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Blum K, Bowirrat A, Baron D, Lott L, Ponce JV, Brewer R, Siwicki D, Boyett B, Gondre-Lewis MC, Smith DE, Panayotis K T, Badgaiyan S, Hauser M, Fried L, A R, Downs BW, Badgaiyan RD. Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score (GARS) and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder (SUD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6. [PMID: 33614164 PMCID: PMC7891477 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Research into the neurogenetic basis of addiction identified and characterized by Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) includes all drug and non-drug addictive, obsessive and compulsive behaviors. We are proposing herein that a new model for the prevention and treatment of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) a subset of RDS behaviors, based on objective biologic evidence, should be given serious consideration in the face of a drug epidemic. The development of the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) followed seminal research in 1990, whereby, Blum’s group identified the first genetic association with severe alcoholism published in JAMA. While it is true that no one to date has provided adequate RDS free controls there have been many studies using case –controls whereby SUD has been eliminated. We argue that this deficiency needs to be addressed in the field and if adopted appropriately many spurious results would be eliminated reducing confusion regarding the role of genetics in addiction. However, an estimation, based on these previous literature results provided herein, while not representative of all association studies known to date, this sampling of case- control studies displays significant associations between alcohol and drug risk. In fact, we present a total of 110,241 cases and 122,525 controls derived from the current literature. We strongly suggest that while we may take argument concerning many of these so-called controls (e.g. blood donors) it is quite remarkable that there are a plethora of case –control studies indicating selective association of these risk alleles ( measured in GARS) for the most part indicating a hypodopaminergia. The paper presents the detailed methodology of the GARS. Data collection procedures, instrumentation, and the analytical approach used to obtain GARS and subsequent research objectives are described. Can we combat SUD through early genetic risk screening in the addiction field enabling early intervention by the induction of dopamine homeostasis? It is envisaged that GARS type of screening will provide a novel opportunity to help identify causal pathways and associated mechanisms of genetic factors, psychological characteristics, and addictions awaiting additional scientific evidence including a future meta- analysis of all available data –a work in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blum
- Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.,Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Division Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, USA.,Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International. Inc. Lederach, PA, USA.,Divion of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway HealthCare, LLC, Birmingham, AL.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VM. USA.,Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.,Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - A Bowirrat
- Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Population Genetics, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Department of Neuroscience, Israel
| | - D Baron
- Western University Health Sciences Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - L Lott
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J V Ponce
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R Brewer
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - D Siwicki
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B Boyett
- Divion of Neuroscience & Addiction Research, Pathway HealthCare, LLC, Birmingham, AL
| | - M C Gondre-Lewis
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington DC, USA.,Departments of Anatomy, and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - D E Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thanos Panayotis K
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S Badgaiyan
- Department of Precision Behavioral Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Hauser
- Division Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - L Fried
- Transformations Treatment Center, Del-Ray Beach, FL, USA
| | - Roy A
- Department of Psychiatry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - B W Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International. Inc. Lederach, PA, USA
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY., USA.,Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, USAInstituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía
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Bulsara SM, Begley K, Smith DE, Chan DJ, Furner V, Coote KV, Hennessy RM, Alperstein DM, Price A, Smith M, Wyson A, Wand H. The development of an HIV-specific complexity rating scale. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:1265-1274. [PMID: 31566095 PMCID: PMC6886116 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419868359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As treatment for HIV improves, an ageing population is experiencing comorbidity which often leads to complex clinical presentations requiring an interdisciplinary care approach. This study sought to quantify clinician assessment of the level of clinical complexity, through the development of a rating scale for people living with HIV (PLHIV), to improve client care through an interdisciplinary care model. An existing alcohol and other drug complexity rating scale was selected and modified for use with PLHIV. HIV-specific items were included through consultation with an interdisciplinary team. A risk-prediction model was developed and validated using clinician ratings of clients attending The Albion Centre, a tertiary HIV clinic in Sydney, Australia, resulting in the development of the Clinical Complexity Rating Scale for HIV (CCRS-HIV). Multivariable logistic regression models identified eight characteristics based on clinician assessment of complexity in PLHIV: financial instability, social isolation, problematic crystal methamphetamine use, mental illness and/or other problematic substance use, cognitive/neurological impairment, polypharmacy, current hepatitis C infection and/or cancer, and other physical health comorbidity. A weighted risk-prediction model was developed and validated. The final model accurately predicted 85% of complex clients, with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 91%. This study developed an HIV-specific clinician-rated complexity scale. Further investigations are required to validate the CCRS-HIV with broader HIV populations. This simple complexity screening tool is a promising adjunct to clinical assessment to identify clients with complex physical and psychosocial needs who may benefit from interdisciplinary care interventions and allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bulsara
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia.,Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Begley
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - D E Smith
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - D J Chan
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Furner
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - K V Coote
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | | | | | - A Price
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - M Smith
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - A Wyson
- The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - H Wand
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Smith DE, Woolley IJ, Russell DB, Bisshop F, Furner V. HIV in practice: current approaches and challenges in the diagnosis, treatment and management of HIV infection in Australia. HIV Med 2019; 19 Suppl 3:5-23. [PMID: 29927516 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As treatment improves, people living with HIV (PLWHIV) can now expect to live longer, which means that the foci of HIV-related care for them and their medical practitioners continue to change. With an increasingly older cohort of patients with HIV infection, practitioners' key considerations are shifting from issues of acute treatment and patient survival to multiple comorbidities, toxicities associated with chronic therapy, and ongoing health maintenance. Within this context, this paper explores the current standard of practice for the management of HIV infection in Australia. We surveyed 56 Australian practitioners currently involved in managing HIV infection: 'HIV section 100' (HIV therapy-prescribing) general practitioners (s100 GPs; n = 26), sexual health physicians (SHPs; n = 24) and hospital-based physicians (HBPs; n = 6). Survey results for practice approaches and challenges were broadly consistent across the three practitioner specialties, apart from a few key areas. s100 GPs reported less prophylaxis use among patients whom they deemed at risk of HIV infection in comparison with SHPs, which may reflect differences in patient populations. Further, a higher proportion of s100 GPs nominated older HIV treatment regimens as their preferred therapy choices compared with the other specialties. In contrast with SHPs, s100 GPs were less likely to switch HIV therapies to simplify the treatment protocol, and to immediately initiate treatment upon patient request in those newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Considerably lower levels of satisfaction with current HIV practice guidelines were also reported by s100 GPs. It appears that greater support for s100 GPs may be needed to address these identified challenges and enhance approaches to HIV practice. Across all specialties, increasing access to mental health services for patients with HIV infection was reported as a key management issue. A renewed focus on providing improved mental health and wellbeing supports is recommended, particularly in the face of an ageing HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Albion Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - I J Woolley
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D B Russell
- Cairns Sexual Health Service, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - F Bisshop
- Holdsworth House Medical Practice, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - V Furner
- Albion Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Barker MK, Sun X, Mao D, Mazarico E, Neumann GA, Zuber MT, Smith DE, McGarry JF, Hoffman ED. In-flight characterization of the lunar orbiter laser altimeter instrument pointing and far-field pattern. Appl Opt 2018; 57:7702-7713. [PMID: 30462032 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has collected nearly seven billion measurements of surface height on the Moon with an absolute accuracy of ∼1 m and a precision of ∼10 cm. Converting time-of-flight laser altimeter measurements to topographic elevations requires accurate knowledge of the laser pointing with respect to the spacecraft body-fixed coordinate system. To that end, we have utilized altimetric crossovers from LOLA, as well as bidirectional observations of the LOLA laser and receiver boresight via an Earth-based laser tracking ground station. Based on a sample of ∼780,000 globally distributed crossovers from the circular-orbit phase of LRO's mission (∼27 months), we derive corrections to the LOLA laser boresight. These corrections improve the cross-track and along-track agreement of the crossovers by 24% and 33%, respectively, yielding RMS residuals of ∼10 m. Since early in the LRO mission, the bidirectional laser tracking experiments have confirmed a pointing anomaly when the LOLA instrument is facing toward deep space or the night side of the Moon and have allowed the reconstruction of the laser far-field pattern and receiver telescope pointing. By conducting such experiments shortly after launch and nearly eight years later, we have directly measured changes in the laser characteristics and obtained critical data to understand the laser behavior and refine the instrument pointing model. The methods and results presented here are also relevant to the design, fabrication, and operation of future planetary laser altimeters and their long-term behavior in the space environment.
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Heguy A, Stewart AA, Haley JD, Smith DE, Foulkes JG. Gene expression as a target for new drug discovery. Gene Expr 2018; 4:337-44. [PMID: 7549465 PMCID: PMC6134365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 7 years we have carried out a major research effort focused on gene transcription as a novel approach to drug discovery. The goal is to identify small molecular weight compounds that modulate the expression of a target gene in a specific manner, thereby either increasing or decreasing the concentration of the corresponding protein product. Transcriptional modulation not only provides a potential means to replace recombinant proteins as drugs, but also provides a novel approach to manipulate key gene targets in many therapeutic areas. This article describes some of the features and advantages of transcription-based pharmaceuticals and illustrates how this approach can be applied to drug discovery with a program we are pursuing to identify new treatments for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heguy
- Oncogene Science, Inc., Uniondale, NY 11553, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Department of English Language Research, University of Birmingham
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Judd A, Zangerle R, Touloumi G, Warszawski J, Meyer L, Dabis F, Mary Krause M, Ghosn J, Leport C, Wittkop L, Reiss P, Wit F, Prins M, Bucher H, Gibb D, Fätkenheuer G, Julia DA, Obel N, Thorne C, Mocroft A, Kirk O, Stephan C, Pérez-Hoyos S, Hamouda O, Bartmeyer B, Chkhartishvili N, Noguera-Julian A, Antinori A, d’Arminio Monforte A, Brockmeyer N, Prieto L, Rojo Conejo P, Soriano-Arandes A, Battegay M, Kouyos R, Mussini C, Tookey P, Casabona J, Miró JM, Castagna A, Konopnick D, Goetghebuer T, Sönnerborg A, Quiros-Roldan E, Sabin C, Teira R, Garrido M, Haerry D, de Wit S, Miró JM, Costagliola D, d’Arminio-Monforte A, Castagna A, del Amo J, Mocroft A, Raben D, Chêne G, Judd A, Pablo Rojo C, Barger D, Schwimmer C, Termote M, Wittkop L, Campbell M, Frederiksen CM, Friis-Møller N, Kjaer J, Raben D, Salbøl Brandt R, Berenguer J, Bohlius J, Bouteloup V, Bucher H, Cozzi-Lepri A, Dabis F, d’Arminio Monforte A, Davies MA, del Amo J, Dorrucci M, Dunn D, Egger M, Furrer H, Grabar S, Guiguet M, Judd A, Kirk O, Lambotte O, Leroy V, Lodi S, Matheron S, Meyer L, Miro JM, Mocroft A, Monge S, Nakagawa F, Paredes R, Phillips A, Puoti M, Rohner E, Schomaker M, Smit C, Sterne J, Thiebaut R, Thorne C, Torti C, van der Valk M, Wittkop L, Tanser F, Vinikoor M, Macete E, Wood R, Stinson K, Garone D, Fatti G, Giddy J, Malisita K, Eley B, Fritz C, Hobbins M, Kamenova K, Fox M, Prozesky H, Technau K, Sawry S, Benson CA, Bosch RJ, Kirk GD, Boswell S, Mayer KH, Grasso C, Hogg RS, Richard Harrigan P, Montaner JSG, Yip B, Zhu J, Salters K, Gabler K, Buchacz K, Brooks JT, Gebo KA, Moore RD, Moore RD, Rodriguez B, Horberg MA, Silverberg MJ, Thorne JE, Rabkin C, Margolick JB, Jacobson LP, D’Souza G, Klein MB, Rourke SB, Rachlis AR, Cupido P, Hunter-Mellado RF, Mayor AM, John Gill M, Deeks SG, Martin JN, Patel P, Brooks JT, Saag MS, Mugavero MJ, Willig J, Eron JJ, Napravnik S, Kitahata MM, Crane HM, Drozd DR, Sterling TR, Haas D, Rebeiro P, Turner M, Bebawy S, Rogers B, Justice AC, Dubrow R, Fiellin D, Gange SJ, Anastos K, Moore RD, Saag MS, Gange SJ, Kitahata MM, Althoff KN, Horberg MA, Klein MB, McKaig RG, Freeman AM, Moore RD, Freeman AM, Lent C, Kitahata MM, Van Rompaey SE, Crane HM, Drozd DR, Morton L, McReynolds J, Lober WB, Gange SJ, Althoff KN, Abraham AG, Lau B, Zhang J, Jing J, Modur S, Wong C, Hogan B, Desir F, Liu B, You B, Cahn P, Cesar C, Fink V, Sued O, Dell’Isola E, Perez H, Valiente J, Yamamoto C, Grinsztejn B, Veloso V, Luz P, de Boni R, Cardoso Wagner S, Friedman R, Moreira R, Pinto J, Ferreira F, Maia M, Célia de Menezes Succi R, Maria Machado D, de Fátima Barbosa Gouvêa A, Wolff M, Cortes C, Fernanda Rodriguez M, Allendes G, William Pape J, Rouzier V, Marcelin A, Perodin C, Tulio Luque M, Padgett D, Sierra Madero J, Crabtree Ramirez B, Belaunzaran P, Caro Vega Y, Gotuzzo E, Mejia F, Carriquiry G, McGowan CC, Shepherd BE, Sterling T, Jayathilake K, Person AK, Rebeiro PF, Giganti M, Castilho J, Duda SN, Maruri F, Vansell H, Ly PS, Khol V, Zhang FJ, Zhao HX, Han N, Lee MP, Li PCK, Lam W, Chan YT, Kumarasamy N, Saghayam S, Ezhilarasi C, Pujari S, Joshi K, Gaikwad S, Chitalikar A, Merati TP, Wirawan DN, Yuliana F, Yunihastuti E, Imran D, Widhani A, Tanuma J, Oka S, Nishijima T, Na S, Choi JY, Kim JM, Sim BLH, Gani YM, David R, Kamarulzaman A, Syed Omar SF, Ponnampalavanar S, Azwa I, Ditangco R, Uy E, Bantique R, Wong WW, Ku WW, Wu PC, Ng OT, Lim PL, Lee LS, Ohnmar PS, Avihingsanon A, Gatechompol S, Phanuphak P, Phadungphon C, Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Chumla L, Sanmeema N, Chaiwarith R, Sirisanthana T, Kotarathititum W, Praparattanapan J, Kantipong P, Kambua P, Ratanasuwan W, Sriondee R, Nguyen KV, Bui HV, Nguyen DTH, Nguyen DT, Cuong DD, An NV, Luan NT, Sohn AH, Ross JL, Petersen B, Cooper DA, Law MG, Jiamsakul A, Boettiger DC, Ellis D, Bloch M, Agrawal S, Vincent T, Allen D, Smith D, Rankin A, Baker D, Templeton DJ, O’Connor CC, Thackeray O, Jackson E, McCallum K, Ryder N, Sweeney G, Cooper D, Carr A, Macrae K, Hesse K, Finlayson R, Gupta S, Langton-Lockton J, Shakeshaft J, Brown K, Idle S, Arvela N, Varma R, Lu H, Couldwell D, Eswarappa S, Smith DE, Furner V, Smith D, Cabrera G, Fernando S, Cogle A, Lawrence C, Mulhall B, Boyd M, Law M, Petoumenos K, Puhr R, Huang R, Han A, Gunathilake M, Payne R, O’Sullivan M, Croydon A, Russell D, Cashman C, Roberts C, Sowden D, Taing K, Marshall P, Orth D, Youds D, Rowling D, Latch N, Warzywoda E, Dickson B, Donohue W, Moore R, Edwards S, Boyd S, Roth NJ, Lau H, Read T, Silvers J, Zeng W, Hoy J, Watson K, Bryant M, Price S, Woolley I, Giles M, Korman T, Williams J, Nolan D, Allen A, Guelfi G, Mills G, Wharry C, Raymond N, Bargh K, Templeton D, Giles M, Brown K, Hoy J. Comparison of Kaposi Sarcoma Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Adults Across 5 Continents: A Multiregional Multicohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1316-1326. [PMID: 28531260 PMCID: PMC5850623 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared Kaposi sarcoma (KS) risk in adults who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) across the Asia-Pacific, South Africa, Europe, Latin, and North America. METHODS We included cohort data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults who started ART after 1995 within the framework of 2 large collaborations of observational HIV cohorts. We present incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). RESULTS We included 208140 patients from 57 countries. Over a period of 1066572 person-years, 2046 KS cases were diagnosed. KS incidence rates per 100000 person-years were 52 in the Asia-Pacific and ranged between 180 and 280 in the other regions. KS risk was 5 times higher in South African women (aHR, 4.56; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 2.73-7.62) than in their European counterparts, and 2 times higher in South African men (2.21; 1.34-3.63). In Europe, Latin, and North America KS risk was 6 times higher in men who have sex with men (aHR, 5.95; 95% CI, 5.09-6.96) than in women. Comparing patients with current CD4 cell counts ≥700 cells/µL with those whose counts were <50 cells/µL, the KS risk was halved in South Africa (aHR, 0.53; 95% CI, .17-1.63) but reduced by ≥95% in other regions. CONCLUSIONS Despite important ART-related declines in KS incidence, men and women in South Africa and men who have sex with men remain at increased KS risk, likely due to high human herpesvirus 8 coinfection rates. Early ART initiation and maintenance of high CD4 cell counts are essential to further reducing KS incidence worldwide, but additional measures might be needed, especially in Southern Africa.
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Hodson L, Bhatia L, Scorletti E, Smith DE, Jackson NC, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby M, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in NAFLD is associated with improvements in hepatic metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1251. [PMID: 28812576 PMCID: PMC5628396 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.9.
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9
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the body perception of 122 Jamaican adolescent girls. The study is a part of a larger project investigating the psychosocial adjustment of these adolescents. Included in the survey were items asking for demographic information such as height, weight, and age. In addition, subjects were asked to indicate whether they were pregnant and whether they considered themselves under- or overweight. Using the standard system of desirable weight the subjects' perceptions of whether they were under- or overweight were compared with their actual weights. In general, Jamaican adolescent girls had accurate perceptions of their body size and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Department of Child and Family Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1900
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Ginsberg T, Jones OC, Chen JC, Deuber H, Wilhelm JG, Lorenz RA, Collins JL, Malinauskas AP, Pyun JJ, Williams KA, Cartmill CE, Arros J, Pitts JH, McCauley EW, Leadon RE, Lurie NA, Dhir VK, Kastenberg WE, Varela DW, Renard A, Evrard G, Wehmann U, Wadkins RP, Ambrosek RG, Young MW, Yeh HC, Dodge CE, Hochreiter LE, Segev A, Henry RE, Bankoff SG, Diamond DJ, Cheng HS, Vandenberg C, Bonet H, Charlier A, Motte F, Luxat JC, Frescura GM, Bhattacharyya SK, Wade DC, Bucher RG, Smith DM, McKnight RD, LeSage LG, Barthold WP, Beitel JC, Lam PSK, Orechwa Y, Su SF, Turski RB, Enderle G, Katz F, Mösinger H, Schlechtendahl EG, Stölting K, Kowalski DJ, Esposito VJ, Boivin JY, Karwat H, Albrecht H, Matschoss V, Wild H, Buslik AJ, Hall RE, Kurka G, Harrer A, Chenebault P, Quinet JL, Lannou L, Wilburn NP, Smith DE, Baars RE, Atcheson DB, Spencer BW, Mast PK, Scott JH, Mergan L, Storrer J, Verbeke R, Cordier JP. Authors. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt79-a32343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wilburn NP, Smith DE, Baars RE, Atcheson DB, Spencer BW. Fuel Pins and Core Response under Liquid-Metal Fast Breeder Reactor Transient Overpower Accident Conditions. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt79-a32370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. P. Wilburn
- Han ford Engineering Development Laboratory, P.O. Box 1970 Richland, Washington 99352
| | - D. E. Smith
- Han ford Engineering Development Laboratory, P.O. Box 1970 Richland, Washington 99352
| | - R. E. Baars
- Han ford Engineering Development Laboratory, P.O. Box 1970 Richland, Washington 99352
| | - D. B. Atcheson
- Han ford Engineering Development Laboratory, P.O. Box 1970 Richland, Washington 99352
| | - B. W. Spencer
- Han ford Engineering Development Laboratory, P.O. Box 1970 Richland, Washington 99352
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12
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Hodson L, Bhatia L, Scorletti E, Smith DE, Jackson NC, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby M, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in NAFLD is associated with improvements in hepatic metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:973-979. [PMID: 28294174 PMCID: PMC5474320 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective: Treatment of subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) suggests high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) tissue enrichment decrease liver fat content. We assessed whether changes in erythrocyte DHA enrichment (as a surrogate marker of changes in tissue enrichment) were associated with alterations in hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), postprandial FA partitioning and hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in a sub-study of the WELCOME trial (Wessex Evaluation of fatty Liver and Cardiovascular markers in NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) with OMacor thErapy). Subjects/Methods: Sixteen participants were randomised to 4 g/day EPA+DHA (n=8) or placebo (n=8) for 15–18 months and underwent pre- and post-intervention measurements. Fasting and postprandial hepatic FA metabolism was assessed using metabolic substrates labelled with stable-isotope tracers (2H2O and [U13C]palmitate). Insulin sensitivity was measured by a stepped hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp using deuterated glucose. Participants were stratified according to change in DHA erythrocyte enrichment (< or ⩾2% post intervention). Results: Nine participants were stratified to DHA⩾2% (eight randomised to EPA+DHA and one to placebo) and seven to the DHA<2% group (all placebo). Compared with individuals with erythrocyte <2% change in DHA abundance, those with ⩾2% enrichment had significant improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity, reduced fasting and postprandial plasma triglyceride concentrations, decreased fasting hepatic DNL, as well as greater appearance of 13C from dietary fat into plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The findings from our pilot study indicate that individuals who achieved a change in erythrocyte DHA enrichment ⩾2% show favourable changes in hepatic FA metabolism and insulin sensitivity, which may contribute to decreasing hepatic fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Bhatia
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Southampton, UK
| | - E Scorletti
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D E Smith
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - N C Jackson
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - F Shojaee-Moradie
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - M Umpleby
- Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - P C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C D Byrne
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Keen P, Conway DP, Cunningham P, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Gray J, Holt M, O'Connor CC, Read P, Callander D, Prestage G, Guy R. Multi-centre field evaluation of the performance of the Trinity Biotech Uni-Gold HIV 1/2 rapid test as a first-line screening assay for gay and bisexual men compared with 4th generation laboratory immunoassays. J Clin Virol 2016; 86:46-51. [PMID: 27914286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Trinity Biotech Uni-Gold HIV test (Uni-Gold) is often used as a supplementary rapid test in testing algorithms. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the operational performance of the Uni-Gold as a first-line screening test among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in a setting where 4th generation HIV laboratory assays are routinely used. STUDY DESIGN We compared the performance of Uni-Gold with conventional HIV serology conducted in parallel among GBM attending 22 testing sites. Sensitivity was calculated separately for acute and established infection, defined using 4th generation screening Ag/Ab immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot results. Previous HIV testing history and results of supplementary 3rd generation HIV Ab EIA, and p24 antigen EIA were used to further characterise cases of acute infection. RESULTS Of 10,793 specimens tested with Uni-Gold and conventional serology, 94 (0.90%, 95%CI:0.70-1.07) were confirmed as HIV-positive by conventional serology, and 37 (39.4%) were classified as acute infection. Uni-Gold sensitivity was 81.9% overall (77/94, 95%CI:72.6-89.1); 56.8% for acute infection (21/37, 95%CI:39.5-72.9) and 98.2% for established infection (56/57, 95%CI:90.6-100.0). Of 17 false non-reactive Uni-Gold results, 16 were acute infections, and of these seven were p24 antigen reactive but antibody negative. Uni-Gold specificity was 99.9% (10,692/10,699, 95%CI:99.9-100.0), PPV was 91.7% (95%CI:83.6-96.6) and NPV was 99.8% (95%CI:99.7-99.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this population, Uni-Gold had good specificity and sensitivity was high for established infections when compared to 4th generation laboratory assays, however sensitivity was lower in acute infections. Where rapid tests are used in populations with a high proportion of acute infections, additional testing strategies are needed to detect acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Keen
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - D P Conway
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - P Cunningham
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A McNulty
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - D L Couldwell
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW 2150, Australia; The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - S C Davies
- Northern Sydney Sexual Health Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D E Smith
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Albion Centre, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - J Gray
- ACON, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M Holt
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C C O'Connor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; RPA Sexual Health, Community Health, Sydney LHD, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P Read
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Kirketon Road Centre, PO Box 22, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - D Callander
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - G Prestage
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R Guy
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Beall BFN, Twiss MR, Smith DE, Oyserman BO, Rozmarynowycz MJ, Binding CE, Bourbonniere RA, Bullerjahn GS, Palmer ME, Reavie ED, Waters LMK, Woityra LWC, McKay RML. Ice cover extent drives phytoplankton and bacterial community structure in a large north-temperate lake: implications for a warming climate. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1704-19. [PMID: 25712272 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mid-winter limnological surveys of Lake Erie captured extremes in ice extent ranging from expansive ice cover in 2010 and 2011 to nearly ice-free waters in 2012. Consistent with a warming climate, ice cover on the Great Lakes is in decline, thus the ice-free condition encountered may foreshadow the lakes future winter state. Here, we show that pronounced changes in annual ice cover are accompanied by equally important shifts in phytoplankton and bacterial community structure. Expansive ice cover supported phytoplankton blooms of filamentous diatoms. By comparison, ice free conditions promoted the growth of smaller sized cells that attained lower total biomass. We propose that isothermal mixing and elevated turbidity in the absence of ice cover resulted in light limitation of the phytoplankton during winter. Additional insights into microbial community dynamics were gleaned from short 16S rRNA tag (Itag) Illumina sequencing. UniFrac analysis of Itag sequences showed clear separation of microbial communities related to presence or absence of ice cover. Whereas the ecological implications of the changing bacterial community are unclear at this time, it is likely that the observed shift from a phytoplankton community dominated by filamentous diatoms to smaller cells will have far reaching ecosystem effects including food web disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F N Beall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - M R Twiss
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - D E Smith
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - B O Oyserman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - M J Rozmarynowycz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - C E Binding
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - R A Bourbonniere
- Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - G S Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - M E Palmer
- Sport Fish and Biomonitoring Unit, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E D Reavie
- Center for Water and the Environment, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | | | - R M L McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
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Conway DP, Guy R, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Keen P, Cunningham P, Holt M. Effect of testing experience and profession on provider acceptability of rapid HIV testing after implementation in public sexual health clinics in Sydney. HIV Med 2015; 16:280-7. [PMID: 25604470 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid HIV testing (RHT) is well established in many countries, but it is new in Australia since a policy change in 2011. We assessed service provider acceptability of RHT before and after its implementation in four Sydney public sexual health clinics. METHODS Service providers were surveyed immediately after training in RHT and again 6-12 months later. Differences in mean scores between survey rounds were assessed via t-tests, with stratification by profession and the number of tests performed. RESULTS RHT was rated as highly acceptable among staff at baseline and acceptability scores improved between survey rounds. Belief in being sufficiently skilled and experienced to perform RHT (P = 0.004) and confidence in the delivery of nonreactive results increased (P = 0.007), while the belief that RHT was disruptive declined (P = 0.001). Acceptability was higher for staff who had performed a greater number of tests regarding comfort with their role in RHT (P = 0.004) and belief that patients were satisfied with RHT (P = 0.007). Compared with nurses, doctors had a stronger preference for a faster rapid test (P = 0.027) and were more likely to agree that RHT interfered with consultations (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Differences in responses between professions may reflect differences in staff roles, the type of patients seen by staff and the model of testing used, all of which may affect the number of tests performed by staff. These findings may inform planning for how best to implement RHT in clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Conway
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Short Street Sexual Health Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Smith DE. OR03-3 * STRATEGIES OF DRUG PREVENTION IN THE WORKPLACE: AN INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF DRUG TESTING AND EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. Alcohol Alcohol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu053.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pappalardo RT, Vance S, Bagenal F, Bills BG, Blaney DL, Blankenship DD, Brinckerhoff WB, Connerney JEP, Hand KP, Hoehler TM, Leisner JS, Kurth WS, McGrath MA, Mellon MT, Moore JM, Patterson GW, Prockter LM, Senske DA, Schmidt BE, Shock EL, Smith DE, Soderlund KM. Science potential from a Europa lander. Astrobiology 2013; 13:740-773. [PMID: 23924246 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of a future soft landing on the surface of Europa is enticing, as it would create science opportunities that could not be achieved through flyby or orbital remote sensing, with direct relevance to Europa's potential habitability. Here, we summarize the science of a Europa lander concept, as developed by our NASA-commissioned Science Definition Team. The science concept concentrates on observations that can best be achieved by in situ examination of Europa from its surface. We discuss the suggested science objectives and investigations for a Europa lander mission, along with a model planning payload of instruments that could address these objectives. The highest priority is active sampling of Europa's non-ice material from at least two different depths (0.5-2 cm and 5-10 cm) to understand its detailed composition and chemistry and the specific nature of salts, any organic materials, and other contaminants. A secondary focus is geophysical prospecting of Europa, through seismology and magnetometry, to probe the satellite's ice shell and ocean. Finally, the surface geology can be characterized in situ at a human scale. A Europa lander could take advantage of the complex radiation environment of the satellite, landing where modeling suggests that radiation is about an order of magnitude less intense than in other regions. However, to choose a landing site that is safe and would yield the maximum science return, thorough reconnaissance of Europa would be required prior to selecting a scientifically optimized landing site.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pappalardo
- Planetary Sciences Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Conway DP, Guy R, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Keen P, Cunningham P, Holt M. P5.037 Experience of Rapid HIV Testing Increases Its Acceptability to Clinical Staff in Public Sexual Health Clinics in Sydney. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Conway DP, Holt M, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Smith DE, Davies SC, Cunningham P, Keen P, Guy R. O15.4 Field Performance of the Alere Determine HIV Combo Assay in a Large Australian Multi-Centre Study in a Sexual Health Clinic Setting. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gent YY, Weijers K, Molthoff CF, Windhorst AD, Huisman MC, Smith DE, Kularatne SA, Jansen G, Low PS, Lammertsma AA, van der Laken CJ. AB0761 Synthesis and evaluation of the novel folate receptor ligand [18f]fluoro-peg-folate for macrophage targeting in a rat model of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Smith DE, Lerch FJ, Marsh JG, Wagner CA, Kolenkiewicz R, Khan MA. Contributions to the National Geodetic Satellite Program by Goddard Space Flight Center. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb081i005p01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lewis CE, Smith DE, Caveny JL, Perkins LL, Burke GL, Bild DE. Associations of Body Mass and Body Fat Distribution with Parity Among African-American and Caucasian Women: The CARDIA Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:517-25. [PMID: 16358400 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Associations of parity with body fat and its distribution are poorly understood; therefore, we examined the relationships between parity and obesity in young adult women. Body mass index (BMI), skin-folds, and waist-hip ratio were compared in 1452 African-American and 1268 Caucasian nonpregnant women aged 18 to 30, adjusting for age (where no age-parity interactions were present), education, physical activity (assessed by questionnaire) and fitness (assessed by graded exercise test), dietary fat intake, alcohol and smoking. Adjusted mean BMI was significantly higher in African-American women aged 25-30 years with three or more children (28.5 kg/m2) than in those with two (27.0 kg/m2), one (26.2 kg/m2), or no children (26.3 kg/m2). Similar trends were found in Caucasians (BMI = 23.3, 23.4, 23.7, 25.0 kg/m2 for parity = 0, 1, 2, > or = 3, respectively), but the mean BMI was significantly higher in African Americans in each parity group. The association between BMI and parity was not present among women 18-24 years of age. Skinfolds were directly associated with parity in African Americans only. Waist-hip ratios were generally lower among nulliparous than parous women in both ethnic groups; race differences were present only among nulliparas. In conclusion, parity was associated with BMI in women aged 25 to 30 years but did not explain ethnicity-related differences in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Sanin AB, Mitrofanov IG, Litvak ML, Malakhov A, Boynton WV, Chin G, Droege G, Evans LG, Garvin J, Golovin DV, Harshman K, McClanahan TP, Mokrousov MI, Mazarico E, Milikh G, Neumann G, Sagdeev R, Smith DE, Starr RD, Zuber MT. Testing lunar permanently shadowed regions for water ice: LEND results from LRO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Litvak ML, Mitrofanov IG, Sanin A, Malakhov A, Boynton WV, Chin G, Droege G, Evans LG, Garvin J, Golovin DV, Harshman K, McClanahan TP, Mokrousov MI, Mazarico E, Milikh G, Neumann G, Sagdeev R, Smith DE, Starr R, Zuber MT. Global maps of lunar neutron fluxes from the LEND instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Russell CT, Raymond CA, Coradini A, McSween HY, Zuber MT, Nathues A, De Sanctis MC, Jaumann R, Konopliv AS, Preusker F, Asmar SW, Park RS, Gaskell R, Keller HU, Mottola S, Roatsch T, Scully JEC, Smith DE, Tricarico P, Toplis MJ, Christensen UR, Feldman WC, Lawrence DJ, McCoy TJ, Prettyman TH, Reedy RC, Sykes ME, Titus TN. Dawn at Vesta: testing the protoplanetary paradigm. Science 2012; 336:684-6. [PMID: 22582253 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Dawn spacecraft targeted 4 Vesta, believed to be a remnant intact protoplanet from the earliest epoch of solar system formation, based on analyses of howardite-eucrite-diogenite (HED) meteorites that indicate a differentiated parent body. Dawn observations reveal a giant basin at Vesta's south pole, whose excavation was sufficient to produce Vesta-family asteroids (Vestoids) and HED meteorites. The spatially resolved mineralogy of the surface reflects the composition of the HED meteorites, confirming the formation of Vesta's crust by melting of a chondritic parent body. Vesta's mass, volume, and gravitational field are consistent with a core having an average radius of 107 to 113 kilometers, indicating sufficient internal melting to segregate iron. Dawn's results confirm predictions that Vesta differentiated and support its identification as the parent body of the HEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1567, USA.
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Fassett CI, Head JW, Kadish SJ, Mazarico E, Neumann GA, Smith DE, Zuber MT. Lunar impact basins: Stratigraphy, sequence and ages from superposed impact crater populations measured from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011je003951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maruszak H, Jeganathan S, Smith DE, Robertson P, Barnes T, Furner V. Improved serological response to H1N1 monovalent vaccine associated with viral suppression among HIV-1-infected patients during the 2009 influenza (H1N1) pandemic in the Southern Hemisphere. HIV Med 2012; 13:352-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Maruszak
- Albion Street Centre; Surry Hills; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - S Jeganathan
- Albion Street Centre; Surry Hills; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - DE Smith
- Albion Street Centre; Surry Hills; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - P Robertson
- Microbiology Department; South Eastern Area Laboratory Services; Randwick Campus; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - T Barnes
- Albion Street Centre; Surry Hills; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - V Furner
- Albion Street Centre; Surry Hills; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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Smith DE, Chan DJ, Maruszak H, Jeganathan S. Clinical experience with nevirapine combined with tenofovir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine-containing regimens in HIV-infected subjects. Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:228-30. [PMID: 21515757 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively evaluated the durability and reasons for discontinuation of nevirapine (NVP) in combination with a tenofovir (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) or lamivudine (3TC)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen in an Australian outpatient setting. Between January 2003 and June 2009, 64 patients (29 naïve and 35 treatment-experienced) received NVP/TDF-based regimens. The median exposure was 13.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 6.0-20.0 months). The two- and three-year probability of continuing a NVP/TDF with FTC or 3TC regimen was 76% and 70%, respectively. Thirteen (20.3%) patients discontinued their regimen during the observation period. Reasons for discontinuation included virological failure in four (6.3%), rash in three (4.7%), lost to follow-up in three (4.7%), liver toxicity in two (3.1%) and HIV-1-related encephalopathy in one (1.6%). Long-term follow-up with a NVP/TDF-based regimen showed a low rate of discontinuation and enabled physicians to extend the use of ART over a long period, often with simplified (once-daily) regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Albion Street Centre, Surry Hills, Australia.
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Rosenburg MA, Aharonson O, Head JW, Kreslavsky MA, Mazarico E, Neumann GA, Smith DE, Torrence MH, Zuber MT. Global surface slopes and roughness of the Moon from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010je003716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mitrofanov IG, Sanin AB, Boynton WV, Chin G, Garvin JB, Golovin D, Evans LG, Harshman K, Kozyrev AS, Litvak ML, Malakhov A, Mazarico E, McClanahan T, Milikh G, Mokrousov M, Nandikotkur G, Neumann GA, Nuzhdin I, Sagdeev R, Shevchenko V, Shvetsov V, Smith DE, Starr R, Tretyakov VI, Trombka J, Usikov D, Varenikov A, Vostrukhin A, Zuber MT. Hydrogen mapping of the lunar south pole using the LRO neutron detector experiment LEND. Science 2010; 330:483-6. [PMID: 20966247 DOI: 10.1126/science.1185696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen has been inferred to occur in enhanced concentrations within permanently shadowed regions and, hence, the coldest areas of the lunar poles. The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission was designed to detect hydrogen-bearing volatiles directly. Neutron flux measurements of the Moon's south polar region from the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft were used to select the optimal impact site for LCROSS. LEND data show several regions where the epithermal neutron flux from the surface is suppressed, which is indicative of enhanced hydrogen content. These regions are not spatially coincident with permanently shadowed regions of the Moon. The LCROSS impact site inside the Cabeus crater demonstrates the highest hydrogen concentration in the lunar south polar region, corresponding to an estimated content of 0.5 to 4.0% water ice by weight, depending on the thickness of any overlying dry regolith layer. The distribution of hydrogen across the region is consistent with buried water ice from cometary impacts, hydrogen implantation from the solar wind, and/or other as yet unknown sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Mitrofanov
- Institute for Space Research of the Russian Academy of Science, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Nozette S, Rustan P, Pleasance LP, Kordas JF, Lewis IT, Park HS, Priest RE, Horan DM, Regeon P, Lichtenberg CL, Shoemaker EM, Eliason EM, McEwen AS, Robinson MS, Spudis PD, Acton CH, Buratti BJ, Duxbury TC, Baker DN, Jakosky BM, Blamont JE, Corson MP, Resnick JH, Rollins CJ, Davies ME, Lucey PG, Malaret E, Massie MA, Pieters CM, Reisse RA, Simpson RA, Smith DE, Sorenson TC, Breugge RW, Zuber MT. The clementine mission to the moon: scientific overview. Science 2010; 266:1835-9. [PMID: 17737076 DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5192.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the course of 71 days in lunar orbit, from 19 February to 3 May 1994, the Clementine spacecraft acquired just under two million digital images of the moon at visible and infrared wavelengths. These data are enabling the global mapping of the rock types of the lunar crust and the first detailed investigation of the geology of the lunar polar regions and the lunar far side. In addition, laser-ranging measurements provided the first view of the global topographic figure of the moon. The topography of many ancient impact basins has been measured, and a global map of the thickness of the lunar crust has been derived from the topography and gravity.
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Abstract
Global topographic and gravitational field models derived from data collected by the Clementine spacecraft reveal a new picture of the shape and internal structure of the moon. The moon exhibits a 16-kilometer range of elevation, with the greatest topographic excursions occurring on the far side. Lunar highlands are in a state of near-isostatic compensation, whereas impact basins display a wide range of compensation states that do not correlate simply with basin size or age. A global crustal thickness map reveals crustal thinning under all resolvable lunar basins. The results indicate that the structure and thermal history of the moon are more complex than was previously believed.
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Abstract
In an attempt to obtain an antiserum that would bring about widespread destruction of mast cells in the rat, rabbits were immunized with mast cells isolated from the peritoneal cavities of rats. Striking evidence of anti-mast cell activity was indicated in vivo by mast cell disruption and in vitro by positive interfacial precipitin tests of the serum from rabbits so treated. The time course of the production of anti-mast cell activity in the rabbit serum was established. Normal rabbit serum was without effect on mast cells in the several tests. The same was true for rabbit anti-rat liver serum except when it was applied directly to tissues containing mast cells. In the latter case mast cell disruption ensued, but it appeared different from that evoked by anti-mast cell serum. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-mast cell serum was followed by destruction of all of the mast cells of the mesentery and of the majority of mast cells in the ear, scrotum, and abdominal skin. The time course of this destruction, of the phagocytosis of the mast cell debris, and of the repopulation of the tissues with new mast cells was established. Attending the disruption of mast cells the levels of tissue histamine dropped sharply but returned toward normal as new mast cells appeared. In the scrotum and abdominal skin 5-hydroxytryptamine did not fall below normal and was markedly above normal at the time when histamine and mast cell content were lowest. Reddening and swelling of the muzzle, ears, feet, and scrotum were present during the first few days after injection of the anti-mast cell serum. Intraperitoneal injection of normal rabbit serum was without any of the above effects. Similarly injected rabbit anti-rat liver serum had no effect on the mast cells or upon the levels of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the ear, scrotum, or abdominal skin. It caused no reddening and swelling of the muzzle, ears, feet, and scrotum. It was attended, however, by destruction of the mast cells and by a sharp fall in the histamine content of the mesentery. Gross changes in the tissue of the peritoneal cavity following anti-mast cell and anti-liver serum were described. The possible significance of the several findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
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Abstract
Sufficient coupling with any of five different diazo compounds eventually destroyed the reactivity of all the antisera here studied. The rates of inactivation varied considerably among the several antisera. By stopping the reaction at intervals, it was possible to prepare partially inactivated antibodies of peculiarly modified reactivity. Thus, the flocculating activity of diphtheria antitoxin with toxin was completely destroyed long before there was any demonstrable impairment of its protective titer in vivo. The first change induced in antipneumococcus horse sera was the apparently complete loss of reactivity with the capsular carbohydrate at a time when the agglutinating, animal-protecting and complement-fixing activity of the sera were only slightly affected. On further coupling, the sera no longer caused visible agglutination; but aggregation of the serum-treated bacteria could be induced by centrifugation. Still further coupling destroyed all antibody activity. Rabbit antisera to egg albumen and horse serum no longer precipitated the homologous antigen after treatment with diazo compounds, probably due to their failure to combine with the antigen. The hemolytic, complement-fixing and lipoid-flocculating activity of coupled rabbit antisera to sheep red blood cells fell off in parallel; the hemagglutinin seemed somewhat more resistant. The reagin of syphilitic serum was destroyed almost instantaneously by comparatively small amounts of diazo compounds. Finally, in the case of antityphoid agglutinin, the isoelectric point of the coupled antibody, measured on the surface of specifically sensitized bacteria, was found to shift from an original value of pH 4.7 to one of less than pH 2.7 as progressively more sulfanilic acid radicals added on to the antibody molecule. The groups in protein which participate in its reaction with diazo compounds probably include aliphatic amines, the imidazole ring of histidine, the indole group of tryptophane, the NH of proline and hydroxyproline and the phenyl group of tyrosine. Although it has been possible to modify antibodies chemically so that they combine with the corresponding antigens without causing their aggregation, the experiments here described furnish no indication as to which of these groups in antibody protein are primarily concerned in the antigen-antibody reaction, and which are responsible for the secondary flocculation. Such localization awaits the development of a technic for attacking individual groups in the protein molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eagle
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Abstract
It appears, from the investigations in other laboratories, that the anemia observed in cases of lead poisoning is due to destruction of blood rather than to diminished production of blood. The method of poisoning cells in vitro with lead was adopted in order to study this phenomenon, and distinct effects were thereby obtained, even when only 0.001 mg. of lead is added to approximately 5 billion washed red corpuscles. In order to obtain optimum results the usual dosage employed was ten times this or 0.01 mg. per 5 billion cells. The following changes were observed in cells so treated. 1. Such a marked increase in the resistance to hypotonic salt solution develops that complete hemolysis does not occur until the cells are exposed to a saline solution of 0.05 per cent. Untreated cells are completely hemolyzed in 0.25 or 0.225 per cent saline. 2. This reaction is quantitative and varies with the concentration of lead used. Under the conditions of our experiments this phenomenon seems to be unique. The effects of arsenic are very slight in comparison. 3. While from this reaction it may be concluded that lead increases cellular resistance, it also appears that it shortens the life of blood cells. This may be demonstrated by the much more rapid appearance of hemolysis than normal when the cells are merely allowed to stand in Ringer solution of any dilution. 4. In rabbits with acute lead poisoning these same phenomena may be noted in vivo. 5. Both phenomena may be changed in vitro by varying the time and temperature of the reaction and the concentration of lead, as Fici has already pointed out. 6. If normal cells stand in Ringer solution for 6 hours something diffuses into the solution which largely reduces the action of lead. After repeated washing these cells react with lead in the usual manner. 7. Small amounts of serum react with lead and eliminate its effects. Red blood cells, treated with a mixture of lead and blood serum, show normal hemolysis in hypotonic salt solution. 8. When lead is added to whole blood the only evidence of this neutralization is a marked decrease in the intensity of the reaction. This is probably explained by the fact that since both serum and cells are present together, the lead reacts with both simultaneously. This in turn explains how the reaction may occur in vivo. 9. The change in hemolysis does not appear in the blood of all species of animals. In the species in which it does occur, anemia and stippling of the red cells also tend to develop readily during lead intoxication. 10. In vitro, cells which have been exposed to lead are far more fragile than normal blood cells. Slight trauma causes them to hemolyze. In vivo this is probably an important causal factor in the increased destruction of blood and in the anemia of acute lead poisoning. 11. The serum of a rabbit which has been immunized to human blood, causes more rapid and complete hemolysis in cells treated with lead than in the control cells. No satisfactory explanation for this has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Aub
- Laboratories of Physiology of Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Aub JC, Reznikoff P, Smith DE. LEAD STUDIES : III. THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON RED BLOOD CELLS. PART 2. SURFACE PHENOMENA AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 40:173-87. [PMID: 19868908 PMCID: PMC2128563 DOI: 10.1084/jem.40.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The physiological changes following the reaction of lead upon red blood cells are numerous and show the marked effects of a change in the cell surface. In experiments here reported 0.01 to 0.05 mg. of lead acting upon 5 billion red cells caused such marked variations from normal as: 1. Partial loss of the normal stickiness of red corpuscles, which is demonstrated by their falling from a clean glass surface. 2. Loss of the agglutination reaction which normally follows mixture with serum of a different isoagglutinating group. 3. Decrease in volume even in isotonic solutions. 4. Loss of normal elasticity and, therefore, reduced changes in volume upon exposure to marked variations in osmotic tension. 5. Increase in resistance to large changes in external osmotic pressure because of this inelasticity, and therefore decreased hemolysis in hypotonic salt solution (Part 1). 6. Increase in the speed of disintegration in spite of this increased resistance to external osmotic pressure. "Leaded" cells break up more readily upon standing than do normal cells, and are easily fractured by rotation or shaking (Part 1). All these phenomena seem to be associated largely with surface changes in the corpuscles. Evidence is cited that there is no chemical reaction between lead and hemoglobin. The gas exchange is identical in normal and "leaded" cells. The function of the interior of the red cells, therefore, appears to be unaffected by lead. The effects of lead upon red blood cells are thus manifested by shrinkage, inability to expand, increased brittleness, and loss of the normal consistency which makes their surface sticky. After exposure to lead, red blood corpuscles are more like hard inelastic brittle rubber balls, than like the soft, elastic, resilient cells characteristic of normal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Aub
- Laboratories of Physiology of Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Abstract
1. The soluble specific substance obtained from a capsulated strain of B. coli is not identical with any specific substance heretofore described. It is a carbohydrate, composed of 80 per cent of hexose, probably partly of dextro- and partly of levorotatory sugar, since the rotation of the hydrolysate is low. Glucuronic acid is probably present in the molecule. 2. Crude "residue" or specific substance obtained from the uncapsulated mutant was about 100 times less active with homologous serum than similar material from the capsulated strain. This supports the view that capsular substance and soluble specific substance are the same. In cases where there is a well marked capsule, the specific substance is probably produced in greater amount and located peripherally. 3. Capsular substance is probably significant for virulence when functioning as a morphological capsule. It is present in filtrates of young culture only in very small amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Department of Animal Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J
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Mazarico E, Lemoine FG, Han SC, Smith DE. GLGM-3: A degree-150 lunar gravity model from the historical tracking data of NASA Moon orbiters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009je003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Besides classic T cell-derived T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, tissue-produced cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33 are now recognized as important contributors to allergic inflammation. IL-33 is produced by various tissue dwelling cells and broadly enhances allergic inflammation through its effects on hematopoietic cell types. The environmental or endogenous triggers that provoke IL-33 cellular release may be associated with infection, inflammation or tissue damage. This review summarizes the wide range of documented IL-33 activities on human cellular mediators of inflammation as well as genetic evidence that IL-33 contributes to disease. Finally, there will be a discussion of still unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms by which cytokine activity is generated and IL-33's relationship with other Th2-associated cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smith
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
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Begley K, Chan DJ, Jeganathan S, Batterham M, Smith DE. Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse between HIV-positive men and regular male partners in a Sydney cohort. Int J STD AIDS 2009; 20:704-7. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blood plasma HIV-RNA load (BPVL) is the strongest predictor of HIV-1 transmission during sex. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) is the highest risk activity for transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Awareness of BPVL may influence rates of UAI. We assessed whether optimism towards antiretroviral therapy (ART) and/or biomedical factors influenced sexual activities with regular partners. Questionnaires were administered to 109 HIV-positive MSM participating in a cross-sectional study of BPVL and seminal viral load. The survey assessed HIV transmission beliefs and sexual practices with regular male partners in the past three months. Sixty-nine of 109 (63.3%) had been in a regular relationship and 42 reported having had anal sex. Unprotected receptive anal intercourse without ejaculation (URAI − e) was associated with awareness that their most recent BPVL was detectable (>50 RNA copies/mL) and not taking ART. Receptive UAI with ejaculation (URAI + e) was associated with not taking ART, having a sexually transmissible infection and having an HIV-positive partner; the latter was also associated with insertive UAI with ejaculation (UIAI + e). Treatment optimism was not associated with UAI. In this cohort, sexual practices were based more upon knowledge of biomedical factors rather than attitudes regarding transmission risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Begley
- Albion Street Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney
| | - D J Chan
- Albion Street Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney
| | - S Jeganathan
- Albion Street Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - M Batterham
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - D E Smith
- Albion Street Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Puntis JW, Hall SK, Green A, Smith DE, Ball PA, Booth IW. Biochemical stability during parenteral nutrition in children. Clin Nutr 2009; 12:153-9. [PMID: 16843305 DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(93)90074-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1992] [Accepted: 01/21/1993] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and importance of biochemical abnormality related to parenteral nutrition (PN) in a group of infants, and to devise an appropriate policy for routine biochemical surveillance. A standard monitoring protocol based on widely published guidelines was applied to 30 consecutive patients (age 3 days-3 years) referred to a children's hospital nutritional care team for PN. No serious biochemical abnormalities were observed to arise simply as a consequence of PN. Electrolyte disturbance most commonly occurred before starting PN. Biochemical abnormality was most likely to be found in patients with abnormal fluid and electrolyte losses. Protocols for biochemical surveillance during PN err on the side of caution and often suggest frequent and comprehensive testing. In stable patients such as the surgical newborn, this is both expensive and unnecessary, and simpler monitoring regimes may be used with safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Puntis
- Institute of Child Health, University of Birmingham and Department of Clinical Chemistry the Children's Hospital, Birmingham UK
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44
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare flow cytometry assays, using traditional dual platform (DP) or newer single platform (SP) for CD4 enumeration. METHOD Records of subjects enrolled in four separate clinical trials using the same central laboratory [SP methodology (Trucount)] were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen subjects had 60 matching contemporaneous samples at multiple timepoints. RESULTS DP flow cytometry yielded higher CD4 counts in 50/60 assays (83%). CD4 count and percentage by the two methods showed strong correlation for the counts (r=0.965, P<0.0001) and percentages (r=0.959, P<0.0001). Bland-Altman plot analysis showed that the limits of variation were within agreeable limits of +/-2SD in 56/60 (93.3%) samples tested. Twenty-five (42%) samples had a difference of >50 cells/microL. Of these six (24%) exceeded 100 cells. CONCLUSION This study is in agreement with previous reports of strong correlation between DP and SP flow cytometry. This review found differences in CD4 counts in a high proportion of samples tested highlighting the importance for clinicians to be aware of such differences when interpreting results from the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jeganathan
- Albion Street Centre/Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Woollongong, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Katz NP, Buse DC, Budman SH, Wing Venuti S, Fernandez KC, Benoit C, Bianchi R, Cooper D, Jasinski DR, Smith DE, Butler SF. Development and Preliminary Experience with an Ease of Extractability Rating System for Prescription Opioids. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:727-46. [PMID: 16885128 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500529093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
One important factor in the abuse potential of an opioid product is the ease with which active drug can be extracted. There are currently no standards for testing or reporting extractability. This article describes the development of an Extractability Rating System for use by the pharmaceutical industry and regulators. Despite several limitations, this effort serves as a call for standardized testing and reporting so that products can be accurately rated, and should help establish goals for drug developers who wish to develop "abuse-resistant" opioid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Katz
- Inflexxion, Inc., Newton, MA 02464, USA
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Smith
- a Head of the Geography Department , Coventry Polytechnic
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Poynten IM, Smith DE, Cooper DA, Kaldor JM, Grulich AE. The public health impact of widespread availability of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis against HIV. HIV Med 2007; 8:374-81. [PMID: 17661845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to describe the use of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (NPEP) in Australia, and to estimate the number of HIV infections that its use prevented. METHODS We conducted a population-based observational cohort study of people who presented to antiretroviral prescribers in Eastern Australia, and reported a high-risk nonoccupational exposure to HIV, in 1998-2004. Prescribers collected data at baseline, 4 weeks and 6 months. Data collected included details of HIV exposure, drug regimens and HIV serostatus. RESULTS The great majority of the 1601 participants were male (95%) and presented after male homosexual exposure (87%). Only 32% of exposures were to HIV-positive sources. Two antiretroviral drugs were prescribed after 48% of events, and three or more drugs after 52% of events. The median time to receipt of NPEP was 23 h. Side effects were reported by 66% of participants. No case of NPEP failure in an adherent individual was identified. It was estimated that 0.9-9.2 HIV infections had been prevented. This compared with a total of 1138 newly acquired HIV infections notified in the geographical area covered by the study. CONCLUSIONS In Australia, NPEP has been widely prescribed and is mainly targeted at high-risk exposures. Although there were no identified failures of NPEP, it is likely that only a small proportion of new HIV infections in the study area were prevented. NPEP may be a valuable preventive intervention for an individual, but it can only play a minor role in HIV prevention at the population level unless targeting can be further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Poynten
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Wamelink MM, Smith DE, Jansen EE, Verhoeven NM, Struys EA, Jakobs C. Detection of transaldolase deficiency by quantification of novel seven-carbon chain carbohydrate biomarkers in urine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:735-42. [PMID: 17603756 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transaldolase deficiency, a recently discovered disorder of carbohydrate metabolism with multisystem involvement, has been diagnosed in 6 patients. Affected patients have abnormal concentrations of polyols in body fluids and in all patients we have previously found increased amounts of a seven-carbon chain carbohydrate which we suspected of being sedoheptulose. We report development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of the seven-carbon carbohydrates sedoheptulose and mannoheptulose in urine. Additionally, other seven-carbon chain carbohydrates were characterized in urine, including sedoheptitol, perseitol and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Transaldolase-deficient patients had significantly increased urinary sedoheptulose and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, associated with subtle elevations of mannoheptulose, sedoheptitol and perseitol. Our findings reveal novel urinary biomarkers for identification of transaldolase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country that has undergone remarkable physical, economic and social shifts in its short modern history. And while the economic and structural transformations of the society have been well documented and publicized, information about the changes and transformations of family processes is sparse. This study is one of the first steps towards documenting the changes in family processes, namely those related to childbirth and parenting, as described by three generations of Emirati women. METHODS Family triads of Grandmothers, Mothers and married Daughters (n = 216) were interviewed in local Arabic dialect by Emirati female research assistants. Data were analysed using chi square and Analysis of Variance. RESULTS Generational differences were found between the Grandmothers, Mothers and Daughters in: number of births, maternal age at first birth, location and type of birth attendant, medication during labour and birth, father presence at birth, social support following birth, feeding and weaning of infant, and preventive infant health care. Changes were not found in the proximity to the mother of the infant during sleep. CONCLUSIONS The age of first birth has risen for Emirati women and the birth rate may have dropped. Health care has also significantly improved. These results are discussed in relation to government initiatives and physical and social change within the UAE and the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Green
- Graduate School of Education, Capella University, 225 South 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55402, USA.
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50
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Abouzaid E, Alavi-Harati A, Alexopoulos T, Arenton M, Barker AR, Bellantoni L, Bellavance A, Blucher E, Bock GJ, Bright S, Cheu E, Coleman R, Corcoran MD, Cox B, Erwin AR, Escobar CO, Ford R, Glazov A, Golossanov A, Gomes RA, Gouffon P, Hanagaki K, Hsiung YB, Huang H, Jensen DA, Kessler R, Kotera K, Ledovskoy A, McBride PL, Monnier E, Nelson KS, Nguyen H, Niclasen R, Ping H, Prasad V, Qi XR, Ramberg EJ, Ray RE, Ronquest M, Rooker T, Santos E, Shields J, Slater W, Smith DE, Solomey N, Swallow EC, Toale PA, Tschirhart R, Velissaris C, Wah YW, Wang J, White HB, Whitmore J, Wilking M, Winstein B, Winston R, Worcester ET, Worcester M, Yamanaka T, Zimmerman ED, Zukanovich RF. Ξ0andΞ¯0polarization measurements at800 GeV/c. Int J Clin Exp Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.75.012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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