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Stern SA, Bagenal F, Ennico K, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, McKinnon WB, Moore JM, Olkin CB, Spencer JR, Weaver HA, Young LA, Andert T, Andrews J, Banks M, Bauer B, Bauman J, Barnouin OS, Bedini P, Beisser K, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Binzel RP, Birath E, Bird M, Bogan DJ, Bowman A, Bray VJ, Brozovic M, Bryan C, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Bushman SS, Calloway A, Carcich B, Cheng AF, Conard S, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cruikshank DP, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy C, Dischner ZJB, Dumont P, Earle AM, Elliott HA, Ercol J, Ernst CM, Finley T, Flanigan SH, Fountain G, Freeze MJ, Greathouse T, Green JL, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley J, Harch A, Hart HM, Hersman CB, Hill A, Hill ME, Hinson DP, Holdridge ME, Horanyi M, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jackman C, Jacobson RA, Jennings DE, Kammer JA, Kang HK, Kaufmann DE, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kusnierkiewicz D, Lauer TR, Lee JE, Lindstrom KL, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mallder VA, Martin N, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke D, Mehoke T, Melin ED, Mutchler M, Nelson D, Nimmo F, Nunez JI, Ocampo A, Owen WM, Paetzold M, Page B, Parker AH, Parker JW, Pelletier F, Peterson J, Pinkine N, Piquette M, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Redfern J, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Roberts JH, Robbins SJ, Rogers G, Rose D, Runyon K, Retherford KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Schenk P, Schindhelm E, Sepan B, Showalter MR, Singer KN, Soluri M, Stanbridge D, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stryk T, Summers ME, Szalay JR, Tapley M, Taylor A, Taylor H, Throop HB, Tsang CCC, Tyler GL, Umurhan OM, Verbiscer AJ, Versteeg MH, Vincent M, Webbert R, Weidner S, Weigle GE, White OL, Whittenburg K, Williams BG, Williams K, Williams S, Woods WW, Zangari AM, Zirnstein E. The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons. Science 2015;350:aad1815. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Affiliation(s)

S. A. Stern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
F. Bagenal Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
K. Ennico National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
G. R. Gladstone Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
W. M. Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
W. B. McKinnon Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
J. M. Moore National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
C. B. Olkin Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J. R. Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H. A. Weaver Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
L. A. Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
T. Andert Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
J. Andrews Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M. Banks Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
B. Bauer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J. Bauman KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
O. S. Barnouin Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P. Bedini Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K. Beisser Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R. A. Beyer National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
S. Bhaskaran NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
R. P. Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
E. Birath Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M. Bird University of Bonn, Bonn D-53113, Germany
D. J. Bogan NASA Headquarters (retired), Washington, DC 20546, USA
A. Bowman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
V. J. Bray University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
M. Brozovic NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
C. Bryan KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
M. R. Buckley Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. W. Buie Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B. J. Buratti NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
S. S. Bushman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A. Calloway Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B. Carcich Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
A. F. Cheng Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S. Conard Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C. A. Conrad Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J. C. Cook Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D. P. Cruikshank National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
O. S. Custodio Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C. M. Dalle Ore National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
C. Deboy Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
Z. J. B. Dischner Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
P. Dumont KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
A. M. Earle Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
H. A. Elliott Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
J. Ercol Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C. M. Ernst Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T. Finley Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S. H. Flanigan Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G. Fountain Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. J. Freeze Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T. Greathouse Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
J. L. Green NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
Y. Guo Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. Hahn Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
D. P. Hamilton Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
S. A. Hamilton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J. Hanley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
A. Harch Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H. M. Hart Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C. B. Hersman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A. Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. E. Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D. P. Hinson Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
M. E. Holdridge Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. Horanyi Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
A. D. Howard Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
C. J. A. Howett Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
C. Jackman KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
R. A. Jacobson NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
D. E. Jennings NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
J. A. Kammer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H. K. Kang Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D. E. Kaufmann Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
P. Kollmann Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S. M. Krimigis Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D. Kusnierkiewicz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T. R. Lauer National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
J. E. Lee NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
K. L. Lindstrom Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
I. R. Linscott Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
C. M. Lisse Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A. W. Lunsford NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
V. A. Mallder Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
N. Martin Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D. J. McComas Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
R. L. McNutt Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D. Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T. Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
E. D. Melin Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. Mutchler Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
D. Nelson KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
F. Nimmo University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
J. I. Nunez Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A. Ocampo NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
W. M. Owen NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, La Cañada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
M. Paetzold Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
B. Page KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
A. H. Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J. W. Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
F. Pelletier KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
J. Peterson Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
N. Pinkine Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. Piquette Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
S. B. Porter Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S. Protopapa Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
J. Redfern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H. J. Reitsema Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D. C. Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
J. H. Roberts Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S. J. Robbins Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
G. Rogers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D. Rose Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
K. Runyon Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K. D. Retherford Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
M. G. Ryschkewitsch Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P. Schenk Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
E. Schindhelm Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B. Sepan Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M. R. Showalter Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
K. N. Singer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M. Soluri Michael Soluri Photography, New York, NY 10014, USA
D. Stanbridge KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
A. J. Steffl Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D. F. Strobel Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
T. Stryk Roane State Community College, Jamestown, TN 38556, USA
M. E. Summers George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
J. R. Szalay Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
M. Tapley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
A. Taylor KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
H. Taylor Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H. B. Throop Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
C. C. C. Tsang Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
G. L. Tyler Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
O. M. Umurhan National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
A. J. Verbiscer Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
M. H. Versteeg Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
M. Vincent Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
R. Webbert Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S. Weidner Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
G. E. Weigle Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA
O. L. White National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
K. Whittenburg Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B. G. Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
K. Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
S. Williams Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
W. W. Woods Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
A. M. Zangari Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
E. Zirnstein Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 28510, USA

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Withers P, Fillingim MO, Lillis RJ, Häusler B, Hinson DP, Tyler GL, Pätzold M, Peter K, Tellmann S, Witasse O. Observations of the nightside ionosphere of Mars by the Mars Express Radio Science Experiment (MaRS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012ja018185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Michael WH, Tolson RH, Brenkle JP, Cain DL, Fjeldbo G, Stelzried CT, Grossi MD, Shapiro II, Tyler GL. The Viking Radio Science Investigations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/js082i028p04293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Levy GS, Green DW, Royden HN, Wood GE, Tyler GL. Dispersive Doppler measurement of the electron content of the torus of Io. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia10p08467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Tyler GL, Howard HT. Dual-frequency bistatic-radar investigations of the Moon with Apollos 14 and 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb078i023p04852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Tyler GL. Oblique-scattering radar reflectivity of the lunar surface: Preliminary results from Explorer 35. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb073i024p07609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Anderson JD, Campbell JK, Jacobson RA, Sweetnam DN, Taylor AH, Prentice AJR, Tyler GL. Radio science with Voyager 2 at Uranus: Results on masses and densities of the planet and five principal satellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia13p14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Lindal GF, Wood GE, Levy GS, Anderson JD, Sweetnam DN, Hotz HB, Buckles BJ, Holmes DP, Doms PE, Eshleman VR, Tyler GL, Croft TA. The atmosphere of Jupiter: An analysis of the Voyager radio occultation measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja086ia10p08721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Lindal GF, Lyons JR, Sweetnam DN, Eshleman VR, Hinson DP, Tyler GL. The atmosphere of Uranus: Results of radio occultation measurements with Voyager 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia13p14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Eshleman VR, Lindal GF, Tyler GL. Is titan wet or dry? Science 2010;221:53-5. [PMID: 17738013 DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4605.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Sweetnam DN, Anderson JD, Campbell JK, Eshleman VR, Hinson DP, Levy GS, Lindal GF, Marouf EA, Simpson RA. Voyager 2 radio science observations of the uranian system: atmosphere, rings, and satellites. Science 2010;233:79-84. [PMID: 17812893 DOI: 10.1126/science.233.4759.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Abstract

Voyager 2 radio occultation measurements of the Uranian atmosphere were obtained between 2 and 7 degrees south latitude. Initial atmospheric temperature profiles extend from pressures of 10 to 900 millibars over a height range of about 100 kilometers. Comparison of radio and infrared results yields mole fractions near the tropopause of 0.85 and 0.15 +/- 0.05 for molecular hydrogen and helium, respectively, if no other components are present; for this composition the tropopause is at about 52 kelvins and 110 millibars. Distinctive features in the signal intensity measurements for pressures above 900 millibars strongly favor model atmospheres that include a cloud deck of methane ice. Modeling of the intensity measurements for the cloud region and below indicates that the cloud base is near 1,300 millibars and 81 kelvins and yields an initial methane mole fraction of about 0.02 for the deep atmosphere. Scintillations in signal intensity indicate small-scale stucture throughout the stratosphere and upper troposphere. As judged from data obtained during occultation ingress, the ionosphere consists of a multilayer structure that includes two distinct layers at 2,000 and 3,500 kilometers above the 100-millibar level and an extended topside that may reach altitudes of 10,000 kilometers or more. Occultation measurements of the nine previously known rings at wavelengths of 3.6 and 13 centimeters show characteristic values of optical depth between about 0.8 and 8; the maxim value occurs in the outer region of the in ring, near its periapsis. Forward-scattered signals from this ring have properties that differ from those of any of Saturn's rings, and they are inconsistent with a discrete scattering object or local (three-dimensional) assemblies of orbiting objects. These signals suggest a new kdnd of planetary ring feature characterized by highly ordered cylindrical substructures of radial scale on the order of meters and azimuthal scale of kilometers or more. From radio data alone the mass of the Uranian system is GM(sys) = 5,794,547- 60 cubic kilometers per square second; from a combination of radio and optical navigation data the mass of Uranus alone is GM(u) = 5,793,939+/- 60 cubic kilometers per square second. From all available Voyager data, induding imaging radii, the mean uncompressed density of the five major satellites is 1.40+/- 0.07 grams per cubic centimeter; this value is consistent with a solar mix of material and apparently rules out a cometary origin of the satellites.

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Tyler GL, Ford PG, Campbell DB, Elachi C, Pettengill GH, Simpson RA. Magellan: electrical and physical properties of venus' surface. Science 2010;252:265-70. [PMID: 17769273 DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5003.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Gunnarsdottir HM, Linscott IR, Callas JL, Cousins MD, Simpson RA, Tyler GL. Root-mean-square surface slopes of Phoenix landing sites with 75-cm bistatic radar received by Mars Odyssey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Pätzold M, Häusler B, Bird MK, Tellmann S, Mattei R, Asmar SW, Dehant V, Eidel W, Imamura T, Simpson RA, Tyler GL. The structure of Venus’ middle atmosphere and ionosphere. Nature 2007;450:657-60. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Cahoy KL, Hinson DP, Tyler GL. Radio science measurements of atmospheric refractivity with Mars Global Surveyor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Folkner WM, Asmar SW, Border JS, Franklin GW, Finley SG, Gorelik J, Johnston DV, Kerzhanovich VV, Lowe ST, Preston RA, Bird MK, Dutta-Roy R, Allison M, Atkinson DH, Edenhofer P, Plettemeier D, Tyler GL. Winds on Titan from ground-based tracking of the Huygens probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005je002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Bird MK, Allison M, Asmar SW, Atkinson DH, Avruch IM, Dutta-Roy R, Dzierma Y, Edenhofer P, Folkner WM, Gurvits LI, Johnston DV, Plettemeier D, Pogrebenko SV, Preston RA, Tyler GL. The vertical profile of winds on Titan. Nature 2005;438:800-2. [PMID: 16319831 DOI: 10.1038/nature04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Pätzold M, Tellmann S, Häusler B, Hinson D, Schaa R, Tyler GL. A Sporadic Third Layer in the Ionosphere of Mars. Science 2005;310:837-9. [PMID: 16272118 DOI: 10.1126/science.1117755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Hinson DP, Tyler GL, Hollingsworth JL, Wilson RJ. Radio occultation measurements of forced atmospheric waves on Mars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Zuber MT, Solomon SC, Phillips RJ, Smith DE, Tyler GL, Aharonson O, Balmino G, Banerdt WB, Head JW, Johnson CL, Lemoine FG, McGovern PJ, Neumann GA, Rowlands DD, Zhong S. Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity. Science 2000;287:1788-93. [PMID: 10710301 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5459.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Hinson DP, Simpson RA, Twicken JD, Tyler GL, Flasar FM. Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]

Smith DE, Sjogren WL, Tyler GL, Balmino G, Lemoine FG, Konopliv AS. The gravity field of Mars: results from Mars Global Surveyor. Science 1999;286:94-7. [PMID: 10506567 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5437.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Sweetnam DN, Anderson JD, Borutzki SE, Campbell JK, Eshleman VR, Gresh DL, Gurrola EM, Hinson DP, Kawashima N, Kursinski ER, Levy GS, Lindal GF, Lyons JR, Marouf EA, Rosen PA, Simpson RA, Wood GE. Voyager Radio Science Observations of Neptune and Triton. Science 1989;246:1466-73. [PMID: 17756001 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4936.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Abstract

The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptune system included radio science investigations of the masses and densities of Neptune and Triton, the low-order gravitational harmonics of Neptune, the vertical structures of the atmospheres and ionospheres of Neptune and Triton, the composition of the atmosphere of Neptune, and characteristics of ring material. Demanding experimental requirements were met successfully, and study of the large store of collected data has begun. The initial search of the data revealed no detectable effects of ring material with optical depth tau [unknown] 0.01. Preliminary representative results include the following: 1.0243 x 10(26) and 2.141 x 10(22) kilograms for the masses of Neptune and Triton; 1640 and 2054 kilograms per cubic meter for their respective densities; 1355 +/- 7 kilometers, provisionally, for the radius of Triton; and J(2) = 3411 +/- 10(x 10(-6)) and J(4) = -26(+12)(-20)(x10(-6)) for Neptune's gravity field (J>(2) and J(4) are harmonic coefficients of the gravity field). The equatorial and polar radii of Neptune are 24,764 +/- 20 and 24,340 +/- 30 kllometers, respectively, at the 10(5)-pascal (1 bar) pressure level. Neptune's atmosphere was probed to a pressure level of about 5 x 10(5) pascals, and effects of a methane cloud region and probable ammonia absorption below the cloud are evident in the data. Results for the mixing ratios of helium and ammonia are still being investigated; the methane abundance below the clouds is at least 1 percent by volume. Derived temperature-pressure profiles to 1.2 x 10(5) pascals and 78 kelvins (K) show a lapse rate corresponding to "frozen" equilibrium of the para- and ortho-hydrogen states. Neptune's ionosphere exhibits an extended topside at a temperature of 950 +/- 160 K if H(+) is the dominant ion, and narrow ionization layers of the type previously seen at the other three giant planets. Triton has a dense ionosphere with a peak electron concentration of 46 x 10(9) per cubic meter at an altitude of 340 kilometers measured during occultation egress. Its topside plasma temperature is about 80 +/- 16 K if N(2)(+) is the principal ion. The tenuous neutral atmosphere of Triton produced distinct signatures in the occultation data; however, the accuracy of the measurements is limited by uncertainties in the frequency of the spacecraft reference oscillator. Preliminary values for the surface pressure of 1.6 +/- 0.3 pascals and an equivalent isothermal temperature of 48 +/- 5 K are suggested, on the assumption that molecular nitrogen dominates the atmosphere. The radio data may be showing the effects of a thermal inversion near the surface; this and other evidence imply that the Triton atmosphere is controlled by vapor-pressure equilibrium with surface ices, at a temperature of 38 K and a methane mixing ratio of about 10(-4).

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Eshleman VR, Tyler GL, Simpson RA, Marouf EA. Probing Titan's Surface. Science 1984;223:772. [PMID: 17737737 DOI: 10.1126/science.223.4638.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Zebker HA, Tyler GL. Thickness of Saturn's Rings Inferred from Voyager 1 Observations of Microwave Scatter. Science 1984;223:396-8. [PMID: 17829889 DOI: 10.1126/science.223.4634.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Esposito LW, Borderies N, Goldreich P, Cuzzi JN, Holberg JB, Lane AL, Pomphrey RB, Terrile RJ, Lissauer JJ, Marouf EA, Tyler GL. Eccentric Ringlet in the Maxwell Gap at 1.45 Saturn Radii: Multi-Instrument Voyager Observations. Science 1983;222:57-60. [PMID: 17810092 DOI: 10.1126/science.222.4619.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Marouf EA, Tyler GL. Microwave Edge Diffraction by Features in Saturn's Rings: Observations with Voyager 1. Science 1982;217:243-5. [PMID: 17814464 DOI: 10.1126/science.217.4556.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Eshleman VR, Anderson JD, Levy GS, Lindal GF, Wood GE, Croft TA. Radio Science with Voyager 2 at Saturn: Atmosphere and Ionosphere and the Masses of Mimas, Tethys, and Iapetus. Science 1982;215:553-8. [PMID: 17771277 DOI: 10.1126/science.215.4532.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]

Abstract

Voyager 2 radio occultation measurements of Saturn's atmosphere probed to the 1.2-bar pressure level, where the temperature was 143 +/- 6 K and the lapse rate apparently equaled the dry adiabatic value of 0.85 K per kilometer. The tropopause at both mid-latitude occultation locations (36.5 degrees N and 31 degrees S) was at a pressure level of about 70 millibars and a temperature of approximately 82 K. The stratospheric structures were very similar with the temperature rising to about 140 K at the 1-millibar pressure level. The peak electron concentrations sensed were 1.7 x 10(4) and 0.64 x 10(4) per cubic centimeter in the predawn (31 degrees S) and late afternoon (36.5 degrees N) locations. The topside plasma scale heights were about 1000 kilometers for the late afternoon profile, and 260 kilometers for the lower portions and 1100 kilometers for the upper portions of the topside predawn ionosphere. Radio measurements of the masses of Tethys and Iapetus yield (7.55 +/- 0.90) x 10(20) and (18.8 +/- 1.2) x 10(20) kilograms respectively; the Tethys-Mimas resonance theory then provides a derived mass for Afimas of (0.455 +/- 0.054) x 10(20) kilograms. These values for Tethys and Mimas represent major increases from previously accepted ground-based values, and appear to reverse a suggested trend of increasing satellite density with orbital radius in the Saturnian system. Current results suggest the opposite trend, in which the intermediate-sized satellites of Saturn may represent several classes of objects that differ with respect to the relative amounts of water, ammonia, and methane ices incorporated at different temperatures during formation. The anomalously low density of lapetus might then be explained as resulting from a large hydrocarbon content, and its unusually dark surface markings as another manifestation of this same material.

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Tyler GL, Eshleman VR, Anderson JD, Levy GS, Lindal GF, Wood GE, Croft TA. Radio Science Investigations of the Saturn System with Voyager 1: Preliminary Results. Science 1981;212:201-6. [PMID: 17783830 DOI: 10.1126/science.212.4491.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Abstract

Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements of Titan's equatorial atmosphere successfully probed to the surface, which is provisionally placed at a radius of 2570 kilometers. Derived scale heights plus other experimental and theoretical results indicate that molecular nitrogen is the predominant atmospheric constituent. The surface pressure and temperature appear to be about 1.6 bars and 93 K, respectively. The main clouds are probably methane ice, although some condensation of nitrogen cannot be ruled out. Solar abundance arguments suggest and the measurements allow large quantities of surface methane near its triple-point temperature, so that the three phases of methane could play roles in the atmosphere and on the surface of Titan similar to those of water on Earth. Radio occultation measurements of Saturn's atmosphere near 75 degrees south latitude reached a maximum pressure of 1.4 bars, where the temperature is about 156 K. The minimum temperature is about 91 K near the 60-millibar pressure level. The measured part of the polar ionosphere of Saturn has a peak electron concentration of 2.3 x 10(4) per cubic centimeter at an altitude of 2500 kilometers above the 1-bar level in the atmosphere, and a plasma scale height at the top of the ionosphere of 560 kilometers. Attenuation of monochromatic radiation at a wavelength of 3.6 centimeters propagating obliquely through Saturn's rings is consistent with traditional values for the normal optical depth of the rings, but the near-forward scattering of this radiation by the rings indicates effective scattering particles with larger than expected diameters of 10, 8, and 2 meters in the A ring, the outer Cassini division, and the C ring, respectively. Preliminary analysis of the radio tracking data yields new values for the masses of Rhea and Titan of 4.4 +/- 0.3 x 10(-6) and 236.64 +/- 0.08 x 10(-6) times the mass of Saturn. Corresponding values for the mean densities of these objects are 1.33 +/- 0.10 and about 1.89 grams per cubic centimeter. The density of Rhea is consistent with a solar-composition mix of anhydrous rock and volatiles, while Titan is apparently enriched in silicates relative to the solar composition.

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Eshleman VR, Tyler GL, Wood GE, Lindal GF, Anderson JD, Levy GS, Croft TA. Radio Science with Voyager at Jupiter: Initial Voyager 2 Results and a Voyager 1 Measure of the Io Torus. Science 1979;206:959-62. [PMID: 17733914 DOI: 10.1126/science.206.4421.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Eshleman VR, Tyler GL, Wood GE, Lindal GF, Anderson JD, Levy GS, Croft TA. Radio Science with Voyager 1 at Jupiter: Preliminary Profiles of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere. Science 1979;204:976-8. [PMID: 17800433 DOI: 10.1126/science.204.4396.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Simpson RA, Tyler GL, Brenkle JP, Sue M. Viking Bistatic Radar Observations of the Hellas Basin on Mars: Preliminary Results. Science 1979;203:45-6. [PMID: 17840509 DOI: 10.1126/science.203.4375.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Campbell DB, Downs GS, Green RR, Moore HJ. Radar Characteristics of Viking 1 Landing Sites. Science 1976;193:812-5. [PMID: 17747788 DOI: 10.1126/science.193.4255.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Howard HT, Tyler GL, Esposito PB, Anderson JD, Reasenberg RD, Shapiro II, Fjeldbo G, Kliore AJ, Levy GS, Brunn DL, Dickinson R, Edelson RE, Martin WL, Postal RB, Seidel B, Sesplaukis TT, Shirley DL, Stelzried CT, Sweetnam DN, Wood GE, Zygielbaum AI. Mercury: Results on Mass, Radius, Ionosphere, and Atmosphere from Mariner 10 Dual-Frequency Radio Signals. Science 1974;185:179-80. [PMID: 17810512 DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4146.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Thompson TW, Masursky H, Shorthill RW, Tyler GL, Zisk SH. A comparison of infrared, radar, and geologic mapping of lunar craters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00562019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]

Howard HT, Tyler GL, Fjeldbo G, Kliore AJ, Levy GS, Brunn DL, Dickinson R, Edelson RE, Martin WL, Postal RB, Seidel B, Sesplaukis TT, Shirley DL, Stelzried CT, Sweetnam DN, Zygielbaum AI, Esposito PB, Anderson JD, Shapiro II, Reasenberg RD. Venus: Mass, Gravity Field, Atmosphere, and Ionosphere as Measured by the Mariner 10 Dual-Frequency Radio System. Science 1974;183:1297-301. [PMID: 17791371 DOI: 10.1126/science.183.4131.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Faulkerson WE, Peterson AM, Teague CC. Second-Order Scattering from the Sea: Ten-Meter Radar Observations of the Doppler Continuum. Science 1972;177:349-51. [PMID: 17813198 DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4046.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]

Peterson AM, Teague CC, Tyler GL. Bistatic-Radar Observation of Long-Period, Directional Ocean-Wave Spectra with Loran A. Science 1970;170:158-61. [PMID: 17833495 DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3954.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Tyler GL, Eshleman VR, Fjeldbo G, Howard HT, Peterson AM. Bistatic-Radar Detection of Lunar Scattering Centers with Lunar Orbiter I. Science 1967;157:193-5. [PMID: 17806264 DOI: 10.1126/science.157.3785.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]