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Osborne MC, Reidy DE, Temple JR, DeMello A, Lu Y. Examining the Relation Between Early Violence Exposure and Firearm-Related Experiences in Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241254313. [PMID: 38738909 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241254313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Firearms are a leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Early exposure to violence, as a victim or witness, is associated with increased risk of firearm-related experiences, including carrying and threatening others with a gun. These experiences, in turn, increase the risk of both fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries. Using an ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults, we build on prior research by examining the link between early violence exposure at multiple contexts of the social-ecological model and multiple firearm-related experiences (i.e., firearm-threatening victimization, firearm-threatening perpetration, and firearm carriage). We analyzed data from a 10-year longitudinal study of 1042 youth in the Southern United States. Experiencing childhood physical abuse was associated with both firearm-threatening victimization and perpetration in emerging adulthood. Additionally, exposure to neighborhood and interparental violence were linked to threatening others with firearms and carrying firearms, respectively. Counter to expectations, bullying victimization did not emerge as a predictor of any firearm-related experiences. Findings highlight the importance of cross-cutting violence prevention efforts to prevent high-risk firearm-related behaviors among emerging adults. Programs for children and adolescents that address these types of violence exposure should highlight coping skills and sources of positive social support to bolster protective factors against firearm-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Osborne
- Wellstar School of Nursing, Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA;Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA; School of Behavioral Health Sciences, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annalyn DeMello
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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2
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Huntington C, DeJong W, Reidy DE, Orchowski LM. Community-Level Factors As Positive and Negative Correlates of Sexual Aggression Perpetration Among Adolescent Boys. J Child Sex Abus 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38605491 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2340631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Often, perpetrators of sexual violence first aggress in their teens. Presently, very little is known about environmental factors that may influence adolescents' engagement in sexual aggression. Drawing upon data collected at 27 high schools in the Northeast United States, this study is the first to test the association between community-level factors and male adolescents' sexual aggression. A series of backward linear regressions determined that 10 of 19 community variables were associated with males' sexual aggression, which were then used to generate a ratio of positive to negative correlates of sexual aggression for each high school. In multilevel analyzes, as hypothesized, the ratio of positive to negative correlates was positively associated with schools' sexual aggression perpetration rates. We discuss the study's implications for future sexual assault research and prevention interventions.
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Edison B, Bhochhibhoya S, Baumler ER, Markham CM, Peskin MF, Shegog R, Emery ST, Addy RC, Temple JR, Reidy DE. Self-Efficacy to Refuse Sex Mediates the Relationship Between Dating Violence Victimization and Sexual Risk Behavior. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:531-536. [PMID: 38085211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE While cross-sectional studies have shown that teen dating violence (TDV) victimization is linked to sexual risk behavior (SRB), the pathway between these variables is not well-understood. To address this knowledge gap, we explore the mediating role of self-efficacy to refuse sex in the longitudinal relationship between physical TDV victimization and subsequent SRB among adolescents. METHODS Self-report data from three prior longitudinal studies were harmonized to create a single aggregated sample of primarily racial and ethnic minority adolescents (N = 4,620; 51.4% Hispanic, 38.5% Black, and 58% female) from 44 schools in the southwest U.S. Participants' physical TDV victimization at baseline (seventh and eighth grade), self-efficacy to refuse sex at 12-month follow-up, and SRB at 24-month follow-up was tested using mediation models with bias corrected bootstrapped confidence intervals. All regression models controlled for age, race, parental education, SRB at baseline, and intervention status. RESULTS Physical TDV victimization at baseline was associated with refusal self-efficacy at 12 months and SRB (e.g., frequency of vaginal and oral sex, lifetime number of vaginal sex partners, and number of vaginal sex partners in the past three months without condom use) at 24 months. Refusal self-efficacy mediated the link between physical TDV victimization and increased risk of SRB for females and males, to a lesser extent. DISCUSSION Adolescent victims of physical TDV report diminished self-efficacy to refuse sex, predisposing them to engage in SRBs, including condomless sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Edison
- School of Public Health, Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Shristi Bhochhibhoya
- School of Public Health, Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth R Baumler
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christine M Markham
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa F Peskin
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ross Shegog
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan T Emery
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert C Addy
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.
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4
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Reidy DE, Wood L. The mental health of undergraduate women majoring in STEM. J Am Coll Health 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38227921 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2299426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Women in STEM often experience gender-based micro-aggressions and harassment. This is particularly true in male-dominated STEM disciplines. Such victimizations may place women at heightened risk for psychopathology. Yet, there has been little research examining the mental health of women in STEM. We compare anxiety/depression, trauma symptoms, and suicide risk for women majoring in gender-balanced/unbalanced STEM compared to non-STEM disciplines at institutions of higher education (IHEs). Methods: Data were collected from undergraduate women (N = 318) at five IHEs in the U.S. Sampling was stratified by male-dominated STEM, gender-balanced STEM, male-dominated non-STEM, and gender-balanced non-STEM majors. Data were analyzed with fixed effects linear regression. Results: Contrary to expectation, women in male-dominated STEM did not report more trauma or psychopathology than their peers. However, women in gender-balanced STEM majors reported more anxiety/depression and trauma symptoms than non-STEM women and women in male-dominated STEM majors. Conclusions: These data suggest that matriculating into certain STEM fields may have an impact on women's mental health. IHEs should ensure women in STEM are provided the structural supports to maintain their health, academic success, and professional trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Leila Wood
- School of Nursing, Center for Violence Prevention, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Reidy DE, Baumler ER, Temple JR. Sexual violence against sexual minority women in STEM: Compound backlash. Soc Sci Med 2023; 338:116366. [PMID: 37949019 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has found that gender parity (i.e., the ratio of women to men) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines is associated with sexual violence (SV) victimization for women. This finding may reflect a type of backlash wherein SV is a means of punishing women who are perceived to be violating their gender roles and threatening the male hegemony. Sexual minorities, who are likewise disproportionately victims of SV, report experiencing heterosexist hostility and harassment in STEM disciplines. There is reason to suspect that the combination of these marginalized identity positions (e.g., a sexual minority woman in gender-balanced STEM) may amplify perceived gender role violations and exacerbate the risk of SV victimization. METHODS Data were collected from undergraduate women at five institutions of higher education in the United States. Sampling was stratified by STEM vs. non-STEM majors and male-dominated vs. gender-balanced majors. Sexual violence was measured via the revised Sexual Experiences Survey. We tested the interaction of sexual minority status and gender parity in STEM on SV via fixed effects OLS regression. RESULTS Sexual minority women in gender-balanced STEM were most frequently victims of SV. Women in male-dominated STEM majors were at no greater risk of SV victimization, regardless of sexual minority status, than their peers in non-STEM majors. IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest the possibility of a compound form of backlash, wherein women are exponentially victimized because their sexual identity and their membership in these STEM fields are seen as dual challenges to the male hegemony. If true, this could exacerbate health disparities rather than promote health equity for these sexual minority women. Findings point to the ongoing need to challenge hegemonic gender norms, focus prevention programs on populations most at risk, and ensure they are provided the appropriate resources for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, United States.
| | - Elizabeth R Baumler
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States
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Ray CM, Norris AL, Liu GS, Bogen KW, Pearlman DN, Reidy DE, Estefan LF, Orchowski LM. Interpersonal Violence Victimization Experiences of Middle School Youth: An Exploration by Gender and Sexual/Romantic Attraction. J Homosex 2023; 70:2901-2924. [PMID: 35700379 PMCID: PMC9869166 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual minority youth (SMY) are at increased risk for interpersonal violence victimization compared to heterosexual youth. The current study examined how self-reported victimization (i.e., bullying, sexual harassment and dating violence) among middle school youth varied as a function of sexual/romantic attraction as well as gender identity. Cross-sectional data were gathered from students at seven middle schools in New England (n = 2245). Mean comparisons with post-hoc Tukey tests determined differences in rates of past 6-month and lifetime interpersonal violence victimization by sexual/romantic attraction and the intersection of gender and attraction. As hypothesized, interpersonal violence victimization among middle school youth differed as a function of sexual/romantic attraction as well as gender. To date, most research has focused on older samples, particularly high-school youth and young adults. These data are consistent with these prior studies documenting increased risk for interpersonal violence victimization among youth who indicate same-gender attraction but add to the literature in demonstrating the expansive forms of peer victimization that same-gender-attracted youth already experience by early adolescence. Given that victimization is associated acutely and longitudinally with many deleterious outcomes, including poorer mental health and increased risk for subsequent victimization, greater structural supports are needed for early adolescent SMY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Ray
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa L Norris
- Center for Behavioral & Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Grace S Liu
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine W Bogen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deborah N Pearlman
- Center for Epidemiologic Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lianne F Estefan
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Reidy DE, Bhochhibhoya S, Baumler ER, Markham CM, Peskin MF, Shegog R, Emery ST, Addy RC, Temple JR. The longitudinal association between sexual violence victimization and sexual risk behavior in adolescence. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102387. [PMID: 37680859 PMCID: PMC10480619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Being a victim of sexual violence (SV) is generally believed to be associated with subsequent sexual risk behavior (SRB) during adolescence. While this assumption makes intuitive sense, it is based on methodologically limited research, including a reliance on cross-sectional data. To address this gap in research, we test whether experiencing SV victimization in early adolescence is associated with self-reported SRB approximately two years later. The sample comprised 4,618 youth (58% female; 52% Hispanic; 39% Black) attending 44 schools in the southern United States. Self-reported data were collected using an audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI). Baseline data were collected when students were in 7th or 8th grade and follow-up data were collected approximately 24 months later when students were in 9th or 10th grade. Indices of SRB included behaviors related to oral, vaginal, and anal sex (e.g., number of partners, number of times without a condom). Girls, but not boys, who reported SV victimization at baseline reported engaging more frequently in all oral and vaginal SRBs at 24 month follow-up compared to their non-victimized female counterparts. Additionally, girls reporting SV victimization reported more anal sex partners than non-victimized girls. Girls who are victims of SV engage in significantly more SRB by early high school placing them at greater risk to contract STIs and become pregnant. Victims of SV should be screened for SRB and provided access to the appropriate resources. Teen pregnancy and STI prevention planning should consider SV victimization in their strategy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Reidy
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, USA
| | - Shristi Bhochhibhoya
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa F. Peskin
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, USA
| | - Ross Shegog
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, USA
| | - Susan T. Emery
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, USA
| | - Robert C. Addy
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, USA
| | - Jeff R. Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, USA
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8
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Reidy DE, Salazar LF, Baumler E, Wood L, Daigle LE. Sexual Violence against Women in STEM: A Test of Backlash Theory Among Undergraduate Women. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:8357-8376. [PMID: 36803036 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been argued that increasing the number of women in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields could mitigate violence against women by advancing gender equality. However, some research points to a "backlash" effect wherein gains in gender equality are associated with heighted sexual violence (SV) against women. In this study, we compare SV against undergraduate women majoring in STEM disciplines to those majoring in non-STEM disciplines. Data were collected between July and October of 2020 from undergraduate women (N = 318) at five institutions of higher education in the United States. Sampling was stratified by STEM versus non-STEM majors and male-dominated versus gender-balanced majors. SV was measured using the revised Sexual Experiences Survey. Results indicated that women majoring in STEM disciplines that are gender balanced reported more SV victimization in the form of sexual coercion, attempted sexual coercion, attempted rape, and rape compared to their peers in both gender-balanced and male-dominated non-STEM and male-dominated STEM majors. These associations held even after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, victimization prior to college, sexual orientation, college binge drinking, and hard drug use during college. These data suggest that the risk of repeated SV victimization within STEM populations may be a threat to sustained gender parity in these fields and ultimately to gender equality and equity. Gender balance in STEM should not be furthered without addressing the potential use of SV as a potential means of social control over women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leila Wood
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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9
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Reidy DE, Bhochhibhoya S, Baumler ER, Peskin MF, Emery ST, Shegog R, Temple JR, Markham C. Sexual violence in early adolescence is associated with subsequent teen pregnancy and parenthood. Prev Med 2023; 171:107517. [PMID: 37086860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Being a victim of sexual violence (SV) has been associated with risk for teen pregnancy in cross-sectional research. However, longitudinal data are necessary to determine if SV victimization plays a causal role in early pregnancy. To address this gap in research, we test whether experiencing SV victimization in early adolescence is associated with pregnancy and having children by mid-adolescence. The current sample comprised 4594 youth (58% female; 51% Hispanic; 39% Black) attending 44 schools in the southern United States. Self-reported data were collected via audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) when students were in 7th or 8th grade and again approximately 24 months later. Approximately 2.9% of boys and 8.2% of girls reported SV victimization at baseline. At follow-up, 3.4% of boys and 4.0% of girls reported being involved with one or more pregnancies; 1.1% of boys and girls reported having one or more children. Being a victim of SV at baseline was associated with pregnancy and having a child at follow-up for girls. SV was not related to outcomes among boys. The present findings indicate that girls victimized by SV are at risk of becoming pregnant and becoming teen parents. The combined sequelae of SV and teen pregnancy impair health, economic, and social functioning across the lifespan and carry forward into future generations. Future research should explore mechanisms through which victimization confers risk for pregnancy to inform prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, United States of America.
| | - Shristi Bhochhibhoya
- School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R Baumler
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America
| | - Melissa F Peskin
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, United States of America
| | - Susan T Emery
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, United States of America
| | - Ross Shegog
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, United States of America
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America
| | - Christin Markham
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, United States of America
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10
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Reidy DE, Edwards KM. Don’t dismiss gender equality: A response to Cid & Leguisamo (2022) “Gender Equality does not Prevent Sexual Abuse of Women”. Health Care Women Int 2022; 43:1133-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2022.2107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University
- Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University
| | - Katie M. Edwards
- Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families and Schools, University of Nebraska
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11
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Medel-Herrero A, Smiley-Jewell S, Shumway M, Reidy DE, Bonomi A. Advances in diagnostic codes to document sexual assault in healthcare service. Health Serv Res 2022. [PMID: 35789480 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore trends in documented sexual abuse/assault (SA) related episodes in California hospitals and emergency departments (ED), including the impact of a change in healthcare service reporting codification (from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM) that more clearly defined SA in October 2015. DATA SOURCES Hospital and ED data were drawn from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD). STUDY DESIGN Descriptive and trend analyses of SA-related hospital and ED records (including patients' demographic information) were conducted to determine whether changes in ICD codification had an impact on documented SA-related episodes. DATA COLLECTION All SA-related episodes (ICD-9-CM codes 995.83, 995.53; ICD-10-CM codes T74.21-T74.22, T76.21-T76.22) in California hospitals and EDs for the last decade of available data (2008-2017) were analyzed (n=20,215). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An abrupt increase in documented SA episodes in hospitals and EDs began in October 2015, when specific ICD10 codes for suspected cases of SA were created. Documented SA-related episodes doubled in one month (164 vs. 385 episodes in September 2015 and October 2015, respectively). More than half (58.2%) of all SA-related episodes documented in Oct 2015 were coded as suspicious. The number of documented SA-related episodes continued increasing to the end of the time series (December 2017). Overall, the annual number of documented SA-related episodes increased by over 700% in only four years (900 vs. 6,441 in 2013 and 2017, respectively), suggesting high rates of prior under-reporting and the need to introduce the new codes. African Americans were disproportionally impacted; however, the highest increases in age-adjusted rates between the ICD-9-CM and the ICD-10 codification period were found among white population (2.46 vs. 16.53 per 100,000 inhabitants). CONCLUSIONS SA episodes in the clinical population have been underestimated for many decades. Identifying SA victims and measuring SA-related health care utilization is a real challenge that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Medel-Herrero
- University of California Davis, Department of Chicana/o Studies, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Suzette Smiley-Jewell
- University of California Davis, Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martha Shumway
- University of California, San Francisco, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1651 4th St. San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Georgia State University, School of Public Health & Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, 140 Decatur St SE, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Bonomi
- University of Washington, Harborview Injury Prevention Research Center, 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Reidy DE, Niolon PH, Estefan LF, Kearns MC, D'Inverno AS, Marker CD, Merrick MT. Measurement of Adverse Childhood Experiences: It Matters. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:821-830. [PMID: 34489139 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alternative measurement approaches for adverse childhood experiences (i.e., count score versus individual adverse childhood experiences measured dichotomously versus individual adverse childhood experiences measured ordinally) can alter the association between adverse childhood experiences and adverse outcomes. This could significantly impact the interpretation of adverse childhood experiences research. METHODS Data were collected in 2018 (analyzed in 2020) via Amazon's Mechanical Turk and from people incarcerated in 4 correctional facilities (N=1,451). Included adverse childhood experience questions measured the following: physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; physical and emotional neglect; household mental illness, substance use, domestic violence, and incarceration; and exposure to community violence before age 18 years. A total of 19 measured outcomes spanned 4 domains of functioning: general functioning, substance use, psychopathology, and criminal behavior. RESULTS Regression models using the count score explained the least amount of variance in outcomes, whereas multivariable regression models assessing adverse childhood experiences on a continuum explained the most variance. In many instances, the explained variance increased by 2-5 times across the predictive models. When comparing regression coefficients for multivariable regression models that measured adverse childhood experiences as binary versus ordinal, there were notable differences in the effect sizes and in which adverse childhood experiences predicted outcomes. Disparities in results were most pronounced among high-risk populations that experience a disproportionate amount of adverse childhood experiences. CONCLUSIONS Alternative methods of measuring adverse childhood experiences can influence understanding of their true impact. These findings suggest that the deleterious effects of imprecise measurement methods may be most pronounced in the populations most at risk of adverse childhood experiences. For the sake of prevention, the measurement of adverse childhood experiences must evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Phyllis H Niolon
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lianne F Estefan
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megan C Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley S D'Inverno
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig D Marker
- College of Health Professions, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Whitaker DJ, Self-Brown S, Weeks EA, O'Connor MH, Lyons M, Willging C, Lee NH, Kumar JL, Joseph H, Reidy DE, Rivers D, Rao N. Adaptation and implementation of a parenting curriculum in a refugee/immigrant community using a task-shifting approach: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1084. [PMID: 34090408 PMCID: PMC8180157 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivering evidence-based interventions to refugee and immigrant families is difficult for several reasons, including language and cultural issues, and access and trust issues that can lead to an unwillingness to engage with the typical intervention delivery systems. Adapting both the intervention and the delivery system for evidence-based interventions can make those interventions more appropriate and palatable for the targeted population, increasing uptake and effectiveness. This study focuses on the adaptation of the SafeCare© parenting model, and its delivery through either standard implementation methods via community-based organizations (CBO) and a task-shifted implementation in which members of the Afghans, Burmese, Congolese community will be trained to deliver SafeCare. METHOD An adaptation team consisting of community members, members of CBO, and SafeCare experts will engage a structured process to adapt the SafeCare curriculum for each targeted community. Adaptations will focus on both the model and the delivery of it. Data collection of the adaptation process will focus on documenting adaptations and team member's engagement and satisfaction with the process. SafeCare will be implemented in each community in two ways: standard implementation and task-shifted implementation. Standard implementation will be delivered by CBOs (n = 120), and task-shifted implementation will be delivered by community members (n = 120). All interventionists will be trained in a standard format, and will receive post-training support. Both implementation metrics and family outcomes will be assessed. Implementation metrics will include ongoing adaptations, delivery of services, fidelity, skill uptake by families, engagement/completion, and satisfaction with services. Family outcomes will include assessments at three time points (pre, post, and 6 months) of positive parenting, parent-child relationship, parenting stress, and child behavioral health. DISCUSSION The need for adapting of evidence-based programs and delivery methods for specific populations continues to be an important research question in implementation science. The goal of this study is to better understand an adaptation process and delivery method for three unique populations. We hope the study will inform other efforts to deliver health intervention to refugee communities and ultimately improve refugee health.
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14
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Reidy DE, Huntington C, Smith HW, Bogen KW, Estefan LF, Orchowski LM. Community-level risk & protective correlates of violent crimes. Prev Med 2021; 142:106380. [PMID: 33346036 PMCID: PMC8791354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite declining rates over the past several decades, violence continues to be a pervasive public health problem. To date, we have very little knowledge about the factors at the outer layers of the social ecology that may serve to protect or exacerbate violence. The purpose of the present research is to identify community-level risk and protective correlates of multiple forms of violent crime. Official crime data were collected from 36 of the municipalities (92%) across the state of Rhode Island. Additionally, the research team identified 23 types of community establishments and identified the number of each for each of the 36 municipalities. Semi-partial correlations were computed between the 23 community variables and each of nine types of violent crimes. While there were a number of significant results, only a few meaningful patterns were found. The number of transit stations was associated with all forms of sexual violence, sex trafficking, and general physical assault. Gun dealers were associated with domestic assault, child abuse, kidnapping, and assault with a weapon, but inversely related to sex trafficking. Boys and Girls Clubs were negatively associated with the number of assaults, assaults with a weapon, sexual assaults, sexual assaults on a child, sex trafficking, and kidnappings. Contrary to prior findings, the number of alcohol outlets was generally unrelated to violent crime. These findings must be interpreted with great caution given nature of the research design. However, this study provides an initial step to advance the research on community-level risk and protective factors for violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, United States of America.
| | - Charlie Huntington
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Rhode Island Hospital, United States of America
| | - Herschel W Smith
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, United States of America
| | - Katherine W Bogen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Rhode Island Hospital, United States of America
| | - Lianne F Estefan
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Rhode Island Hospital, United States of America
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15
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Whitaker DJ, Self-Brown S, Hayat MJ, Osborne MC, Weeks EA, Reidy DE, Lyons M. Effect of the SafeCare© intervention on parenting outcomes among parents in child welfare systems: A cluster randomized trial. Prev Med 2020. [PMID: 32569643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.10616732569643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment has long-lasting negative impacts, and interventions are needed to improve caregiver's parenting skills to prevent maltreatment. This paper reports on a randomized trial comparing the SafeCare© model to services as usual (SAU) for child-welfare referred caregivers. SafeCare is an 18-session behavioral parenting program that teaches skills in positive parent-child interactions, home safety, and child health. SAU is generally unstructured and includes support, crisis management, referrals for need, and parenting education. Teams of providers at nine sites were randomized to implement SafeCare (19 teams; 119 providers) or continue SAU (17 teams; 118 providers). Two-hundred eighty eight caregivers (193 SafeCare; 95 SAU) with children aged 0-5 who were receiving services agreed to complete a baseline and 6-month assessment. Assessments measured positive parenting behaviors, parenting stress, protective factors, and neglectful behaviors using validated scales. Participants were primarily white (74.6%), female (87.0%), and low-income (68.6%), and had a mean age of 29. Latent change score models (LCSM) using a sandwich estimator consistent with the trial design were used to examine changes in 13 outcomes. Results indicated that SafeCare had small to medium effects for improving several parenting outcomes including supporting positive child behaviors (d = 0.46), proactive parenting (d = 0.25), and two aspects of parenting stress (d = 0.28 and .30). No differential change between groups was found for other indicators, including all indicators of neglect. Parenting programs such as SafeCare offer a promising mode of intervention for child welfare systems. Scale-up of parenting programs can improve parenting, improve child outcomes, and potentially reduce maltreatment. CLINICALTRIAL.GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02549287.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erin A Weeks
- Georgia State University, United States of America
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16
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Whitaker DJ, Self-Brown S, Hayat MJ, Osborne MC, Weeks EA, Reidy DE, Lyons M. Effect of the SafeCare© intervention on parenting outcomes among parents in child welfare systems: A cluster randomized trial. Prev Med 2020; 138:106167. [PMID: 32569643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Child maltreatment has long-lasting negative impacts, and interventions are needed to improve caregiver's parenting skills to prevent maltreatment. This paper reports on a randomized trial comparing the SafeCare© model to services as usual (SAU) for child-welfare referred caregivers. SafeCare is an 18-session behavioral parenting program that teaches skills in positive parent-child interactions, home safety, and child health. SAU is generally unstructured and includes support, crisis management, referrals for need, and parenting education. Teams of providers at nine sites were randomized to implement SafeCare (19 teams; 119 providers) or continue SAU (17 teams; 118 providers). Two-hundred eighty eight caregivers (193 SafeCare; 95 SAU) with children aged 0-5 who were receiving services agreed to complete a baseline and 6-month assessment. Assessments measured positive parenting behaviors, parenting stress, protective factors, and neglectful behaviors using validated scales. Participants were primarily white (74.6%), female (87.0%), and low-income (68.6%), and had a mean age of 29. Latent change score models (LCSM) using a sandwich estimator consistent with the trial design were used to examine changes in 13 outcomes. Results indicated that SafeCare had small to medium effects for improving several parenting outcomes including supporting positive child behaviors (d = 0.46), proactive parenting (d = 0.25), and two aspects of parenting stress (d = 0.28 and .30). No differential change between groups was found for other indicators, including all indicators of neglect. Parenting programs such as SafeCare offer a promising mode of intervention for child welfare systems. Scale-up of parenting programs can improve parenting, improve child outcomes, and potentially reduce maltreatment. CLINICALTRIAL.GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02549287.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erin A Weeks
- Georgia State University, United States of America
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17
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Kearns MC, D'Inverno AS, Reidy DE. The Association Between Gender Inequality and Sexual Violence in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:12-20. [PMID: 31761512 PMCID: PMC7810166 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few societal-level factors are established as risk or protective factors for sexual violence. Traditional gender norms and gender inequality are linked to sexual violence, but much of this research was conducted internationally or is becoming outdated and may not reflect current norms in the U.S. This study expands on previously published research by examining gender inequality's association with state-level sexual violence. METHODS Using state-level prevalence estimates published in the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey 2010-2012 State Report and the Gender Inequality Index, Pearson correlations were examined to investigate the relationship between state-level gender inequality and lifetime victimization for various types of sexual violence among U.S. female and male adults. The analysis was conducted in 2019. RESULTS Findings indicate that states with a high degree of gender inequality also report higher prevalence estimates among women for rape using physical force. Gender inequality was also negatively correlated with noncontact unwanted sexual experiences among women and men. In addition, an exploratory analysis of the relationship between individual indicators of gender inequality and violence outcomes suggest that the adolescent birth rate, female government representation, and labor force participation demonstrate an association with certain state-level violence outcomes, although the patterns were inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Although this study relied on cross-sectional data, collectively, these findings suggest that gender inequality may represent an important societal-level factor associated with sexual violence among women and men. However, this relationship appears complex and requires further research. These findings have potential to inform population-level violence prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Reidy DE, Lilienfeld SO, Berke DS, Gentile B, Zeichner A. Psychopathy Traits and Violent Assault Among Men With and Without History of Arrest. J Interpers Violence 2019; 34:2438-2457. [PMID: 27462064 PMCID: PMC5861013 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516660972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although research suggests that the antisocial behavior (ASB) facet of psychopathy generally carries the greatest predictive power for future violence, these findings are drawn primarily from forensic samples and may reflect criterion contamination between historical violence and future violence perpetration. Likewise, these findings do not negate the association of other psychopathy facets to violence or their role in the development of violence, nor do they offer practical utility in the primary prevention of violence. There are a number of empirical and theoretical reasons to suspect that the callous affect (CA) facet of psychopathy may demonstrate stronger statistical association to violence in nonforensic populations. We tested the association of CA to severe acts of violence (e.g., assault with intent to harm, injure, rape, or kill) among men with and without history of arrest ( N = 600) using both the three- and four-facet models of psychopathy. CA was robustly associated with violence outcomes across the two groups in the three-facet model. When testing the four-facet model, CA was strongly associated with violence outcomes among men with no history of arrest, but only moderately associated with assaults causing injury among men with history of arrest. These results are consistent with data from youth populations that implicate early emotional deficits in later aggressive behavior and suggest CA may help to identify individuals at risk for violence before they become violent. Implications for the public health system and the primary prevention of violence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Reidy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Berke DS, Reidy DE, Gentile B, Zeichner A. Masculine Discrepancy Stress, Emotion-Regulation Difficulties, and Intimate Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence 2019; 34:1163-1182. [PMID: 27226013 PMCID: PMC5861012 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516650967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that masculine socialization processes contribute to the perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) by men. Although this research has traditionally focused on men who strongly adhere to traditional gender norms, men who negatively evaluate themselves as falling short of these norms (a construct termed masculine discrepancy stress) have proven to be at increased risk of IPV perpetration. Likewise, men experiencing problems with emotion regulation, a multidimensional construct reflecting difficulties in effectively experiencing and responding to emotional states, are also at risk of IPV perpetration. In the present research, we tested the hypothesis that the link between discrepancy stress and IPV perpetration is mediated via difficulties in emotion regulation. Three hundred fifty-seven men completed online surveys assessing their experience of discrepancy stress, emotion-regulation difficulties, and history of IPV perpetration. Results indicated that discrepancy-stressed men's use of physical IPV was fully mediated by emotion-regulation difficulties. In addition, emotion-regulation difficulties partially mediated the association between discrepancy stress and sexual IPV. Findings are discussed in terms of the potential utility of emotion-focused interventions for modifying men's experience and expression of discrepancy stress and reducing perpetration of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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D’Inverno AS, Kearns MC, Reidy DE. Introduction to the Special Issue: The Role of Public Policies in Preventing IPV, TDV, and SV. J Interpers Violence 2018; 33:3259-3266. [PMID: 30253724 PMCID: PMC6456897 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518798360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C. Kearns
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis E. Reidy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Reidy DE, Smith-Darden JP, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Malone CA, Kernsmith PD. Masculine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment: Implications for Behavioral and Mental Health of Adolescent Boys. Psychol Men Masc 2018; 19:560-569. [PMID: 29599648 PMCID: PMC5868744 DOI: 10.1037/men0000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gender role discrepancy (GRD), or nonconformity to socially prescribed gender roles, has been linked to a multitude of adverse mental and behavioral health outcomes. Masculine discrepancy stress (MDS), stress about being perceived not to conform to one's gender role, may explain the relationship between GRD and deleterious health outcomes. However, research on MDS has primarily been restricted to adult males. This leaves a critical gap pertaining to the potential effect of MDS on adolescent boys, who may be more malleable and susceptible to the influence and pressures of gender socialization. In the current study, data are drawn from a sample of adolescent male students (N = 592) who completed self-report questionnaires. We employed structural equation modeling to test the effects of GRD and MDS on psychosocial maladjustment measured via sexual behavior, substance use, violence, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. In addition, we controlled for critical risk factors including sociodemographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences, trauma symptoms, and neighborhood disorganization. Findings indicate significant potentiating effects of MDS on maladjustment while there were direct protective effects of GRD. These data suggest that developing prevention strategies that incorporate social norms pertaining to gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Abstract
Paid parental leave policies have the potential to strengthen economic supports, reduce family discord, and provide opportunities to empower women (Basile et al., 2016; Niolon et al., 2017). In this article, we present a theory of change and evidence to suggest how paid parental leave may impact intimate partner violence (IPV). In doing so, we present three mechanisms of change (i.e., reduction in financial stress, increase in egalitarian parenting practices, and promotion of child/parent bonding) through which paid parental leave could reduce rates of IPV. We also describe limitations of the current state of knowledge in this area, as well as opportunities for future research. Ultimately, our goal is to facilitate the identification and implementation of approaches that have the potential to reduce violence at the population level. Paid parental leave embodies the potential of policies to change societal-level factors and serve as an important prevention strategy for IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, United States
| | - Megan C Kearns
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Violence Prevention, United States
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23
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Abstract
Discrepancy stress, stress about being perceived to not conform to one's gender role (i.e., gender role discrepancy), has demonstrated effects on risky sexual and violent behaviors. However, evidence of these effects has been limited to men and boys, neglecting the impact gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress may have on girls. In addition, no study to date, has assessed the mental health correlates of gender role discrepancy and discrepancy stress. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the relationship between perceived feminine discrepancy and feminine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment while controlling for trauma symptoms stemming from the potential repercussions of feminine discrepancy. Maladjustment was measured by creating a second-order latent factor derived from four first-order latent constructs: sexual behavior, substance use, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. Data are drawn from a cross-sectional sample of female students in middle and high school (N = 643) who completed self-report questionnaires. Using structural equation modeling, we found girls reporting feminine discrepancy (i.e., less feminine than the average girl) were more likely to report feminine discrepancy stress and trauma symptomatology. Controlling for feminine discrepancy and trauma symptoms, the relationship between discrepancy stress and maladjustment was positive and significant. Additionally, girls reporting feminine discrepancy scored higher on trauma symptomatology, and trauma demonstrated a strong direct effect on psychosocial maladjustment. These data suggest that developing trauma focused prevention strategies that incorporate social norms around gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | | | - Carolyn A Malone
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alana M Vivolo-Kantor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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24
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Reidy DE, Krusemark E, Kosson DS, Kearns MC, Smith-Darden J, Kiehl KA. The Development of Severe and Chronic Violence Among Youth: The Role of Psychopathic Traits and Reward Processing. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:967-982. [PMID: 28315981 PMCID: PMC5860650 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathic traits are a manifestation of a personality pathology that comprises a core affective-interpersonal dysfunction (callous-unemotional traits) and an impulsive-antisocial behavioral component. Of particular importance, psychopathic traits are associated with the perpetration of some of the most severe acts of violence, and they appear to indicate a subset of youth at risk for earlier onset, greater frequency, and persistence of violent offending. Although these youth represent a minority of the population, they commit a significant proportion of the violence in the general community. In our review, we highlight evidence of a unique neurobiological predisposition that underlies the core affective deficits and describe contemporary accounts for the developmental processes leading to the antisocial behavior associated with psychopathy. Current evidence suggests that, for this subset of youth, the structure and function of neural circuitry supporting emotion processing, reward learning, decision making, and the development of emotion related to empathy may be crucial to understanding why they are at risk for violence. In particular, a reward dominant pattern of neurobehavioral conditioning may explain how these youth progress to some of the most severe and persistent forms of violence. However, this pattern of conditioning may also be essential to the primary prevention of such deleterious behavior. We suspect that effective strategies to prevent such violence may ultimately be informed by understanding these affective and motivational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Krusemark
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Millsaps College, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan C Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kent A Kiehl
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Nonprofit Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior research with youth exposed to violence suggests that, in this high-risk population, boys may be victims of sexual teen dating violence (TDV) and injury as frequently as girls. We sought to replicate these findings with a demographically similar sample and to determine whether the findings could be attributed the high-risk nature of the sample by assessing the impact of violence exposure on sex differences. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 2577 youth (ages 11-18, M=15.4, SD=1.9, 52% female, 25% Caucasian) collected in 2004 from a high-risk community reported on history of dating and exposure to multiple forms of violence. We conducted moderation analyses to test whether polyvictimization (PV) and age moderated the potential sex differences in perpetration and victimization of sexual TDV and injury. RESULTS No significant sex differences in victimization were observed regardless of degree of PV. Boys reported more frequent sexual TDV and injury perpetration relative to girls, but only for youth reporting high degree of PV. There were no sex differences in perpetration among low PV youth. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest boys from high-risk communities may disproportionately perpetrate severe acts of TDV but at this early age they are equally likely to be victimized. To interrupt the cycle of violence victimization and perpetration, comprehensive violence prevention interventions targeting high-risk youth should be implemented at schools, in homes, and in the community; and they should recognize the potential for girls and boys to be victims of even the most severe forms of TDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States.
| | - Megan S Early
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, United States
| | - Kristin M Holland
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
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26
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Reidy DE, Holland KM, Cortina K, Ball B, Rosenbluth B. Evaluation of the expect respect support group program: A violence prevention strategy for youth exposed to violence. Prev Med 2017; 100:235-242. [PMID: 28502578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assess the effects of the Expect Respect Support Groups (ERSG) on frequency of teen dating violence (TDV) and general youth violence. ERSG is a school-based violence prevention program for youth who have been exposed to violence in their home, school, or community. Boys and girls (N=1,678, Mage=14.3, S.D.=1.7, Range=11-17) from 36 schools in Texas participated in this accelerated longitudinal (7-year trajectory) study beginning in 2011. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted using three waves of data from three cross-sectional cohorts of adolescents. Among boys, the number of ERSG sessions attended related to incremental declines in psychological TDV perpetration and victimization, physical TDV victimization, sexual TDV perpetration and victimization, reactive aggression, and proactive aggression. Girls attending ERSG demonstrated reductions in reactive and proactive aggression. The present findings suggest ERSG may be an effective cross-cutting strategy to reduce TDV and other forms of violence among high-risk boys and possibly girls. This information provides valuable understanding of TDV and youth violence in high-risk populations and may be useful in tailoring future prevention efforts to different groups of teens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States.
| | - Kristin M Holland
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
| | - Kai Cortina
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, United States
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27
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Smith-Darden JP, Kernsmith PD, Reidy DE, Cortina KS. In Search of Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Teen Dating Violence. J Res Adolesc 2017; 27:423-435. [PMID: 28876526 PMCID: PMC5867909 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present research explores the additive and interactive effects of anger or hostility (A/H), acceptance of violence (AoV), and constructive conflict resolution strategies (CRS) on the perpetration of physical and sexual teen dating violence (TDV). Adolescents completed surveys assessing physical and sexual TDV perpetration, A/H, AoV, and positive CRS. While the findings require replication with longitudinal data, the results suggest that developing interventions to modify AoV and A/H may have the potential to prevent instances of TDV perpetration among both boys and girls. The results for CRS were mixed and necessitate further exploration. These cross-sectional data provide insight into potentially fruitful areas of exploration for the development and tailoring of prevention strategies for teens at risk for physical and sexual TDV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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28
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Berke DS, Reidy DE, Miller JD, Zeichner A. Take it like a man: Gender-threatened men’s experience of gender role discrepancy, emotion activation, and pain tolerance. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/men0000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Reidy DE, Smith-Darden JP, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Malone CA, Kernsmith PD. Masculine Discrepancy Stress and Psychosocial Maladjustment: Implications for Behavioral and Mental Health of Adolescent Boys. Psychol Men Masc 2017. [PMID: 29599648 DOI: 10.1037/men0000132.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gender role discrepancy (GRD), or nonconformity to socially prescribed gender roles, has been linked to a multitude of adverse mental and behavioral health outcomes. Masculine discrepancy stress (MDS), stress about being perceived not to conform to one's gender role, may explain the relationship between GRD and deleterious health outcomes. However, research on MDS has primarily been restricted to adult males. This leaves a critical gap pertaining to the potential effect of MDS on adolescent boys, who may be more malleable and susceptible to the influence and pressures of gender socialization. In the current study, data are drawn from a sample of adolescent male students (N = 592) who completed self-report questionnaires. We employed structural equation modeling to test the effects of GRD and MDS on psychosocial maladjustment measured via sexual behavior, substance use, violence, mood disorder symptoms, and hopelessness. In addition, we controlled for critical risk factors including sociodemographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences, trauma symptoms, and neighborhood disorganization. Findings indicate significant potentiating effects of MDS on maladjustment while there were direct protective effects of GRD. These data suggest that developing prevention strategies that incorporate social norms pertaining to gender socialization may have an impact on multiple behavioral and mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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D'Inverno AS, Kearns MC, Reidy DE. The Potential Role of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math Programs in Reducing Teen Dating Violence and Intimate Partner Violence. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 25:1199-1203. [PMID: 27982745 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) are growing fields that provide job stability, financial security, and health prosperity for professionals in these fields. Unfortunately, females are underrepresented in STEM, which is potentially both a consequence and precipitant of gender inequity in the United States. In addition to the financial and health benefits, increasing the number of girls and women in STEM fields may also indirectly prevent and/or reduce teen dating violence and intimate partner violence by: (1) increasing women's financial independence, thereby reducing dependence on potentially abusive partners; (2) decreasing household poverty and financial stress, which may lead to reductions in relationship discord; and (3) increasing attitudes and beliefs about women as equals, thereby increasing gender equity. In this commentary, we discuss the potential role of primary and secondary school STEM programs in reducing violence against women. We review the literature on existing evaluations of STEM programs for educational outcomes, discuss the limitations of these evaluations, and offer suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
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Reidy DE, Smith-Darden JP, Kernsmith PD. Behavioral and Mental Health Correlates of Youth Stalking Victimization: A Latent Class Approach. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:1007-1014. [PMID: 27743623 PMCID: PMC5860645 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although recognized as a public health problem, little attention has been paid to the problem of stalking among youth. Latent profile analysis was used to identify latent groups of adolescent stalking victims and their behavioral and mental health correlates. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 1,236 youths were randomly selected from 13 schools stratified by community risk level (i.e., low, moderate, and high risk) and gender. Students completed surveys assessing behavioral indicators of stalking victimization, as well as substance use, sexual behavior, dating violence, and psychiatric symptoms. Data were collected in 2013 and data analyses were performed in 2015. RESULTS Analysis indicated the presence of a non-victim class, a minimal exposure class, and a victim class for boys and girls alike. Approximately 14% of girls and 13% of boys were in the stalking victim class. Adolescents in the victim class reported more symptoms of post-traumatic stress, mood disorder, and hopelessness, as well as more instances of alcohol use, binge drinking, and physical dating violence victimization. Girls in the victim class also reported engaging in sexting behaviors and oral sex with significantly more partners than their non-victim peers. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable knowledge of the prevalence and pertinent health correlates of stalking victimization in adolescence. The data suggest a substantial proportion of adolescents are victims of stalking and are likewise at risk for a number of deleterious health outcomes. As such, this population merits further attention by prevention researchers and practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Poco D Kernsmith
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Abstract
Stalking perpetration and the associated risk for violence among adolescents has generally been neglected. In the present study, 1236 youth completed surveys assessing empirically established stalking indicators, threats and aggression toward stalking victims, dating violence, and violent delinquency. Latent Profile Analysis identified 3 latent classes of boys: non-perpetrators (NP), hyper-intimate pursuit (HIP), and comprehensive stalking perpetrators (CSP) and, and 2 classes for girls: NP and HIP. Boys in the CSP class were the most violent youth on nearly all indices with boys in the HIP class demonstrating an intermediate level of violence compared to NP boys. Girls in the HIP class were more violent than NP girls on all indices. These findings suggest stalking in adolescence merits attention by violence prevention experts. In particular, juvenile stalking may signify youth at risk for multiple forms of violence perpetrated against multiple types of victims, not just the object of their infatuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, USA
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Reidy DE, Berke DS, Gentile B, Zeichner A. Masculine discrepancy stress, substance use, assault and injury in a survey of US men. Inj Prev 2016; 22:370-4. [PMID: 26303670 PMCID: PMC5881164 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To understand and ultimately prevent injury and behavioural health outcomes associated with masculinity, we assessed the influence of masculine discrepancy stress (stress that occurs when men perceive themselves as falling short of the traditional gender norms) on the propensity to engage in stereotypically masculine behaviours (eg, substance use, risk taking and violence) as a means of demonstrating masculinity. Six-hundred men from the USA were recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) online data collection site to complete surveys assessing self-perceptions of gender role discrepancy and consequent discrepancy stress, substance use/abuse, driving while intoxicated (DWI) and violent assaults. Negative binomial regression analyses indicated significant interactive effects wherein men high on gender role discrepancy and attendant discrepancy stress reported significantly more assaults with a weapon (B=1.01; SE=0.63; IRR=2.74; p=0.05) and assaults causing injury (B=1.01; SE=0.51; IRR=2.74; p<0.05). There was no association of discrepancy stress to substance abuse, but there was a protective effect of gender role discrepancy for DWI among men low on discrepancy stress (B=-1.19, SE=0.48; IRR=0.30; p=0.01). These findings suggest that gender role discrepancy and associated discrepancy stress, in particular, represent important injury risk factors and that prevention of discrepancy stress may prevent acts of violence with the greatest consequences and costs to the victim, offender and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence, Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danielle S Berke
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittany Gentile
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amos Zeichner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
In research with animals as well as samples of chronic pain patients and elderly persons, pain has been positively correlated with measures of irritability, hostility, and aggression. The present investigation examined the relationship of pain tolerance with aggression. 12 men participated in the Response Choice Aggression Paradigm, described previously by Zeichner and colleagues, in which aggressive response to provocation was possible but not required of participants. Subjective pain tolerance, defined as maximal electrical shock willingly tolerated by participants, was assessed. Significant but small Pearson product-moment correlations between pain tolerance and aggression ranged between .21 and .32, with the largest accounting for 9% of variance.
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Reidy DE, Brookmeyer KA, Gentile B, Berke DS, Zeichner A. Gender Role Discrepancy Stress, High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Sexually Transmitted Disease. Arch Sex Behav 2016; 45:459-65. [PMID: 25564036 PMCID: PMC6816038 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 20 million new sexually transmitted infections occur every year in the United States. Traditionally, men have demonstrated much greater risk for contraction of and mortality from STDs perhaps because they tend to engage in a number of risky sexual activities. Research on masculinity suggests that gender roles influence males' sexual health by encouraging risk-taking behavior, discouraging access to health services, and narrowly defining their roles as partners. However, despite the propensity of highly masculine men to engage in high-risk sexual behavior, there is reason to suspect that men at the other end of the continuum may still be driven to engage in similar high-risk behaviors as a consequence of gender socialization. Discrepancy stress is a form of gender role stress that occurs when men fail to live up to the ideal manhood derived from societal prescriptions (i.e., Gender Role Discrepancy). In the present study, we surveyed a national sample of 600 men via Amazon Mechanical Turk to assess perceived gender role discrepancy, experience of discrepancy stress, and the associations with risky sexual behavior and potential contraction of STDs. Results indicated that men who believe they are less masculine than the typical man (i.e., gender role discrepancy) and experience distress stemming from this discrepancy (i.e., discrepancy stress) engage in high-risk sexual behavior and are subsequently diagnosed with more STDs. Findings are discussed in relation to implications for primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Kathryn A Brookmeyer
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Gentile
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Danielle S Berke
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amos Zeichner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Reidy DE, Ball B, Houry D, Holland KM, Valle LA, Kearns MC, Marshall KJ, Rosenbluth B. In Search of Teen Dating Violence Typologies. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:202-7. [PMID: 26683984 PMCID: PMC5860637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of the present research was to identify distinct latent classes of adolescents that commit teen dating violence (TDV) and assess differences on demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates. METHODS Boys and girls (N = 1,149; Mage = 14.3; Grades 6-12) with a history of violence exposure completed surveys assessing six indices of TDV in the preceding 3 months. Indices of TDV included controlling behaviors, psychological TDV, physical TDV, sexual TDV, fear/intimidation, and injury. In addition, adolescents provided demographic and dating history information and completed surveys assessing attitudes condoning violence, relationship skills and knowledge, and reactive/proactive aggression. RESULTS Latent class analysis indicated a three-class solution wherein the largest class of students was nonviolent on all indices ("nonaggressors") and the smallest class of students demonstrated high probability of nearly all indices of TDV ("multiform aggressors"). In addition, a third class of "emotional aggressors" existed for which there was a high probability of controlling and psychological TDV but low likelihood of any other form of TDV. Multiform aggressors were differentiated from emotional and nonaggressors on the use of self-defense in dating relationships, attitudes condoning violence, and proactive aggression. Emotional aggressors were distinguished from nonaggressors on nearly all measured covariates. CONCLUSIONS Evidence indicates that different subgroups of adolescents engaging in TDV exist. In particular, a small group of youth engaging in multiple forms of TDV can be distinguished from a larger group of youth that commit acts of TDV restricted to emotional aggression (i.e., controlling and psychological) and most youth that do not engage in TDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,Address correspondence to: Dennis E. Reidy, Ph.D., Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341. (D.E. Reidy)
| | | | - Debra Houry
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristin M. Holland
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda A. Valle
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megan C. Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Khiya J. Marshall
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Reidy DE, Kearns MC, Houry D, Valle LA, Holland KM, Marshall KJ. Dating Violence and Injury Among Youth Exposed to Violence. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20152627. [PMID: 26826215 PMCID: PMC5872809 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess gender differences in the proportion of adolescents reporting teen dating violence (TDV) and the frequency of TDV at multiple age points across adolescence in a high-risk sample of youth with previous exposure to violence. METHODS A cross-sectional, high-risk sample of boys and girls (n = 1149) ages 11 to 17 years completed surveys assessing TDV and self-defense. Indices of TDV included perpetration and victimization scales of controlling behaviors, psychological TDV, physical TDV, sexual TDV, fear/intimidation, and injury. RESULTS More girls reported perpetrating psychological and physical TDV, whereas twice as many boys reported sexual TDV perpetration. More girls reported fear/intimidation victimization than boys. When comparing the frequency of TDV across adolescence, boys reported more sexual TDV victimization at younger ages, and girls demonstrated a trend toward more victimization at older ages. Likewise, younger boys reported more fear/intimidation and injury perpetration and injury victimization than younger girls. However, by age 17, girls reported more injury perpetration than boys, and reports of injury victimization and use of self-defense did not differ. Notably, despite potential parity in injury, girls consistently reported more fear/intimidation victimization associated with TDV. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to data suggesting that girls experience far more sexual TDV and injury, these data suggest that at specific times during adolescence, boys among high-risk populations may be equally at risk for victimization. However, the psychological consequences (fear) are greater for girls. These findings suggest a need to tailor strategies to prevent TDV based on both age- and gender-specific characteristics in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debra Houry
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Reyes HLM, Foshee VA, Niolon PH, Reidy DE, Hall JE. Gender Role Attitudes and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Perpetration: Normative Beliefs as Moderators. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:350-360. [PMID: 25831994 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0278-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used dating violence prevention programs assume that promotion of more egalitarian gender role attitudes will prevent dating violence perpetration. Empirical research examining this assumption, however, is limited and inconsistent. The current study examined the longitudinal association between gender role attitudes and physical dating violence perpetration among adolescent boys (n = 577; 14 % Black, 5 % other race/ethnicity) and examined whether injunctive (i.e., acceptance of dating violence) and descriptive (i.e., beliefs about dating violence prevalence) normative beliefs moderated the association. As expected, the findings suggest that traditional gender role attitudes at T1 were associated with increased risk for dating violence perpetration 18 months later (T2) among boys who reported high, but not low, acceptance of dating violence (injunctive normative beliefs) at T1. Descriptive norms did not moderate the effect of gender role attitudes on dating violence perpetration. The results suggest that injunctive norms and gender role attitudes work synergistically to increase risk for dating violence perpetration among boys; as such, simultaneously targeting both of these constructs may be an effective prevention approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 319E Rosenau Hall CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA.
| | - Vangie A Foshee
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 319E Rosenau Hall CB# 7440, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7400, USA
| | - Phyllis Holditch Niolon
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Hall
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Reidy DE, Kearns MC, DeGue S, Lilienfeld SO, Massetti G, Kiehl KA. Why psychopathy matters: Implications for public health and violence prevention. Aggress Violent Behav 2015; 24:214-225. [PMID: 29593448 PMCID: PMC5868481 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is an early-appearing risk factor for severe and chronic violence. The violence largely attributable to psychopathy constitutes a substantial portion of the societal burden to the public health and criminal justice systems, and thus necessitates significant attention from prevention experts. Yet, despite a vast base of research in psychology and criminology, the public health approach to violence has generally neglected to consider this key variable. Fundamentally, the public health approach to violence prevention is focused on achieving change at the population level to provide the most benefit to the maximum number of people. Increasing attention to the individual-level factor of psychopathy in public health could improve our ability to reduce violence at the community and societal levels. We conclude that the research literature on psychopathy points to a pressing need for a broad-based public health approach with a focus on primary prevention. Further, we consider how measuring psychopathy in public health research may benefit violence prevention, and ultimately society, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
- Corresponding author at: Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States. Tel.: +1 770 488 0525. (D.E. Reidy)
| | - Megan C. Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
| | | | - Greta Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, United States
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- University of New Mexico, United States
- The Mind Research Network Nonprofit, United States
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Reidy DE, Smith-Darden JP, Cortina KS, Kernsmith RM, Kernsmith PD. Masculine discrepancy stress, teen dating violence, and sexual violence perpetration among adolescent boys. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:619-24. [PMID: 26003576 PMCID: PMC5859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Addressing gender norms is integral to understanding and ultimately preventing violence in both adolescent and adult intimate relationships. Males are affected by gender role expectations which require them to demonstrate attributes of strength, toughness, and dominance. Discrepancy stress is a form of gender role stress that occurs when boys and men fail to live up to the traditional gender norms set by society. Failure to live up to these gender role expectations may precipitate this experience of psychological distress in some males which, in turn, may increase the risk to engage in physically and sexually violent behaviors as a means of demonstrating masculinity. METHODS Five-hundred eighty-nine adolescent males from schools in Wayne County, Michigan completed a survey assessing self-perceptions of gender role discrepancy, the experience of discrepancy stress, and history of physical and sexual dating violence. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses indicated boys who endorsed gender role discrepancy and associated discrepancy stress were generally at greater risk to engage in acts of sexual violence but not necessarily physical violence. CONCLUSIONS Boys who experience stress about being perceived as "sub-masculine" may be more likely to engage in sexual violence as a means of demonstrating their masculinity to self and/or others and thwarting potential "threats" to their masculinity by dating partners. Efforts to prevent sexual violence perpetration among male adolescents should perhaps consider the influence of gender socialization in this population and include efforts to reduce distress about masculine socialization in primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | | | - Kai S Cortina
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Roger M Kernsmith
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Criminology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | - Poco D Kernsmith
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Kearns MC, Reidy DE, Valle LA. The Role of Alcohol Policies in Preventing Intimate Partner Violence: A Review of the Literature. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kearns MC, Reidy DE, Valle LA. The role of alcohol policies in preventing intimate partner violence: a review of the literature. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2015; 76:21-30. [PMID: 25486390 PMCID: PMC4770459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article summarizes existing research on the relationship between alcohol policies and intimate partner violence (IPV). Because alcohol use represents an important risk factor for IPV, interventions and policies aimed at decreasing problem drinking may also lead to reductions in IPV. METHOD Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed journal articles on alcohol policies and IPV, as well as reference sections of appropriate articles. Only policies that have been studied specifically for their impact on IPV were included. RESULTS Three alcohol policy areas (outlet density, hours and days of sale, and pricing/taxation) have been studied in relation to IPV outcomes. Research on outlet density has the most consistent findings, with most studies indicating that higher densities of alcohol outlets are associated with higher rates of IPV. Fewer studies have been conducted on pricing policies and policies restricting hours/days of sale, with most studies suggesting no impact on IPV rates. CONCLUSIONS A higher density of alcohol outlets appears to be associated with greater rates of IPV. However, there is limited evidence suggesting that alcohol pricing policies and restrictions on hours and days of sale are associated with IPV outcomes. Knowledge about the impact of alcohol-related policies on IPV and violence in general is limited by several significant research gaps. Additional research is needed to assess the impact of alcohol policies on IPV and other forms of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Kearns
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Linda Anne Valle
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Research on gender roles suggests that men who strongly adhere to traditional masculine gender norms are at increased risk for the perpetration of violent and abusive acts toward their female intimate partners. Yet, gender norms alone fail to provide a comprehensive explanation of the multifaceted construct of intimate partner violence (IPV) and there is theoretical reason to suspect that men who fail to conform to masculine roles may equally be at risk for IPV. In the present study, we assessed effect of masculine discrepancy stress, a form of distress arising from perceived failure to conform to socially-prescribed masculine gender role norms, on IPV. Six-hundred men completed online surveys assessing their experience of discrepancy stress, masculine gender role norms, and history of IPV. Results indicated that masculine discrepancy stress significantly predicted men's historical perpetration of IPV independent of other masculinity related variables. Findings are discussed in terms of potential distress engendered by masculine socialization as well as putative implications of gender role discrepancy stress for understanding and intervening in partner violence perpetrated by men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Danielle S Berke
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brittany Gentile
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amos Zeichner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Gentile B, Miller JD, Hoffman BJ, Reidy DE, Zeichner A, Campbell WK. A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychol Assess 2013; 25:1120-36. [DOI: 10.1037/a0033192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Reidy DE, Wilson LF, Sloan CA, Cohn AM, Smart LM, Zeichner A. Psychopathic traits and men’s anger response to interpersonal conflict: A pilot study. Personality and Individual Differences 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Psychopathy reflects a pathological form of personality that predisposes individuals to risk for perpetration of chronic and severe violence across their lifespan. The violence attributable to psychopathic persons constitutes a substantial portion of the societal burden to the public health and criminal justice systems and thus necessitates significant attention by prevention experts. However, there is a relatively nascent literature that has examined psychopathic persons' response to treatment, especially considering violence as an outcome. Nevertheless, there have been repeated averments about the amenability (or lack thereof) of psychopathy to treatment. In the present paper, we attempt to provide a comprehensive review of studies assessing the relation of psychopathy to violence outcomes following intervention. Our review of studies suggests there is reason to suspect that specific and tailored interventions which take into consideration psychopathic persons' unique patterns of behavioral conditioning and predispositions may have the potential to reduce violence. However, equally important, certain interventions may potentially exacerbate these persons' violent behavior. The nature of the outcomes is likely highly dependent on the specific components of the intervention itself. We conclude that future research should increase methodological rigor by striving to include treatment control groups and increasing the transparency of the implemented interventions.
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Foster JD, Reidy DE, Misra TA, Goff JS. Narcissism and stock market investing: Correlates and consequences of cocksure investing. Personality and Individual Differences 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that narcissists become aggressive when they experience ego-threat. However, there is surprisingly little empirical research on the relationship between narcissism and aggression. Equivocal findings suggest that aggression in narcissists either occurs only in response to provocation, or regardless of provocation. One-hundred and thirty-seven collegiate men completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory followed by a sham aggression paradigm, which afforded them the opportunity shock, or refrain entirely from shocking an ostensible opponent confederate. Participants were identified as "unprovoked aggressors," "retaliatory aggressors," or "nonaggressors" contingent on when and if they chose to administer electrical shocks to the confederate. Results indicated that participants who were high on narcissistic traits were more likely to be unprovoked aggressors than their low narcissism counterparts. Results are discussed in relation to threatened egotism theory and call for more research on narcissism, aggression, and the moderating effect of provocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Reidy
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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