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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Thompson MA, Aspelin K, Plewa J, Baldridge J, Jutila MA. A TLR4 agonist liposome formulation effectively stimulates innate immunity and enhances protection from bacterial infection. Innate Immun 2023:17534259231168725. [PMID: 37083049 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231168725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of innate immunity can protect against infectious insult and could be used in combination with other therapies. Since antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern, strategies to reduce the dose or eliminate the need for these drugs are warranted. Lipo-CRX is a formulation in which the TLR4 agonist CRX-527 is incorporated into lipid membranes in liposomes. Lipo-CRX is less inflammatory than either CRX-527 or LPS, but retains unique capacity to enhance host defense responses. We compared lipo-CRX to other agonists in vitro using mammalian cells and in vivo in mice, and assessed indicators of innate immune responses and protection from bacterial infection. Lipo-CRX is similar to E. coli LPS in its capacity to activate bovine γδ T cells and to recruit neutrophils into mouse lungs, but with less reactivity in the LAL assay. However, lipo-CRX uniquely induced the production of systemic innate immune cytokines. In the mouse model of brucellosis, delivery of lipo-CRX to the lungs reduced the dissemination of B. abortus. While lipo-CRX or the antibiotic ampicillin alone did not alter B. abortus burdens in the lung, the combination had a synergistic beneficial effect. Our data suggest that stimulating the innate immune system with lipo-CRX, either alone or when combined with antibiotics, can enhance bacterial clearance in the mouse model of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Macy A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Aspelin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jack Plewa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jory Baldridge
- Totem BioSciences, 240 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173610, Bozeman, MT, USA
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2
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Grifka-Walk HM, Blackwell K, Shepardson K, Kominsky D, Rynda-Apple A, Walcheck B, Jutila MA. An ADAM17-Neutralizing Antibody Reduces Inflammation and Mortality While Increasing Viral Burden in a COVID-19 Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918881. [PMID: 35757773 PMCID: PMC9226444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a protease that cleaves ectodomains of transmembrane proteins, including that of ACE2 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, from cell surfaces upon cellular activation. We hypothesized that blockade of ADAM17 activity would alter COVID-19 pathogenesis. To assess this pathway, we blocked the function of ADAM17 using the monoclonal antibody MEDI3622 in the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model of COVID-19. Antibody-treated mice were healthier, less moribund, and had significantly lower lung pathology than saline-treated mice. However, the viral burden in the lungs of MEDI3622-treated mice was significantly increased. Thus, ADAM17 appears to have a critical anti-viral role, but also may promote inflammatory damage. Since the inflammatory cascade is ultimately the reason for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients, there may be a therapeutic application for the MEDI3622 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Heather M Grifka-Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karlin Blackwell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Kelly Shepardson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Douglas Kominsky
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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3
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Cherne MD, Gentry AB, Nemudraia A, Nemudryi A, Hedges JF, Walk H, Blackwell K, Snyder DT, Jerome M, Madden W, Hashimi M, Sebrell TA, King DB, Plowright RK, Jutila MA, Wiedenheft B, Bimczok D. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Is Detected in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Asymptomatic Endoscopy Patients but Is Unlikely to Pose a Significant Risk to Healthcare Personnel. Gastro Hep Adv 2022; 1:844-852. [PMID: 35765598 PMCID: PMC9225937 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent evidence suggests that the gut is an additional target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 spreads via gastrointestinal secretions remains unclear. To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic subjects, we analyzed gastrointestinal biopsy and liquid samples from endoscopy patients for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Methods We enrolled 100 endoscopic patients without known SARS-CoV-2 infection (cohort A) and 12 patients with a previous COVID-19 diagnosis (cohort B) in a cohort study performed at a regional hospital. Gastrointestinal biopsies and fluids were screened for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation assay, and the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in gastrointestinal liquids in vitro was analyzed. Results SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid was detected by PCR in the colonic tissue of 1/100 patients in cohort A. In cohort B, 3 colonic liquid samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR and viral nucleocapsid protein was detected in the epithelium of the respective biopsy samples. However, no infectious virions were recovered from any samples. In vitro exposure of SARS-CoV-2 to colonic liquid led to a 4-log-fold reduction of infectious SARS-CoV-2 within 1 hour (P ≤ .05). Conclusion Overall, the persistent detection of SARS-CoV-2 in endoscopy samples after resolution of COVID-19 points to the gut as a long-term reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. Since no infectious virions were recovered and SARS-CoV-2 was rapidly inactivated in the presence of colon liquids, it is unlikely that performing endoscopic procedures is associated with a significant infection risk due to undiagnosed asymptomatic or persistent gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Cherne
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Andrew B Gentry
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bozeman Health Deaconess Hospital, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Anna Nemudraia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Artem Nemudryi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Heather Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Karlin Blackwell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Maria Jerome
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Wyatt Madden
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
- Rollins School of Public Heath, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marziah Hashimi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - T Andrew Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - David B King
- Department of Clinical Research, Bozeman Health Deaconess Hospital, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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4
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Hedges JF, Snyder DT, Robison A, Walk H, Havlak K, Shepardson K, Kominsky D, Rynda-Apple A, Walcheck B, Jutila MA. ADAM-17 protease promotes inflammation and mortality while decreasing viral burden in a COVID-19 mouse model. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.125.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM-17) is a protease located in the cell membrane of most cells that, upon cellular activation, cleaves ectodomains of transmembrane proteins, including that of ACE2, from cell surfaces. We hypothesized that blockade of ADAM-17 activity would alter COVID-19 pathogenesis. To assess this pathway, we blocked the function of ADAM-17 using a monoclonal antibody in the K18 human ACE2 Tg mouse model of COVID-19. Antibody-treated mice were healthier, less moribund, and had significantly less lung inflammation than saline treated mice. However, the viral burden in the lungs of anti-ADAM17 Ab-treated mice was significantly greater. ADAM17 also cleaves TNF-a and its blockade decreased lung TNF-a production induced by intratracheal LPS delivery. We are currently testing this possibility in the COVID-19 mouse model. Thus, ADAM-17 appears to have a critical anti-viral role, but also promotes damaging inflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the inflammatory cascade is ultimately the reason for the adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients, there may be a therapeutic application for the anti-ADAM-17 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Amanda Robison
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Heather Walk
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | - Karlin Havlak
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Walcheck
- 2Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- 1Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana Sate University
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5
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Santiago-Frangos A, Hall LN, Nemudraia A, Nemudryi A, Krishna P, Wiegand T, Wilkinson RA, Snyder DT, Hedges JF, Cicha C, Lee HH, Graham A, Jutila MA, Taylor MP, Wiedenheft B. Intrinsic signal amplification by type III CRISPR-Cas systems provides a sequence-specific SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100319. [PMID: 34075364 PMCID: PMC8157118 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for inexpensive new technologies that enable fast, reliable, and scalable detection of viruses. Here, we repurpose the type III CRISPR-Cas system for sensitive and sequence-specific detection of SARS-CoV-2. RNA recognition by the type III CRISPR complex triggers Cas10-mediated polymerase activity, which simultaneously generates pyrophosphates, protons, and cyclic oligonucleotides. We show that all three Cas10-polymerase products are detectable using colorimetric or fluorometric readouts. We design ten guide RNAs that target conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Multiplexing improves the sensitivity of amplification-free RNA detection from 107 copies/μL for a single guide RNA to 106 copies/μL for ten guides. To decrease the limit of detection to levels that are clinically relevant, we developed a two-pot reaction consisting of RT-LAMP followed by T7-transcription and type III CRISPR-based detection. The two-pot reaction has a sensitivity of 200 copies/μL and is completed using patient samples in less than 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laina N. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Anna Nemudraia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Artem Nemudryi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Pushya Krishna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tanner Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Royce A. Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Calvin Cicha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Helen H. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Ava Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Matthew P. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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6
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Hedges JF, Thompson MA, Snyder DT, Robison A, Taylor MP, Jutila MA. Titers, Prevalence, and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Local COVID-19 Outbreak and Following Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:587. [PMID: 34199357 PMCID: PMC8226813 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Information concerning the development of neutralizing antibodies and their duration will be critical to establishing herd immunity for COVID-19. We sought to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies, their duration, and capacity for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in volunteers while the pandemic spread within our community starting in March 2020. Those participants with the highest starting titers had the longest-lasting response, up to 12 months post-diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity was correlated with anti-RBD antibody levels. The majority of our participants with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis had very mild or asymptomatic infections. We also detected low and largely non-neutralizing anti-RBD IgG titers in a few participants with no known COVID-19 diagnosis. Finally, we found that antibody responses induced by vaccination were significantly higher than those induced by natural infection. Thus, our study suggests that vaccination is still critical even for those naturally infected or diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montanta State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (M.A.T.); (D.T.S.); (A.R.); (M.P.T.); (M.A.J.)
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7
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Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, Wiegand T, Nichols J, Snyder DT, Hedges JF, Cicha C, Lee H, Vanderwood KK, Bimczok D, Jutila MA, Wiedenheft B. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance identifies naturally occurring truncation of ORF7a that limits immune suppression. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109197. [PMID: 34043946 PMCID: PMC8118641 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 950,000 whole-genome sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been determined for viruses isolated from around the world. These sequences are critical for understanding the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Using global phylogenomics, we show that mutations frequently occur in the C-terminal end of ORF7a. We isolate one of these mutant viruses from a patient sample and use viral challenge experiments to link this isolate (ORF7aΔ115) to a growth defect. ORF7a is implicated in immune modulation, and we show that the C-terminal truncation negates anti-immune activities of the protein, which results in elevated type I interferon response to the viral infection. Collectively, this work indicates that ORF7a mutations occur frequently, and that these changes affect viral mechanisms responsible for suppressing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Nemudryi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Anna Nemudraia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tanner Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Joseph Nichols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Calvin Cicha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Helen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
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8
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Hedges JF, Thomspon MA, Snyder DT, Robison A, Taylor MP, Jutila MA. Titers, prevalence and duration of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in two waves of a local COVID-19 outbreak. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.114.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Information concerning the development of neutralizing antibodies and their duration will be critical to establishing herd immunity for COVID-19. We sought to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies, their duration and capacity for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in volunteers while the pandemic spread within our community starting in March 2020. Those participants with the highest starting titers had the longest lasting response, up to 9 months post-diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity was correlated with anti-RBD antibody levels. The majority of our participants with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis had very mild or asymptomatic infections. We also detected low and largely non-neutralizing anti-RBD IgG titers in a few participants with no known COVID-19 diagnosis. Finally, we found that antibody responses induced by vaccination were significantly higher than those induced by natural infection. Thus, our study suggests that vaccination is still critical even for those naturally infected or diagnosed with COVID-19.
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9
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Loveday EK, Hain KS, Kochetkova I, Hedges JF, Robison A, Snyder DT, Brumfield SK, Young MJ, Jutila MA, Chang CB, Taylor MP. Effect of Inactivation Methods on SARS-CoV-2 Virion Protein and Structure. Viruses 2021; 13:562. [PMID: 33810401 PMCID: PMC8066162 DOI: 10.3390/v13040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk posed by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) dictates that live-virus research is conducted in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility. Working with SARS-CoV-2 at lower biosafety levels can expedite research yet requires the virus to be fully inactivated. In this study, we validated and compared two protocols for inactivating SARS-CoV-2: heat treatment and ultraviolet irradiation. The two methods were optimized to render the virus completely incapable of infection while limiting the destructive effects of inactivation. We observed that 15 min of incubation at 65 °C completely inactivates high titer viral stocks. Complete inactivation was also achieved with minimal amounts of UV power (70,000 µJ/cm2), which is 100-fold less power than comparable studies. Once validated, the two methods were then compared for viral RNA quantification, virion purification, and antibody detection assays. We observed that UV irradiation resulted in a 2-log reduction of detectable genomes compared to heat inactivation. Protein yield following virion enrichment was equivalent for all inactivation conditions, but the quality of resulting viral proteins and virions were differentially impacted depending on inactivation method and time. Here, we outline the strengths and weaknesses of each method so that investigators might choose the one which best meets their research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Loveday
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Kyle S. Hain
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Deann T. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Susan K. Brumfield
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Montana State University; Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (S.K.B.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Connie B. Chang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (E.K.L.); (C.B.C.)
| | - Matthew P. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (K.S.H.); (I.K.); (J.F.H.); (A.R.); (D.T.S.); (M.A.J.)
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10
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Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, Wiegand T, Nichols J, Snyder DT, Hedges JF, Cicha C, Lee H, Vanderwood KK, Bimczok D, Jutila M, Wiedenheft B. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance identifies naturally occurring truncations of ORF7a that limit immune suppression. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.22.21252253. [PMID: 33655280 PMCID: PMC7924305 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.22.21252253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over 200,000 whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 have been determined for viruses isolated from around the world. These sequences have been critical for understanding the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Using global phylogenomics, we show that mutations frequently occur in the C-terminal end of ORF7a. We have isolated one of these mutant viruses from a patient sample and used viral challenge experiments to demonstrate that Δ115 mutation results in a growth defect. ORF7a has been implicated in immune modulation, and we show that the C-terminal truncation results in distinct changes in interferon stimulated gene expression. Collectively, this work indicates that ORF7a mutations occur frequently and that these changes affect viral mechanisms responsible for suppressing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Nemudryi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Twitter: @artemnemudryi
- Lead contact
| | - Anna Nemudraia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tanner Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Joseph Nichols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Calvin Cicha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Helen Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Blake Wiedenheft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Twitter: @WiedenheftLab
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Robison A, Snyder DT, Christensen K, Kimmel E, Hajjar AM, Jutila MA, Hedges JF. Expression of human TLR4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 directs an early innate immune response associated with modest increases in bacterial burden during Coxiella burnetii infection. Innate Immun 2019; 25:401-411. [PMID: 31180798 PMCID: PMC6900644 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919855420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human TLR4 (hTLR4) and mouse TLR4 molecules respond differently to hypo-acylated LPS. The LPS of Coxiella burnetii is hypo-acylated and heavily glycosylated and causes a minimal response by human cells. Thus, we hypothesized that mice expressing hTLR4 molecules would be more susceptible to C. burnetii infection. Our results show that transgenic mice expressing hTLR4 and the human myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) adaptor protein (hTLR4/MD-2) respond similarly to wild type mice with respect to overall disease course. However, differences in bacterial burdens in tissues were noted, and lung pathology was increased in hTLR4/MD2 compared to wild type mice. Surprisingly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that hTLR4/MD-2 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, rather than the target cells for C. burnetii infection, accounted for increased bacterial burden. Early during infection, cytokines involved in myeloid cell recruitment were detected in the plasma of hTLR4/MD2 mice but not wild type mice. This restricted cytokine response was accompanied by neutrophil recruitment to the lung in hTLR4/MD2 mice. These data suggest that hTLR4/MD-2 alters early responses during C. burnetii infection. These early responses are precursors to later increased bacterial burdens and exacerbated pathology in the lung. Our data suggest an unexpected role for hTLR4/MD-2 in non-hematopoietic cells during C. burnetii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
| | - Deann T Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
| | - Kelly Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
| | - Emily Kimmel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
| | - Adeline M Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, USA
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Snyder DT, Robison A, Kemoli S, Kimmel E, Holderness J, Jutila MA, Hedges JF. Oral delivery of oligomeric procyanidins in Apple Poly® enhances type I IFN responses in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:841-847. [PMID: 24421266 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN signaling is a central pathway that provides critical innate protection from viral and bacterial infection and can have regulatory outcomes in inflammatory settings. We determined previously that OPCs contained in the dietary supplement APP enhanced responses to type I IFN in vitro. Here, we confirm that OPCs from two different sources significantly increased pSTAT1, whereas a monomeric form of procyanidin did not. We hypothesized that similar responses could be induced in vivo following ingestion of APP. Ingestion of APP before injection of polyI:C enhanced in vivo responses to type I IFNs in mice. When human subjects ingested APP, enhanced responses to type I IFN and enhanced pSTAT1 ex vivo were detected, whereas ingestion of RES, a monomeric polyphenol, induced minimal such changes. Polyphenols are best known for induction of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses; however, our findings suggest a unique, nonantioxidant aspect of OPCs that is broadly applicable to many disease settings. The capacity of oral OPCs to enhance type I IFN signaling in vivo can augment innate protection and may, in part, contribute to the noted anti-inflammatory outcome of ingestion of OPCs from many sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deann T Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Sharon Kemoli
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Emily Kimmel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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Hedges JF, Kimmel E, Snyder DT, Jerome M, Jutila MA. Solute carrier 11A1 is expressed by innate lymphocytes and augments their activation. J Immunol 2013; 190:4263-73. [PMID: 23509347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier 11A1 (SLC11A1) is a divalent ion transporter formerly known as the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) and the Bcg/Lsh/Ity locus. SLC11A1 was thought to be exclusively expressed in monocyte/macrophages and to have roles in phagosome maturation and cell activation. We characterized the expression of SLC11A1 in the majority of human and bovine γδ T cells and NK cells and in human CD3(+)CD45RO(+) T cells. Consistent with a role for iron-dependent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, SLC11A1(+) lymphocytes were more prone to activation and retained tyrosine phosphorylation. Transfection of SLC11A1 into a human γδ T cell-like line rendered the cells more prone to activation. Nonadherent splenocytes from wild-type mice expressed significantly greater IFN-γ compared with cells from Sv/129 (SLC11A1(-/-)) mice. Our data suggest that SLC11A1 has a heretofore unknown role in activation of a large subset of innate lymphocytes that are critical sources of IFN-γ. SLC11A1(+) animals have enhanced innate IFN-γ expression in response to Salmonella infection compared with SLC11A1(-) mice, which include commonly used inbred laboratory mice. Expression of SLC11A1 in innate lymphocytes and its role in augmenting their activation may account for inconsistencies in studies of innate lymphocytes in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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Snyder DT. Discussion paper on "Practical methods of dental care for hemophiliacs". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 240:277-83. [PMID: 1053872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb53360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Snyder DT, Penner JA. Preventive and restorative dental care for the hemophiliac. J Mich State Dent Assoc 1970; 52:6-8. [PMID: 5309097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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