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Ruedas-Torres I, Puente H, Fristikova K, Argüello H, Salguero FJ, Carvajal A, Gómez-Laguna J. Pathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses in the intestinal barrier. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109956. [PMID: 38217919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), have risen concern for the porcine industry and research community due to the increase in their virulence, their potential recombination capacity and the emergence of new variants. This in vivo study aims to compare the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses [(two G1b (S-INDEL) PEDV strains and a recombinant TGEV-PEDV or Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV)] in the intestine of 3-weeks-old infected piglets, focusing on the pathology and main components of the intestinal barrier, including the number of goblet cells, and the expression of IgA as well as FoxP3, a regulatory T cell marker. Severity of lesions was evidenced in the three infected groups and was highly correlated with the viral load in feces and the frequency of viral antigen-positive cells. Furthermore, higher cellular death together with an increase in the expression of the FoxP3 marker was detected in the duodenum and jejunum of infected animals at 3 days post-infection. Our results highlight a recruitment of FoxP3+ cells in the small intestine of infected animals which may represent a response to the tissue damage caused by viral replication and cell death. Further studies should be addressed to determine the potential role of these cells during swine enteric coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - H Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - K Fristikova
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - H Argüello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - F J Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - A Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Ameni G, Tafess K, Zewde A, Eguale T, Tilahun M, Hailu T, Sirak A, Salguero FJ, Berg S, Aseffa A, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Vaccination of calves with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the frequency and severity of lesions of bovine tuberculosis under a natural transmission setting in Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:96-104. [PMID: 28168855 PMCID: PMC5811905 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is highly prevalent in intensive dairy farms of the urban "milk-sheds" in Ethiopia, and vaccination could be a cost-effective disease control strategy. In the present study, the efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to protect against bTB was assessed in Holstein-Friesian calves in a natural transmission setting. Twenty-three 2-week-old calves were subcutaneously vaccinated with BCG Danish SSI strain 1331, and matched 26 calves were injected with placebo. Six weeks later, calves were introduced into a herd of M. bovis-infected animals (reactors) and kept in contact with them for 1 year. In vitro and in vivo immunological tests were performed to assess immune responses post-vaccination and during exposure. Successful vaccine uptake was confirmed by tuberculin skin test and IFN-γ responses in vaccinated calves. The kinetics of IFN-γ responses to early secretory antigen target 6 and culture filtrate protein 10 (ESAT6 and CFP10, respectively) and tuberculin skin test responses post-exposure suggested that the animals were infected early after being placed in contact with the infected herd as immunological signs of infection were measurable between 2 and 4 months post-initial exposure. Protection was determined by comparing gross and microscopic pathology and bacteriological burden between vaccinated and control calves. BCG vaccination reduced the proportions of tissues with visible pathology in vaccinates compared to control calves by 49% (p < .001) with 56%, 43%, 72%, and 38% reductions in the proportion of lesioned tisues in head, thoracic, abdominal lymph nodes, and lungs, respectively (p-values .029-.0001). In addition, the lesions were less severe grossly and microscopically in vaccinated calves than in non-vaccinated calves (p < .05). The reduction in the overall incidence rates of bTB was 23%, 28%, and 33% on the basis of the absence of gross pathology, M. bovis culture positivity, and histopathology, respectively, in vaccinated animals. In conclusion, BCG vaccination reduced the frequency and severity of the pathology of bTB significantly, which is likely to reduce onwards transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - K Tafess
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Zewde
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - M Tilahun
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Hailu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - A Sirak
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - F J Salguero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - S Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
| | - A Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R G Hewinson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Surrey, UK
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Salguero FJ, Gibson S, Garcia-Jimenez W, Gough J, Strickland TS, Vordermeier HM, Villarreal-Ramos B. Differential Cell Composition and Cytokine Expression Within Lymph Node Granulomas from BCG-Vaccinated and Non-vaccinated Cattle Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1734-1749. [PMID: 27615603 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cattle vaccination against bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has been proposed as a supplementary method to help control the incidences of this disease. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the only viable candidate vaccine for immunization of cattle against bTB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). In an attempt to characterize the differences in the immune response following M. bovis infection between BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals, a combination of gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses was used. BCG vaccination was found to significantly reduce the number of gross and microscopic lesions present within the lungs and lymph nodes. Additionally, the microscopically visible bacterial load of stages III and IV granulomas was reduced. IHC using cell surface markers revealed the number of CD68+ (macrophages), CD3+ (T lymphocytes) and WC1+ cells (γδ T cells) to be significantly reduced in lymph node granulomas of BCG-vaccinated animals, when compared to non-vaccinated animals. B lymphocytes (CD79a+) were significantly increased in BCG-vaccinated cattle for granulomas at stages II, III and IV. IHC staining for iNOS showed a higher expression in granulomas from BCG-vaccinated animals compared to non-vaccinated animals for all stages, being statistically significant in stages I and IV. TGFβ expression decreased alongside the granuloma development in non-vaccinated animals, whereas BCG-vaccinated animals showed a slight increase alongside lesion progression. IHC analysis of the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α demonstrated significantly increased expression within the lymph node granulomas of BCG-vaccinated cattle. This is suggestive of a protective role for IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to M. bovis infection. Findings shown in this study suggest that the use of BCG vaccine can reduce the number and severity of lesions, induce a different phenotypic response and increase the local expression of key cytokines related to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - S Gibson
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - W Garcia-Jimenez
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - J Gough
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - T S Strickland
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - H M Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - B Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Pedrera M, Fernández de Marco M, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Lymphocyte Apoptosis and Thrombocytopenia in Spleen during Classical Swine Fever: Role of Macrophages and Cytokines. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:477-88. [PMID: 16006607 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-4-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two Large White X Landrace pigs, 4 months old, were inoculated with the classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera virus strain “Alfort” in order to identify the mechanism responsible for the lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia observed in the spleen during the experimental induction of disease, by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Results showed a progressive depletion of splenic lymphoid structures and evidence of platelet aggregation processes. Lymphoid depletion was due to lymphocyte apoptosis, which could not be ascribed to the direct action of the virus on these cells; direct virus action could play only a secondary role in the death of these cells. Absence of severe tissue and endothelial damage, together with moderate procoagulant cytokine levels in the serum, suggest that these pathologies can be ruled out as the cause of platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia in CSF. Monocyte/macrophages were the main target cells for the CSF virus, and they exhibited phagocytic and secretory activation leading to the synthesis and release of tumor necrosis factor α, which proved to be the chief mediator, followed by IL-6, IL-1α, and C1q complement component. In view of their characteristics, TNF-α and, to a lesser extent, IL-1α and IL-6 appear to be the major cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia; a clear spatial and temporal relationship was observed between these two phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba. Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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5
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Risco D, Cuesta JM, Fernández-Llario P, Salguero FJ, Gonçalves P, García-Jiménez WL, Martínez R, Velarde R, de Mendoza MH, Gómez L, de Mendoza JH. Pathological observations of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in the wild boar (Sus scrofa). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Morgan SB, Frossard JP, Pallares FJ, Gough J, Stadejek T, Graham SP, Steinbach F, Drew TW, Salguero FJ. Pathology and Virus Distribution in the Lung and Lymphoid Tissues of Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with Three Distinct Type 1 PRRS Virus Isolates of Varying Pathogenicity. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:285-95. [PMID: 25382098 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) continues to be the most economically important disease of swine worldwide. The appearance of highly pathogenic PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains in Europe and Asia has raised concerns about this disease and initiated increased efforts to understand the pathogenesis. In this study, we have compared the pathology and the virus distribution in tissues of pigs experimentally inoculated with three different genotype 1 PRRSV isolates. Sixty 5-week-old pigs were inoculated intranasally with a) the Lelystad virus (LV), b) a field strain from the UK causing respiratory clinical signs (UK) or c) a highly pathogenic strain from Belarus (BE). Sixteen animals were mock-infected and used as controls. The animals were euthanized at 3, 7 and 35 days post-infection (dpi), and lung and lymphoid tissues collected for histopathological examination and PRRSV detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Histopathological lesions consisted of interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltrates in the lungs, lymphoid depletion, apoptosis and follicular hyperplasia in the spleen, lymph nodes and tonsil and lymphoid depletion in the thymus. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was detected mainly in monocytes-macrophages. BE-infected animals showed the highest pathological scores and the highest presence of virus at 3 and 7 dpi, followed by the UK field strain and then LV. Moderate lesions were observed at 35 dpi with lesser detection of PRRSV by IHC in each infected group. The highly pathogenic BE strain induced more severe pathology in both lungs and lymphoid organs of pigs compared with the classic field isolate and the prototype LV. The increased severity of pathology was in correlation with the presence of a higher number of PRRSV-infected cells in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Morgan
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - J P Frossard
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F J Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - J Gough
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - T Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - T W Drew
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - F J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Ureba A, Salguero FJ, Barbeiro AR, Jimenez-Ortega E, Baeza JA, Miras H, Linares R, Perucha M, Leal A. MCTP system model based on linear programming optimization of apertures obtained from sequencing patient image data maps. Med Phys 2014; 41:081719. [PMID: 25086529 DOI: 10.1118/1.4890602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors present a hybrid direct multileaf collimator (MLC) aperture optimization model exclusively based on sequencing of patient imaging data to be implemented on a Monte Carlo treatment planning system (MC-TPS) to allow the explicit radiation transport simulation of advanced radiotherapy treatments with optimal results in efficient times for clinical practice. METHODS The planning system (called CARMEN) is a full MC-TPS, controlled through aMATLAB interface, which is based on the sequencing of a novel map, called "biophysical" map, which is generated from enhanced image data of patients to achieve a set of segments actually deliverable. In order to reduce the required computation time, the conventional fluence map has been replaced by the biophysical map which is sequenced to provide direct apertures that will later be weighted by means of an optimization algorithm based on linear programming. A ray-casting algorithm throughout the patient CT assembles information about the found structures, the mass thickness crossed, as well as PET values. Data are recorded to generate a biophysical map for each gantry angle. These maps are the input files for a home-made sequencer developed to take into account the interactions of photons and electrons with the MLC. For each linac (Axesse of Elekta and Primus of Siemens) and energy beam studied (6, 9, 12, 15 MeV and 6 MV), phase space files were simulated with the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc code. The dose calculation in patient was carried out with the BEAMDOSE code. This code is a modified version of EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc able to calculate the beamlet dose in order to combine them with different weights during the optimization process. RESULTS Three complex radiotherapy treatments were selected to check the reliability of CARMEN in situations where the MC calculation can offer an added value: A head-and-neck case (Case I) with three targets delineated on PET/CT images and a demanding dose-escalation; a partial breast irradiation case (Case II) solved with photon and electron modulated beams (IMRT + MERT); and a prostatic bed case (Case III) with a pronounced concave-shaped PTV by using volumetric modulated arc therapy. In the three cases, the required target prescription doses and constraints on organs at risk were fulfilled in a short enough time to allow routine clinical implementation. The quality assurance protocol followed to check CARMEN system showed a high agreement with the experimental measurements. CONCLUSIONS A Monte Carlo treatment planning model exclusively based on maps performed from patient imaging data has been presented. The sequencing of these maps allows obtaining deliverable apertures which are weighted for modulation under a linear programming formulation. The model is able to solve complex radiotherapy treatments with high accuracy in an efficient computation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ureba
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - F J Salguero
- Nederlands Kanker Instituut, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis, 1066 CX Ámsterdam, The Nederlands
| | - A R Barbeiro
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Jimenez-Ortega
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J A Baeza
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - H Miras
- Servicio de Radiofísica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Linares
- Servicio de Radiofísica, Hospital Infanta Luisa, E-41010 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Perucha
- Servicio de Radiofísica, Hospital Infanta Luisa, E-41010 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Leal
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41009 Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Zarza-Moreno M, Carreira P, Madureira L, Miras Del Rio H, Salguero FJ, Leal A, Teixeira N, Jesus AP, Mora G. Dosimetric effect by shallow air cavities in high energy electron beams. Phys Med 2013; 30:234-41. [PMID: 23920079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2013.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the dosimetric impact caused by an air cavity located at 2 mm depth from the top surface in a PMMA phantom irradiated by electron beams produced by a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. A systematic evaluation of the effect related to the cavity area and thickness as well as to the electron beam energy was performed by using Monte Carlo simulations (EGSnrc code), Pencil Beam algorithm and Gafchromic EBT2 films. A home-PMMA phantom with the same geometry as the simulated one was specifically constructed for the measurements. Our results indicate that the presence of the cavity causes an increase (up to 70%) of the dose maximum value as well as a shift forward of the position of the depth-dose curve, compared to the homogeneous one. Pronounced dose discontinuities in the regions close to the lateral cavity edges are observed. The shape and magnitude of these discontinuities change with the dimension of the cavity. It is also found that the cavity effect is more pronounced (6%) for the 12 MeV electron beam and the presence of cavities with large thickness and small area introduces more significant variations (up to 70%) on the depth-dose curves. Overall, the Gafchromic EBT2 film measurements were found in agreement within 3% with Monte Carlo calculations and predict well the fine details of the dosimetric change near the cavity interface. The Pencil Beam calculations underestimate the dose up to 40% compared to Monte Carlo simulations; in particular for the largest cavity thickness (2.8 cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zarza-Moreno
- Centro de Física Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - P Carreira
- Hospital de Santa Maria - Medical Consult, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L Madureira
- Hospital de Santa Maria - Medical Consult, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Miras Del Rio
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F J Salguero
- Het Nederlands Kanker Instituut - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Leal
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - N Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A P Jesus
- Centro de Física Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Mora
- Centro de Física Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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García-Jiménez WL, Fernández-Llario P, Benítez-Medina JM, Cerrato R, Cuesta J, García-Sánchez A, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, Risco D, Salguero FJ, Serrano E, Gómez L, Hermoso-de-Mendoza J. Reducing Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (Dama dama) population in Central Spain. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:435-46. [PMID: 23490145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on management of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in wildlife reservoir hosts is crucial for the implementation of effective disease control measures and the generation of practical bTB management recommendations. Among the management methods carried out on wild species to reduce bTB prevalence, the control of population density has been frequently used, with hunting pressure a practical strategy to reduce bTB prevalence. However, despite the number of articles about population density control in different bTB wildlife reservoirs, there is little information regarding the application of such measures on the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), which is considered the main bTB wildlife reservoir within Mediterranean ecosystems. This study shows the effects of a management measure leading to a radical decrease in wild boar population density at a large hunting estate in Central Spain, in order to assess the evolution of bTB prevalence in both the wild boar population and the sympatric fallow deer population. The evolution of bTB prevalence was monitored in populations of the two wild ungulate species over a 5-year study period (2007-2012). The results showed that bTB prevalence decreased in fallow deer, corresponding to an important reduction in the wild boar population. However, this decrease was not homogeneous: in the last season of study there was an increase in bTB-infected male animals. Moreover, bTB prevalence remained high in the remnant wild boar population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, E-10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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10
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Gomex-Villamandos JC, Hervas J, Salguero FJ, Quevedo MA, Aguilar JM, Mozos E. Haemorrhagic enteritis associated with herpesvirus in storks. Avian Pathol 2012; 27:229-36. [PMID: 18483992 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpesvirus infection was diagnosed histologically and electron microscopically in white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and abdim storks (Ciconia abdimi). The consistent lesions of herpesvirus infection were haemorrhagic enteritis, with a slight mononuclear cellular infiltrate, dilatation of the crypts lined by a flat epithelium, necrotic foci in the spleen, and focal or scattered coagulative necrosis in the liver without cellular reaction. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in digestive tract, spleen, liver, ovary, oviduct and lung. Ultrastructurally, characteristic herpesvirus replication sites were observed in the nuclei of infected cells, with clusters of intracytoplasmic virions and associated structures, intranuclear tubular structures and filamentous aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gomex-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomoa Patologica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba
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11
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Aranday-Cortes E, Bull NC, Villarreal-Ramos B, Gough J, Hicks D, Ortiz-Peláez Á, Vordermeier HM, Salguero FJ. Upregulation of IL-17A, CXCL9 and CXCL10 in Early-Stage Granulomas Induced byMycobacterium bovisin Cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:525-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Aranday-Cortes
- TB Research Group; Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - N. C. Bull
- TB Research Group; Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
- Pathology Unit; Department of Specialist Scientific Support; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - B. Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group; Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - J. Gough
- Pathology Unit; Department of Specialist Scientific Support; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - D. Hicks
- Pathology Unit; Department of Specialist Scientific Support; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - Á. Ortiz-Peláez
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - H. M. Vordermeier
- TB Research Group; Department of Bacteriology; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
| | - F. J. Salguero
- Pathology Unit; Department of Specialist Scientific Support; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey UK
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12
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Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Ramis G, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L. Downregulation of antigen-presenting cells in tonsil and lymph nodes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:425-37. [PMID: 22816521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can persist in different organs of infected pigs, which suggests a failure in the immune response. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a pivotal role in the induction of effective T- and B-cell responses. In this study, we investigated the changes in the different APC subpopulations and T- and B-cell counts in the tonsil, retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes of pigs experimentally infected with a European PRRSV field isolate. Our results demonstrated that the expression of S100, SWC3, HLA-DR molecule and CD3 was diminished in the studied organs throughout the study, observing a significant negative correlation between viral antigen and HLA-DR expression in both retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes. In contrast, λ-light chains showed an increase during the study. Taking all into account, after PRRSV infection, no enhancement in the number of APCs and T cells was observed, suggesting an impairment of the immune function which may allow the persistence of PRRSV into the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain.
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13
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Gómez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Fernández de Marco M, Barranco I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Quezada M, Carrasco L. Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus infection mediated apoptosis in B- and T-cell areas in lymphoid organs of experimentally infected pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:273-8. [PMID: 22607093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection is characterized by persisting in lungs and lymphoid tissue, resulting in systemic lymphoid depletion. The aim of this study was to correlate the histological changes, viral antigen expression and apoptosis phenomena in tonsil, medial retropharyngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes of 12 pigs inoculated with a type 2 PRRSV isolate (Chilean strain 2402). Apoptosis phenomena were observed mainly in lymphocytes and secondly in macrophages of lymph nodes and tonsils of inoculated animals, showing a peak of both apoptotic cells and viral antigen expression at the end of the study (21 dpi). However, the number of apoptotic cells was higher than the number of PRRSV-positive cells at the end of the study. This finding together with the location of apoptotic cells and PRRSV-positive cells in different structures of lymphoid organs supports the hypothesis that PRRSV-positive macrophages might modulate the apoptosis phenomena in other cells, mainly lymphocytes, by means of an indirect mechanism. Furthermore, apoptotic cells were detected both in B- and T-cell areas of lymphoid organs, suggesting that apoptosis phenomena may play a role in the impairment of the host immune response during PRRS.
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14
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García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Fernández-Llario P, Abecia JA, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Risco D, Ortiz-Peláez A, Salguero FJ, Smith NH, Gómez L, Hermoso de Mendoza J. Comparative pathology of the natural infections by Mycobacterium bovis and by Mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:102-9. [PMID: 22469036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of wild animals in the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis (TB) infection in domestic livestock is of particular importance in countries where eradication programs have substantially reduced the incidence of bovine tuberculosis but sporadic outbreaks still occur. Mycobacterium bovis is the agent mainly isolated in wildlife in Spain, but recently, infections by Mycobacterium caprae have increased substantially. In this study, we have analysed 43 mandibular lymph nodes samples containing TB-like lesions from 43 hunted wild boar from Madrid and Extremadura (central and south-western regions of Spain). After isolation, identification and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates, we found that 23 mandibular lymph nodes involved M. caprae infections and 20 M. bovis. The lesions were compared for histopathology (different granuloma stage and number of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs)), and acid-fast bacilli (AFBs) were quantified in the Ziehl-Neelsen-stained slides. Granulomas produced by M. caprae showed more stage IV granulomas, more MNGCs and higher AFBs counts than those induced by M. bovis. In conclusion, lesions caused by M. caprae would be more prone to the excretion of bacilli, and infected animals result as a high-risk source of infection for other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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15
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Yan C, Hugo G, Salguero FJ, Saleh-Sayah N, Weiss E, Sleeman WC, Siebers JV. A method to evaluate dose errors introduced by dose mapping processes for mass conserving deformations. Med Phys 2012; 39:2119-28. [PMID: 22482633 PMCID: PMC3326071 DOI: 10.1118/1.3684951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a method to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the dose mapping process. In addition, apply the method to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the 4D dose calculation process implemented in a research version of commercial treatment planning system for a patient case. METHODS The average dose accumulated in a finite volume should be unchanged when the dose delivered to one anatomic instance of that volume is mapped to a different anatomic instance-provided that the tissue deformation between the anatomic instances is mass conserving. The average dose to a finite volume on image S is defined as d(S)=e(s)/m(S), where e(S) is the energy deposited in the mass m(S) contained in the volume. Since mass and energy should be conserved, when d(S) is mapped to an image R(d(S→R)=d(R)), the mean dose mapping error is defined as Δd(m)=|d(R)-d(S)|=|e(R)/m(R)-e(S)/m(S)|, where the e(R) and e(S) are integral doses (energy deposited), and m(R) and m(S) are the masses within the region of interest (ROI) on image R and the corresponding ROI on image S, where R and S are the two anatomic instances from the same patient. Alternatively, application of simple differential propagation yields the differential dose mapping error, Δd(d)=|∂d∂e*Δe+∂d∂m*Δm|=|(e(S)-e(R))m(R)-(m(S)-m(R))m(R) (2)*e(R)|=α|d(R)-d(S)| with α=m(S)/m(R). A 4D treatment plan on a ten-phase 4D-CT lung patient is used to demonstrate the dose mapping error evaluations for a patient case, in which the accumulated dose, D(R)=∑(S=0) (9)d(S→R), and associated error values (ΔD(m) and ΔD(d)) are calculated for a uniformly spaced set of ROIs. RESULTS For the single sample patient dose distribution, the average accumulated differential dose mapping error is 4.3%, the average absolute differential dose mapping error is 10.8%, and the average accumulated mean dose mapping error is 5.0%. Accumulated differential dose mapping errors within the gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) are lower, 0.73% and 2.33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A method has been presented to evaluate the dose mapping error introduced by the dose mapping process. This method has been applied to evaluate the 4D dose calculation process implemented in a commercial treatment planning system. The method could potentially be developed as a fully-automatic QA method in image guided adaptive radiation therapy (IGART).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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16
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Barranco I, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L. Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the lymphoid organs of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:145-53. [PMID: 21848934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered one of the most important diseases in the swine industry. Although several studies have been carried out to elucidate the host immune response evoked against PRRS virus (PRRSV), there are several aspects that still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α in the lymphoid organs (mediastinal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes and tonsil) of PRRSV-infected pigs and to determine their correlation with the expression of PRRSV antigen. Proinflammatory cytokine expression was different depending on the body compartment examined. Thus, whereas IL-1α and TNF-α were the main cytokines expressed in the mediastinal lymph node, IL-6 was the most highly expressed cytokine in the retropharyngeal lymph node, and no expression of proinflammatory cytokines was observed in the tonsil. These findings may be related to the impairment of the host immune response evoked after PRRSV infection. Therefore, lymphoid organs and proinflammatory cytokines represent an important target of study for clarifying the immunopathogenesis of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Meenowa
- Division of Veterinary Services; Reduit Mauritius
| | - G. Barden
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - F. J. Salguero
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - C. Churchward
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - R. A. J. Nicholas
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
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18
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Gómez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Fernández de Marco M, Barranco I, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Van Reeth K, Carrasco L. Acute phase response in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:e51-8. [PMID: 20004019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was focused on the changes observed in the serum concentration of haptoglobin (Hp), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and Pig-major acute protein (Pig-MAP), during experimental porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection and in their relationship with the expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Hp and Pig-MAP serum levels were increased at 10 dpi, but CRP and SAA showed a delayed and highly variable increase. All three proinflammatory cytokines were poorly expressed, and only a mild increase in IL-1β was observed at 7 dpi. The increased expression of Hp coincided with the light enhancement observed in both IL-6 and TNF-α, and might be related with an increased expression of IL-10. The low expression of TNF-α might point to a possible mechanism of viral evasion of host-immune response. This issue and the delayed expression of CRP and SAA should be taken into account in future studies about modulation of the immune response by PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cordoba University, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
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19
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Everett H, Salguero FJ, Graham SP, Haines F, Johns H, Clifford D, Nunez A, La Rocca SA, Parchariyanon S, Steinbach F, Drew T, Crooke H. Characterisation of experimental infections of domestic pigs with genotype 2.1 and 3.3 isolates of classical swine fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 142:26-33. [PMID: 19875252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The early identification of classical swine fever epizootics is hampered by difficulties in recognising early signs of infection, due to a lack of specific clinical signs. In addition many textbook descriptions of CSF are based on observations of disease caused by historic, mainly genotype 1, strains. Our objective was to improve our knowledge of the diverse range of signs that different CSFV strains can cause by characterising the experimental infection of domestic pigs with both a recent strain of CSFV and a divergent strain. Conventional pigs were inoculated with a genotype 2.1 isolate, that caused an outbreak in the UK in 2000, and a genotype 3.3 strain that is genetically divergent from European strains. This latter strain is also antigenically distinct as it is only poorly recognised by the CSFV-specific monoclonal antibody, WH303. Transmission was monitored by use of in-contact animals. Clinical, virological and haematological parameters were observed and an extended macro- and histopathological scoring system allowed detailed characterisation of pathological lesions. Infection with the genotype 2.1 isolate resulted in a similar outcome to other recent genotype 2 European strains, whereas the genotype 3.3 strain produced fewer and delayed clinical signs, notably with little fever. This strain would therefore be particularly difficult to detect in the early stages of infection and highlights the importance of encouraging early submission of samples for laboratory diagnosis. As representatives of recent and divergent CSFV isolates, these strains are good candidates to study the pathogenesis of current CSFV isolates and as challenge models for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Everett
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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20
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Gómez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Bernabé A, Carrasco L. Cytokine expression by macrophages in the lung of pigs infected with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Comp Pathol 2009; 142:51-60. [PMID: 19691969 PMCID: PMC7126906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a virus that predominantly replicates in alveolar macrophages. The aim of the present study was to characterize the production of cytokines by subpopulations of pulmonary macrophages in pigs infected by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). Expression of interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α correlated with the severity of pulmonary pathology and the numbers of pulmonary macrophages. Significant correlations were observed between PRRSV infection and the expression of IL-10, between the expression of IL-12p40 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and between the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ. These findings suggest that PRRSV modulates the immune response by the up-regulation of IL-10, which may in turn reduce expression of cytokines involved in viral clearance (e.g. IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p40 and TNF-α). The results also suggest that expression of IFN-γ is stimulated by IL-12p40 and TNF-α, but not by IFN-α. All of these cytokines were expressed mainly by septal macrophages with weaker expression by alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. There appears to be differential activation of septal and alveolar macrophages in PRRSV infection, with septal macrophages being the major source of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cordoba University, 14014 Cordoba, Spain.
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21
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Salguero FJ, Richard A, Gough J, Long A, Weyer U, Cooley WA, Chambers MA, Lesellier S. Pelioid hepatocellular carcinoma in an adult Eurasian badger (Meles meles). J Comp Pathol 2009; 142:208-12. [PMID: 19683720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A mass was identified within the left lateral lobe of the liver of a 10-year-old Eurasian badger (Meles meles). The mass was friable and multilobulated, with blood-filled spaces between the lobules. Microscopically, the lesion consisted of sheets and trabeculae of neoplastic hepatocytes often forming cystic spaces containing erythrocytes, fibrin and necrotic debris. The histological appearance was consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells expressed cytokeratin 18 but not von Willebrand factor. Multiple intranuclear (amphophilic or acidophilic) inclusion bodies were observed in hepatocytes at the junction between the tumour and normal hepatic tissue. HCCs have also been reported in other domestic and wild animals. As hepadnavirus infection has been associated with HCC in woodchucks, further histochemical and transmission electron microscopical studies were performed; however, these demonstrated that the inclusions consisted of lipid droplets and not viral particles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a naturally occurring HCC in a Eurasian badger.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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22
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Fernández de Marco M, Salguero FJ, Bautista MJ, Núñez A, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. An immunohistochemical study of the tonsils in pigs with acute African swine fever virus infection. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:198-203. [PMID: 17258254 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An immunohistochemical study of the tonsils was carried out to gain further insight in the pathogenesis of acute African swine fever (ASF). Twenty-one pigs were inoculated by intramuscular route with a highly virulent isolate of ASF virus and painlessly killed at 1-7dpi. Viral antigen was highly distributed in the tonsil from 3 to 4dpi and an increase in the number of monocyte-macrophages was very evident at the same days post inoculation. This phenomenon was observed together with an increase of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Tumour necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin-1 alpha) and the apoptosis of lymphocytes studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) technique and haemorrhages. With these results, we can conclude that the tonsil is suffering similar lesions than those observed in other lymphoid organs in acute African swine fever, even when the route of inoculation is the intramuscular and not oral-nasal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández de Marco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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23
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, García de Leániz I, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Ruiz-Villamor E, Romero-Trevejo JL, Sánchez-Cordón PJ. Neuropathologic study of experimental classical swine fever. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:530-40. [PMID: 16846995 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-4-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report on the lesions occurring in the central nervous system (CNS) during experimental classical swine fever (CSF) to clarify the spatial and chronologic distribution of the lesions and virus antigen in the CNS. To learn more about the pathogenetic mechanisms of the lesions during CSF in the CNS and to investigate the role of the virus in these mechanisms, cellular infiltrates and infected cells have been characterized. Twenty-eight pigs were inoculated with the virulent CSF virus isolate Alfort 187 and slaughtered from 2 to 15 postinoculation days; 4 animals of similar background served as a control group. Immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and the transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method were used to detect viral antigens and apoptosis. The results showed the presence of nonpurulent meningoencephalitis, occasional microhemorrhages, and apoptosis of the lymphocytes forming the perivascular and interstitital infiltrate in swine with CSF. Macrophages appeared to display little involvement in CNS lesions. The infected cells observed at the early stage of disease were lymphocytes and microglial cells in the rostral portion of the telencephalon, with infection of these cells in other areas in the next stages. The relationship between these lesions and the presence of viral antigen varied according to the type of lesion: hemorrhages were not associated with the presence of antigen in endothelial cells, but infiltrate-cell apoptosis was temporally and spacially associated to viral infection. However, the link between viral infection and the presence of cell infiltrate was far from clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba (Spain).
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24
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Jimenez N, Coll J, Salguero FJ, Tafalla C. Co-injection of interleukin 8 with the glycoprotein gene from viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) modulates the cytokine response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine 2006; 24:5615-26. [PMID: 16725233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since previous results showed that interleukin 8 (IL-8) was induced in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection, we have cloned IL-8 in an expression vector (pIL8+) and studied its possible adjuvant effect on the early response to a VHSV immunization model, focusing on the early response of several cytokines induced by a vector coding for the glycoprotein of VHSV (pMCV1.4-G) in the spleen and head kidney. First, we demonstrated that the pIL8+ successfully transcribed IL-8, by induction of IL-8 transcription in the muscle and blood, and by a massive infiltration of neutrophils at the muscle inoculation site. We have studied the effect of pIL8+ co-administration on the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); cytokines that have mainly an inhibitory role, IL-11 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta); and a Th1 type cytokine, IL-18. We demonstrated that the co-administration of pIL8+ with pMCV1.4-G modulates the cytokine response that is induced, mainly by having its effect increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha1), with a greater impact on the spleen, and to a lesser extent in the head kidney. All these data suggest that IL-8 is able to modulate the early cytokine immune response that is produced in response to a DNA vaccine, and therefore, might be a potential immune adjuvant in fish viral vaccination. More work should be done to determine if this modulation has a beneficial effect on protection as seen in other mammal viral models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jimenez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8,1, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Bautista MJ, Gutiérrez J, Salguero FJ, Fernández de Marco MM, Romero-Trevejo JL, Gómez-Villamandos JC. BSE infection in bovine PrP transgenic mice leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:293-301. [PMID: 16621340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We observed the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) of transgenic mice expressing bovine prion protein (Bo-PrP) as a contribution to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The main result was the detection of hyperphosphorylated tau. This protein was detected for the first time, using immunohistochemical techniques, in the neurons and glial cells of mice experimentally infected with BSE. The results highlighted the involvement of tau protein in the pathogenesis of BSE and the close link between hyperphosphorylated tau deposits and prion protein. Ultrastructural examination revealed a novel arrangement of intraneuronal tau deposits not hitherto reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Carretera Madrid-Cádiz s/n, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Salguero FJ, Parra B, Segundo FDS, Ramírez MA, Rábano A, Cano MJ, Torres JM. Transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP with a four extra repeat octapeptide insert mutation show a spontaneous, non-transmissible, neurodegenerative disease and an expedited course of BSE infection. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6237-46. [PMID: 16253245 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice carrying four extra octapeptide repeats (OR) in the bovine PrP gene (10OR instead of 6) have been generated. In these mice, neuropathological changes were observed depending upon the level of transgene expression. These changes primarily involved a slowly advancing neurological disorder, characterized clinically by ataxia, and neuropathologically, by vacuolization in different brain areas, gliosis, and loss of cerebellar granule cells. Accumulation of insoluble bovine 10OR-PrP (bo10OR-PrP) was observed depending on the level of expression but no infectivity was found associated with this insoluble form. We also compared the behavior of bo6OR-PrP and bo10OR-PrP Tg mouse lines in response to BSE infection. BSE-inoculated bo10ORTg mice showed an altered course of BSE infection, reflected by reduced incubation times when compared to bo6ORTg mice expressing similar levels of the wild type 6OR-PrP. In BSE-inoculated mice, it was possible to detect PrP(res) in 100% of the animals. While insoluble bo10OR-PrP from non-inoculated bo10ORTg mice was non-infectious, brain homogenates from BSE-inoculated bo10ORTg mice were highly infectious in all the Tg mouse lines tested. This Tg mouse model constitutes a new way of understanding the pathobiology of bovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Its potential applications include the assessment of new therapies against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Núñez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Fernández de Marco M, Pedrera M, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines by hepatic macrophages in acute classical swine fever. J Comp Pathol 2005; 133:23-32. [PMID: 15899492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen pigs were inoculated with the 'Alfort 187' strain of classical swine fever (CSF) virus and killed in pairs at 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14 or 17 days post-inoculation for histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination. For the latter method, the antibodies used were those against viral antigen Gp55, porcine myeloid marker SWC3, IL-1alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha and Factor VIII-related antigen. Activation and increase in the number of hepatic macrophages was observed following viral detection in liver, as well as an increase in IL-1alpha and IL-6 production, mainly by Kupffer cells. Maximum detection of viral antigen was observed in the middle stage of the experiment coinciding with overexpression of the three cytokines studied, with IL-6 production by interstitial macrophages prominent at the end. Additionally, the labelling of platelets for Factor VIII-related antigen and the ultrastructural study of the sinusoids revealed activation and aggregation of thrombocytes close to Kupffer cells at the beginning of the infection. The liver seems to play a prominent role in the origin of the thrombocytopenia that occurs in CSF and contributes to the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines considered responsible for the disorders observed during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Núñez
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba. Edifico de Sanidad Animal, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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28
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Castilla J, Brun A, Díaz-San Segundo F, Salguero FJ, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Pintado B, Ramírez MA, del Riego L, Torres JM. Vertical transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions evaluated in a transgenic mouse model. J Virol 2005; 79:8665-8. [PMID: 15956610 PMCID: PMC1143732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8665-8668.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we show evidence of mother-to-offspring transmission in a transgenic mouse line expressing bovine PrP (boTg) experimentally infected by intracerebral administration of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions. PrP(res) was detected in brains of newborns from infected mothers only when mating was allowed near to the clinical stage of disease, when brain PrP(res) deposition could be detected by Western blot analysis. Attempts to detect infectivity in milk after intracerebral inoculation in boTg mice were unsuccessful, suggesting the involvement of other tissues as carriers of prion dissemination. The results shown here prove the ability of BSE prions to spread centrifugally from the central nervous system to peripheral tissues and to offspring in a mouse model. Also, these results may complement previous epidemiological data supporting the occurrence of vertical BSE transmission in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Ctra. de Valdeolmes a El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Evolution of T Lymphocytes and Cytokine Expression in Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Virus Infection. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:249-60. [PMID: 15893983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized the cell-mediated immune response in pigs inoculated with the Alfort 187 isolate of classical swine fever (CSF) virus. Quantitative changes in the T-lymphocyte population (CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and qualitative changes in cytokine expression (IL-2, IL-4 and IFNgamma) by these cells in serum, thymus and spleen were demonstrated. These changes coincided spatially and temporally with previously described quantitative and qualitative changes in monocyte-macrophage populations, thus demonstrating the contribution of the two cell populations to lymphoid depletion. Moreover, examination of cytokine expression in thymus and spleen samples revealed a type 1 cell-mediated immune response in the early and middle stages of the experiment, giving way to a type 2 immune response towards the end of the experiment; these findings, which accorded with the serological results and lymphopenia, may influence the delayed humoral response characteristic of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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30
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Salguero FJ, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Núñez A, Fernández de Marco M, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Proinflammatory Cytokines Induce Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Acute African Swine Fever Infection. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:289-302. [PMID: 15893987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one pigs inoculated with a highly virulent isolate (E70) of African swine fever (ASF) virus were killed 1-7 days later; a further three animals served as uninfected controls. An early increase in TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 expression was detected in lymphoid organs from infected animals, together with an increase in the serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. These changes were accompanied by increased apoptosis of lymphocytes, and the presence of infected and uninfected macrophages showing changes indicative of secretory and phagocytic activation. The present study demonstrated an increase in the number of macrophages expressing TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 in proximity to lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis, supporting previous suggestions that in acute ASF proinflammatory cytokines induce lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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31
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Carrasco L, Núñez A, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pedrera M, Fernández de Marco M, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Immunohistochemical Detection of the Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines by Ovine Pulmonary Macrophages. J Comp Pathol 2004; 131:285-93. [PMID: 15511537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expression of three proinflammatory cytokines by pulmonary macrophages of sheep in paraffin wax-embedded tissue. Samples of lung from seven healthy sheep were fixed by immersion in either 10% neutral buffered formalin, acetic formalin, paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate or Bouin's solution and processed for structural and immunohistochemical studies. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) was detected by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) technique. Bouin's solution proved to be the most suitable fixative and Tween 20 the most effective pretreatment for increasing permeability. Constitutive expression of IL-1alpha, IL-6 and TNF-alpha by both macrophage populations was detected. The number of PIMs expressing IL-1alpha (the predominant cytokine in ovine lung) was higher than that of AMs, while the expression of IL-6 was greater in AMs. No differences between PIMS and AMs were found in respect of TNF-alpha expression. The evaluation of cytokine expression represents a valuable tool for studying the pathogenesis of disease in the ovine lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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32
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Salguero FJ, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Sierra MA, Jover A, Núñez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Apoptosis of thymocytes in experimental African Swine Fever virus infection. Histol Histopathol 2004; 19:77-84. [PMID: 14702174 DOI: 10.14670/hh-19.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper report on the lesions occurred in the thymus in experimental acute African swine fever (ASF). Twenty-one pigs were inoculated with the highly virulent ASF virus (ASFV) isolate Spain-70. Animals were slaughtered from 1 to 7 days post infection (dpi). Three animals with similar features were used as controls. Thymus samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for histological and immunohistochemical study and in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural examination. For immunohistochemical study, the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique was used to demonstrate viral protein 73 and porcine myeloid-histiocyte antigen SWC3 using specific monoclonal antibodies. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL assay. Blood samples were taken daily from all pigs and were used for leukocyte counts. The results of this study show a severe thymocyte apoptosis not related to the direct action of ASFV on these cells, but probably to a quantitative increase in macrophages in the thymus and their activation. A decrease in the percentage of blood lymphocytes was observed at the same time No significant vascular changes were observed in the study. With these results we suggest that ASFV infection of the thymus does not seem to play a critical role in the acute disease. Although severe apoptosis was observed, animals died because of the severe lesions found in the other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Córdoba, Spain
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33
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez-Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Parra B, Ramírez MA, Salguero FJ, Díaz San Segundo F, Rábano A, Cano MJ, Torres JM. Different behavior toward bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection of bovine prion protein transgenic mice with one extra repeat octapeptide insert mutation. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2156-64. [PMID: 14999066 PMCID: PMC6730430 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3811-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, insert mutations within the repetitive octapeptide region of the prion protein gene (Prnp) are often associated with familial spongiform encephalopathies. In this study, transgenic mice expressing bovine PrP (boTg mice) bearing an additional octapeptide insertion to the wild type (seven octapeptide repeats instead of six) showed an altered course of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infection, reflected as reduced incubation times when compared with boTg mice expressing similar levels of the wild-type six-octapeptide protein. In both boTg mouse lines (bo6ORTg and bo7ORTg), incubation times were affected drastically depending on transgene expression levels and the inoculum used. In accordance with the lack of an interspecies barrier to BSE infection, we detected the typical signs of CNS spongiform degeneration by histopathological analysis and the presence of the bovine prion PrP(res) by Western blot or immunohistochemical analyses. When 7OR-PrP(res) was propagated in bo7ORTg mice, a similar earlier onset of clinical signs was observed compared with bo6ORTg mice. Proteins PrP(C) and PrP(res) containing seven octapeptides (7OR-PrP(C) and 7OR-PrP(res)) showed similar protease sensitivity and insolubility in nondenaturing detergents to homologous 6OR-PrP(C) and 6OR-PrP(res). In addition, bo7ORTg mice showed a higher sensitivity than bo6ORTg mice for detecting prion infection in specimens previously diagnosed as negative by conventional biochemical techniques. In the absence of clinical signs of disease, 7OR-PrP(res) could be detected as early as 120 d after inoculation by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. These findings may help us improve the current mouse bioassays and understand the role of the octapeptide repeat region in susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Center of Animal Health Investigation, National Institute of Agricultural Technology and Investigation, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Romanini S, Salguero FJ, Ruiz-Villamor E, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC. A histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of the intestine in pigs inoculated with classical swine fever virus. Vet Pathol 2003; 40:254-62. [PMID: 12724565 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-3-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report on the lesions occurring in the intestine during experimental classical swine fever (CSF) and to clarify the nature of infected cells and the distribution of viral antigen. Thirty-two pigs were inoculated with the virulent CSF virus (CSFV) isolate Alfort 187 and slaughtered from 2 to 15 postinoculation days; four animals of similar background served as a control group. Immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and the transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling method were used to detect viral antigens and apoptosis. The results showed progressive lymphoid depletion and mucosal necrosis. The lymphoid depletion could have been caused by apoptosis of lymphocytes but could not be directly attributed to the effect of CSFV on these cells. Vascular changes, pathogenic bacteria, and viral infection of epithelial cells were ruled out as causes of necrotic lesions. However, large virally infected monocytes-macrophages with ultrastructural changes indicative of activation were observed in the intestine. This suggests that monocytes-macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of intestinal lesions. An understanding of the function of these cells will require additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Spain
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35
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Castilla J, Gutiérrez Adán A, Brun A, Pintado B, Ramírez MA, Parra B, Doyle D, Rogers M, Salguero FJ, Sánchez C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Torres JM. Early detection of PrPres in BSE-infected bovine PrP transgenic mice. Arch Virol 2003; 148:677-91. [PMID: 12664293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-002-0958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines expressing different levels of the bovine prion protein gene (boPrP(C)) were generated. Upon infection with BSE prions, all transgenic lines tested exhibited characteristics of the bovine disease. Typical CNS spongiform degeneration was observed by histopathology and presence of PrP(res) could be detected both by Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, confirming for this model the absence of an interspecies barrier to BSE infection. Differences in incubation times post-inoculation depend upon the expression level of boPrP(C) and the amount of prions in the inoculum. In the absence of clinical signs, pathognomonic markers of disease could be detected as early as 150 or 196 days post-inoculation by IHC and Western blot analysis, respectively. This result indicates that prion infectivity in experimental mouse bioassays can be measured earlier by assessing immunologically the presence of PrP(res) in brains from inoculated animals. Although these transgenic mice were also susceptible to sheep scrapie prion infection, the extent of incubation times was considerably longer and PrP(res) was detected in only 70 % of inoculated mice. Interestingly, transgenic mice-propagated sheep scrapie prions displayed distinct biochemical properties when compared to both the original sheep scrapie and transgenic mouse-propagated BSE inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Madrid, Spain
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36
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, Carrasco L, Bautista MJ, Sierra MA, Quezada M, Hervas J, Chacón MDLF, Ruiz-Villamor E, Salguero FJ, Sónchez-Cordón PJ, Romanini S, Núñez A, Mekonen T, Méndez A, Jover A. African swine fever and classical swine fever: a review of the pathogenesis. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2003; 110:165-9. [PMID: 12756959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes major pathogenetic mechanisms of African and Classical Swine Fever virus infections. The interactions between both viruses and the monocyte-macrophage-system result in the release of mediator molecules, which are important for the further progression of the diseases. The causes of the thrombocytopenia and the mechanisms of the haemorrhages, which are characteristic in both infections, are described. Apoptotic cell death is regarded as the predominant cause of lymphopenia in both virus infections.
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37
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Abstract
Twenty pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (CSF) virus to determine the chronological development of lesions in bone marrow. Histopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, myeloid-histiocyte antigen, CD3 antigen, and FVIII-rag), and morphometric techniques were employed. Viral antigen was detected from 2 days postinfection (dpi) in stromal and haematopoitic cells, and severe atrophy related to apoptosis of haematopoitic cells was observed. Megakaryocytes (MKs) did not show significant changes in number, but there were important qualitative changes including 1) increased numbers of cloud-nuclei MKs, microMKs, apoptotic MKs, and atypical nucleated MKs and 2) decreased number of typical nucleated MKs. Morphometric study of these cells showed a decrease in cytoplasmic area. MK infection was detected from 2 dpi, but in a small percentage of cells. Myeloid cells showed quantitative changes, with an increase in granulocyte numbers. Apoptosis of lymphocytes and viral infection of erythroblasts were also observed. The main changes in stroma were depletion of T lymphocytes in the middle phase of the experiment and macrophages. Viral infection was also observed in these cells. MK lesions suggest dysmegakaryocytopoiesis, which would aggravate the thrombocytopenia already present and could be responsible for it. Granulocyte changes would lead to the appearance of circulating immature forms, whereas lymphocyte apoptosis in bone marrow would contribute to lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gomez-Villamandos
- Departamento Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain.
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38
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Carrasco L, Madsen LW, Salguero FJ, Núñez A, Sánchez-Cordón P, Bollen P. Immune complex-associated thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome in sexually mature Göttingen minipigs. J Comp Pathol 2003; 128:25-32. [PMID: 12531684 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eleven cases of thrombocytopenic purpura (TP) in sexually mature male or female Göttingen minipigs occurred sporadically over 3 1/2 years in a closed breeding colony protected by strict barrier conditions. Typical clinical signs of TP, including extensive subcutaneous haemorrhages, were seen in all affected animals. Haematological abnormalities included marked thrombocytopenia and anaemia. A consistent histopathological finding was the presence of membranoproliferative lesions in the renal glomeruli. Immunohistochemically, glomerular deposits were positively labelled for complement factor C1q and often also for immunoglobulins. Bone marrow findings consisting of increased numbers of immature and apoptotic megakaryocytes were compatible with a state of increased platelet consumption. Based on the combined presence of thrombocytopenia and renal immune complexes, it is suggested that the syndrome was related to a type III hypersensitivity reaction. However, further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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39
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Romanini S, Salguero FJ, Núñez A, Bautista MJ, Jover A, Gómez-Villamos JC. Apoptosis of thymocytes related to cytokine expression in experimental classical swine fever. J Comp Pathol 2002; 127:239-48. [PMID: 12443731 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2002.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atrophy of the thymic cortex and loss of thymocytes were studied in 32 pigs inoculated with the virulent strain "Alfort" of classical swine fever (CSF) virus and killed at intervals from 2 to 15 days after infection. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, ELISA and TUNEL methods were used. The results suggested that direct action of CSF virus on thymocytes played no more than a minor role. The massive lymphoid depletion observed in the thymus, may, however, have been associated with the numerical increase in monocytes-macrophages in this organ, and their secretory activation, leading to synthesis and release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha and C1q complement component as main chemical mediators, and IL-1beta and IL-6 as minor mediators. These cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha) may have played a role in the apoptosis of thymocytes, demonstrated by TUNEL and ultrastructural methods. The pathogenetic mechanism outlined may contribute to the lymphoid depletion observed in others organs in CSF and may explain the lymphopenia characteristic of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Carretera de Madrid, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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40
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Salguero FJ, Ruiz-Villamor E, Bautista MJ, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Changes in macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes during acute African swine fever: expression of cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 90:11-22. [PMID: 12406651 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of African swine fever (ASF), the cytokine expression by macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes were examined. Twenty-one piglets were inoculated with the highly virulent isolate Spain-70 of ASF virus and killed in groups at 1-7 post-inoculation days (pid). An increase in the immunohistochemical detection of proinflammatory monokines in spleen and renal and gastrohepatic lymph nodes is reported, along with an increase in the serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. The expression of these cytokines is detected simultaneously in time and space with the viral protein 73 (vp 73) of the ASF virus detection. Our results demonstrate that mononuclear phagocyte system cell activation results in the release of several cytokines that could induce apoptosis of lymphocytes and haemodynamic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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41
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Salguero FJ, Núnez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Carrasco L. Glomerulonephritis associated with simultaneous canine adenovirus-1 and Dirofilaria immitis infection in a dog. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2002; 49:235-9. [PMID: 12121044 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a case of glomerulonephritis and immunocomplex (IgM, IgG and C3c) deposition in the mesangium and basement membranes of a 2-year-old dog with canine viral hepatitis and dirofilariasis. The deposits observed in the mesangium were in the vicinity of cells with viral replication. However, no clear relationship was found between viral replication and the deposition of immunocomplexes in the glomerular capillary basement membranes, which may be the reason why these deposits have only been tentatively related to the concomitant infestation by Dirofilaria immitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento Anatomía Patológica Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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42
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Hervás J, Chacón de Lara F, Jahn J, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Reovirus infection in psittacine birds (Psittacus erithacus): morphologic and immunohistochemical study. Avian Dis 2002; 46:485-92. [PMID: 12061663 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0485:riipbp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report on an outbreak of reovirus, herpesvirus (Pacheco disease), and/or mycosis infection (Aspergillus spp. and Zygomyces spp.) affecting a batch of young African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), with 80% morbidity and 30% mortality. Study material was taken from five birds (four dead and one euthanatized) with a range of clinical symptoms (depression, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms). Diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of avian reovirus, electron microscopy, and virus isolation. Viral antigen of reovirus was detected mainly in large mononuclear cells in the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen, pancreas epithelial cells, and circulating cells; lymphoid organs displayed the largest number of immunopositive cells and severe lymphocyte depletion. Bacteriologic study was negative. Reovirus infection was common in all birds studied, whereas Pacheco disease and mycosis were found in only some, suggesting that reovirus could be the initial cause triggering the outbreak and facilitating infection by other agents and their swift spread through the batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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43
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Carrasco L, Núñez A, Salguero FJ, Díaz San Segundo F, Sánchez-Cordón P, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sierra MA. African swine fever: Expression of interleukin-1 alpha and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by pulmonary intravascular macrophages. J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:194-201. [PMID: 11945008 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine, in the acute form of African swine fever (ASF), the relationship between the appearance of pulmonary oedema and viral replication and expression of cytokines by pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs), 14 pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with ASF virus (strain España'70) and killed in pairs on days 1-7 post-inoculation. Samples of lung were examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. The immunohistochemical study was carried out with antibodies against interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), viral antigen of ASF (Vp73) and a myeloid marker (SWC3). Viral replication was observed mainly in PIMs, which at the same time showed intense activation, accompanied by the expression of IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. The occurrence of interstitial oedema, neutrophil sequestration and fibrin microthrombi in septal capillaries coincided with high degrees of cytokine expression by infected PIMs. Alveolar macrophages did not show a significant change in cytokine expression as a result of ASF infection, and viral replication was detected in only a low percentage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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44
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Bautista MJ, Ruiz-Villamor E, Salguero FJ, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Early platelet aggregation as a cause of thrombocytopenia in classical swine fever. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:84-91. [PMID: 12102222 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-1-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty pigs were inoculated with a virulent classical swine fever virus isolate to determine the mechanism responsible for thrombocytopenia using histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigens gp55 and FVIII-rag) techniques. In animals euthanatized at 2, 4, and 6 days postinoculation (dpi), clusters of granular material staining positive for FVIII-rag were observed in splenic cords, the marginal zone, hepatic sinusoids, and the perisinusoidal space. Moreover, numerous macrophages in these areas were swollen and displayed an intensely positive granular and cytoplasmic reaction. Cell alterations indicative of platelet activation and secretory and phagocytic activation of resident macrophages were also observed in these sites at 2 and 4 dpi. These results suggest that the thrombocytopenia observed in pigs is caused in the first instance by massive activation and subsequent phagocytosis of platelets secondary to the release of platelet-activating factors by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bautista
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patalógica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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45
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Salguero FJ, Mekonnen T, Ruiz-Villamor E, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Detection of monokines in paraffin-embedded tissues of pigs using polyclonal antibodies. Vet Res 2001; 32:601-9. [PMID: 11777010 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monokines are glycoproteins, synthesised by macrophages, which exert various effects on the organism. The most important monokines are interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-6. This paper reports on immunohistochemical techniques developed for the detection of IL-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in fixed and paraffin-embedded pig tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, liver and kidney). Different fixatives (buffered formalin, acetic formalin, paraformadehyde-lysine-periodate and Bouin solution), and antigen unmasking techniques (permeabilisation with Tween 20, pronase enzymatic digestion and microwave-citrate buffer) were used. We describe different protocols for detection of monokines using polyclonal antibodies against the studied monokines. No signal was obtained with monoclonal antibodies against pig-TNF-alpha and human IL-1alpha. Bouin solution was shown to be the best fixative for immunohistochemical detection of IL-1alpha, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, using permeabilisation with Tween 20 as an unmasking antigen method. Acetic formalin was shown to be the best fixative for IL-1beta detection, not needing antigen retrieval techniques. Macrophages were identified as the main cytokine-producing cells, although other types of cells also stained positively to some cytokines. These techniques represent valuable tools for studies of the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial diseases, and of the immune system of the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Salguero
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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46
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Carrasco L, Lima JS, Halfen DC, Salguero FJ, Sánchez-Cordon P, Becker G. Systemic aspergillosis in an oiled magallanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2001; 48:551-4. [PMID: 11666038 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a case of fatal aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus during the recovery of an oiled Magallanic penguin. The possible role of aspergillosis as a possible complication responsible for the mortality of penguins surviving the first days of treatment for oil is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Department de Anatomía y Anatomia Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Cordoba, Spain.
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47
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, Ruiz-Villamor E, Bautista MJ, Sánchez CP, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Salguero FJ, Jover A. Morphological and immunohistochemical changes in splenic macrophages of pigs infected with classical swine fever. J Comp Pathol 2001; 125:98-109. [PMID: 11578124 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) was induced in 20 pigs by inoculation with a virulent strain of CSF virus to determine sequential changes (2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-inoculation) in the number and morphology of splenic macrophages (red pulp and lymphoid marginal zone) and thus to assess the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first splenic cells to be infected with CSF virus were macrophages in the marginal zone followed by other macrophage populations. The initial phase of CSF was associated with an increase in splenic macrophage numbers in the marginal zone and a decrease in the red pulp. Subsequently, the numbers in the red pulp increased. The study suggested that infection, mobilization and apoptosis of splenic macrophages play an important role in the spread of CSF virus in vivo. Moreover, the secretory changes that occurred in macrophages in the initial phase of the infection suggested that macrophages release chemical mediators capable of modulating pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Universitario de Rabaneles, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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48
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Carrasco L, Ruiz-Villamor E, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Salguero FJ, Bautista MJ, Maciá M, Quezada M, Jover A. Classical swine fever: morphological and morphometrical study of pulmonary intravascular macrophages. J Comp Pathol 2001; 125:1-7. [PMID: 11437510 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of classical swine fever (CSF), the changes induced by hog cholera (HC) virus in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) were examined. Twelve pigs were inoculated by the intramuscular route with a virulent strain of HC virus (Quillota strain) and killed in groups of three at 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-inoculation. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination revealed HC virus infection in endothelial cells, PIMs, and interstitial and alveolar macrophages. In addition to viral replication, a predominant feature was the secretory activation of PIMs, characterized by expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and hyperplastic Golgi complexes. The results obtained suggest that macrophage activation and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Córdoba, 14014, Spain
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49
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Ruiz-Villamor E, Quezada M, Bautista MJ, Romanini S, Carrasco L, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Villamandos JC. Classical swine fever: pathogenesis of glomerular damage and immunocharacterization of immunocomplex deposits. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:246-54. [PMID: 11437500 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus to determine the chronological development of lesions in the renal glomeruli and the pathogenesis of glomerular damage and immunocomplex deposition. The study included the use of histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, myeloid-histiocyte antigen, IgM, IgG and C1q) techniques. The main changes in glomerular structure were observed from 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) onwards, at which time the glomeruli showed macrophage infiltrations in the mesangium, and viral infection in circulating cells, glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Moreover, significant subcellular changes were detected in podocytes, which appeared swollen, with fusion of foot processes. Immunocomplex deposits immunoreactive for IgM, IgG and C1q were detected in mesangial, subepithelial and subendothelial areas from 10 dpi, but viral antigen was not detected as a component of these deposits; fusion of foot processes had increased in severity, especially near immunocomplex deposits. All these changes had increased still further in the final phase of the experiment (14 dpi), with neutrophil infiltrations in the mesangium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ruiz-Villamor
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Carretera de Madrid, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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50
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Gómez-Villamandos JC, Ruiz-Villamor E, Bautista MJ, Quezada M, Sánchez CP, Salguero FJ, Sierra MA. Pathogenesis of classical swine fever: renal haemorrhages and erythrodiapedesis. J Comp Pathol 2000; 123:47-54. [PMID: 10906255 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus to establish the chronological occurrence of lesions in the kidney and to determine the mechanism responsible for renal haemorrhages. The study included the use of histopathological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, MAC387, lambda chains, CD3 and C1q) and morphometrical techniques (vascular area). Renal interstitial oedema and haemorrhages were detected from 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), associated with a slight interstitial mononuclear infiltrate and evidence of viral infection in macrophages and fibroblasts, and in a small proportion of lymphocytes. Viral infection was not detected in capillary endothelial cells. An intense mononuclear infiltrate, with B cells, T cells and small numbers of macrophages, was detected from 10 dpi. In the final phase of the experiment (14 dpi), slight proliferation and degranulation of mast cells were observed. Increased expression of the C1q component of complement was also detected. A significant increase in vascular area was observed from 7 dpi. These results suggest that haemorrhages observed in the kidneys of pigs inoculated with the Quillota strain resulted from erythrodiapedesis and increased vascular permeability, probably aggravated by mast cell degranulation in the final stage of the experiment. The results suggested that mast cell degranulation was linked to activation of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera de Madrid, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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