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Chang A, Huang SD, Benjamin DJ, Schmidt JL, Palmer CGS, Garrison NA. Exploring the role of digital tools in rare disease management: An interview-based study. J Genet Couns 2024. [PMID: 38741243 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
While digital tools, such as the Internet, smartphones, and social media, are an important part of modern society, little is known about the specific role they play in the healthcare management of individuals and caregivers affected by rare disease. Collectively, rare diseases directly affect up to 10% of the global population, suggesting that a significant number of individuals might benefit from the use of digital tools. The purpose of this qualitative interview-based study was to explore: (a) the ways in which digital tools help the rare disease community; (b) the healthcare gaps not addressed by current digital tools; and (c) recommended digital tool features. Individuals and caregivers affected by rare disease who were comfortable using a smartphone and at least 18 years old were eligible to participate. We recruited from rare disease organizations using purposive sampling in order to achieve a diverse and information rich sample. Interviews took place over Zoom and reflexive thematic analysis was utilized to conceptualize themes. Eight semistructured interviews took place with four individuals and four caregivers. Three themes were conceptualized which elucidated key aspects of how digital tools were utilized in disease management: (1) digital tools should lessen the burden of managing a rare disease condition; (2) digital tools should foster community building and promote trust; and (3) digital tools should provide trusted and personalized information to understand the condition and what the future may hold. These results suggest that digital tools play a central role in the lives of individuals with rare disease and their caregivers. Digital tools that centralize trustworthy information, and that bring the relevant community together to interact and promote trust are needed. Genetic counselors can consider these ideal attributes of digital tools when providing resources to individuals and caretakers of rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah D Huang
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Behavioral Decision Making Group, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Christina G S Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nanibaa' A Garrison
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bilghese M, Manansala R, Jaishankar D, Jala J, Benjamin DJ, Kimball M, Auer PL, Livermore MA, Turley P. A General Approach to Adjusting Genetic Studies for Assortative Mating. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.555983. [PMID: 37732240 PMCID: PMC10508715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of assortative mating (AM) on estimates from genetic studies has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. We extend existing AM theory to more general models of sorting and conclude that correct theory-based AM adjustments require knowledge of complicated, unknown historical sorting patterns. We propose a simple, general-purpose approach using polygenic indexes (PGIs). Our approach can estimate the fraction of genetic variance and genetic correlation that is driven by AM. Our approach is less effective when applied to Mendelian randomization (MR) studies for two reasons: AM can induce a form of selection bias in MR studies that remains after our adjustment; and, in the MR context, the adjustment is particularly sensitive to PGI estimation error. Using data from the UK Biobank, we find that AM inflates genetic correlation estimates between health traits and education by 14% on average. Our results suggest caution in interpreting genetic correlations or MR estimates for traits subject to AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bilghese
- Department of Finance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Regina Manansala
- Center for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Jonathan Jala
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miles Kimball
- Department of Economics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Auer
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health & Equity, and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, USA
| | | | - Patrick Turley
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Meyer MN, Appelbaum PS, Benjamin DJ, Callier SL, Comfort N, Conley D, Freese J, Garrison NA, Hammonds EM, Harden KP, Lee SSJ, Martin AR, Martschenko DO, Neale BM, Palmer RHC, Tabery J, Turkheimer E, Turley P, Parens E. Wrestling with Social and Behavioral Genomics: Risks, Potential Benefits, and Ethical Responsibility. Hastings Cent Rep 2023; 53 Suppl 1:S2-S49. [PMID: 37078667 PMCID: PMC10433733 DOI: 10.1002/hast.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
In this consensus report by a diverse group of academics who conduct and/or are concerned about social and behavioral genomics (SBG) research, the authors recount the often-ugly history of scientific attempts to understand the genetic contributions to human behaviors and social outcomes. They then describe what the current science-including genomewide association studies and polygenic indexes-can and cannot tell us, as well as its risks and potential benefits. They conclude with a discussion of responsible behavior in the context of SBG research. SBG research that compares individuals within a group according to a "sensitive" phenotype requires extra attention to responsible conduct and to responsible communication about the research and its findings. SBG research (1) on sensitive phenotypes that (2) compares two or more groups defined by (a) race, (b) ethnicity, or (c) genetic ancestry (where genetic ancestry could easily be misunderstood as race or ethnicity) requires a compelling justification to be conducted, funded, or published. All authors agree that this justification at least requires a convincing argument that a study's design could yield scientifically valid results; some authors would additionally require the study to have a socially favorable risk-benefit profile.
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Abstract
Understanding moral acceptability and willingness to use is crucial for informing policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Meyer
- Department of Bioethics and Decision Sciences, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA 17822, USA
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
| | - Tammy Tan
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Anderson School of Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Laibson
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patrick Turley
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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5
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Howe LJ, Nivard MG, Morris TT, Hansen AF, Rasheed H, Cho Y, Chittoor G, Ahlskog R, Lind PA, Palviainen T, van der Zee MD, Cheesman R, Mangino M, Wang Y, Li S, Klaric L, Ratliff SM, Bielak LF, Nygaard M, Giannelis A, Willoughby EA, Reynolds CA, Balbona JV, Andreassen OA, Ask H, Baras A, Bauer CR, Boomsma DI, Campbell A, Campbell H, Chen Z, Christofidou P, Corfield E, Dahm CC, Dokuru DR, Evans LM, de Geus EJC, Giddaluru S, Gordon SD, Harden KP, Hill WD, Hughes A, Kerr SM, Kim Y, Kweon H, Latvala A, Lawlor DA, Li L, Lin K, Magnus P, Magnusson PKE, Mallard TT, Martikainen P, Mills MC, Njølstad PR, Overton JD, Pedersen NL, Porteous DJ, Reid J, Silventoinen K, Southey MC, Stoltenberg C, Tucker-Drob EM, Wright MJ, Hewitt JK, Keller MC, Stallings MC, Lee JJ, Christensen K, Kardia SLR, Peyser PA, Smith JA, Wilson JF, Hopper JL, Hägg S, Spector TD, Pingault JB, Plomin R, Havdahl A, Bartels M, Martin NG, Oskarsson S, Justice AE, Millwood IY, Hveem K, Naess Ø, Willer CJ, Åsvold BO, Koellinger PD, Kaprio J, Medland SE, Walters RG, Benjamin DJ, Turley P, Evans DM, Davey Smith G, Hayward C, Brumpton B, Hemani G, Davies NM. Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects. Nat Genet 2022; 54:581-592. [PMID: 35534559 PMCID: PMC9110300 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Estimates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of unrelated individuals capture effects of inherited variation (direct effects), demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and relatives (indirect genetic effects). Family-based GWAS designs can control for demographic and indirect genetic effects, but large-scale family datasets have been lacking. We combined data from 178,086 siblings from 19 cohorts to generate population (between-family) and within-sibship (within-family) GWAS estimates for 25 phenotypes. Within-sibship GWAS estimates were smaller than population estimates for height, educational attainment, age at first birth, number of children, cognitive ability, depressive symptoms and smoking. Some differences were observed in downstream SNP heritability, genetic correlations and Mendelian randomization analyses. For example, the within-sibship genetic correlation between educational attainment and body mass index attenuated towards zero. In contrast, analyses of most molecular phenotypes (for example, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were generally consistent. We also found within-sibship evidence of polygenic adaptation on taller height. Here, we illustrate the importance of family-based GWAS data for phenotypes influenced by demographic and indirect genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim T Morris
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ailin F Hansen
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yoonsu Cho
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthijs D van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuai Li
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucija Klaric
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott M Ratliff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jared V Balbona
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R Bauer
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) and Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Corfield
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Deepika R Dokuru
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts Group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Hughes
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shona M Kerr
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antti Latvala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Per Magnus
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Skøyen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melinda C Mills
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Karri Silventoinen
- Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camilla Stoltenberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology and Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Havdahl
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne E Justice
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Øyvind Naess
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristen J Willer
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine: Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bjørn Olav Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin G Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Gonda (Goldschmied) Neuroscience and Genetics Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Turley
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ben Brumpton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Neil M Davies
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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6
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Okbay A, Wu Y, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, Nehzati SM, Sidorenko J, Kweon H, Goldman G, Gjorgjieva T, Jiang Y, Hicks B, Tian C, Hinds DA, Ahlskog R, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Hayward C, Campbell A, Porteous DJ, Freese J, Herd P, Watson C, Jala J, Conley D, Koellinger PD, Johannesson M, Laibson D, Meyer MN, Lee JJ, Kong A, Yengo L, Cesarini D, Turley P, Visscher PM, Beauchamp JP, Benjamin DJ, Young AI. Polygenic prediction of educational attainment within and between families from genome-wide association analyses in 3 million individuals. Nat Genet 2022; 54:437-449. [PMID: 35361970 PMCID: PMC9005349 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment (EA) in a sample of ~3 million individuals and identify 3,952 approximately uncorrelated genome-wide-significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genome-wide polygenic predictor, or polygenic index (PGI), explains 12-16% of EA variance and contributes to risk prediction for ten diseases. Direct effects (i.e., controlling for parental PGIs) explain roughly half the PGI's magnitude of association with EA and other phenotypes. The correlation between mate-pair PGIs is far too large to be consistent with phenotypic assortment alone, implying additional assortment on PGI-associated factors. In an additional GWAS of dominance deviations from the additive model, we identify no genome-wide-significant SNPs, and a separate X-chromosome additive GWAS identifies 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yeda Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hyeokmoon Kweon
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Goldman
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Jala
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Augustine Kong
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander I Young
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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7
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Becker J, Burik CAP, Goldman G, Wang N, Jayashankar H, Bennett M, Belsky DW, Karlsson Linnér R, Ahlskog R, Kleinman A, Hinds DA, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Sugden K, Williams BS, Harris KM, Steptoe A, Ajnakina O, Milani L, Esko T, Iacono WG, McGue M, Magnusson PKE, Mallard TT, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Herd P, Freese J, Young A, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Meyer MN, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Turley P, Okbay A. Resource profile and user guide of the Polygenic Index Repository. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1744-1758. [PMID: 34140656 PMCID: PMC8678380 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polygenic indexes (PGIs) are DNA-based predictors. Their value for research in many scientific disciplines is growing rapidly. As a resource for researchers, we used a consistent methodology to construct PGIs for 47 phenotypes in 11 datasets. To maximize the PGIs' prediction accuracies, we constructed them using genome-wide association studies-some not previously published-from multiple data sources, including 23andMe and UK Biobank. We present a theoretical framework to help interpret analyses involving PGIs. A key insight is that a PGI can be understood as an unbiased but noisy measure of a latent variable we call the 'additive SNP factor'. Regressions in which the true regressor is this factor but the PGI is used as its proxy therefore suffer from errors-in-variables bias. We derive an estimator that corrects for the bias, illustrate the correction, and make a Python tool for implementing it publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Becker
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Casper A P Burik
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant Goldman
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nancy Wang
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karen Sugden
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lili Milani
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Herd
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Young
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science and Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David Laibson
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- UCLA Anderson School of Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Human Genetics Department, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick Turley
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Turley P, Meyer MN, Wang N, Cesarini D, Hammonds E, Martin AR, Neale BM, Rehm HL, Wilkins-Haug L, Benjamin DJ, Hyman S, Laibson D, Visscher PM. Problems With Using Polygenic Scores to Select Embryos. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Turley P, Meyer MN, Wang N, Cesarini D, Hammonds E, Martin AR, Neale BM, Rehm HL, Wilkins-Haug L, Benjamin DJ, Hyman S, Laibson D, Visscher PM. Problems with Using Polygenic Scores to Select Embryos. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:78-86. [PMID: 34192436 PMCID: PMC8387884 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsr2105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Companies have recently begun to sell a new service to patients considering in vitro fertilization: embryo selection based on polygenic scores (ESPS). These scores represent individualized predictions of health and other outcomes derived from genomewide association studies in adults to partially predict these outcomes. This article includes a discussion of many factors that lower the predictive power of polygenic scores in the context of embryo selection and quantifies these effects for a variety of clinical and nonclinical traits. Also discussed are potential unintended consequences of ESPS (including selecting for adverse traits, altering population demographics, exacerbating inequalities in society, and devaluing certain traits). Recommendations for the responsible communication about ESPS by practitioners are provided, and a call for a society-wide conversation about this technology is made. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turley
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Nancy Wang
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - David Cesarini
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Evelynn Hammonds
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Alicia R Martin
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Heidi L Rehm
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Louise Wilkins-Haug
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Steven Hyman
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - David Laibson
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
| | - Peter M Visscher
- From the University of Southern California (P.T.) and the University of California, Los Angeles (D.J.B.) - both in Los Angeles; Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA (M.N.M.); the National Bureau of Economic Research (N.W., D.C., D.J.B., D.L.), Harvard University (E.H., S.H., D.L.), and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., S.H.) - all in Cambridge, MA; Massachusetts General Hospital (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R.), Harvard Medical School (A.R.M., B.M.N., H.L.R., L.W.-H.), and Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.W.-H.) - all in Boston; New York University, New York (D.C.); and the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (P.M.V.)
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10
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Meddens SFW, de Vlaming R, Bowers P, Burik CAP, Linnér RK, Lee C, Okbay A, Turley P, Rietveld CA, Fontana MA, Ghanbari M, Imamura F, McMahon G, van der Most PJ, Voortman T, Wade KH, Anderson EL, Braun KVE, Emmett PM, Esko T, Gonzalez JR, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Langenberg C, Luan J, Muka T, Ring S, Rivadeneira F, Snieder H, van Rooij FJA, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Smith GD, Franco OH, Forouhi NG, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wareham NJ, Cesarini D, Harden KP, Lee JJ, Benjamin DJ, Chow CC, Koellinger PD. Genomic analysis of diet composition finds novel loci and associations with health and lifestyle. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2056-2069. [PMID: 32393786 PMCID: PMC7767645 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of relative intake from the macronutrients fat, protein, carbohydrates, and sugar in over 235,000 individuals of European ancestries. We identified 21 unique, approximately independent lead SNPs. Fourteen lead SNPs are uniquely associated with one macronutrient at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), while five of the 21 lead SNPs reach suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5) for at least one other macronutrient. While the phenotypes are genetically correlated, each phenotype carries a partially unique genetic architecture. Relative protein intake exhibits the strongest relationships with poor health, including positive genetic associations with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease (rg ≈ 0.15-0.5). In contrast, relative carbohydrate and sugar intake have negative genetic correlations with waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and neighborhood deprivation (|rg| ≈ 0.1-0.3) and positive genetic correlations with physical activity (rg ≈ 0.1 and 0.2). Relative fat intake has no consistent pattern of genetic correlations with poor health but has a negative genetic correlation with educational attainment (rg ≈-0.1). Although our analyses do not allow us to draw causal conclusions, we find no evidence of negative health consequences associated with relative carbohydrate, sugar, or fat intake. However, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that relative protein intake plays a role in the etiology of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fleur W. Meddens
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester, Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bowers
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Casper A. P. Burik
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chanwook Lee
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Economics, Harvard University, 1805 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Richard B. Simches Research building, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN-6818, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genomics, The Broad Institute at Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern, California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Cornelius A. Rietveld
- grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester, Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus, University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- grid.239915.50000 0001 2285 8823Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, University Campus, 9177948564 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - George McMahon
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaitlin H. Wade
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Emma L. Anderson
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Kim V. E. Braun
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M. Emmett
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8, 2BN, Bristol, UK
| | - Tonũ Esko
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Juan R. Gonzalez
- grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader, 88, Barcelona, 8003 Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona, 8005 Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Pabellón 11, Calle Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 280229 Spain
| | - Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden University College, Anna van Buerenplein 301, 2595 DG Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Taulant Muka
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Ring
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. A. van Rooij
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - George Davey Smith
- grid.5337.20000 0004 1936 7603Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands ,grid.4494.d0000 0000 9558 4598Genomics Coordination Center, Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - David Cesarini
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Department of Economics, New York University, 19 W. 4th Street, New York, NY 10012 USA
| | - K. Paige Harden
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton Stop #A8000, Austin, TX 78704 USA
| | - James J. Lee
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern, California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA ,grid.250279.b0000 0001 0940 3170National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Economics, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Carson C. Chow
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Beauchamp JP, Benjamin DJ, Laibson DI, Chabris CF. Measuring and Controlling for the Compromise Effect When Estimating Risk Preference Parameters. Exp Econ 2020; 23:1069-1099. [PMID: 33343223 PMCID: PMC7747750 DOI: 10.1007/s10683-019-09640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The compromise effect arises when being close to the "middle" of a choice set makes an option more appealing. The compromise effect poses conceptual and practical problems for economic research: by influencing choices, it can bias researchers' inferences about preference parameters. To study this bias, we conduct an experiment with 550 participants who made choices over lotteries from multiple price lists (MPLs). Following prior work, we manipulate the compromise effect to influence choices by varying the middle options of each MPL. We then estimate risk preferences using a discrete-choice model without a compromise effect embedded in the model. As anticipated, the resulting risk preference parameter estimates are not robust, changing as the compromise effect is manipulated. To disentangle risk preference parameters from the compromise effect and to measure the strength of the compromise effect, we augment our discrete-choice model with additional parameters that represent a rising penalty for expressing an indifference point further from the middle of the ordered MPL. Using this method, we estimate an economically significant magnitude for the compromise effect and generate robust estimates of risk preference parameters that are no longer sensitive to compromise-effect manipulations.
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12
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Benjamin DJ, Laibson D, Mischel W, Peake PK, Shoda Y, Wellsjo AS, Wilson NL. Predicting mid-life capital formation with pre-school delay of gratification and life-course measures of self-regulation. J Econ Behav Organ 2020; 179:743-756. [PMID: 33424063 PMCID: PMC7792663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How well do pre-school delay of gratification and life-course measures of self-regulation predict mid-life capital formation? We surveyed 113 participants of the 1967-1973 Bing pre-school studies on delay of gratification when they were in their late 40's. They reported 11 mid-life capital formation outcomes, including net worth, permanent income, absence of high-interest debt, forward-looking behaviors, and educational attainment. To address multiple hypothesis testing and our small sample, we pre-registered an analysis plan of well-powered tests. As predicted, a newly constructed and pre-registered measure derived from preschool delay of gratification does not predict the 11 capital formation variables (i.e., the sign-adjusted average correlation was 0.02). A pre-registered composite self-regulation index, combining preschool delay of gratification with survey measures of self-regulation collected at ages 17, 27, and 37, does predict 10 of the 11 capital formation variables in the expected direction, with an average correlation of 0.19. The inclusion of the preschool delay of gratification measure in this composite index does not affect the index's predictive power. We tested several hypothesized reasons that preschool delay of gratification does not have predictive power for our mid-life capital formation variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research and Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - David Laibson
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Walter Mischel
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Philip K. Peake
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, United States
| | - Yuichi Shoda
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | | | - Nicole L. Wilson
- Department of Management, Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
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13
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Abstract
Although technology-driven economic growth generates gains in consumption and employment opportunities, it may also negatively impact other dimensions of well-being, such as emotional well-being or sense of stability. We study 204 aspects of self-reported well-being among 1,576 US MTurk survey respondents, aggregated into seven themes: evaluative well-being, emotional well-being, positive perceptions of technology or economic growth, autonomy and flexibility, work environment, feelings of calmness and stability, and feelings of belonging and connection. Demographic associations with aspects of well-being vary somewhat across the themes. We highlight the value of a multidimensional approach when comparing well-being across different groups in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Suite 312, Dauterive Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089, and NBER
| | - Kristen B Cooper
- Department of Economics and Business, Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Road, Wenham, MA 01984
| | - Ori Heffetz
- Department of Economics and Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, 324 Sage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, and NBER
| | - Miles Kimball
- Department of Economics, University of Colorado Boulder, 256 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, and NBER
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14
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Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Johannesson M, Nosek BA, Wagenmakers EJ, Berk R, Bollen KA, Brembs B, Brown L, Camerer C, Cesarini D, Chambers CD, Clyde M, Cook TD, De Boeck P, Dienes Z, Dreber A, Easwaran K, Efferson C, Fehr E, Fidler F, Field AP, Forster M, George EI, Gonzalez R, Goodman S, Green E, Green DP, Greenwald AG, Hadfield JD, Hedges LV, Held L, Hua Ho T, Hoijtink H, Hruschka DJ, Imai K, Imbens G, Ioannidis JPA, Jeon M, Jones JH, Kirchler M, Laibson D, List J, Little R, Lupia A, Machery E, Maxwell SE, McCarthy M, Moore DA, Morgan SL, Munafó M, Nakagawa S, Nyhan B, Parker TH, Pericchi L, Perugini M, Rouder J, Rousseau J, Savalei V, Schönbrodt FD, Sellke T, Sinclair B, Tingley D, Van Zandt T, Vazire S, Watts DJ, Winship C, Wolpert RL, Xie Y, Young C, Zinman J, Johnson VE. Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 2:6-10. [PMID: 30980045 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1061] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research and Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA.
| | - James O Berger
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0251, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden.
| | - Brian A Nosek
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - E-J Wagenmakers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 VZ, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Berk
- School of Arts and Sciences and Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6286, USA.,Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Bollen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA
| | - Björn Brembs
- Institute of Zoology - Neurogenetics, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lawrence Brown
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin Camerer
- Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA.,The Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, SE-102 15, Sweden
| | | | - Merlise Clyde
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0251, USA
| | - Thomas D Cook
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Mathematica Policy Research, Washington, DC, 20002-4221, USA
| | - Paul De Boeck
- Department of Psychology, Quantitative Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zoltan Dienes
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Anna Dreber
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden
| | - Kenny Easwaran
- Department of Philosophy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4237, USA
| | - Charles Efferson
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Ernst Fehr
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Fidler
- School of BioSciences and School of Historical & Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andy P Field
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Malcolm Forster
- Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Edward I George
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA
| | - Steven Goodman
- Stanford University, General Medical Disciplines, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Green
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources SEBS, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8551, USA
| | - Donald P Green
- Department of Political Science, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Anthony G Greenwald
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1525, USA
| | - Jarrod D Hadfield
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Larry V Hedges
- Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teck Hua Ho
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Herbert Hoijtink
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-2402, USA
| | - Kosuke Imai
- Department of Politics and Center for Statistics and Machine Learning, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Guido Imbens
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5015, USA
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Health Research and Policy, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Minjeong Jeon
- Advanced Quantitative Methods, Social Research Methodology, Department of Education, Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1521, USA
| | - James Holland Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK.,Department of Earth System Science, Stanford, CA, 94305-4216, USA
| | - Michael Kirchler
- Department of Banking and Finance, University of Innsbruck and University of Gothenburg, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John List
- Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Roderick Little
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Arthur Lupia
- Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1045, USA
| | - Edouard Machery
- Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Scott E Maxwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Michael McCarthy
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Don A Moore
- Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1900A, USA
| | | | - Marcus Munafó
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Brendan Nyhan
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Timothy H Parker
- Department of Biology, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, 99362, USA
| | - Luis Pericchi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, 00936-8377, Puerto Rico
| | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Jeff Rouder
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | | | - Victoria Savalei
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Felix D Schönbrodt
- Department Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Leopoldstraβe 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Sellke
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2067, USA
| | - Betsy Sinclair
- Department of Political Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4899, USA
| | - Dustin Tingley
- Government Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Trisha Van Zandt
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Simine Vazire
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Duncan J Watts
- Microsoft Research, 641 Avenue of the Americas, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10011, USA
| | | | - Robert L Wolpert
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0251, USA
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Cristobal Young
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2047, USA
| | - Jonathan Zinman
- Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755-3514, USA
| | - Valen E Johnson
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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15
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Author Correction: Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1295. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Publisher Correction: Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1190. [PMID: 31147634 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turley
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patrik Magnusson
- Institutionen för Medicinsk Epidemiologi och Biostatistik, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Economics and Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,Institutet för Näringslivsforskning, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research and Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - James O. Berger
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC
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18
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Abstract
Abstract. Williams and Bargh (2008) reported that holding a hot cup of coffee caused participants to judge a person’s personality as warmer and that holding a therapeutic heat pad caused participants to choose rewards for other people rather than for themselves. These experiments featured large effects ( r = .28 and .31), small sample sizes (41 and 53 participants), and barely statistically significant results. We attempted to replicate both experiments in field settings with more than triple the sample sizes (128 and 177) and double-blind procedures, but found near-zero effects ( r = −.03 and .02). In both cases, Bayesian analyses suggest there is substantially more evidence for the null hypothesis of no effect than for the original physical warmth priming hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Chabris
- Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jaclyn Mandart
- Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research and Economics Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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19
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Karlsson Linnér R, Biroli P, Kong E, Meddens SFW, Wedow R, Fontana MA, Lebreton M, Tino SP, Abdellaoui A, Hammerschlag AR, Nivard MG, Okbay A, Rietveld CA, Timshel PN, Trzaskowski M, Vlaming RD, Zünd CL, Bao Y, Buzdugan L, Caplin AH, Chen CY, Eibich P, Fontanillas P, Gonzalez JR, Joshi PK, Karhunen V, Kleinman A, Levin RZ, Lill CM, Meddens GA, Muntané G, Sanchez-Roige S, Rooij FJV, Taskesen E, Wu Y, Zhang F, Auton A, Boardman JD, Clark DW, Conlin A, Dolan CC, Fischbacher U, Groenen PJF, Harris KM, Hasler G, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Jain S, Karlsson R, Kessler RC, Kooyman M, MacKillop J, Männikkö M, Morcillo-Suarez C, McQueen MB, Schmidt KM, Smart MC, Sutter M, Thurik AR, Uitterlinden AG, White J, Wit HD, Yang J, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Esko T, Fehr E, Hinds DA, Johannesson M, Kumari M, Laibson D, Magnusson PKE, Meyer MN, Navarro A, Palmer AA, Pers TH, Posthuma D, Schunk D, Stein MB, Svento R, Tiemeier H, Timmers PRHJ, Turley P, Ursano RJ, Wagner GG, Wilson JF, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Koellinger PD, Beauchamp JP. Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences. Nat Genet 2019; 51:245-257. [PMID: 30643258 PMCID: PMC6713272 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1 million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. Across all GWAS, we identified hundreds of associated loci, including 99 loci associated with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is genetically correlated ([Formula: see text] ~ 0.25 to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near SNPs associated with general risk tolerance are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We found no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pietro Biroli
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward Kong
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maël Lebreton
- Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen P Tino
- Department of Economics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian L Zünd
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Laura Buzdugan
- Seminar for Statistics, Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Remy Z Levin
- Department of Economics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Gerard Muntané
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Department, Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Reus, Spain
| | | | - Frank J van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erdogan Taskesen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Futao Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam Auton
- Research, 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew Conlin
- Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Conor C Dolan
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Urs Fischbacher
- Department of Economics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Thurgau Institute of Economics, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Econometrics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gregor Hasler
- Unit of Psychiatry Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonia Jain
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Carlos Morcillo-Suarez
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Klaus M Schmidt
- Department of Economics, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Matthias Sutter
- Department of Economics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Experimental Economics Group, Max Planck Institute for Research into Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jon White
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lars Bertram
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Dept of Psychology, University of Olso, Oslo, Norway
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ernst Fehr
- Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Arcadi Navarro
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Schunk
- Department of Economics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics and Finance, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul R H J Timmers
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Patrick Turley
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gert G Wagner
- Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Behavioral and Health Genomics Center, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- German Institute for Economic Research, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Yengo L, Robinson MR, Keller MC, Kemper KE, Yang Y, Trzaskowski M, Gratten J, Turley P, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ, Wray NR, Goddard ME, Yang J, Visscher PM. Imprint of assortative mating on the human genome. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 2:948-954. [PMID: 30988446 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Preference for mates with similar phenotypes; that is, assortative mating, is widely observed in humans1-5 and has evolutionary consequences6-8. Under Fisher's classical theory6, assortative mating is predicted to induce a signature in the genome at trait-associated loci that can be detected and quantified. Here, we develop and apply a method to quantify assortative mating on a specific trait by estimating the correlation (θ) between genetic predictors of the trait from single nucleotide polymorphisms on odd- versus even-numbered chromosomes. We show by theory and simulation that the effect of assortative mating can be quantified in the presence of population stratification. We applied this approach to 32 complex traits and diseases using single nucleotide polymorphism data from ~400,000 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. We found significant evidence of assortative mating for height (θ = 3.2%) and educational attainment (θ = 2.7%), both of which were consistent with theoretical predictions. Overall, our results imply that assortative mating involves multiple traits and affects the genomic architecture of loci that are associated with these traits, and that the consequence of mate choice can be detected from a random sample of genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn E Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick Turley
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael E Goddard
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Biosciences Research Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources Government of Victoria, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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21
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Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linnér R, Fontana MA, Kundu T, Lee C, Li H, Li R, Royer R, Timshel PN, Walters RK, Willoughby EA, Yengo L, Alver M, Bao Y, Clark DW, Day FR, Furlotte NA, Joshi PK, Kemper KE, Kleinman A, Langenberg C, Mägi R, Trampush JW, Verma SS, Wu Y, Lam M, Zhao JH, Zheng Z, Boardman JD, Campbell H, Freese J, Harris KM, Hayward C, Herd P, Kumari M, Lencz T, Luan J, Malhotra AK, Metspalu A, Milani L, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Porteous DJ, Ritchie MD, Smart MC, Smith BH, Tung JY, Wareham NJ, Wilson JF, Beauchamp JP, Conley DC, Esko T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Oskarsson S, Pers TH, Robinson MR, Thom K, Watson C, Chabris CF, Meyer MN, Laibson DI, Yang J, Johannesson M, Koellinger PD, Turley P, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1112-1121. [PMID: 30038396 PMCID: PMC6393768 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Edward Kong
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bowers
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for the Advancement of Value in Musculoskeletal Care, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tushar Kundu
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chanwook Lee
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Royer
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Willoughby
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - David W Clark
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn E Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joey W Trampush
- BrainWorkup, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shefali Setia Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Freese
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pamela Herd
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Todd Lencz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Melissa C Smart
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Economics, New York University Shanghai, Pudong, Shanghai, China
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tune H Pers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew R Robinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelsea Watson
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Chabris
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Center for Translational Bioethics and Health Care Policy, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Turley P, Walters RK, Maghzian O, Okbay A, Lee JJ, Fontana MA, Nguyen-Viet TA, Wedow R, Zacher M, Furlotte NA, Magnusson P, Oskarsson S, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Laibson D, Cesarini D, Neale BM, Benjamin DJ. Multi-trait analysis of genome-wide association summary statistics using MTAG. Nat Genet 2018; 50:229-237. [PMID: 29292387 PMCID: PMC5805593 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG), a method for joint analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of different traits, possibly from overlapping samples. We apply MTAG to summary statistics for depressive symptoms (N eff = 354,862), neuroticism (N = 168,105), and subjective well-being (N = 388,538). As compared to the 32, 9, and 13 genome-wide significant loci identified in the single-trait GWAS (most of which are themselves novel), MTAG increases the number of associated loci to 64, 37, and 49, respectively. Moreover, association statistics from MTAG yield more informative bioinformatics analyses and increase the variance explained by polygenic scores by approximately 25%, matching theoretical expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Turley
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omeed Maghzian
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Tuan Anh Nguyen-Viet
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbee Wedow
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Meghan Zacher
- Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Patrik Magnusson
- Institutionen för Medicinsk Epidemiologi och Biostatistik, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Cesarini
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics and Center for Experimental Social Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institutet för Näringslivsforskning, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Karlsson Linnér R, Marioni RE, Rietveld CA, Simpkin AJ, Davies NM, Watanabe K, Armstrong NJ, Auro K, Baumbach C, Jan Bonder M, Buchwald J, Fiorito G, Ismail K, Iurato S, Joensuu A, Karell P, Kasela S, Lahti J, McRae AF, Mandaviya PR, Seppälä I, Wang Y, Baglietto L, Binder EB, Harris SE, Hodge AM, Horvath S, Hurme M, Johannesson M, Latvala A, Mather KA, Medland SE, Metspalu A, Milani L, Milne RL, Pattie A, Pedersen NL, Peters A, Polidoro S, Räikkönen K, Severi G, Starr JM, Stolk L, Waldenberger M, Eriksson JG, Esko T, Franke L, Gieger C, Giles GG, Hägg S, Jousilahti P, Kaprio J, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Martin NG, van Meurs JBC, Ollikainen M, Perola M, Posthuma D, Raitakari OT, Sachdev PS, Taskesen E, Uitterlinden AG, Vineis P, Wijmenga C, Wright MJ, Relton C, Davey Smith G, Deary IJ, Koellinger PD, Benjamin DJ. An epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of educational attainment. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1680-1690. [PMID: 29086770 PMCID: PMC6372242 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome is associated with biological factors, such as disease status, and environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index. Although there is a widespread perception that environmental influences on the epigenome are pervasive and profound, there has been little evidence to date in humans with respect to environmental factors that are biologically distal. Here we provide evidence on the associations between epigenetic modifications-in our case, CpG methylation-and educational attainment (EA), a biologically distal environmental factor that is arguably among the most important life-shaping experiences for individuals. Specifically, we report the results of an epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of EA based on data from 27 cohort studies with a total of 10 767 individuals. We find nine CpG probes significantly associated with EA. However, robustness analyses show that all nine probes have previously been found to be associated with smoking. Only two associations remain when we perform a sensitivity analysis in the subset of never-smokers, and these two probes are known to be strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, and thus their association with EA could be due to correlation between EA and maternal smoking. Moreover, the effect sizes of the associations with EA are far smaller than the known associations with the biologically proximal environmental factors alcohol consumption, body mass index, smoking and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Follow-up analyses that combine the effects of many probes also point to small methylation associations with EA that are highly correlated with the combined effects of smoking. If our findings regarding EA can be generalized to other biologically distal environmental factors, then they cast doubt on the hypothesis that such factors have large effects on the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Simpkin
- MRC Intergrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS28BN, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Davies
- MRC Intergrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS28BN, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., Murdoch, 6150, WA, Australia
| | - Kirsi Auro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers, PO Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (AME), Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Munich, Germany, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Marc Jan Bonder
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jadwiga Buchwald
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Giovanni Fiorito
- Molecular and genetic epidemiology unit, Human Genetics Foundation Torino (HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14
| | - Khadeeja Ismail
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Stella Iurato
- Department Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Anni Joensuu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers, PO Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Pauliina Karell
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Studies, Siltavuorenpenger 1A, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Allan F McRae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD
| | - Pooja R Mandaviya
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Yunzhang Wang
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif, 94805, France
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, Munich, 80804, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Allison M Hodge
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics and Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 708822, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
| | - Mikko Hurme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, 11383, Sweden
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, High St., Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd., Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (AME), Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Munich, Germany, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Silvia Polidoro
- Molecular and genetic epidemiology unit, Human Genetics Foundation Torino (HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Studies, Siltavuorenpenger 1A, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Molecular and genetic epidemiology unit, Human Genetics Foundation Torino (HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 28 Rue Laennec, Lyon, 69373, France
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (AME), Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Munich, Germany, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Tukholmankatu 8 B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology (AME), Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Munich, Germany, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Hägg
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers, PO Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Joyce B C van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 2B, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers, PO Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, UNSW Australia, High St., Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker St. Randwick
| | - Erdogan Taskesen
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
- VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Molecular and genetic epidemiology unit, Human Genetics Foundation Torino (HuGeF), Via Nizza 52, Turin, 10126, Italy
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Intergrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS28BN, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Intergrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Barley House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS28BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, the Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3332, USA
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Abstract
How should a survey-based measure of well-being be implemented? How could it be constructed in a systematic and politically neutral way? These questions should be approached by economists with the same level of care that has been taken in the theoretical and practical development of GDP. We focus on two essential requirements for implementation: formulating a list of different aspects of well-being that is theoretically valid and can be measured accurately via surveys, and choosing and interpreting the survey response scales. We discuss progress to date on these issues, remaining challenges, and some possible approaches to overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Suite 312, Dauterive Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kristen B Cooper
- Department of Economics and Business, Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Road, Wenham, MA 01984
| | - Ori Heffetz
- Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, 324 Sage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 and Department of Economics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Miles Kimball
- Department of Economics, University of Colorado Boulder, 256 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0256
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Abstract
We find using laboratory experiments that primes that make religion salient cause subjects to identify more with their religion and affect their economic choices. The effect on choices varies by religion. For example, priming causes Protestants to increase contributions to public goods, whereas Catholics decrease contributions to public goods, expect others to contribute less to public goods, and become less risk averse. A simple model implies that priming effects reveal the sign of the marginal impact of religious norms on preferences. We find no evidence of religious priming effects on disutility of work effort, discount rates, or dictator game generosity.
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Okbay A, Baselmans BML, Neve JED, Turley P, Nivard MG, Fontana MA, Meddens SFW, Linnér RK, Rietveld CA, Derringer J, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Liu JZ, de Vlaming R, Ahluwalia TS, Buchwald J, Cavadino A, Frazier-Wood AC, Furlotte NA, Garfield V, Geisel MH, Gonzalez JR, Haitjema S, Karlsson R, van der Laan SW, Ladwig KH, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, Lind PA, Liu T, Matteson L, Mihailov E, Miller MB, Minica CC, Nolte IM, Mook-Kanamori D, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rawal R, Realo A, Rueedi R, Schmidt B, Smith AV, Stergiakouli E, Tanaka T, Taylor K, Thorleifsson G, Wedenoja J, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Willems SM, Zhao W, Amin N, Bakshi A, Bergmann S, Bjornsdottir G, Boyle PA, Cherney S, Cox SR, Davies G, Davis OSP, Ding J, Direk N, Eibich P, Emeny RT, Fatemifar G, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Forstner AJ, Gieger C, Gupta R, Harris TB, Harris JM, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, Jager PLD, Kaakinen MA, Kajantie E, Karhunen V, Kolcic I, Kumari M, Launer LJ, Franke L, Li-Gao R, Liewald DC, Koini M, Loukola A, Marques-Vidal P, Montgomery GW, Mosing MA, Paternoster L, Pattie A, Petrovic KE, Pulkki-Råback L, Quaye L, Räikkönen K, Rudan I, Scott RJ, Smith JA, Sutin AR, Trzaskowski M, Vinkhuyzen AE, Yu L, Zabaneh D, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Snieder H, Chang SC, Cucca F, Deary IJ, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Bültmann U, de Geus EJC, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Haworth CMA, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kraft P, Kubzansky LD, Lehtimäki T, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mills M, de Mutsert R, Oldehinkel AJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Plomin R, Polasek O, Power C, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, den Ruijter HM, Schlessinger D, Schmidt H, Svento R, Schmidt R, Alizadeh BZ, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Starr JM, Stefansson K, Steptoe A, Terracciano A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vollenweider P, Wagner GG, Weir DR, Yang J, Conley DC, Smith GD, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Pickrell JK, Esko T, Krueger RF, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Benjamin DJ, Bartels M, Cesarini D. Corrigendum: Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nat Genet 2016; 48:970. [PMID: 27463399 DOI: 10.1038/ng0816-970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Okbay A, Baselmans BML, De Neve JE, Turley P, Nivard MG, Fontana MA, Meddens SFW, Linnér RK, Rietveld CA, Derringer J, Gratten J, Lee JJ, Liu JZ, de Vlaming R, Ahluwalia TS, Buchwald J, Cavadino A, Frazier-Wood AC, Furlotte NA, Garfield V, Geisel MH, Gonzalez JR, Haitjema S, Karlsson R, van der Laan SW, Ladwig KH, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, Lind PA, Liu T, Matteson L, Mihailov E, Miller MB, Minica CC, Nolte IM, Mook-Kanamori D, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rawal R, Realo A, Rueedi R, Schmidt B, Smith AV, Stergiakouli E, Tanaka T, Taylor K, Thorleifsson G, Wedenoja J, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Willems SM, Zhao W, Amin N, Bakshi A, Bergmann S, Bjornsdottir G, Boyle PA, Cherney S, Cox SR, Davies G, Davis OSP, Ding J, Direk N, Eibich P, Emeny RT, Fatemifar G, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Forstner AJ, Gieger C, Gupta R, Harris TB, Harris JM, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, De Jager PL, Kaakinen MA, Kajantie E, Karhunen V, Kolcic I, Kumari M, Launer LJ, Franke L, Li-Gao R, Liewald DC, Koini M, Loukola A, Marques-Vidal P, Montgomery GW, Mosing MA, Paternoster L, Pattie A, Petrovic KE, Pulkki-Råback L, Quaye L, Räikkönen K, Rudan I, Scott RJ, Smith JA, Sutin AR, Trzaskowski M, Vinkhuyzen AE, Yu L, Zabaneh D, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Boomsma DI, Snieder H, Chang SC, Cucca F, Deary IJ, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Bültmann U, de Geus EJC, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Haworth CMA, Hayward C, Heath AC, Hinds DA, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Kraft P, Kubzansky LD, Lehtimäki T, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mills M, de Mutsert R, Oldehinkel AJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen NL, Plomin R, Polasek O, Power C, Rich SS, Rosendaal FR, den Ruijter HM, Schlessinger D, Schmidt H, Svento R, Schmidt R, Alizadeh BZ, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Starr JM, Stefansson K, Steptoe A, Terracciano A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vollenweider P, Wagner GG, Weir DR, Yang J, Conley DC, Smith GD, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Pickrell JK, Esko T, Krueger RF, Beauchamp JP, Koellinger PD, Benjamin DJ, Bartels M, Cesarini D. Genetic variants associated with subjective well-being, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism identified through genome-wide analyses. Nat Genet 2016; 48:624-33. [PMID: 27089181 PMCID: PMC4884152 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Very few genetic variants have been associated with depression and neuroticism, likely because of limitations on sample size in previous studies. Subjective well-being, a phenotype that is genetically correlated with both of these traits, has not yet been studied with genome-wide data. We conducted genome-wide association studies of three phenotypes: subjective well-being (n = 298,420), depressive symptoms (n = 161,460), and neuroticism (n = 170,911). We identify 3 variants associated with subjective well-being, 2 variants associated with depressive symptoms, and 11 variants associated with neuroticism, including 2 inversion polymorphisms. The two loci associated with depressive symptoms replicate in an independent depression sample. Joint analyses that exploit the high genetic correlations between the phenotypes (|ρ^| ≈ 0.8) strengthen the overall credibility of the findings and allow us to identify additional variants. Across our phenotypes, loci regulating expression in central nervous system and adrenal or pancreas tissues are strongly enriched for association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M L Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Karlsson Linnér
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jimmy Z Liu
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jadwiga Buchwald
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alana Cavadino
- Centre for Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Victoria Garfield
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Henrike Geisel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsingfors, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tian Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay Matteson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Camelia C Minica
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Mook-Kanamori
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- BESC, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kent Taylor
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrence, California, USA
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara M Willems
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Patricia A Boyle
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oliver S P Davis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca T Emeny
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Mental Health Research Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Fatemifar
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Juliette M Harris
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruifang Li-Gao
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marisa Koini
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Information-Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Anna E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Delilah Zabaneh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institute of Neurogenetics and Institute of Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shun-Chiao Chang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitarià di Monserrato, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catharine A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Elina Hyppönen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department for Health, THL (National Institute for Health and Welfare), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Melinda Mills
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renée de Mutsert
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division of Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Plomin
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Christine Power
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | | | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gert G Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- German Socio-Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- School of Economics and Management, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Department of Bioethics, Clarkson University, Schenectady, New York, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph K Pickrell
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bayarri MJ, Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Sellke TM. Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses. J Math Psychol 2016; 72:90-103. [PMID: 30713353 PMCID: PMC6358203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmp.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of science is (rightly or wrongly) driven by hypothesis testing. Even in situations where the hypothesis testing paradigm is correct, the common practice of basing inferences solely on p-values has been under intense criticism for over 50 years. We propose, as an alternative, the use of the odds of a correct rejection of the null hypothesis to incorrect rejection. Both pre-experimental versions (involving the power and Type I error) and post-experimental versions (depending on the actual data) are considered. Implementations are provided that range from depending only on the p-value to consideration of full Bayesian analysis. A surprise is that all implementations - even the full Bayesian analysis - have complete frequentist justification. Versions of our proposal can be implemented that require only minor modifications to existing practices yet overcome some of their most severe shortcomings.
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29
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Okbay A, Beauchamp JP, Fontana MA, Lee JJ, Pers TH, Rietveld CA, Turley P, Chen GB, Emilsson V, Meddens SFW, Oskarsson S, Pickrell JK, Thom K, Timshel P, de Vlaming R, Abdellaoui A, Ahluwalia TS, Bacelis J, Baumbach C, Bjornsdottir G, Brandsma JH, Pina Concas M, Derringer J, Furlotte NA, Galesloot TE, Girotto G, Gupta R, Hall LM, Harris SE, Hofer E, Horikoshi M, Huffman JE, Kaasik K, Kalafati IP, Karlsson R, Kong A, Lahti J, van der Lee SJ, deLeeuw C, Lind PA, Lindgren KO, Liu T, Mangino M, Marten J, Mihailov E, Miller MB, van der Most PJ, Oldmeadow C, Payton A, Pervjakova N, Peyrot WJ, Qian Y, Raitakari O, Rueedi R, Salvi E, Schmidt B, Schraut KE, Shi J, Smith AV, Poot RA, St Pourcain B, Teumer A, Thorleifsson G, Verweij N, Vuckovic D, Wellmann J, Westra HJ, Yang J, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Bakshi A, Baumeister SE, Biino G, Bønnelykke K, Boyle PA, Campbell H, Cappuccio FP, Davies G, De Neve JE, Deloukas P, Demuth I, Ding J, Eibich P, Eisele L, Eklund N, Evans DM, Faul JD, Feitosa MF, Forstner AJ, Gandin I, Gunnarsson B, Halldórsson BV, Harris TB, Heath AC, Hocking LJ, Holliday EG, Homuth G, Horan MA, Hottenga JJ, de Jager PL, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen MA, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Keltigangas-Järvinen L, Kiemeney LALM, Kolcic I, Koskinen S, Kraja AT, Kroh M, Kutalik Z, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lebreton MP, Levinson DF, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DCM, Loukola A, Madden PA, Mägi R, Mäki-Opas T, Marioni RE, Marques-Vidal P, Meddens GA, McMahon G, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Milaneschi Y, Milani L, Montgomery GW, Myhre R, Nelson CP, Nyholt DR, Ollier WER, Palotie A, Paternoster L, Pedersen NL, Petrovic KE, Porteous DJ, Räikkönen K, Ring SM, Robino A, Rostapshova O, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Sarin AP, Schmidt H, Scott RJ, Smith BH, Smith JA, Staessen JA, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Strauch K, Terracciano A, Tobin MD, Ulivi S, Vaccargiu S, Quaye L, van Rooij FJA, Venturini C, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Völker U, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Vozzi D, Waage J, Ware EB, Willemsen G, Attia JR, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bertram L, Bisgaard H, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bültmann U, Chabris CF, Cucca F, Cusi D, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, van Duijn CM, Eriksson JG, Franke B, Franke L, Gasparini P, Gejman PV, Gieger C, Grabe HJ, Gratten J, Groenen PJF, Gudnason V, van der Harst P, Hayward C, Hinds DA, Hoffmann W, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Jacobsson B, Järvelin MR, Jöckel KH, Kaprio J, Kardia SLR, Lehtimäki T, Lehrer SF, Magnusson PKE, Martin NG, McGue M, Metspalu A, Pendleton N, Penninx BWJH, Perola M, Pirastu N, Pirastu M, Polasek O, Posthuma D, Power C, Province MA, Samani NJ, Schlessinger D, Schmidt R, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Tiemeier H, Tung JY, Uitterlinden AG, Vitart V, Vollenweider P, Weir DR, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley DC, Krueger RF, Davey Smith G, Hofman A, Laibson DI, Medland SE, Meyer MN, Yang J, Johannesson M, Visscher PM, Esko T, Koellinger PD, Cesarini D, Benjamin DJ. Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. Nature 2016; 533:539-42. [PMID: 27225129 PMCID: PMC4883595 DOI: 10.1038/nature17671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Beauchamp
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mark Alan Fontana
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Turley
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Guo-Bo Chen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | - S Fleur W Meddens
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Oskarsson
- Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Thom
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
| | - Pascal Timshel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ronald de Vlaming
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | | | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | | | - Tessel E Galesloot
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kadri Kaasik
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ioanna P Kalafati
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan deLeeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | - Tian Liu
- Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Yong Qian
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Katharina E Schraut
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | | | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Juergen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bakshi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilja Demuth
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Jun Ding
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Peter Eibich
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Niina Eklund
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | | | - Bjarni V Halldórsson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Michael A Horan
- Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L de Jager
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika A Kaakinen
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Lambertus A L M Kiemeney
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Seppo Koskinen
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aldi T Kraja
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Martin Kroh
- German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Maël P Lebreton
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tomi Mäki-Opas
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yusplitri Milaneschi
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - William E R Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Katja E Petrovic
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Olga Rostapshova
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
- Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
- Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Blair H Smith
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - John R Attia
- Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Bertram
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy
- Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick J F Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden
- Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Steven F Lehrer
- Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China
- Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK
- Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Michael A Province
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - A Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France
- Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton C Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - David I Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle N Meyer
- Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA
- Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA
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30
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Abstract
People believe that, even in very large samples, proportions of binary signals might depart significantly from the population mean. We model this "non-belief in the Law of Large Numbers" by assuming that a person believes that proportions in any given sample might be determined by a rate different than the true rate. In prediction, a non-believer expects the distribution of signals will have fat tails. In inference, a non-believer remains uncertain and influenced by priors even after observing an arbitrarily large sample. We explore implications for beliefs and behavior in a variety of economic settings.
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Joshi PK, Esko T, Mattsson H, Eklund N, Gandin I, Nutile T, Jackson AU, Schurmann C, Smith AV, Zhang W, Okada Y, Stančáková A, Faul JD, Zhao W, Bartz TM, Concas MP, Franceschini N, Enroth S, Vitart V, Trompet S, Guo X, Chasman DI, O'Connel JR, Corre T, Nongmaithem SS, Chen Y, Mangino M, Ruggiero D, Traglia M, Farmaki AE, Kacprowski T, Bjonnes A, van der Spek A, Wu Y, Giri AK, Yanek LR, Wang L, Hofer E, Rietveld CA, McLeod O, Cornelis MC, Pattaro C, Verweij N, Baumbach C, Abdellaoui A, Warren HR, Vuckovic D, Mei H, Bouchard C, Perry JRB, Cappellani S, Mirza SS, Benton MC, Broeckel U, Medland SE, Lind PA, Malerba G, Drong A, Yengo L, Bielak LF, Zhi D, van der Most PJ, Shriner D, Mägi R, Hemani G, Karaderi T, Wang Z, Liu T, Demuth I, Zhao JH, Meng W, Lataniotis L, van der Laan SW, Bradfield JP, Wood AR, Bonnefond A, Ahluwalia TS, Hall LM, Salvi E, Yazar S, Carstensen L, de Haan HG, Abney M, Afzal U, Allison MA, Amin N, Asselbergs FW, Bakker SJL, Barr RG, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Campbell A, Chakravarti A, Chan Y, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Connell J, Correa A, Cupples LA, Smith GD, Davies G, Dörr M, Ehret G, Ellis SB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Ford I, Fox CS, Frayling TM, Friedrich N, Geller F, Scotland G, Gillham-Nasenya I, Gottesman O, Graff M, Grodstein F, Gu C, Haley C, Hammond CJ, Harris SE, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heard-Costa NL, Heikkilä K, Hocking LJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Huang J, Huffman JE, Hysi PG, Ikram MA, Ingelsson E, Joensuu A, Johansson Å, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kanoni S, Kerr SM, Khan NM, Koellinger P, Koistinen HA, Kooner MK, Kubo M, Kuusisto J, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lea RA, Lehne B, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DCM, Lind L, Loh M, Lokki ML, London SJ, Loomis SJ, Loukola A, Lu Y, Lumley T, Lundqvist A, Männistö S, Marques-Vidal P, Masciullo C, Matchan A, Mathias RA, Matsuda K, Meigs JB, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Mentch FD, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montasser ME, Montgomery GW, Morrison A, Myers RH, Nadukuru R, Navarro P, Nelis M, Nieminen MS, Nolte IM, O'Connor GT, Ogunniyi A, Padmanabhan S, Palmas WR, Pankow JS, Patarcic I, Pavani F, Peyser PA, Pietilainen K, Poulter N, Prokopenko I, Ralhan S, Redmond P, Rich SS, Rissanen H, Robino A, Rose LM, Rose R, Sala C, Salako B, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Saxena R, Schmidt H, Scott LJ, Scott WR, Sennblad B, Seshadri S, Sever P, Shrestha S, Smith BH, Smith JA, Soranzo N, Sotoodehnia N, Southam L, Stanton AV, Stathopoulou MG, Strauch K, Strawbridge RJ, Suderman MJ, Tandon N, Tang ST, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Töglhofer AM, Tomaszewski M, Tšernikova N, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vaidya D, van Hylckama Vlieg A, van Setten J, Vasankari T, Vedantam S, Vlachopoulou E, Vozzi D, Vuoksimaa E, Waldenberger M, Ware EB, Wentworth-Shields W, Whitfield JB, Wild S, Willemsen G, Yajnik CS, Yao J, Zaza G, Zhu X, Project TBJ, Salem RM, Melbye M, Bisgaard H, Samani NJ, Cusi D, Mackey DA, Cooper RS, Froguel P, Pasterkamp G, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Ferrucci L, Scott RA, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Bertram L, Lindenberger U, Berndt SI, Lindgren CM, Timpson NJ, Tönjes A, Munroe PB, Sørensen TIA, Rotimi CN, Arnett DK, Oldehinkel AJ, Kardia SLR, Balkau B, Gambaro G, Morris AP, Eriksson JG, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Hunt SC, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Griffiths LR, Tiemeier H, Pirastu N, Kaprio J, Wareham NJ, Pérusse L, Wilson JG, Girotto G, Caulfield MJ, Raitakari O, Boomsma DI, Gieger C, van der Harst P, Hicks AA, Kraft P, Sinisalo J, Knekt P, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Hamsten A, Schmidt R, Borecki IB, Vartiainen E, Becker DM, Bharadwaj D, Mohlke KL, Boehnke M, van Duijn CM, Sanghera DK, Teumer A, Zeggini E, Metspalu A, Gasparini P, Ulivi S, Ober C, Toniolo D, Rudan I, Porteous DJ, Ciullo M, Spector TD, Hayward C, Dupuis J, Loos RJF, Wright AF, Chandak GR, Vollenweider P, Shuldiner A, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Sattar N, Gyllensten U, North KE, Pirastu M, Psaty BM, Weir DR, Laakso M, Gudnason V, Takahashi A, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Strachan DP, Campbell H, Hirschhorn JN, Perola M, Polašek O, Wilson JF. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations. Nature 2015; 523:459-462. [PMID: 26131930 PMCID: PMC4516141 DOI: 10.1038/nature14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hannele Mattsson
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Niina Eklund
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffery R O'Connel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Ashley van der Spek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Anil K Giri
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Olga McLeod
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Miles C Benton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Weihua Meng
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland
| | - Lazaros Lataniotis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Abney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Yingleong Chan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - John Connell
- College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Georg Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
- Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B Ellis
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Generation Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Irina Gillham-Nasenya
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Chris Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas D Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anni Joensuu
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shona M Kerr
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Philipp Koellinger
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Manraj K Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J Loomis
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Annamari Lundqvist
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Angela Matchan
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Alanna Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Nadukuru
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - George T O'Connor
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Walter R Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA
| | - Inga Patarcic
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Francesca Pavani
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kirsi Pietilainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India
| | - Paul Redmond
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA
| | - Harri Rissanen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Smeeta Shrestha
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Blair H Smith
- University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire", INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sian-Tsun Tang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Anna Maria Töglhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Vasankari
- Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - The BioBank Japan Project
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars Bertram
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Margie J Wright
- Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Diane M Becker
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Alan Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Kari E North
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
Behavior genetics is the study of the relationship between genetic variation and psychological traits. Turkheimer (2000) proposed "Three Laws of Behavior Genetics" based on empirical regularities observed in studies of twins and other kinships. On the basis of molecular studies that have measured DNA variation directly, we propose a Fourth Law of Behavior Genetics: "A typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability." This law explains several consistent patterns in the results of gene discovery studies, including the failure of candidate gene studies to robustly replicate, the need for genome-wide association studies (and why such studies have a much stronger replication record), and the crucial importance of extremely large samples in these endeavors. We review the evidence in favor of the Fourth Law and discuss its implications for the design and interpretation of gene-behavior research.
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Abstract
I study a gift-exchange game, in which a profit-maximizing firm offers a wage to a fair-minded worker, who then chooses how much effort to exert. The worker judges a transaction fairer to the extent that his own gain is more nearly equal to the firm's gain. The worker calculates both players' gains relative to what they would have gained from the "reference transaction," which is the transaction that the worker most recently personally experienced. The model explains several empirical regularities: rent sharing, persistence of a worker's entry wage at a firm, insensitivity of an incumbent worker's wage to market conditions, and-if the worker is loss averse and the reference wage is nominal-downward nominal wage rigidity. The model also makes a number of novel predictions. Whether the equilibrium is efficient depends on which notion of efficiency is used in the presence of the worker's fairness concern, and which is appropriate to use partly depends on whether loss aversion is treated as legitimate for normative purposes.
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Benjamin DJ. Distributional Preferences, Reciprocity-Like Behavior, and Efficiency in Bilateral Exchange. Am Econ J Microecon 2015; 7:70-98. [PMID: 25664144 PMCID: PMC4316380 DOI: 10.1257/mic.20120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Under what conditions do distributional preferences, such as altruism or a concern for fair outcomes, generate efficient trade? I analyze theoretically a simple bilateral exchange game: each player sequentially takes an action that reduces his own material payoff but increases the other player's. Each player's preferences may depend on both his/her own material payoff and the other player's. I identify two key properties of the second-mover's preferences: indifference curves kinked around "fair" material-payoff distributions, and materials payoffs entering preferences as "normal goods." Either property can drive reciprocity-like behavior and generate a Pareto efficient outcome.
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Benjamin DJ, Heffetz O, Kimball MS, Rees-Jones A. Can Marginal Rates of Substitution Be Inferred From Happiness Data? Evidence from Residency Choices. Am Econ Rev 2014; 104:3498-3528. [PMID: 25404759 PMCID: PMC4231441 DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.11.3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We survey 561 students from U.S. medical schools shortly after they submit choice rankings over residencies to the National Resident Matching Program. We elicit (a) these choice rankings, (b) anticipated subjective well-being (SWB) rankings, and (c) expected features of the residencies (such as prestige). We find substantial differences between choice and anticipated-SWB rankings in the implied tradeoffs between residency features. In our data, evaluative SWB measures (life satisfaction and Cantril's ladder) imply tradeoffs closer to choice than does affective happiness (even time-integrated), and as close as do multi-measure SWB indices. We discuss implications for using SWB data in applied work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 and National Bureau of Economic Research
| | - Ori Heffetz
- S. C. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, 324 Sage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 and National Bureau of Economic Research
| | - Miles S. Kimball
- Department of Economics, University of Michigan, 312 Lorch Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 and National Bureau of Economic Research
| | - Alex Rees-Jones
- Cornell University and National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138
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36
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Rietveld CA, Conley D, Eriksson N, Esko T, Medland SE, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Yang J, Boardman JD, Chabris CF, Dawes CT, Domingue BW, Hinds DA, Johannesson M, Kiefer AK, Laibson D, Magnusson PKE, Mountain JL, Oskarsson S, Rostapshova O, Teumer A, Tung JY, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D, Koellinger PD. Replicability and robustness of genome-wide-association studies for behavioral traits. Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1975-86. [PMID: 25287667 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614545132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide-association study of educational attainment identified three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose associations, despite their small effect sizes (each R (2) ≈ 0.02%), reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10(-8)) in a large discovery sample and were replicated in an independent sample (p < .05). The study also reported associations between educational attainment and indices of SNPs called "polygenic scores." In three studies, we evaluated the robustness of these findings. Study 1 showed that the associations with all three SNPs were replicated in another large (N = 34,428) independent sample. We also found that the scores remained predictive (R (2) ≈ 2%) in regressions with stringent controls for stratification (Study 2) and in new within-family analyses (Study 3). Our results show that large and therefore well-powered genome-wide-association studies can identify replicable genetic associations with behavioral traits. The small effect sizes of individual SNPs are likely to be a major contributing factor explaining the striking contrast between our results and the disappointing replication record of most candidate-gene studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jian Yang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Denver
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, Greifswald Medical School
| | | | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | | | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Decision Making, New York University
| | - Philipp D Koellinger
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam
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Benjamin DJ, Kimball MS, Heffetz O, Szembrot N. Beyond Happiness and Satisfaction: Toward Well-Being Indices Based on Stated Preference. Am Econ Rev 2014; 104:2698-2735. [PMID: 25404760 PMCID: PMC4231438 DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.9.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes foundations and a methodology for survey-based tracking of well-being. First, we develop a theory in which utility depends on "fundamental aspects" of well-being, measurable with surveys. Second, drawing from psychologists, philosophers, and economists, we compile a comprehensive list of such aspects. Third, we demonstrate our proposed method for estimating the aspects' relative marginal utilities-a necessary input for constructing an individual-level well-being index-by asking ~4,600 U.S. survey respondents to state their preference between pairs of aspect bundles. We estimate high relative marginal utilities for aspects related to family, health, security, values, freedom, happiness, and life satisfaction.
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38
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Ward ME, McMahon G, St Pourcain B, Evans DM, Rietveld CA, Benjamin DJ, Koellinger PD, Cesarini D, Smith GD, Timpson NJ. Genetic variation associated with differential educational attainment in adults has anticipated associations with school performance in children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100248. [PMID: 25032841 PMCID: PMC4102483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association study results have yielded evidence for the association of common genetic variants with crude measures of completed educational attainment in adults. Whilst informative, these results do not inform as to the mechanism of these effects or their presence at earlier ages and where educational performance is more routinely and more precisely assessed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting genome-wide significant associations with adult educational attainment were combined to derive an unweighted allele score in 5,979 and 6,145 young participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with key stage 3 national curriculum test results (SATS results) available at age 13 to 14 years in English and mathematics respectively. Standardised (z-scored) results for English and mathematics showed an expected relationship with sex, with girls exhibiting an advantage over boys in English (0.433 SD (95%CI 0.395, 0.470), p<10(-10)) with more similar results (though in the opposite direction) in mathematics (0.042 SD (95%CI 0.004, 0.080), p = 0.030). Each additional adult educational attainment increasing allele was associated with 0.041 SD (95%CI 0.020, 0.063), p = 1.79×10(-04) and 0.028 SD (95%CI 0.007, 0.050), p = 0.01 increases in standardised SATS score for English and mathematics respectively. Educational attainment is a complex multifactorial behavioural trait which has not had heritable contributions to it fully characterised. We were able to apply the results from a large study of adult educational attainment to a study of child exam performance marking events in the process of learning rather than realised adult end product. Our results support evidence for common, small genetic contributions to educational attainment, but also emphasise the likely lifecourse nature of this genetic effect. Results here also, by an alternative route, suggest that existing methods for child examination are able to recognise early life variation likely to be related to ultimate educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Ward
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cornelius A. Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In this paper, we ask whether variation in preference anomalies is related to variation in cognitive ability. Evidence from a new laboratory study of Chilean high-school students with similar schooling backgrounds shows that small-stakes risk aversion and short-run discounting are less common among those with higher standardized test scores. The relationship with test scores survives controls for parental education and wealth. We find some evidence that elementary-school GPA is predictive of preferences measured at the end of high school. Two laboratory interventions provide suggestive evidence of a possible causal impact of cognitive resources on expressed preferences. (JEL: J24, D14, C91).
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Stephens SH, Hartz SM, Hoft NR, Saccone NL, Corley RC, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Breslau N, Coon H, Chen X, Ducci F, Dueker N, Franceschini N, Frank J, Han Y, Hansel NN, Jiang C, Korhonen T, Lind PA, Liu J, Lyytikäinen LP, Michel M, Shaffer JR, Short SE, Sun J, Teumer A, Thompson JR, Vogelzangs N, Vink JM, Wenzlaff A, Wheeler W, Yang BZ, Aggen SH, Balmforth AJ, Baumeister SE, Beaty TH, Benjamin DJ, Bergen AW, Broms U, Cesarini D, Chatterjee N, Chen J, Cheng YC, Cichon S, Couper D, Cucca F, Dick D, Foroud T, Furberg H, Giegling I, Gillespie NA, Gu F, Hall AS, Hällfors J, Han S, Hartmann AM, Heikkilä K, Hickie IB, Hottenga JJ, Jousilahti P, Kaakinen M, Kähönen M, Koellinger PD, Kittner S, Konte B, Landi MT, Laatikainen T, Leppert M, Levy SM, Mathias RA, McNeil DW, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Murray T, Nauck M, North KE, Paré PD, Pergadia M, Ruczinski I, Salomaa V, Viikari J, Willemsen G, Barnes KC, Boerwinkle E, Boomsma DI, Caporaso N, Edenberg HJ, Francks C, Gelernter J, Grabe HJ, Hops H, Jarvelin MR, Johannesson M, Kendler KS, Lehtimäki T, Magnusson PK, Marazita ML, Marchini J, Mitchell BD, Nöthen MM, Penninx BW, Raitakari O, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Samani NJ, Schwartz AG, Shete S, Spitz M, Swan GE, Völzke H, Veijola J, Wei Q, Amos C, Cannon DS, Grucza R, Hatsukami D, Heath A, Johnson EO, Kaprio J, Madden P, Martin NG, Stevens VL, Weiss RB, Kraft P, Bierut LJ, Ehringer MA. Distinct loci in the CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 gene cluster are associated with onset of regular smoking. Genet Epidemiol 2013; 37:846-59. [PMID: 24186853 PMCID: PMC3947535 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genes (CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4) have been reproducibly associated with nicotine dependence, smoking behaviors, and lung cancer risk. Of the few reports that have focused on early smoking behaviors, association results have been mixed. This meta-analysis examines early smoking phenotypes and SNPs in the gene cluster to determine: (1) whether the most robust association signal in this region (rs16969968) for other smoking behaviors is also associated with early behaviors, and/or (2) if additional statistically independent signals are important in early smoking. We focused on two phenotypes: age of tobacco initiation (AOI) and age of first regular tobacco use (AOS). This study included 56,034 subjects (41 groups) spanning nine countries and evaluated five SNPs including rs1948, rs16969968, rs578776, rs588765, and rs684513. Each dataset was analyzed using a centrally generated script. Meta-analyses were conducted from summary statistics. AOS yielded significant associations with SNPs rs578776 (beta = 0.02, P = 0.004), rs1948 (beta = 0.023, P = 0.018), and rs684513 (beta = 0.032, P = 0.017), indicating protective effects. There were no significant associations for the AOI phenotype. Importantly, rs16969968, the most replicated signal in this region for nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, and cotinine levels, was not associated with AOI (P = 0.59) or AOS (P = 0.92). These results provide important insight into the complexity of smoking behavior phenotypes, and suggest that association signals in the CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster affecting early smoking behaviors may be different from those affecting the mature nicotine dependence phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Stephens
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Hoft
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robin C. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Naomi Breslau
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and Department of Mental Health, St George’s University, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicole Dueker
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Younghun Han
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chenhui Jiang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Department of Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Liu
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Martha Michel
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Short
- Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Juzhong Sun
- Department of Epidemiology Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexander Teumer
- University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Vogelzangs
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Wenzlaff
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William Wheeler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Aggen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Balmforth
- LIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terri H. Beaty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Ulla Broms
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Cesarini
- Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1); Structural and Functional Organization of the Brain Genomic Imaging; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center; Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany; Life and Brain Center and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Couper
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Helena Furberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fangyi Gu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alistair S. Hall
- LIGHT Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Hällfors
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shizhong Han
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen Kittner
- Department of Neurology, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maria-Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark Leppert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry and Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Department of Psychology and Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Department of Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Department of Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanda Murray
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthias Nauck
- University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Paré
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michele Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen C. Barnes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Clyde Francks
- Department of the MPI Psycholinguistics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hyman Hops
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brenda W. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret Spitz
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gary E. Swan
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, United States of America
| | - Henry Völzke
- University Medicine Greifswald, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Juha Veijola
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris Amos
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Richard Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eric O. Johnson
- Department of Behavioral Health Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria L. Stevens
- Department of Epidemiology Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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41
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Chabris CF, Lee JJ, Benjamin DJ, Beauchamp JP, Glaeser EL, Borst G, Pinker S, Laibson DI. Why it is hard to find genes associated with social science traits: theoretical and empirical considerations. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 Suppl 1:S152-66. [PMID: 23927501 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explain why traits of interest to behavioral scientists may have a genetic architecture featuring hundreds or thousands of loci with tiny individual effects rather than a few with large effects and why such an architecture makes it difficult to find robust associations between traits and genes. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study at 2 sites, Harvard University and Union College, measuring more than 100 physical and behavioral traits with a sample size typical of candidate gene studies. We evaluated predictions that alleles with large effect sizes would be rare and most traits of interest to social science are likely characterized by a lack of strong directional selection. We also carried out a theoretical analysis of the genetic architecture of traits based on R.A. Fisher's geometric model of natural selection and empirical analyses of the effects of selection bias and phenotype measurement stability on the results of genetic association studies. RESULTS Although we replicated several known genetic associations with physical traits, we found only 2 associations with behavioral traits that met the nominal genome-wide significance threshold, indicating that physical and behavioral traits are mainly affected by numerous genes with small effects. CONCLUSIONS The challenge for social science genomics is the likelihood that genes are connected to behavioral variation by lengthy, nonlinear, interactive causal chains, and unraveling these chains requires allying with personal genomics to take advantage of the potential for large sample sizes as well as continuing with traditional epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Chabris
- Christopher F. Chabris is with the Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, NY. James J. Lee, Gregoire Borst, and Steven Pinker are with the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Daniel J. Benjamin is with the Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Jonathan P. Beauchamp, Edward L. Glaeser, and David I. Laibson are with the Department of Economics, Harvard University
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42
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Rietveld CA, Medland SE, Derringer J, Yang J, Esko T, Martin NW, Westra HJ, Shakhbazov K, Abdellaoui A, Agrawal A, Albrecht E, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Barnard J, Baumeister SE, Benke KS, Bielak LF, Boatman JA, Boyle PA, Davies G, de Leeuw C, Eklund N, Evans DS, Ferhmann R, Fischer K, Gieger C, Gjessing HK, Hägg S, Harris JR, Hayward C, Holzapfel C, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Ingelsson E, Jacobsson B, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen M, Kanoni S, Karjalainen J, Kolcic I, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Lee SH, Lin P, Lind PA, Liu Y, Lohman K, Loitfelder M, McMahon G, Vidal PM, Meirelles O, Milani L, Myhre R, Nuotio ML, Oldmeadow CJ, Petrovic KE, Peyrot WJ, Polašek O, Quaye L, Reinmaa E, Rice JP, Rizzi TS, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Smith AV, Smith JA, Tanaka T, Terracciano A, van der Loos MJ, Vitart V, Völzke H, Wellmann J, Yu L, Zhao W, Allik J, Attia JR, Bandinelli S, Bastardot F, Beauchamp J, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bierut LJ, Boomsma DI, Bültmann U, Campbell H, Chabris CF, Cherkas L, Chung MK, Cucca F, de Andrade M, De Jager PL, De Neve JE, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiriksdottir G, Elderson MF, Eriksson JG, Evans DM, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Garcia ME, Grönberg H, Gudnason V, Hall P, Harris JM, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez DG, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holle R, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Illig T, Järvelin MR, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kirkpatrick RM, Kowgier M, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lawlor DA, Lehtimäki T, Li J, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DC, Madden PA, Magnusson PKE, Mäkinen TE, Masala M, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mielck A, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Mukherjee S, Nyholt DR, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Palotie A, Penninx B, Perola M, Peyser PA, Preisig M, Räikkönen K, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Ring SM, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Schlessinger D, Scott RJ, Snieder H, Pourcain BS, Starr JM, Sul JH, Surakka I, Svento R, Teumer A, Tiemeier H, Rooij FJA, Van Wagoner DR, Vartiainen E, Viikari J, Vollenweider P, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley D, Davey-Smith G, Franke L, Groenen PJF, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Kardia SL, Krueger RF, Laibson D, Martin NG, Meyer MN, Posthuma D, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D, Koellinger PD. GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. Science 2013; 340:1467-71. [PMID: 23722424 PMCID: PMC3751588 DOI: 10.1126/science.1235488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A. Rietveld
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Jaime Derringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0447, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Nicolas W. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Shakhbazov
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - John Barnard
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Kelly S. Benke
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Boatman
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patricia A. Boyle
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Christiaan de Leeuw
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niina Eklund
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107–1728, USA
| | - Rudolf Ferhmann
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Håkon K. Gjessing
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Hägg
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer R. Harris
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Else Kroener-Fresenius-Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carla A. Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, 413 45, Sweden
| | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sang H. Lee
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology & Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157–1063, USA
| | - Marisa Loitfelder
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Pedro Marques Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Osorio Meirelles
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Department of Genes and Environment, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marja-Liisa Nuotio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Christopher J. Oldmeadow
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Katja E. Petrovic
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Wouter J. Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thais S. Rizzi
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland,Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA,College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306–4300, USA
| | - Matthijs J.H.M. van der Loos
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - John R. Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - François Bastardot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David A. Bennett
- Rush University Medical Center, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ute Bültmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Community & Occupational Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | | | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mina K. Chung
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 SS, Italy
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jan-Emmanuel De Neve
- School of Public Policy, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, UK,Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK,Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - George V. Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 17671, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 17671, Greece
| | | | - Martin F. Elderson
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00280, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki 00250, Finland,Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa 65130, Finland
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa E. Garcia
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland,Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliette M. Harris
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110–1093, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Adriaan Hofman
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Holle
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William G. Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany,Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu 90220, Finland,Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu 90101, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matthew Kowgier
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Pamela A. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomi E. Mäkinen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Marco Masala
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andreas Mielck
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael B. Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Western Australia Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Women’s College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0462, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK,School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland,Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Rauli Svento
- Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank JAan Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Van Wagoner
- Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Division of Welfare and Health Promotion, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00271, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany,Klinikum Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. F. Groenen
- Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2029, USA
| | - Robert F. Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455–0344, USA
| | - David Laibson
- Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Michelle N. Meyer
- Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, & Bioethics, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA,Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12203–1003, USA
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centrer, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Roy Thurik
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Panteia, Zoetermeer 2701 AA, Netherlands,GSCM-Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34185, France
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, the Netherlands,Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - Daniel J. Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - David Cesarini
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA,Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE,Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm 102 15, Sweden,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
| | - Philipp D. Koellinger
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands,Corresponding author. (D.J.B.); (D.C.); (P.D.K.); (P.M.V.)
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Benjamin DJ, Heffetz O, Kimball MS, Szembrot N. Aggregating Local Preferences to Guide Marginal Policy Adjustments. Am Econ Rev 2013; 103:605-610. [PMID: 24014888 PMCID: PMC3760035 DOI: 10.1257/aer.103.3.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a social choice rule for aggregating preferences elicited from surveys into a marginal adjustment of policy from the status quo. The mechanism is: (i) symmetric in its treatment of survey respondents; (ii) ordinal, using only the orientation of respondents' indifference surfaces; (iii) local, using only preferences in the neighborhood of current policy; and (iv) what we call “first-order strategy-proof,” making the gains from misreporting preferences second order. The mechanism could be applied to guide policy based on how policy affects responses to subjective well-being surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 and NBER
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van der Loos MJHM, Rietveld CA, Eklund N, Koellinger PD, Rivadeneira F, Abecasis GR, Ankra-Badu GA, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Biffar R, Blankenberg S, Boomsma DI, Cesarini D, Cucca F, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson J, Gieger C, Gudnason V, Höhne B, Holle R, Hottenga JJ, Isaacs A, Järvelin MR, Johannesson M, Kaakinen M, Kähönen M, Kanoni S, Laaksonen MA, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lehtimäki T, Loitfelder M, Magnusson PKE, Naitza S, Oostra BA, Perola M, Petrovic K, Quaye L, Raitakari O, Ripatti S, Scheet P, Schlessinger D, Schmidt CO, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Senft A, Smith AV, Spector TD, Surakka I, Svento R, Terracciano A, Tikkanen E, van Duijn CM, Viikari J, Völzke H, Wichmann HE, Wild PS, Willems SM, Willemsen G, van Rooij FJA, Groenen PJF, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Thurik AR. The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60542. [PMID: 23593239 PMCID: PMC3617140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs J H M van der Loos
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chabris CF, Hebert BM, Benjamin DJ, Beauchamp J, Cesarini D, van der Loos M, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Lichtenstein P, Atwood CS, Freese J, Hauser TS, Hauser RM, Christakis N, Laibson D. Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:1314-23. [PMID: 23012269 PMCID: PMC3498585 DOI: 10.1177/0956797611435528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
General intelligence (g) and virtually all other behavioral traits are heritable. Associations between g and specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes involved in brain function have been reported. We sought to replicate published associations between g and 12 specific genetic variants (in the genes DTNBP1, CTSD, DRD2, ANKK1, CHRM2, SSADH, COMT, BDNF, CHRNA4, DISC1, APOE, and SNAP25) using data sets from three independent, well-characterized longitudinal studies with samples of 5,571, 1,759, and 2,441 individuals. Of 32 independent tests across all three data sets, only 1 was nominally significant. By contrast, power analyses showed that we should have expected 10 to 15 significant associations, given reasonable assumptions for genotype effect sizes. For positive controls, we confirmed accepted genetic associations for Alzheimer's disease and body mass index, and we used SNP-based calculations of genetic relatedness to replicate previous estimates that about half of the variance in g is accounted for by common genetic variation among individuals. We conclude that the molecular genetics of psychology and social science requires approaches that go beyond the examination of candidate genes.
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Benjamin DJ, Kimball MS, Heffetz O, Rees-Jones A. What Do You Think Would Make You Happier? What Do You Think You Would Choose?(). Am Econ Rev 2012; 102:2083-2110. [PMID: 23275649 PMCID: PMC3532045 DOI: 10.1257/aer.102.5.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Would people choose what they think would maximize their subjective well-being (SWB)? We present survey respondents with hypothetical scenarios and elicit both choice and predicted SWB rankings of two alternatives. While choice and predicted SWB rankings usually coincide in our data, we find systematic reversals. We identify factors-such as predicted sense of purpose, control over one's life, family happiness, and social status-that help explain hypothetical choice controlling for predicted SWB. We explore how our findings vary by SWB measure and by scenario. Our results have implications regarding the use of SWB survey questions as a proxy for utility.
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Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D, Chabris CF, Glaeser EL, Laibson DI, Guðnason V, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Purcell S, Smith AV, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Beauchamp JP, Christakis NA, Atwood CS, Hebert B, Freese J, Hauser RM, Hauser TS, Grankvist A, Hultman CM, Lichtenstein P. The Promises and Pitfalls of Genoeconomics*. Annu Rev Econom 2012; 4:627-662. [PMID: 23482589 PMCID: PMC3592970 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews existing research at the intersection of genetics and economics, presents some new findings that illustrate the state of genoeconomics research, and surveys the prospects of this emerging field. Twin studies suggest that economic outcomes and preferences, once corrected for measurement error, appear to be about as heritable as many medical conditions and personality traits. Consistent with this pattern, we present new evidence on the heritability of permanent income and wealth. Turning to genetic association studies, we survey the main ways that the direct measurement of genetic variation across individuals is likely to contribute to economics, and we outline the challenges that have slowed progress in making these contributions. The most urgent problem facing researchers in this field is that most existing efforts to find associations between genetic variation and economic behavior are based on samples that are too small to ensure adequate statistical power. This has led to many false positives in the literature. We suggest a number of possible strategies to improve and remedy this problem: (a) pooling data sets, (b) using statistical techniques that exploit the greater information content of many genes considered jointly, and (c) focusing on economically relevant traits that are most proximate to known biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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Abstract
Social identities prescribe behaviors for people. We identify the marginal behavioral effect of these norms on discount rates and risk aversion by measuring how laboratory subjects' choices change when an aspect of social identity is made salient. When we make ethnic identity salient to Asian-American subjects, they make more patient choices. When we make racial identity salient to black subjects, non-immigrant blacks (but not immigrant blacks) make more patient choices. Making gender identity salient has no effect on intertemporal or risk choices.
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Abstract
We showed 10-second, silent video clips of unfamiliar gubernatorial debates to a group of experimental participants and asked them to predict the election outcomes. The participants' predictions explain more than 20 percent of the variation in the actual two-party vote share across the 58 elections in our study, and their importance survives a range of controls, including state fixed effects. In a horse race of alternative forecasting models, participants' forecasts significantly outperform economic variables in predicting vote shares, and are comparable in predictive power to a measure of incumbency status. Participants' forecasts seem to rest on judgments of candidates' personal attributes (such as likeability), rather than inferences about candidates' policy positions. Though conclusive causal inference is not possible in our context, our findings may be seen as suggestive evidence of a causal effect of candidate appeal on election outcomes.
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Abstract
The purpose of the analysis was to resolve the two opposing claims regarding the efficacy of surgical treatment of breast cancer, namely the course of the disease is not affected by surgery because breast cancer is an incurable systemic disease, as shown by a previous analysis, results of randomized breast cancer treatment trials and long-term follow-up of breast cancer patients; and breast cancer can be cured if detected early, as shown by reduced breast cancer mortality observed in results from randomized breast cancer-screening trials using mammograms. Seven randomized breast cancer-screening trials commonly cited as having produced evidence for reduced breast cancer mortality were analysed to identify any flaws in the trial design that would lead to confounding factors that could have affected the results. Flaws were identified in all trials in that the treatment protocols, by requiring that the type and degree of treatment depended on the stage of the tumour at diagnosis, required that up five factors were varied in each trial, confounding the results. Correlations were sought between some of these factors and the breast cancer mortality reduction observed in some screened groups to determine which factors had the main influence on the observed results. No correlation was found between reduced breast cancer mortality and earlier surgical intervention. In fact, the trial with the most earlier surgical intervention had the smallest reduction in mortality; and that with the least earlier surgical intervention had the largest reduction in mortality. This demonstrates that the earlier-diagnosis hypothesis is invalid. Some correlation was established between reduced mortality and reduced use of radiotherapy, suggesting that radiotherapy had a greater influence on mortality than surgery. Analysis of deaths from other causes suggests that there are at least two effects involved: immune suppression caused by radiotherapy, and increased classification of breast cancer deaths as deaths from other causes following ischaemic heart damage caused by radiotherapy. Claims that mammographic screening reduces breast cancer mortality are therefore unproven. The conclusion from the previous analysis, that surgery has not been shown to reduce mortality for any form of cancer, is therefore still valid. Surgery for breast cancer should therefore be considered as a palliative measure and radiotherapy should be avoided as a routine technique.
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