizinga
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D Y Kusnierkiewicz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M S Lahr
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T R Lauer
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
| | - G B Lawrence
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J E Lee
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | | | - I R Linscott
- Independent consultant, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - C M Lisse
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A W Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D M Mages
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - V A Mallder
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - N P Martin
- Independent consultant, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
| | - B H May
- Independent collaborator, Windlesham GU20 6YW, UK
| | - D J McComas
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R L McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D S Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T S Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - H D Nguyen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J I Núñez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A C Ocampo
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - W M Owen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - G K Oxton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A H Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M Pätzold
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | | | | | - J P Pineau
- Stellar Solutions, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - M R Piquette
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S B Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S Protopapa
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E Quirico
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J A Redfern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A L Regiec
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D C Richardson
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J E Riedel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M A Ritterbush
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - S J Robbins
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D J Rodgers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G D Rogers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D M Rose
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - P E Rosendall
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K D Runyon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M G Ryschkewitsch
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M M Saina
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - P M Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J R Scherrer
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - W R Schlei
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B Schmitt
- University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D J Schultz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D C Schurr
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - F Scipioni
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - R L Sepan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R G Shelton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - M Simon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K N Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E W Stahlheber
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - J A Stansberry
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A J Steffl
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D F Strobel
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M M Stothoff
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - T Stryk
- Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - J R Stuart
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M E Summers
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M B Tapley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - A Taylor
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - H W Taylor
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R M Tedford
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H B Throop
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - L S Turner
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - O M Umurhan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - J Van Eck
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D Velez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M H Versteeg
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - M A Vincent
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - R W Webbert
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S E Weidner
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - G E Weigle
- Independent consultant, Burden, KS 67019, USA
| | - J R Wendel
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - O L White
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - K E Whittenburg
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | - S P Williams
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - H L Winters
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A M Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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8
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Hamilton VE, Simon AA, Christensen PR, Reuter DC, Clark BE, Barucci MA, Bowles NE, Boynton WV, Brucato JR, Cloutis EA, Connolly HC, Hanna KLD, Emery JP, Enos HL, Fornasier S, Haberle CW, Hanna RD, Howell ES, Kaplan HH, Keller LP, Lantz C, Li JY, Lim LF, McCoy TJ, Merlin F, Nolan MC, Praet A, Rozitis B, Sandford SA, Schrader DL, Thomas CA, Zou XD, Lauretta DS. Evidence for widespread hydrated minerals on asteroid (101955) Bennu. Nat Astron 2019; 3:332-340. [PMID: 31360777 PMCID: PMC6662227 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-019-0722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early spectral data from the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission reveal evidence for abundant hydrated minerals on the surface of near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu in the form of a near-infrared absorption near 2.7 μm and thermal infrared spectral features that are most similar to those of aqueously altered CM carbonaceous chondrites. We observe these spectral features across the surface of Bennu, and there is no evidence of substantial rotational variability at the spatial scales of tens to hundreds of meters observed to date. In the visible and near-infrared (0.4 to 2.4 μm) Bennu's spectrum appears featureless and with a blue (negative) slope, confirming previous ground-based observations. Bennu may represent a class of objects that could have brought volatiles and organic chemistry to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. E. Hamilton
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A. A. Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - P. R. Christensen
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - D. C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B. E. Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - N. E. Bowles
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W. V. Boynton
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J. R. Brucato
- INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
| | - E. A. Cloutis
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - H. C. Connolly
- Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - K. L. Donaldson Hanna
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J. P. Emery
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - H. L. Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - C. W. Haberle
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R. D. Hanna
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - E. S. Howell
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H. H. Kaplan
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L. P. Keller
- ARES, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - C. Lantz
- Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS/Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - J.-Y. Li
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L. F. Lim
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - T. J. McCoy
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - F. Merlin
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France
| | - M. C. Nolan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A. Praet
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, France
| | - B. Rozitis
- Planetary and Space Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - D. L. Schrader
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C. A. Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - X.-D. Zou
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D. S. Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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9
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Weaver HA, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Grundy WM, Lauer TR, Olkin CB, Parker AH, Porter SB, Showalter MR, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Verbiscer AJ, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Robbins SJ, Schenk P, Singer KN, Barnouin OS, Cheng AF, Ernst CM, Lisse CM, Jennings DE, Lunsford AW, Reuter DC, Hamilton DP, Kaufmann DE, Ennico K, Young LA, Beyer RA, Binzel RP, Bray VJ, Chaikin AL, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Dalle Ore CM, Earle AM, Gladstone GR, Howett CJA, Linscott IR, Nimmo F, Parker JW, Philippe S, Protopapa S, Reitsema HJ, Schmitt B, Stryk T, Summers ME, Tsang CCC, Throop HHB, White OL, Zangari AM. The small satellites of Pluto as observed by New Horizons. Science 2016; 351:aae0030. [PMID: 26989256 DOI: 10.1126/science.aae0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The New Horizons mission has provided resolved measurements of Pluto's moons Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. All four are small, with equivalent spherical diameters of ~40 kilometers for Nix and Hydra and ~10 kilometers for Styx and Kerberos. They are also highly elongated, with maximum to minimum axis ratios of ~2. All four moons have high albedos (~50 to 90%) suggestive of a water-ice surface composition. Crater densities on Nix and Hydra imply surface ages of at least 4 billion years. The small moons rotate much faster than synchronous, with rotational poles clustered nearly orthogonal to the common pole directions of Pluto and Charon. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the small moons formed in the aftermath of a collision that produced the Pluto-Charon binary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
| | - M W Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B J Buratti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - T R Lauer
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
| | - C B Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A H Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S B Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S A Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A J Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - W B McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J M Moore
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - S J Robbins
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - P Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - K N Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - O S Barnouin
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A F Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C M Ernst
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C M Lisse
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D E Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A W Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D P Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - D E Kaufmann
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - K Ennico
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - L A Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - R A Beyer
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - R P Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - V J Bray
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A L Chaikin
- Independent science writer, Arlington, VT, USA
| | - J C Cook
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D P Cruikshank
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - C M Dalle Ore
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A M Earle
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - C J A Howett
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - F Nimmo
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J Wm Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S Philippe
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Protopapa
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - H J Reitsema
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Stryk
- Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - M E Summers
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C C C Tsang
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H H B Throop
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - O L White
- Space Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A M Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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10
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Gladstone GR, Stern SA, Ennico K, Olkin CB, Weaver HA, Young LA, Summers ME, Strobel DF, Hinson DP, Kammer JA, Parker AH, Steffl AJ, Linscott IR, Parker JW, Cheng AF, Slater DC, Versteeg MH, Greathouse TK, Retherford KD, Throop H, Cunningham NJ, Woods WW, Singer KN, Tsang CCC, Schindhelm E, Lisse CM, Wong ML, Yung YL, Zhu X, Curdt W, Lavvas P, Young EF, Tyler GL, Bagenal F, Grundy WM, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Spencer JR, Andert T, Andrews J, Banks M, Bauer B, Bauman J, Barnouin OS, Bedini P, Beisser K, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Binzel RP, Birath E, Bird M, Bogan DJ, Bowman A, Bray VJ, Brozovic M, Bryan C, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Bushman SS, Calloway A, Carcich B, Conard S, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Custodio OS, Ore CMD, Deboy C, Dischner ZJB, Dumont P, Earle AM, Elliott HA, Ercol J, Ernst CM, Finley T, Flanigan SH, Fountain G, Freeze MJ, Green JL, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley J, Harch A, Hart HM, Hersman CB, Hill A, Hill ME, Holdridge ME, Horanyi M, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jackman C, Jacobson RA, Jennings DE, Kang HK, Kaufmann DE, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kusnierkiewicz D, Lauer TR, Lee JE, Lindstrom KL, Lunsford AW, Mallder VA, Martin N, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke D, Mehoke T, Melin ED, Mutchler M, Nelson D, Nimmo F, Nunez JI, Ocampo A, Owen WM, Paetzold M, Page B, Pelletier F, Peterson J, Pinkine N, Piquette M, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Redfern J, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Roberts JH, Robbins SJ, Rogers G, Rose D, Runyon K, Ryschkewitsch MG, Schenk P, Sepan B, Showalter MR, Soluri M, Stanbridge D, Stryk T, Szalay JR, Tapley M, Taylor A, Taylor H, Umurhan OM, Verbiscer AJ, Versteeg MH, Vincent M, Webbert R, Weidner S, Weigle GE, White OL, Whittenburg K, Williams BG, Williams K, Williams S, Zangari AM, Zirnstein E. The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons. Science 2016; 351:aad8866. [PMID: 26989258 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Randall Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - S. Alan Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Kimberly Ennico
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Harold A. Weaver
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | | | - David P. Hinson
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew F. Cheng
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kurt D. Retherford
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Henry Throop
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carey M. Lisse
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - Yuk L. Yung
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Xun Zhu
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Werner Curdt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - Panayotis Lavvas
- Groupe de Spectroscopie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique, Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
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11
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Grundy WM, Binzel RP, Buratti BJ, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Dalle Ore CM, Earle AM, Ennico K, Howett CJA, Lunsford AW, Olkin CB, Parker AH, Philippe S, Protopapa S, Quirico E, Reuter DC, Schmitt B, Singer KN, Verbiscer AJ, Beyer RA, Buie MW, Cheng AF, Jennings DE, Linscott IR, Parker JW, Schenk PM, Spencer JR, Stansberry JA, Stern SA, Throop HB, Tsang CCC, Weaver HA, Weigle GE, Young LA. Surface compositions across Pluto and Charon. Science 2016; 351:aad9189. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. P. Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B. J. Buratti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - J. C. Cook
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D. P. Cruikshank
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - C. M. Dalle Ore
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - A. M. Earle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - K. Ennico
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - A. W. Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. B. Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A. H. Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S. Philippe
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Protopapa
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - E. Quirico
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D. C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - B. Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - K. N. Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A. J. Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - R. A. Beyer
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - M. W. Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - A. F. Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D. E. Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | | | - J. Wm. Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - P. M. Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - J. R. Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - S. A. Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | | | - H. A. Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G. E. Weigle
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - L. A. Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
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12
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Stern SA, Bagenal F, Ennico K, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Olkin CB, Spencer JR, Weaver HA, Young LA, Andert T, Andrews J, Banks M, Bauer B, Bauman J, Barnouin OS, Bedini P, Beisser K, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Binzel RP, Birath E, Bird M, Bogan DJ, Bowman A, Bray VJ, Brozovic M, Bryan C, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Bushman SS, Calloway A, Carcich B, Cheng AF, Conard S, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy C, Dischner ZJB, Dumont P, Earle AM, Elliott HA, Ercol J, Ernst CM, Finley T, Flanigan SH, Fountain G, Freeze MJ, Greathouse T, Green JL, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley J, Harch A, Hart HM, Hersman CB, Hill A, Hill ME, Hinson DP, Holdridge ME, Horanyi M, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jackman C, Jacobson RA, Jennings DE, Kammer JA, Kang HK, Kaufmann DE, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kusnierkiewicz D, Lauer TR, Lee JE, Lindstrom KL, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mallder VA, Martin N, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke D, Mehoke T, Melin ED, Mutchler M, Nelson D, Nimmo F, Nunez JI, Ocampo A, Owen WM, Paetzold M, Page B, Parker AH, Parker JW, Pelletier F, Peterson J, Pinkine N, Piquette M, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Redfern J, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Roberts JH, Robbins SJ, Rogers G, Rose D, Runyon K, Retherford KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Schenk P, Schindhelm E, Sepan B, Showalter MR, Singer KN, Soluri M, Stanbridge D, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stryk T, Summers ME, Szalay JR, Tapley M, Taylor A, Taylor H, Throop HB, Tsang CCC, Tyler GL, Umurhan OM, Verbiscer AJ, Versteeg MH, Vincent M, Webbert R, Weidner S, Weigle GE, White OL, Whittenburg K, Williams BG, Williams K, Williams S, Woods WW, Zangari AM, Zirnstein E. The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons. Science 2015; 350:aad1815. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - K. Ennico
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | | | - W. B. McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J. M. Moore
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - C. B. Olkin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J. R. Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H. A. Weaver
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - L. A. Young
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - T. Andert
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
| | - J. Andrews
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M. Banks
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - B. Bauer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J. Bauman
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - O. S. Barnouin
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - P. Bedini
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - K. Beisser
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R. A. Beyer
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - S. Bhaskaran
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - R. P. Binzel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - E. Birath
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M. Bird
- University of Bonn, Bonn D-53113, Germany
| | - D. J. Bogan
- NASA Headquarters (retired), Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - A. Bowman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - V. J. Bray
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - M. Brozovic
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - C. Bryan
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - M. R. Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. W. Buie
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B. J. Buratti
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - S. S. Bushman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A. Calloway
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B. Carcich
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. F. Cheng
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S. Conard
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C. A. Conrad
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J. C. Cook
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D. P. Cruikshank
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - O. S. Custodio
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C. M. Dalle Ore
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - C. Deboy
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - P. Dumont
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - A. M. Earle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - H. A. Elliott
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - J. Ercol
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C. M. Ernst
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T. Finley
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S. H. Flanigan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - G. Fountain
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. J. Freeze
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T. Greathouse
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - J. L. Green
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - Y. Guo
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. Hahn
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - D. P. Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. A. Hamilton
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - J. Hanley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - A. Harch
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H. M. Hart
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - C. B. Hersman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A. Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. E. Hill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D. P. Hinson
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - M. E. Holdridge
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. Horanyi
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - A. D. Howard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | | | - R. A. Jacobson
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - D. E. Jennings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. A. Kammer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - H. K. Kang
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - P. Kollmann
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D. Kusnierkiewicz
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T. R. Lauer
- National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
| | - J. E. Lee
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - K. L. Lindstrom
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | - C. M. Lisse
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A. W. Lunsford
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - V. A. Mallder
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - N. Martin
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - D. J. McComas
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - R. L. McNutt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D. Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - T. Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - E. D. Melin
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. Mutchler
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. Nelson
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - F. Nimmo
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. I. Nunez
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - A. Ocampo
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
| | - W. M. Owen
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | - M. Paetzold
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - B. Page
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - A. H. Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - J. W. Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - J. Peterson
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - N. Pinkine
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. Piquette
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - S. B. Porter
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - S. Protopapa
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Redfern
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - D. C. Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. H. Roberts
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S. J. Robbins
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - G. Rogers
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - D. Rose
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - K. Runyon
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | - P. Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - E. Schindhelm
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - B. Sepan
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. R. Showalter
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - K. N. Singer
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - M. Soluri
- Michael Soluri Photography, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | | | - A. J. Steffl
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | | | - T. Stryk
- Roane State Community College, Jamestown, TN 38556, USA
| | | | - J. R. Szalay
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - M. Tapley
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - A. Taylor
- KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - H. Taylor
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - H. B. Throop
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - G. L. Tyler
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - O. M. Umurhan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A. J. Verbiscer
- Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - M. H. Versteeg
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - M. Vincent
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - R. Webbert
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - S. Weidner
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - G. E. Weigle
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
| | - O. L. White
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - K. Whittenburg
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | | | | | - S. Williams
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - W. W. Woods
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. M. Zangari
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - E. Zirnstein
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
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13
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Spencer JR, Stern SA, Cheng AF, Weaver HA, Reuter DC, Retherford K, Lunsford A, Moore JM, Abramov O, Lopes RMC, Perry JE, Kamp L, Showalter M, Jessup KL, Marchis F, Schenk PM, Dumas C. Io volcanism seen by new horizons: a major eruption of the Tvashtar volcano. Science 2007; 318:240-3. [PMID: 17932290 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Jupiter's moon Io is known to host active volcanoes. In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft obtained a global snapshot of Io's volcanism. A 350-kilometer-high volcanic plume was seen to emanate from the Tvashtar volcano (62 degrees N, 122 degrees W), and its motion was observed. The plume's morphology and dynamics support nonballistic models of large Io plumes and also suggest that most visible plume particles condensed within the plume rather than being ejected from the source. In images taken in Jupiter eclipse, nonthermal visible-wavelength emission was seen from individual volcanoes near Io's sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points. Near-infrared emission from the brightest volcanoes indicates minimum magma temperatures in the 1150- to 1335-kelvin range, consistent with basaltic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
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14
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Grundy WM, Buratti BJ, Cheng AF, Emery JP, Lunsford A, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Newman SF, Olkin CB, Reuter DC, Schenk PM, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Throop HB, Weaver HA. New horizons mapping of Europa and Ganymede. Science 2007; 318:234-7. [PMID: 17932288 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The New Horizons spacecraft observed Jupiter's icy satellites Europa and Ganymede during its flyby in February and March 2007 at visible and infrared wavelengths. Infrared spectral images map H2O ice absorption and hydrated contaminants, bolstering the case for an exogenous source of Europa's "non-ice" surface material and filling large gaps in compositional maps of Ganymede's Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Visual wavelength images of Europa extend knowledge of its global pattern of arcuate troughs and show that its surface scatters light more isotropically than other icy satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grundy
- Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
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15
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Reuter DC, Simon-Miller AA, Lunsford A, Baines KH, Cheng AF, Jennings DE, Olkin CB, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Weaver HA, Young LA. Jupiter cloud composition, stratification, convection, and wave motion: a view from new horizons. Science 2007; 318:223-5. [PMID: 17932284 DOI: 10.1126/science.1147618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Several observations of Jupiter's atmosphere made by instruments on the New Horizons spacecraft have implications for the stability and dynamics of Jupiter's weather layer. Mesoscale waves, first seen by Voyager, have been observed at a spatial resolution of 11 to 45 kilometers. These waves have a 300-kilometer wavelength and phase velocities greater than the local zonal flow by 100 meters per second, much higher than predicted by models. Additionally, infrared spectral measurements over five successive Jupiter rotations at spatial resolutions of 200 to 140 kilometers have shown the development of transient ammonia ice clouds (lifetimes of 40 hours or less) in regions of strong atmospheric upwelling. Both of these phenomena serve as probes of atmospheric dynamics below the visible cloud tops.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Reuter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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16
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Retherford KD, Spencer JR, Stern SA, Saur J, Strobel DF, Steffl AJ, Gladstone GR, Weaver HA, Cheng AF, Parker JW, Slater DC, Versteeg MH, Davis MW, Bagenal F, Throop HB, Lopes RMC, Reuter DC, Lunsford A, Conard SJ, Young LA, Moore JM. Io's Atmospheric Response to Eclipse: UV Aurorae Observations. Science 2007; 318:237-40. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1147594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. D. Retherford
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J. R. Spencer
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - S. A. Stern
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J. Saur
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. F. Strobel
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A. J. Steffl
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - H. A. Weaver
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A. F. Cheng
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J. Wm. Parker
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. C. Slater
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M. H. Versteeg
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - M. W. Davis
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - H. B. Throop
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - R. M. C. Lopes
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. C. Reuter
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A. Lunsford
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - S. J. Conard
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - L. A. Young
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J. M. Moore
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
- University of Cologne, 50923 Koln, Germany
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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18
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Wang WF, Stevenson A, Reuter DC, Sirota JM. Absolute band intensities of acetone ((CH3)2CO) in the infrared region of 830-3200 cm(-1) at low and room temperatures. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2001; 57:1603-1610. [PMID: 11471712 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Absolute integrated band intensities of acetone (CH3)2CO in the region of 830-3200 cm(-1) have been measured near the temperatures of 233, 260 and 293 K. The spectra were recorded with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The investigated region encompasses a total of 15 fundamental bands. At 293 K, for example, the band intensities range from 16.8 to 554.3 cm(-2) atm(-1) (at 300 K). The intensities have uncertainties of about 5%. All the band intensities increase with decreasing temperature. An empirical formulation was introduced which fit this temperature dependence well and which can be used to predict other unmeasured band intensities in the temperature region of approximately 200-300 K. The 295 K intensities reported here agree to within approximately 10% of previously published values, with lower estimated uncertainties. Low temperature intensity measurements are not available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Wang
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, USA.
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19
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Mumma MJ, Dello Russo N, DiSanti MA, Magee-Sauer K, Novak RE, Brittain S, Rettig T, McLean IS, Reuter DC, Xu LH. Organic Composition of C/1999 S4 (LINEAR): A Comet Formed Near Jupiter? Science 2001; 292:1334-9. [PMID: 11359002 DOI: 10.1126/science.1058929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the current paradigm, Oort cloud comets formed in the giant planets' region of the solar nebula, where temperatures and other conditions varied greatly. The measured compositions of four such comets (Halley, Hyakutake, Hale-Bopp, and Lee) are consistent with formation from interstellar ices in the cold nebular region beyond Uranus. The composition of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) differs greatly, which suggests that its ices condensed from processed nebular gas, probably in the Jupiter-Saturn region. Its unusual organic composition may require reevaluation of the prebiotic organic material delivered to the young Earth by comets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mumma
- Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics, Code 690, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
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20
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Wang WF, Stevenson A, Reuter DC, Sirota JM. Absolute band intensities in the nu19/nu23 (530 cm(-1)) and nu7 (777 cm(-1)) bands of acetone ((CH3)2CO) from 232 to 295 K. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2000; 56:1111-1116. [PMID: 10845539 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(99)00208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Absolute band intensities of acetone ((CH3)2CO) in the nu19/nu23 and nu7 band systems near 530 and 777 cm(-1), respectively, were measured at temperatures of 232, 262 and 295 K, using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. No evident temperature dependence for the band intensities was observed. The dipole moments and the fundamental band intensities were derived in the harmonic oscillator approximation. The results are useful for the spectroscopic retrieval of acetone concentrations in the upper atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Wang
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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21
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Wang WF, Sirota JM, Reuter DC. FTIR Measurements of N(2)-Induced Pressure Broadening of Allene (C(3)H(4)) in the nu(10) Band. J Mol Spectrosc 1999; 198:201-208. [PMID: 10547301 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1999.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen pressure-broadening coefficients have been measured in the 841 cm(-1) nu(10) band of allene (H(2)C&dbond;C&dbond;CH(2)). The high-resolution absorption infrared spectra were recorded by a FTIR spectrometer at a temperature of 201 K. The Voigt line profile, convolved with a sinc instrument function, was applied to the fit of the observed rovibrational lines. No regular J or K dependence of the broadening coefficients was observed for this strong symmetric-top-molecule band. The power-exponential-gap (PEG) fitting law and the infinite-order-sudden (IOS) scaling law were modified for the fit of the N(2)-broadening coefficients. The wavefunction mixing arising from the nu(10)/nu(9) Coriolis resonance was taken into account for the IOS law. A total of 180 broadening coefficients measured at 201 K were reproduced with an accuracy of 8.6 and 7.9% by the PEG and IOS laws, respectively. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- WF Wang
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
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Wang WF, Sirota JM, Reuter DC. Allene nu9 and nu10: Low-Temperature Measurements of Line Intensity. J Mol Spectrosc 1999; 194:256-268. [PMID: 10079165 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1999.7809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report laboratory intensity measurements for the weak nu9 (998.8 cm-1) and intense nu10 (841.1 cm-1) bands of allene. Allene is predicted to be a constituent of Titan's atmosphere, and measurements of its abundance would yield important information about the atmospheric chemistry of that body. Spectra were obtained at a temperature of 200 K (approximating Titan conditions) using the high-resolution FTS instrument at Kitt-Peak National Observatory's McMath-Pierce observatory. A total of 505 nu9 and 687 nu10 line intensities were fit using a least-squares method to accurately determine two sets of transition dipole moments. Integrated band intensities computed utilizing the fitted parameters were found to be 36 +/- 4% cm-2 atm-1 and 301 +/- 4% cm-2 atm-1 for nu9 and nu10, respectively, at 200 K. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- WF Wang
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
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Susskind J, Iredell L, Blass WE, Reuter DC, Halsey GW, Jennings DE. Torsional Splittings in the Band nu9 + nu4 - nu4 of Ethane. J Mol Spectrosc 1998; 192:119-138. [PMID: 9770395 DOI: 10.1006/jmsp.1998.7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Torsional splittings of the C2H6 hot band nu9 + nu4 - nu4 have been determined based on measurements taken with the Kitt Peak National Observatory Fourier transform spectrometer with .0025 cm-1 resolution. The measured splittings range from -.2347 cm-1 (the sign is relative to that of the observed splitting in the nu9 band of C2H6) to .0682 cm-1, with a standard deviation of the observed splittings of .0251 cm-1. The splittings can be explained as a result of xy Coriolis interaction of nu9 + nu4 with the excited torsional states taunu4, with the major effect arising from the "forbidden" interaction with the nearly degenerate state 5nu4final sigma = 2. The rms error of the predicted splittings is .00422 cm-1, if parameters determined from theory and previous work are used, and is .00217 cm-1, if small refinements to the parameters are made based on the measured splittings themselves. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Susskind
- Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 910.4
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Sirota JM, Reuter DC, Mumma MJ. Blocked impurity band detectors applied to tunable diode laser spectroscopy in the 8- to 28-microm range. Appl Opt 1993; 32:2117-2121. [PMID: 20820356 DOI: 10.1364/ao.32.002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel tunable diode laser spectrometer operating at 8 < lambda < 28 microm is described. A blocked impurity band Si:As chip is employed as detector. This device operates in this wavelength range with high detectivity and adequate frequency response for the high-sensitivity techniques used. A combination of sweep averaging and second-harmonic detection at 22 kHz yielded signal-to-noise ratios of 1200 at lambda > 20 microm. The sensitivity and spectral resolution achieved are 1 order of magnitude better than those of Fourier instruments in this range, with an improvement in instrument time response of ~ 3000. Several molecular bands of CO(2) and N(2)O are observed for what is, to our knowledge, the first time with this instrument. Examples of spectral line measurements are presented.
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Nadler S, Daunt SJ, Reuter DC. Tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde foreigngas broadening parameters and line strengths in the 9-11 microm region. Appl Opt 1987; 26:1641-1646. [PMID: 20454382 DOI: 10.1364/ao.26.001641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A tunable diode laser spectrometer has been used to determine pressure broadening coefficients due to collision with the foreign gases air, H(2), O(2), and N(2) in the nu(4) and nu(6) bands of H(2)CO between 9 and 11 microm. Absolute line strengths for twenty-eight transitions have also been determined. The broadening coefficients are very similar to theoretical literature values in the cases of air, N(2), and O(2). The H(2)-H(2)CO values are in good agreement with earlier experimental millimeter wave results.
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