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García-Vicente EJ, Rey-Casero I, Martín M, Pérez A, Benito-Murcia M, Risco D. Oral supplementation with postbiotics modulates the immune response produced by myxomatosis vaccination in wild rabbits. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00585-1. [PMID: 38760270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are vitally important species in the Iberian Peninsula ecosystem. However, since 1950, there has been a significant population decline, with major repercussions. This situation is mainly due to the presence of infectious diseases, such as myxomatosis, which is expanding and is characterized by severe and fatal clinical manifestations. Current control measures, mainly those based on vaccinations, are ineffective. Therefore, new strategies need to be developed and implemented. This study aimed to evaluate whether supplementation with postbiotic products modulates the immune response in wild rabbits vaccinated against myxomatosis. For this purpose, two groups of rabbits were established: a control group fed with standard feed ad libitum from weaning (28 days) until two months of age, and a treated group, which was fed under the same conditions but supplemented with postbiotics (3 kg/Tm). All the studied rabbits were vaccinated against this disease during weaning. In addition, a blood samples were obtained from all animals immediately before vaccination and 30 days later, which allowed us to evaluate the level of antibodies against myxomatosis virus (ELISA detection) and the relative expression of gene encoding to cytokines related to the immune response (IL6, TNFα and IFNγ), at both times of the experience. Weight and length measurements were also taken at both times to calculate body index and mean daily gain (MDG). No statistically significant differences in growth parameters were observed. There were also no differences in the serological response among groups. However, a relative underexpression of gene codifying to TNFα (p-value = 0.03683) and a higher expression on IFNγ (p-value = 0.045) were observed in the treated group. This modulation in cytokines could lead to less severe lesions in wild rabbit naturally infected with myxomatosis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J García-Vicente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; Neobeitar S.L., Av. Alemania 6, 1° B, 10001, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - I Rey-Casero
- Neobeitar S.L., Av. Alemania 6, 1° B, 10001, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Martín
- Neobeitar S.L., Av. Alemania 6, 1° B, 10001, Cáceres, Spain
| | - A Pérez
- Neobeitar S.L., Av. Alemania 6, 1° B, 10001, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Benito-Murcia
- Neobeitar S.L., Av. Alemania 6, 1° B, 10001, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - D Risco
- Department of Animal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Risco D, Gonçalves P, Cerrato R, Fernández-Llario P. Similar antibody response observed in single-dose-vaccination vs. revaccination against Aujeszky's disease in wild boar. Acta Virol 2018; 62:455-458. [PMID: 30472877 DOI: 10.4149/av_2018_415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wild boar is an important reservoir of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). There is concern that transmission of this virus from wild boar to domestic pigs is possible. The aim of this work was to compare the antibody response produced by single dose of a gE-deleted ADV vaccine in wild boar to revaccinated animals, to assess if simple single-dose vaccination plans should be examined as a possible control measure against ADV in wild boar. Twenty-five wild boar (ages ranging between 2.5 to 5 months) were included in this study and distributed in three different groups: a control group (n = 5), a single-dose group (10 animals vaccinated only with one dose (day 0)) and a revaccinated group [10 animals vaccinated (day 0) and revaccinated (day 28)]. Mean antibody titers against ADV were determined in three groups using an ELISA assay at three different time points [day 0 (pre-vaccination), 28 (post 1st dose) and 56 (post 2nd dose)]. At day 28, single-dose and revaccinated groups showed a significant increment of antibody titers whereas antibodies in the control group remained stable. At day 56, revaccinated animals did not show a significant increment and antibody titers were similar to those found in animals vaccinated with one dose. These results indicate that vaccination with one dose produces a similar early antibody response to revaccination and therefore, should be examined as a possible control measure against ADV in wild boar. Keywords: Aujeszky's disease; serology; vaccination; wild boar.
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Risco D, Cuesta JM, Fernández-Llario P, Salguero FJ, Gonçalves P, García-Jiménez WL, Martínez R, Velarde R, de Mendoza MH, Gómez L, de Mendoza JH. Pathological observations of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in the wild boar (Sus scrofa). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Risco D, Fernández-Llario P, García-Jiménez WL, Gonçalves P, Cuesta JM, Martínez R, Sanz C, Sequeda M, Gómez L, Carranza J, de Mendoza JH. Influence of porcine circovirus type 2 infections on bovine tuberculosis in wild boar populations. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 1:121-7. [PMID: 24171857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The wild boar is an important reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in south-western Spain. Some risk factors such as wild boar density or age have been associated with the presence of high prevalences of bTB in wild boar. However, the influence of other risk factors such as co-infections with other pathogens has not yet been studied. This work aims to assess the influence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infection on bTB prevalence and bTB lesional patterns observed in wild boar. The presence of bTB-like lesions was evaluated in 551 hunted wild boar from 11 different game estates in south-western Spain, with a known history of bTB. Tuberculosis prevalences in each estate were calculated based on the percentage of animals found with bTB-like lesions. The percentage of animals with generalized bTB lesional patterns (bTB lesions in more than one organ) was also assessed. The prevalence of PCV-2 was studied in each estate using a specific PCR assay. The relationship between PCV-2 and bTB prevalences and between PCV-2 infections and the presence of generalized lesional patterns in wild boar were analysed. A statistical relationship between the prevalences of bTB and PCV-2 was found, with bTB prevalences being higher in estates where prevalences of PCV-2 were high. On the other hand, animals infected with PCV-2 were more likely to develop a generalized lesional pattern. Porcine circovirus type 2 prevalences seem to be associated with prevalences of bTB in wild boar. PCV-2 infection may aggravate the development and severity of bTB, favouring the presence of generalized lesional patterns and raising the risk of contagion in these estates. The implementation of sanitary measures that focus on the control of PCV-2 infection may be necessary as a preliminary measure in bTB control programmes for wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Risco
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Cuesta J, Risco D, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, García W, Fernández S, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Fernández-Llario P, Velarde R, Gómez L. Study of Structural Damage of the Lungs of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) by Histopathological Scoring. J Comp Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cuesta J, Risco D, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, García W, Fernández S, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Fernández-Llario P, Velarde R, Gómez L. Study of Pulmonary Inflammation in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) by Histopathological Scoring. J Comp Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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García-Jiménez W, Salguero F, Fernández-Llario P, Cuesta J, Gonçalves P, Risco D, Strickland T, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J, Gómez L. Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Differences in Granulomas Produced by Mycobacterium bovis in Fallow Deer. J Comp Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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García-Jiménez W, Salguero F, Fernández-Llario P, Martínez R, Risco D, Gough J, Ortiz-Peláez A, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J, Gómez L. Immunopathology of granulomas produced by Mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected wild boar. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Martínez R, Carranza J, Cerrato R, García-Sánchez A, Risco D, Moreno JC, Sequeda M, Gómez L, Fernández-Llario P, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Southern Spain: epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic concerns. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:72-80. [PMID: 23895110 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in wet soil, marshland, rivers or streams, but also are causative agents of a wide variety of infections in animals and humans. Little information is available regarding the NTM prevalence in wildlife and their effects or significance in the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) epidemiology and diagnosis. This research shows the most frequently NTM isolated in lymph nodes of wild boar (Sus scrofa) from southern Spain, relating the NTM presence with the individual characteristics, the management of animals and the possible misdiagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in concurrent infections. A total of 219 NTM isolates were obtained from 1249 wild boar mandibular lymph nodes sampled between 2007 and 2011. All but 75 isolates were identified by the PCR-restriction analysis-hsp65, and a partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA was carried out to identify the rest of the isolates. Results showed that Mycobacterium chelonae was the most frequently isolated NTM specie (133 isolates, 60.7%), followed by Mycobacterium avium (24 isolates, 11%). No relation was found regarding sex, body condition and management, but M. chelonae was more frequently detected in adults, whereas M. avium was more prevalent in subadults. The high NTM prevalence observed in the studied wild boar populations could make difficult the bTB diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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García-Jiménez WL, Fernández-Llario P, Benítez-Medina JM, Cerrato R, Cuesta J, García-Sánchez A, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, Risco D, Salguero FJ, Serrano E, Gómez L, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J. Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in Central Spain. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:435-46. [PMID: 23490145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in wildlife reservoir hosts is crucial for the implementation of effective disease control measures and the generation of practical bTB management recommendations. Among the management methods carried out on wild species to reduce bTB prevalence, the control of population density has been frequently used, with hunting pressure a practical strategy to reduce bTB prevalence. However, despite the number of articles about population density control in different bTB wildlife reservoirs, there is little information regarding the application of such measures on the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), which is considered the main bTB wildlife reservoir within Mediterranean ecosystems. This study shows the effects of a management measure leading to a radical decrease in wild boar population density at a large hunting estate in Central Spain, in order to assess the evolution of bTB prevalence in both the wild boar population and the sympatric fallow deer population. The evolution of bTB prevalence was monitored in populations of the two wild ungulate species over a 5-year study period (2007-2012). The results showed that bTB prevalence decreased in fallow deer, corresponding to an important reduction in the wild boar population. However, this decrease was not homogeneous: in the last season of study there was an increase in bTB-infected male animals. Moreover, bTB prevalence remained high in the remnant wild boar population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Risco D, García A, Serrano E, Fernandez-Llario P, Benítez JM, Martínez R, García WL, de Mendoza JH. High-Density Dependence But Low Impact on Selected Reproduction Parameters ofBrucella suisBiovar 2 in Wild Boar Hunting Estates from South-Western Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:555-62. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Risco
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
| | - A. García
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
| | - E. Serrano
- Servei d’ Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS); Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Facultat de Veterinària; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Estadística i Investigació Operativa; Departament de Matemàtica; Universitat de Lleida; Lleida Spain
| | - P. Fernandez-Llario
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
| | - J. M. Benítez
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
| | - R. Martínez
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
| | | | - J. Hermoso de Mendoza
- Unidad de Patología Infecciosa; Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Extremadura (UEX); Cáceres Spain
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García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Fernández-Llario P, Abecia JA, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Risco D, Ortiz-Peláez A, Salguero FJ, Smith NH, Gómez L, Hermoso de Mendoza J. Comparative pathology of the natural infections by Mycobacterium bovis and by Mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:102-9. [PMID: 22469036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of wild animals in the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis (TB) infection in domestic livestock is of particular importance in countries where eradication programs have substantially reduced the incidence of bovine tuberculosis but sporadic outbreaks still occur. Mycobacterium bovis is the agent mainly isolated in wildlife in Spain, but recently, infections by Mycobacterium caprae have increased substantially. In this study, we have analysed 43 mandibular lymph nodes samples containing TB-like lesions from 43 hunted wild boar from Madrid and Extremadura (central and south-western regions of Spain). After isolation, identification and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates, we found that 23 mandibular lymph nodes involved M. caprae infections and 20 M. bovis. The lesions were compared for histopathology (different granuloma stage and number of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs)), and acid-fast bacilli (AFBs) were quantified in the Ziehl-Neelsen-stained slides. Granulomas produced by M. caprae showed more stage IV granulomas, more MNGCs and higher AFBs counts than those induced by M. bovis. In conclusion, lesions caused by M. caprae would be more prone to the excretion of bacilli, and infected animals result as a high-risk source of infection for other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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Risco D, Llario PF, Velarde R, García WL, Benítez JM, García A, Bermejo F, Cortés M, Rey J, de Mendoza JH, Gómez L. Outbreak of Swine Erysipelas in a Semi-Intensive Wild Boar Farm in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:445-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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